A New Species of the Ankylosaurid Dinosaur Crichtonsaurus (Ankylosauridae： Ankylosauria) from
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo32三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (16)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (25)原文 (25)译文 (28)题目 (31)答案 (40)背景知识 (41)阅读-3 (49)原文 (49)译文 (53)题目 (55)答案 (63)背景知识 (64)阅读-1原文Plant Colonization①Colonization is one way in which plants can change the ecology of a site.Colonization is a process with two components:invasion and survival.The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms(seeds,spores,immature or mature individuals)arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving.Success in colonization depends to a great extent on there being a site available for colonization–a safe site where disturbance by fire or by cutting down of trees has either removed competing species or reduced levels of competition and other negative interactions to a level at which the invading species can become established.For a given rate of invasion,colonization of a moist,fertile site is likely to be much more rapid than that of a dry, infertile site because of poor survival on the latter.A fertile,plowed field is rapidly invaded by a large variety of weeds,whereas a neighboring construction site from which the soil has been compacted or removed to expose a coarse,infertile parent material may remain virtually free of vegetation for many months or even years despite receiving the same input of seeds as the plowed field.②Both the rate of invasion and the rate of extinction vary greatly among different plant species.Pioneer species-those that occur only in the earliest stages of colonization-tend to have high rates of invasion because they produce very large numbers of reproductive propagules(seeds,spores,and so on)and because they have an efficient means of dispersal(normally,wind).③If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules,they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats.Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small,relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means If reaching the appropriate type of habitat.Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants,such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those that produce long-lived seeds.Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation,and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors. For example,as many as1,125viable seeds per square meter were found in a100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia.Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species.The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the largeseed band on the forest floor.④An adaptation that is well developed in colonizing species is a high degree of variation in germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth). Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germination dates, increasing the probability that at least some of the seeds will germinate during a period of favorable environmental conditions.This is particularly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existing vegetation to ameliorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great climatic diversity.⑤Species succession in plant communities,i.e.,the temporal sequence of appearance and disappearance of species is dependent on events occurring at different stages in the life history of a species. Variation in rates of invasion and growth plays an important role in determining patterns of succession,especially secondary succession. The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is distributed successfully to new sites.Such species generally grow rapidly and quickly dominate new sites, excluding other species with lower invasion and growth rates.The first community that occupies a disturbed area therefore may be composed of specie with the highest rate of invasion,whereas the community of the subsequent stage may consist of plants with similar survival ratesbut lower invasion rates.译文植物定居①定居是植物改变一个地点生态环境的一种方式。
雅思阅读真题题源-人文1.4 Anthropology No Last Word on Language Origins
(Human beings were anatomically ready to speak more than 150,000 years ago — but clear evidence that they were doing so does not appear for 100,000 years afterward.Nothing is more human than speech. Our closest primate relatives, chimpanzees, use tools, have intricate social lives, and show signs ofself-awareness. But they lack spoken language, and all the capacities it implies, from rapid and flexible manipulation of symbols to the ability to conceptualize things remote in time or space. For archaeologists eager to learn how we became human, a crucial question is when and how language emerged.语言是人类所特有的。
我们的近亲灵长类动物黑猩猩会使用工具，过复杂的群居生活并表现出有自我意识的迹象。
但是它们却缺乏口头语言以及表达语言暗含内容的所有潜能，即从对符号迅速而灵活的掌握到将时间或空间上遥远事物概念化的能力。
因为考古学家们极想知道我们是如何成为人类的，所以语言何时以及如何出现是一个至关重要的问题。
Fossils show that the raw brain capacity for complex language, along with the necessary mouth and throat anatomy, were probably in place 150,000 years ago. But most of the behaviors thought to depend on language did not appear until 40000 years ago~~the so-called Upper Paleolithic explosion that is manifested most strikingly in Europe. That was when tools, burials, living sites, and occasional hints of art and personal adornment reveal beings capable of planning and foresight, social organization and mutual assistance, a sense of aesthetics, and a grasp of symbols. “Everybody would accept that by 40,000 years ago, language s everywhere,” says Stanford University archaeologist Richard Klein.人类古话石和必要的口腔和喉部解剖说明，在15万年以前，不成熟的人脑肯恩极影具备复杂语言的能力了。
speciation in geographically答案
speciation in geographically答案【1】Evolutionary biologists believe that speciation,th e formation of a new species,often begins when some kind of physical barrier arises and divides a population of a sing le species into separate subpopulations.Physical separation between subpopulations promotes the formation of new speci es because once the members of one subpopulation can no lon ger mate with members of another subpopulation,they cannot exchange variant genes that arise in one of the subpopulati ons.In the absences of gene flow between the subpopulations, genetic differences between the groups begin to accumulate. Eventually the subpopulations become so genetically distinc t that they cannot interbreed even if the physical barriers between them were removed.At this point the subpopulations have evolved into distinct species.This route to speciatio n is known as allopatry(“alio-”means“different”，and“p atria”means“homeland”).【2】Allopatric speciation may be the main speciation r oute.This should not be surprising,since allopatry is prett y common.In general,the subpopulations of most species are separated from each other by some measurable distance.So ev en under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopulations is more of an intermittent trickle than a steady str eam.In addition,barriers can rapidly arise and shut off the trickle.For example,in the 1800s a monstrous earthquake ch anged the course of the Mississippi River,a large river flo wing in the central part of the United States of America.Th e change separated populations of insects now living along opposite shore,completely cutting off gene flow between the m.【3】Geographic isolation also can proceed slowly,over great spans of time.We find evidence of such extended event s in the fossil record,which affords glimpses into the brea kup of formerly continuous environments.For example,during past ice ages,glaciers advanced down through North America and Europe and gradually cut off parts of populations from one another.When the glacier retreated,the separated popula tions of plants and animals came into contact again.Some gr oups that had descended from the same parent population wer e no longer reproductively compatible—they had evolved int o separate species.In other groups,however,genetic divergen ces had not proceeded so far,and the descendants could stil l interbreed—for them,reproductive isolation was not compl eted,and so speciation had not occurred.【4】Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the i mperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic pl ates that make up Earth’s surface.About 5 million years ag o such geologic movements created the land bridge between N orth America and South America that we call the Isthmus of Panama.The formation of the isthmus had important consequen ces for global patterns of ocean water flow.While previousl y the gap between the continents had allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean.This division set th e stage for allopatric speciation among populations of fish es and other marine species.【5】In the 1980s,John Graves studied two populations o f closely related fishes,one population from the Atlantic s ide of isthmus,the other from the Pacific side.He compared four enzymes found in the muscles of each population.Graves found that all four Pacific enzymes function better at low er temperatures than the four Atlantic versions of the same enzymes.This is significant because Pacific seawater is ty pically 2 to 3 degrees cooler than seawater on the Atlantic side of isthmus.Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed s light differences in amino acid sequence of the enzymes oftwo of the four pairs.This is significant because the amino acid sequence of an enzyme is determined by genes.【6】Graves drew two conclusions from these observation s.First,at least some of the observed differences between t he enzymes of the Atlantic and Pacific fish populations wer e not random but were the result of evolutionary adaption.S econd,it appears that closely related populations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are starting to genetically d iverge from each other.Because Graves’s study of geographi cally isolated populations of isthmus fishes offers a glimp se of the beginning of a process of gradual accumulation of mutations that are neutral or adaptive,divergences here mi ght be evidence of allopatric speciation in process.托福阅读试题1.The word"promotes"in the passage is closest in meaning toA.describes.B.encourages.C.delays.D.requires.2.According to paragraph 1,allopatric speciation involv es which of the following?A.The division of a population into subspecies.B.The reuniting of separated populations after they hav e become distinct species.C.The movement of a population to a new homeland.D.The absence of gene flow between subpopulations.3.Why does the author provide the information that"the subpopulations of most species are separated from each othe r by some measurable distance"?A.To indicate how scientists are able to determine whet her subpopulations of a species are allopatric.B.To define what it means for a group of animals or pla nts to be a subpopulation.C.To suggest that allopatric speciation is not the only route to subpopulation.D.To help explain why allopatric speciation is a common way for new species to come about.4.The word"accumulate"in the passage is closest in mean ing toA.Become more significant.B.Occur randomly.C.Gradually increase in number.D.Cause changes.5.In paragraph 2,why does the author mention that some insect populations were separated from each other by a chan ge in the course of Mississippi River caused by an earthqua ke?A.To make the point that some kind of physical barrier separates the subpopulations of most species.B.To support the claim that the condition of allopatry can sometimes arise in a short time.C.To provide an example of a situation in which gene fl ow among the subpopulations of a species happens at a slow rate.D.To explain why insects living along opposite shores of the Mississippi River are very different from each other.6.According to paragraph 3，separation of subpopulation s by glaciers resulted in speciation in those groups of pla nts and animals thatA.were reproductively isolated even after the glaciers disappeared.B.had adjusted to the old conditions caused by the glac iers.C.were able to survive being separated from their paren t population.D.had experienced some genetic divergences from their p arent population.7.The word"colossal"in the passage is closet in meaning toA.consistent.B.gradual.C.enormous.D.effective.8.According to paragraph 4,which of the following is tr ue of the geologic movements that brought about the Isthmus of Panama?A.The movements brought populations of certain fishes a nd marine organisms into contact with one another for the f irst time.B.The movements transferred populations of fishes and o ther marine animals between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean s.C.The movements created conditions that allowed water t o flow more freely between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.D.The movements created conditions for the formation of new species of fishes and other marine animals.9.The word"sequence"in the passage is closet in meaning toA.quality.B.order.C.function.D.number.10.According to paragraph 5,by comparing the enzymes fr om two related groups of fishes on opposite sides of the is thmus,Graves found evidence thatA.there were slight genetic divergences between the two groups.B.the Atlantic group of fishes were descended from the Pacific group of fishes.C.the temperature of water on either side of the isthmu s had changed.D.genetic changes in the Atlantic group of fishes were more rapid and frequent than in the Pacific group of fishe s.11.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 and 6 that the r eason Graves concluded that some of the differences between the Pacific and Atlantic enzymes were not random was thatA.each of the Pacific enzymes works better in cooler wa ters.B.the Enzymes of the Atlantic fish populations had not changed since the formation of the Isthmus of Panama.C.gel electrophoresis showed that the changes benefited both the Atlantic and the Pacific fish populations.D.the differences between the enzymes disappeared when the two fish populations were experimentally switched to ot her side of the isthmus.12.Which of the sentence below best expresses the essen tial information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or l eave out essential information.A.Graves's study provides evidence that isthmus fishes are in the process of becoming geographically isolated.B.Graves's study of mutating isthmus fishes yields resu lts that differ from results of other studies involving all opatric speciation.C.Graves's study of isolated populations of isthmus fis hes provides some evidence that allopatric speciation might be beginningD.Grave's study indicates that when isolated,population s of isthmus fished register neutral or adaptive mutations.13.Look at the four squares[]that indicate where the fo llowing sentence can be added to the passage.Where would th e sentence best fit?The formation of the isthmus had import ant consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.【A】About 5 million years ago such geologic movements created the land bridge between North America and South Ame rica that we call the Isthmus of Panama.The formation of th e isthmus had important consequences for global patterns of ocean water flow.【B】While previously the gap between the continents ha d allowed a free flow of water,now the isthmus presented a barrier that divided the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Oc ean.【C】This division set the stage for allopatric speciat ion among populations of fishes and other marine species.【D】Allopatric speciation can also be brought by the i mperceptibly slow but colossal movements of the tectonic pl ates that make up Earth's surface.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summ ary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not pre sented in the passages or are minor ideas in the passage.Th is question is worth 2 points.Allopatric speciation takes place when physically separ ated populations of a single species gradually diverge gene tically to the point of becoming unable to interbreedA.Allopatric speciation is common because the gene flow between subpopulations is generally limited and the barrie rs that completely separate subpopulations can arise in a v ariety of ways.B.During past ice ages,some,but not all,subpopulations separated by glaciers evolved into distinct species.C.Speciation does not need to take place through allopa try because subpopulations will form distinct species whene ver there are adaptive advantages or notD.Physical barriers from glaciers and the movement of t ectonic plates form so slowly that the subpopulations on ei ther side of the barriers usually do not form distinct spec ies.E.Graves's study of fish populations separated by the I sthmus of Panama may well provide a picture of the beginning stages of speciation.F.Graves's study of physically separated fish populatio ns show that there must be large differences between the en vironments of the isolated populations if allopatric specia tion is to take place.托福阅读答案1.promote本身是促进的意思。
河北省英语中考2025年仿真试卷与参考答案
2025年河北省英语中考仿真试卷与参考答案一、听力部分（本大题有20小题，每小题1分，共20分）1、You will hear a short conversation between two students about their plans for the weekend. Listen to the conversation and choose the correct option.Conversation:“Hey Tom, what are you up to this weekend?”“I’m planning to visit the new art exhibition downtown. How about you, Sarah?”“I’ll probably just catch up on some reading at home.”Question: What is Tom planning to do?A)Visit a friend.B)Go to an art exhibition.C)Catch up on some reading.Answer: B) Go to an art exhibition.Explanation: In the dialogue, Tom explicitly states that he’s planning to visit the new art exhibition downtown, making option B the correct answer.2、Listen to a short weather forecast and determine what the weather will be like tomorrow afternoon in the city center.Forecast:“Good evening, folks. Looking ahead to tomorrow, we can expect mostly sunny skies in the morning, but clouds will start rolling in by noon. By mid-afternoon, there’s a high chance of showers in the city center and surrounding areas.”Question: What will the weather be like tomorrow afternoon in the city center?A)Sunny all day.B)Cloudy with a chance of showers.C)Rainy from morning till night.Answer: B) Cloudy with a chance of showers.Explanation: The forecast indicates that while the morning will be mostly sunny, by mid-afternoon there is a high chance of showers in the city center, which matches option B.This section tests the students’ ability to comprehend spoken English and extract specific information from a conversation and a forecast.3、What are the speakers discussing?A)The weather forecast for the next week.B)The importance of exercise for health.C)The latest movie releases.Answer: B) The importance of exercise for health.Explanation: The conversation between the two speakers focuses on the benefits of regular exercise and how it contributes to overall health, which indicates that the topic is related to exercise and not weather or movies.4、How does the woman suggest the man improve his productivity at work?A)By taking longer breaks.B)By working longer hours.C)By organizing his workspace.Answer: C) By organizing his workspace.Explanation: The woman advises the man to organize his workspace to improve his efficiency and productivity, suggesting that a cluttered or disorganized environment might be hindering his work performance.5、You will hear a short conversation between two friends. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the following question.Question: What is the man’s favorite sport?A. BasketballB. FootballC. TennisD. None of the aboveAnswer: C. TennisExplanation: In the conversation, the man says, “I really enjoy playing tennis. It’s my favorite sport.” Therefore, the correct answer is C. Tennis.6、You will hear a news report about a recent event. Listen carefully and answer the following question.Question: What happened during the event?A. A fire broke out at the shopping center.B. A group of people gathered for a protest.C. An accident occurred on the highway.D. A festival was held in the park.Answer: B. A group of people gathered for a protest.Explanation: The news report states, “Today, a group of p eople gathered in the city center to protest against the new policy.” Therefore, the correct answer is B. A group of people gathered for a protest.7.Listen to the following dialogue and choose the best answer to the question.A. They are discussing a book.B. They are planning a trip.C. They are comparing their diets.Answer: BExplanation: The dialogue focuses on the speakers’ plans for their upcoming vacation, which indicates they are planning a trip.8.Listen to the following passage and answer the question.Question: What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To describe a new product.B. To provide information about a famous person.C. To explain the benefits of exercise.Answer: CExplanation: The passage discusses the various health benefits of regular physical activity, making option C the correct answer. The other options are not supported by the content of the passage.9、You will hear a conversation between two friends, Tom and Lucy. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the question.What is the main topic of their conversation?A. Tom’s new job.B. Lucy’s birthday party.C. Tom’s weekend plans.Answer: BExplanation: The conversation is mainly about Lucy’s birthday par ty. They discuss the location, time, and activities planned for the party.10、You will hear a short passage about climate change. Listen carefully and answer the question.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. The increase in global temperatures.B. The melting of polar ice caps.C. The rise in sea level.Answer: BExplanation: The passage mentions the increase in global temperatures, the rise in sea level, and the negative effects of climate change. However, the melting of polar ice caps is not mentioned in the passage.11.You will hear a short conversation between two students about their weekend plans. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to the question.What does the woman plan to do on Saturday?A)Visit her grandparents.B)Go shopping.C)Study for an exam.D)Travel to another city.Answer: C) Study for an exam.Explanation: The woman mentions that she has a big exam coming up on Monday, which suggests that her weekend plans include studying.12.You will hear a news report about a new health initiative in a major city. Listen carefully and answer the following question.What is the main goal of the new initiative?A)To reduce traffic congestion.B)To promote healthy eating habits.C)To increase public awareness about mental health.D)To encourage more people to walk or cycle to work.Answer: B) To promote healthy eating habits.Explanation: The news report states that the initiative aims to provide more fresh food options in urban areas and educate residents about the importance of a balanced diet.13.You will hear a short conversation between two friends about their weekend plans. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What does Mark plan to do this weekend?A) Go hikingB) Visit his grandparentsC) Stay at home and relaxAnswer: CExplanation: In the conversation, Mark says, “I think I’ll just stay at homethis weekend and relax. I’ve been really busy lately.”14.You will hear a radio announcement about the weather forecast for the next three days. Listen carefully and answer the question.Question: What will the weather be like on Tuesday?A) Sunny with a high of 75°FB) Rainy with a low of 50°FC) Cloudy with a high of 65°FAnswer: AExplanation: The radio announcement states, “On Tuesday, we’ll have a sunny day with a hi gh of 75 degrees Fahrenheit.”15.You will hear a conversation between two friends discussing their weekend plans. Listen and answer the following question.Question: What does Sarah plan to do on Saturday afternoon?A) Go shoppingB) Watch a movieC) Visit a museumD) Go for a hikeAnswer: B) Watch a movieExplanation: In the conversation, Sarah mentions, “I’m thinking of watching a new movie at the cinema on Saturday afternoon.” Therefore, the correct answer is B) Watch a movie.16.Listen to a short passage about a famous author and answer the followingquestion.Question: What is the author known for?A) Writing a popular mystery novelB) Writing a science fiction novelC) Writing a historical fiction novelD) Writing a fantasy novelAnswer: C) Writing a historical fiction novelExplanation: The passage states, “The author, known for her historical fiction novels, has won numerous awards for her captivating storytelling.” Therefore, the correct answer is C) Writing a historical fiction novel.17.Listen to the following conversation and choose the best answer.A. The man is asking for directions to the library.B. The woman is looking for a book about history.C. The man is helping the woman find the nearest post office.D. The woman is inquiring about the opening hours of the museum.Answer: BExplanation: The woman mentions that she needs a book about history, which indicates that she is looking for a book related to that subject.18.Listen to the following news report and answer the question.What is the main topic of the news report?A. A new shopping center opening soon.B. A severe storm hitting the city.C. A famous singer performing in the city.D. A new law passed to improve traffic conditions.Answer: BExplanation: The news report discusses a severe storm that has hit the city, including details about the weather and the impact it has had on local residents. This indicates that the main topic is the storm itself.19.You will hear a conversation between two friends at a bookstore. Listen to the conversation and answer the following question.Question: What book is the woman looking for?A) A science fiction novel.B) A history book.C) A cookbook.D) A mystery novel.Answer: C) A cookbook.Explanation: The woman mentions that she needs a cookbook for her new cooking class, which indicates that she is looking for a cookbook.20.You will hear a short lecture about the effects of climate change on wildlife. Listen to the lecture and answer the following question.Question: What is one of the main effects of climate change mentioned in the lecture?A) Increased number of polar bears.B) Decline in bee populations.C) Enhanced plant growth in deserts.D) Increase in the salinity of freshwater lakes.Answer: B) Decline in bee populations.Explanation: The lecture discusses how climate change is affecting various species, and it specifically mentions the decline in bee populations due to changes in their habitats and food sources.二、阅读理解（30分）Title: The Birth of a New SpeciesReading Passage:In the small town of Greenfield, scientists have made an extraordinary discovery. For years, the local wildlife had been changing, and the townsfolk had noticed that the animals seemed to be evolving at an unprecedented rate. The town’s most famous naturalist, Dr.Evelyn Carter, decided to investigate this phenomenon. After months of research, she and her team uncovered the secret: a previously undiscovered mineral, known as “Evolium,” found deep within the town’s forest, was causing the animals to evolve rapidly.Dr. Carter’s findings were groundbreaking. The mineral seemed to stimulate the animals’ DNA, leading to genetic mutations that enhanced their physical and cognitive abilities. The most remarkable of these mutations was the appearance of a new species of bird, which Dr. Carter named the “Greenfield Glider.” These birds had longer wings, sharper beaks, and an enhanced abilityto navigate complex environments. The Gliders were soon becoming a symbol of hope and innovation in the town.Questions:1.What was the main focus of Dr.Evelyn Carter’s research?A) The impact of the new mineral on the local wildlife.B) The evolution of the town’s human population.C) The economic benefits of the new mineral.D) The history of the town of Greenfield.2.What effect did the Evolium mineral have on the animals in Greenfield?A) It caused them to become extinct.B) It made them more aggressive.C) It stimulated their DNA, leading to genetic mutations.D) It had no effect on their evolution.3.What is the significance of the Greenfield Glider?A) It is a rare bird species that is on the brink of extinction.B) It is the town’s mascot, representing its hope for innovation.C) It is the first bird to be discovered in the town’s history.D) It has no special features and is no different from other birds.Answers:1.A) The impact of the new mineral on the local wildlife.2.C) It stimulated their DNA, leading to genetic mutations.3.B) It is the town’s mascot, representing its hope for innovation.三、完型填空（15分）Complete the following passage with the most appropriate options.In the small town of Greenfield, the local library was facing a dilemma. For years, it had been a cherished community hub, but now, its aging building was in dire need of repairs. The mayor, Mr. Thompson, convened a meeting with the library board and community leaders to discuss the best course of action.The first option presented was to [] the existing building, which would cost a considerable amount of money. However, this solution was met with skepticism from some board members who feared that [] would result in the loss of the library’s unique charm.The second option was to [] a new, modern library on the outskirts of town, which would offer more space and amenities. This idea was more popular with the younger generation, but it raised concerns about the [] of the older residents who preferred to stay close to their homes.A third suggestion was made by Mrs. Jenkins, a long-time library volunteer. She proposed [] a partnership with a local university to create a [] library that would combine the resources of the library and the university, thereby providing a unique educational experience for students and the community.The mayor listened to all the proposals a nd then asked the group, “What do you think will be the most beneficial for Greenfield in the long run?”1.A. rebuild2.A. preserving3.A. construction4.A. establish5.A. hybridAnswer Key:1.A. rebuild2.A. preserving3.A. construction4.A. establish5.A. hybrid四、语法填空题（本大题有10小题，每小题1分，共10分）1、In the_______(1) place, I prefer staying at home rather than going out on weekends.答案：first解析：此处需要填入一个表示顺序的形容词，根据句意“首先”，应该使用“first”。
tpo35三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo35三篇阅读原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (1)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (17)背景知识 (18)阅读-2 (21)原文 (21)译文 (24)题目 (27)答案 (36)背景知识 (36)阅读-3 (39)原文 (39)译文 (43)题目 (46)答案 (54)背景知识 (55)阅读-1原文Earth’ s Age①One of the first recorded observers to surmise a long age for Earth was the Greek historian Herodotus, who lived from approximately 480 B.C. to 425 B.C. He observed that the Nile River Delta was in fact a series of sediment deposits built up in successive floods. By noting that individual floods deposit only thin layers of sediment, he was able to conclude that the Nile Delta had taken many thousands of years to build up. More important than the amount of time Herodotus computed, which turns out to be trivial compared with the age of Earth, was the notion that one could estimate ages of geologic features by determining rates of the processes responsible for such features, and then assuming the rates to be roughly constant over time. Similar applications of this concept were to be used again and again in later centuries to estimate the ages of rock formations and, in particular, of layers of sediment that had compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rocks.②It was not until the seventeenth century that attempts were madeagain to understand clues to Earth's history through the rock record. Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686) was the first to work out principles of the progressive depositing of sediment in Tuscany. However, James Hutton (1726-1797), known as the founder of modern geology, was the first to have the important insight that geologic processes are cyclic in nature. Forces associated with subterranean heat cause land to be uplifted into plateaus and mountain ranges. The effects of wind and water then break down the masses of uplifted rock, producing sediment that is transported by water downward to ultimately form layers in lakes, seashores, or even oceans. Over time, the layers become sedimentary rock. These rocks are then uplifted sometime in the future to form new mountain ranges, which exhibit the sedimentary layers (and the remains of life within those layers) of the earlier episodes of erosion and deposition.③Hutton's concept represented a remarkable insight because it unified many individual phenomena and observations into a conceptual picture of Earth’s history. With the further assumption that these geologic processes were generally no more or less vigorous than they are today, Hutton's examination of sedimentary layers led him to realize that Earth's history must be enormous, that geologic time is anabyss and human history a speck by comparison.④After Hutton, geologists tried to determine rates of sedimentation so as to estimate the age of Earth from the total length of the sedimentary or stratigraphic record. Typical numbers produced at the turn of the twentieth century were 100 million to 400 million years. These underestimated the actual age by factors of 10 to 50 because much of the sedimentary record is missing in various locations and because there is a long rock sequence that is older than half a billion years that is far less well defined in terms of fossils and less well preserved.⑤Various other techniques to estimate Earth's age fell short, and particularly noteworthy in this regard were flawed determinations of the Sun's age. It had been recognized by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) that chemical reactions could not supply the tremendous amount of energy flowing from the Sun for more than about a millennium. Two physicists during the nineteenth century both came up with ages for the Sun based on the Sun's energy coming from gravitational contraction. Under the force of gravity, the compressionresulting from a collapse of the object must release energy. Ages for Earth were derived that were in the tens of millions of years, much less than the geologic estimates of the lime.⑥It was the discovery of radioactivity at the end of the nineteenth century that opened the door to determining both the Sun’s energy source and the age of Earth. From the initial work came a suite of discoveries leading to radio isotopic dating, which quickly led to the realization that Earth must be billions of years old, and to the discovery of nuclear fusion as an energy source capable of sustaining the Sun's luminosity for that amount of time. By the 1960s, both analysis of meteorites and refinements of solar evolution models converged on an age for the solar system, and hence for Earth, of 4.5 billion years.译文地球的年龄①希腊历史学家希罗多德是最早有记录的推测地球年龄的观察家之一，他生活在大约公元前480年到公元前425年。
恐龙如何演化鸟写话英语作文三百字
恐龙如何演化鸟写话英语作文三百字全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How Dinosaurs Evolved into BirdsHey there! Today, I want to talk about something that has always fascinated me – the evolution of dinosaurs into birds. Can you imagine? Those massive, terrifying creatures that roamed the Earth millions of years ago are actually the ancestors of the cute little birds we see hopping around in our backyards! It's mind-blowing, right?Let's start from the beginning. Dinosaurs first appeared on Earth around 230 million years ago during the Triassic period. These reptiles were incredibly diverse, ranging from the gigantic long-necked sauropods to the fearsome meat-eating theropods. Now, here's where things get interesting.Scientists have discovered that some of these theropod dinosaurs, like the Velociraptor and the Archaeopteryx, shared many similarities with modern-day birds. They had feathers, wishbones, and other bird-like features. This evidence stronglysuggests that birds are the direct descendants of these feathered dinosaurs.So, how did this incredible transformation happen? Well, it's all thanks to the process of evolution. Over millions of years, these feathered dinosaurs gradually developed adaptations that allowed them to take flight. Their feathers became more specialized for aerodynamics, their bones became lighter and hollow, and their body structure became more streamlined for efficient flight.Imagine being a little feathered dinosaur, trying to catch insects or escape predators by flapping your wings and eventually taking those first tentative hops into the air. It must have been an exhilarating moment in the history of life on Earth!Fast forward to today, and birds have diversified into an incredible array of species, from the majestic eagles soaring high above to the colorful hummingbirds flitting from flower to flower. But no matter how different they may appear, they all share a common ancestry with those ancient feathered dinosaurs.Isn't it amazing how life on our planet has evolved and adapted over billions of years? The next time you see a bird, take a moment to appreciate the incredible journey it has taken from its dinosaur ancestors to become the amazing creature it is today.Who knows, maybe someday we'll discover even moremind-blowing connections between the past and present!篇2How Dinosaurs Evolved into BirdsYou know, when I was a little kid, I was obsessed with dinosaurs. I had all the toy figures, the books, the videos - I was a total dino nerd. My favorite was always the Velociraptor because it looked so cool and vicious with those sickle-shaped claws on its feet. But did you know that dinosaurs like Velociraptor are actually more closely related to modern birds than they are to other dinosaurs? Yeah, it's crazy but true! Let me tell you all about how dinosaurs evolved into the birds we see today.So dinosaurs first appeared on Earth around 230 million years ago during the Triassic period. These early dinosaurs were relatively small, about the size of a large dog. As time went on, they evolved into a hugely diverse group of reptiles that dominated the planet for over 160 million years. Some grew massively huge like the long-necked sauropods. Others became fearsome theropods like T. Rex with those massive teeth and tiny arms. Dinosaurs adapted to live everywhere from forests to deserts to the polar regions.But around 66 million years ago, a giant asteroid slammed into what is now the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. This catastrophic impact along with intense volcanic activity caused a mass extinction that wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs. So why did birds survive while their dinosaur cousins didn't? Well, the key is that birds evolved from a group of feathered theropod dinosaurs called dromaeosaurids.These dromaeosaurids were relatively small, agile predators with lots of the traits we see in modern birds. Their bodies were covered in feathers, not just for warmth but for other purposes like display and aerodynamics. Their bones were hollow and lightweight, also an adaptation for being more nimble. Many had a furcula or wishbone, strong lightweight jaws, and hands modified into wings. Even their hips and legs were positioned directly underneath their bodies in a more erect posture like birds.The earliest known bird was Archaeopteryx, which lived around 150 million years ago. Archaeopteryx still had lots of reptilian features like teeth, a long bony tail, and forearms with fingers and claws. But it also had feathered wings and a lightweight hollow bone structure just like modern birds. It was definitely a weird transitional form between dinosaurs and birds.From that point, bird-like dinosaur species kept evolving smaller sizes, bigger brains, and more advanced feathers and wings over the next 135 million years or so. Groups like enantiornithes were something like modern birds but they stayed fairly primitive without ever losing all their teeth or long bony tails. True modern birds as we know them today first appeared around 65-66 million years ago and rapidly diversified after the mass extinction wiped out all their larger dinosaur relatives.There's just tons of evidence that birds descended from dinosaurs when you look at their skeletons, anatomy, proteins, and genetics. Birds and dinos share things like nest-building behavior, brooding their eggs, having nucleated red blood cells, and a unique lung system. Their bones fossilize in similar ways, they move the same way, and they have nearly identical proteins and genetic code. It's one of the most solidly supported facts in paleontology.So in a nutshell, birds are the last surviving lineage of feathered theropod dinosaurs. They're literally modern dinosaurs! Just miniaturized with wings, feathers, and a higher metabolism to enable powered flight. That Velociraptor toy I loved as a kid? Its real living descendant is a freaking chicken! How crazy is that?I just find the dinosaur-bird connection so fascinating. It really drives home how all life on Earth is connected through evolution over vast time scales. Birds may seem separate and distinct, but they share an ancestry with the most fearsome and dominant reptiles that ever roamed the planet. Every time I see a little sparrow hopping around, I have to marvel at the incredible journey of evolution that links that tiny bird to giant dire wolves like T. Rex. Life is amazing, isn't it? Who'd have thought that the key to surviving extinction was just getting small, growing feathers, and learning to fly? Those badass raptors never saw it coming!篇3How Dinosaurs Evolved Into BirdsWhen I was a kid, I always loved dinosaurs. I had all the toy figurines, watched all the documentaries, and read every book on them that I could get my hands on. However, one thing that always puzzled me was how these massive, terrifying creatures could have evolved into the birds we see chirping away in our backyards today. It seemed like such an improbable transition –going from a 40-foot long Tyrannosaurus rex to a tiny sparrow. But as I learned more about evolution and paleontology, the connections started to become clearer.The story of how dinosaurs evolved into modern birds is one of the most fascinating tales in the entire history of life on Earth. It's a journey that spans over 150 million years, taking us from the late Triassic period all the way to the present day. And at the heart of this incredible transformation lies a group of dinosaurs known as the theropods.Theropods were a diverse group of bipedal, mostly carnivorous dinosaurs that included iconic species like Velociraptor, Allosaurus, and of course, the mighty Tyrannosaurus rex. But what set these dinosaurs apart from other groups like the long-necked sauropods or the heavily armored ankylosaurs was a series of unique anatomical features that would lay the foundations for the evolution of birds.One of the most significant of these features was the presence of a lightweight, rigid furcula (or wishbone) formed by the fusion of the clavicle bones. This sturdy, braced structure helped to strengthen the shoulder girdle, which was essential for powerful flapping motions required for flight. Theropods also had a relatively large brain for their size, a trait that would become increasingly advantageous as the demands of powered flight necessitated more advanced neural processing capabilities.Perhaps the most striking evidence of the theropod-avian connection, however, lies in the discovery of numerous exquisitely preserved fossils that capture the transition from feathered dinosaurs to the earliest birds. Specimens like the famous Archaeopteryx, which lived around 150 million years ago, possessed a mosaic of characteristics – teeth, a long bony tail, and feathered wings – that firmly placed it as a transitional form between the two groups.But Archaeopteryx was just the beginning. In the decades since its discovery, paleontologists have uncovered a wealth of other feathered dinosaur fossils, each one adding to our understanding of how feathers evolved and were adapted for various purposes like insulation, display, and eventually, flight.One of the most remarkable discoveries in recent years has been that of Microraptor, a small, four-winged dinosaur that lived around 125 million years ago. With feathered wings on both its fore and hindlimbs, Microraptor was likely capable of gliding or even brief bursts of flapping flight, providing a tantalizing glimpse into the earliest stages of powered aerial locomotion.As we move closer to the origin of modern birds, the fossil record becomes even richer, revealing an astonishing diversity offeathered theropods that gradually acquired more and more avian characteristics. Creatures like Anchiornis, Aurornis, and Eosinopteryx all possessed the hallmarks of true birds – a fully reversed first toe, a fully fused hand with a specialized wrist joint, and a lightweight, keeled sternum to anchor powerful flight muscles.Finally, around 66 million years ago, we reach the point where the last of the non-avian dinosaurs went extinct, leaving only the lineage that would give rise to modern birds. From this point onwards, the evolution of birds accelerated rapidly, with adaptive radiations producing the vast array of species we see today, from the tiny hummingbirds to the mighty eagles and everything in between.To me, the story of how dinosaurs evolved into birds is more than just a fascinating scientific narrative – it's a testament to the incredible power of evolution to shape and transform life in ways that seem almost unimaginable. It's a reminder that even the most improbable of transitions can occur given the right circumstances and selective pressures.And perhaps most importantly, it's a humbling lesson in the interconnectedness of all life on our planet. When I look at a bird soaring overhead, I'm not just seeing a creature adapted to theskies – I'm witnessing the living legacy of a lineage that stretches back over 150 million years, all the way to the reign of the dinosaurs.So the next time you hear a bird singing in the morning, remember that you're listening to the distant echo of a tyrant lizard's mighty roar, transformed over eons into a symphony of feathers and song. It's a connection that spans the ages, reminding us that we are all part of the same grand tapestry of life on this incredible planet we call home.。
invading algae托福阅读
invading algae托福阅读Invading algae, also known as invasive algae or alien algae, refers to species of algae that are not native to a particular ecosystem but have been introduced and subsequently spread to the point of becoming a nuisance or posing a threat to the native flora and fauna.These invading algae can be introduced to a new ecosystem through various means, such as ballast water from ships, aquarium or pond escapees, or intentional introductions for aquaculture or horticulture purposes. Once introduced, invading algae can rapidly colonize and dominate the ecosystem due to factors such as lack of natural predators, ability to outcompete native species for resources, tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, and high reproductive capacity.The impact of invading algae on ecosystems and biodiversity can be significant. They can alter the physical and chemical properties of the water, decrease light penetration, smother native plants and organisms, and disrupt ecological processes. This can have cascading effects on other species that depend on the affected ecosystem, including fish, birds, and mammals.In addition to their ecological impact, invading algae can also have economic and social implications. They can clog water intakes and navigation channels, decrease water quality for recreational purposes, and negatively affect fisheries and aquaculture operations. The management and control of invading algae can be challenging, requiring a multidisciplinary approach that includes monitoring, prevention, early detection, and control measures.Efforts to address the issue of invading algae include regulations and policies on ballast water management, strict control and quarantine measures for imported aquatic plants and animals, public education and awareness campaigns, and research on the ecology and biology of invading algae to develop targeted control strategies.Overall, invading algae pose a significant threat to ecosystems and require proactive and coordinated efforts to prevent their introduction, monitor their spread, and mitigate their impact on the environment, economy, and society.。
托福阅读真题第163篇Gondwana
托福阅读真题第163篇GondwanaParagraph 1：Among the enduring legacies of the famous European voyages of discovery in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are a collection and scientific description of plants and animals from around the world. These form the nucleus of the great collections in modern museums and have been responsible for a radical revision in the way that we perceive the structure of Earth and the forces that have shaped its surface over time. As the fauna and flora from far-flung lands came to be described and incorporated into the body of knowledge about the world, it was noted that there were some striking similarities among living and extinct organisms of the Southern Hemisphere continents. In the 1840s, the English botanist Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker commented on the remarkable fact that the flora of South America and Oceania (mainly Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and the Malay Archipelago) shared seven families of flowering plants and 48 genera that were not to be found elsewhere. Later, similar patterns were observed in other groups of plants and animals, such as liverworts, lichens, mayflies, midges, and various types of vertebrates. How could these similarities be explained in view of the enormous stretches of ocean that separate the Southern Hemisphere continents today. One idea developed during the late nineteenth century was that there existed in the remote geological past a vast Southern Hemisphere continent; in other words, that the modern continents of the Southern Hemisphere were somehow connected long ago, thus explaining the similarities in fauna and flora.The name given to this hypothetical continent was Gondwana.1. Why does the author mention the enormous stretches of ocean that separate the Southern Hemisphere continents today？O To emphasize the importance of the famous European voyages of discovery in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries O To suggest a reason why so many genera of flowering plants are found only in the Southern HemisphereO To question the accuracy of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker's observations about the similarities between the flora of Australia and that of South AmericaO To explain why the similarities between flora pointed out by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker seemed so remarkable2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O The similarities in fauna and flora across Southern Hemisphere continents were explained in the late nineteenth century.O In the nineteenth century it was discovered that the Southern Hemisphere continents contain fauna and flora that are highly similar.O In the nineteenth century, it was suggested that the modern continents of the Southern Hemisphere were once connected.O The fauna and flora of the modern continents of the Southern Hemisphere were found to be very similar in the late nineteenth century.Paragraph 2：One of the most distinctive fossil plants of this hypothetical continent is called Glossopteris. When first described by the French paleobotanist Adolphe Brongniart in1828, Glossopteris was thought to be a type of fern. Now, however, it is known to be a woody seed-bearing shrub or tree. The trunks of Glossopteris could reach 4 meters in height. Seeds and pollen-containing organs were borne in clusters at the tips of slender stalks attached to the leaves, but some species may have borne seeds in cones. It is thought that Glossopteris lived in a seasonal environment, and this is consistent with the occurrence of growth rings in the wood. Also, there is evidence that the plant was deciduous (that is, that it shed its leaves annually at the end of the growing season) and that it grew under very wet soil conditions, like the modern swamp cypress. The large leaves of Glossopteris which exceeded 30 centimeters in length are common fossils in rocks of the Permian period (299¨C251 million years ago) in Indi a, Africa, South America, Australia, and Antarctica.3. In paragraph 2, the author discusses Glossopteris in order toO provide an example of a fossil species that was attributed to Gondwana on the basis of its wide distributionO explain why the descriptions of ancient plants made by Adolphe Brongniart were not completely accurateO establish the importance of nineteenth-century paleobotanist Adolphe BrongniartO show that similarities among flora in the Southern Hemisphere continents were not limited to flowering plants4. According to paragraph 2, what suggests that Glossopteris may have lived in a seasonal environmentO It grew in what is now Antarctica.O It was a seed-bearing plant.O There is evidence that it lost its leaves annually.O There were stalks attached to its leaves.Paragraph 3：At the time the Gondwana hypothesis was conceived, the prevailing theory of Earth saw continents as fixed in their relative positions. The problem of linking up the various elements of Gondwana was solved by hypothesizing the existence of ancient land bridges. This changed in 1912 with the proposal of the theory of continental drift by the German meteorologist and geophysicist Alfred Wegener, an idea that was later developed and championed by the famous South African geologist Alex Logan du Toit. Wegener and du Toit argued that the continents are not fixed; rather, they have moved apart or drifted to their present-day positions. In the past, Gondwana was a single contiguous landmass comprising the present-day Southern Hemisphere continents.5. According to paragraph 3, why did geologists initially hypothesize the existence of ancient land bridges across continentsO To explain how the continents may have drifted to their present-day positionsO To explain how organisms could spread across distant continentsO To argue against Wegener's theory of continental driftO To help explain the present-day positions of the Southern Hemisphere continents6. According to paragraph 3, what did Alfred Wegener and Alex Logan du T oit have in commonO Both were originally trained as meteorologists.O Both had doubts about the hypothesis that Gondwana was once a single contiguous landmass.O Both believed that continents change their position overtime.O Both believed that the present-day Southern Hemisphere continents were too far apart to have been linked by a land bridge.Paragraph 4：These ideas seemed incredible at the time, but in support of their theory Wegener and du Toit pointed to similarities in fauna and flora, and the distributions of fossils such as Glossopteris provided an important piece of evidence in the assembly of the Gondwana jigsaw puzzle. Wegener and du Toit also drew together other different sources of evidence, such as the remarkable geometric fit of South America and Africa, and similarities between the ages and types of rock found in areas of Southern Hemisphere continents that are now thousands of miles apart. The notion of drifting continents only became widely accepted in the 1960s following the discovery of paleomagnetism (the study of changes in the polarity of Earth's magnetic field through time) and the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which explained the growth and movement of continents and other geological phenomena.7. According to paragraph 4, Wegener and du Toit offered all of the following evidence in support of their hypothesis EXCEPT O distributions of fossils across the Southern Hemisphere continentsO the geometric fit of South America and AfricaO similarities in rocks across the Southern Hemisphere continentsO differences in geological phenomena across the Southern Hemisphere continents8. Paragraph 4 strongly suggests that the theory of continental drift was not widely accepted before the 1960s inpart becauseO the distributions of fossils such as Glossopteris were not yet generally knownO other explanations for the geometric fit of South America and Africa were availableO there was no satisfactory explanation for the movement of continentsO few scientists accepted the claims made by Wegener and du Toit about the similarities in the ages of groups of rocks Paragraph 2: ■One of the most distinctive fossil plants of this hypothetical continent is called Glossopteris. ■When first described by the French paleobotanist Adolphe Brongniart in 1828, Glossopteris was thought to be a type of fern. ■Now, however, it is known to be a woody seed-bearing shrub or tree. ■The trunks of Glossopteris could reach 4 meters in height. Seeds and pollen-containing organs were borne in clusters at the tips of slender stalks attached to the leaves, but some species may have borne seeds in cones. It is thought that Glossopteris lived in a seasonal environment, and this is consistent with the occurrence of growth rings in the wood. Also, there is evidence that the plant was deciduous (that is, that it shed its leaves annually at the end of the growing season) and that it grew under very wet soil conditions, like the modern swamp cypress. The large leaves of Glossopteris which exceeded 30 centimeters in length are common fossils in rocks of the Permian period (299¨C251 million years ago) in India, Africa, South America, Australia, and Antarctica.9. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This led to its name, which means tongue fern in Greek andis a reference to its tongue-shaped leaves.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.10. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.Answer ChoicesO The plants and animals collected during the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century voyages of discovery made it possible to advance important scientific theories.O By 1828, fossils of Glossopteris had been discovered to have inhabited both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere continents in the remote geological past.O To explain the observed distribution patterns of flora and fauna, scientists hypothesized that land bridges had linked the widely separated Southern Hemisphere continents in the geological past.O The theory of continental drift, proposed in 1912, held that the Southern Hemisphere continents once formed an unbroken landmass and subsequently moved apart to their present locations.O To support their hypothesis that continents are not fixed in their relative positions, Alfred Wegener and Alex Logan du T oit used paleomagnetic evidence to develop the theory of plate tectonics.O Continental drift explained the distribution of organisms as well as the similarities in rocks and the geometric fit of Africa and South America, but the theory was not generally accepted until the 1960s.。
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读专题11拯救美洲狮
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (11)Save the Mountain Lion拯救美洲狮主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：野生动植物保护【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。
）Los Angeles, as everyone knows, is a noodle bowl of highways. As everyone may not know, it is also one of only two cities in the world where big cats wander wild inside the city boundaries(the other is Mumbai). One even live near the Hollywood sign. But big cats and highways do not mix,which is why Los Angeles will soon be home to one of the world’s biggest wildlife corridors（走廊）.The cats are mountain lions. They live in the Santa Monica Mountains. Their numbers are stable. Their habitat is mostly wilderness（荒野）, full of deer, the lions’food. The ecology of their range, the largest urban national park in the world, is healthy, thanks in part to their presence. Yet animals can come under threat without habitat loss. Genetic degradation（退化）can be just as deadly.Cutting through the mountains is Route 101, carrying up to 10,000 vehicles an hour. It cuts the Santa Monica range off from a larger wilderness to the north. The southern area is not big enough for all the lions, which each require hunting grounds of 60-150 square miles. The result is a population trapped on an environmental island, with inbreeding(近亲繁殖)and genetic degradation. A study in 2016 found that, given their environment, the Santa Monica mountain lions’ chances of extinction in 50 years would be 15-22%; because of their genetic deterioration, the chance of extinction was more like 99.7%.Four years after that study came the first evidence that the big cats were suffering physical damage: a young male was found with a 90-degree kink(扭结) in his tail . Researchers had seen that before. In the early 1990s biologists studying the Florida panther, a closely related animal, found that many of the males had the same genetic flaws(缺陷). The Florida panther escaped extinction only thanks to the introduction of females brought from Texas to refresh the gene pool.California does not need to go that far. There are healthy mountain-lion populations north of the Santa Monica range, separated by the ribbon of road. Hidden cameras show the animals crouched(蹲)at the side of the highway, not daring to cross. The solution is a 165-foot-wide dirt bridge which would allow them to travel high over the traffic.Such corridors have worked elsewhere, from large spans for elk（麋鹿）over the Trans-Canada highway to a small clawbridge for migrating red crabs（红蟹）on Christmas Island. Last month the governor, Gavin Newsom,launched construction.The animals become sexually mature at 2½ to 3 years and have babies every other year. So within ten years of the corridor’s completion the great-grandchildren of the first mating beyond the mountains could have cubs. Genetically, even a few matings would make a difference. “We’ll definitely save the mountain lion,” thinks Paul Edelman of the Mountains Recreation and Conservation Authority. “It’s just a matter of how long it takes.”【课标词汇精讲】1.boundary n.分界线；边界National boundaries are becoming increasingly meaningless in the global economy. 在全球化的经济中，国界已经变得越来越没有意义了。
高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注解读单选题30题
高三英语科学前沿动态引人关注解读单选题30题1. The discovery of a new planet in our galaxy has raised many questions about the possibility of ______ life forms.A. alienB. strangeC. unknownD. mysterious答案：A。
本题考查名词的辨析。
“alien”有“外星的”之意，与“life forms”搭配，表示外星生命形式，符合语境。
“strange”意为“奇怪的”，“unknown”表示“未知的”，“mysterious”指“神秘的”，都不如“alien”在这个语境中准确。
2. The recent research in quantum physics has brought to light ______ phenomena that challenge our understanding.A. numerousB. severalC. muchD. many答案：D。
本题考查名词的修饰词。
“phenomena”是复数名词，“many”修饰可数名词复数，“numerous”和“several”也可修饰，但“many”更常用。
“much”修饰不可数名词，不符合。
3. The study of black holes has revealed ______ secrets of the universe.A. profoundB. deepC. hiddenD. mysterious答案：A。
本题考查名词修饰词。
“profound”有“深刻的，深远的”之意，能更好地修饰“secrets”，强调其重要性和深度。
“deep”主要指物理上的深度，“hidden”侧重隐藏，“mysterious”强调神秘，均不如“profound”贴切。
4. A breakthrough in artificial intelligence has led to the development of ______ applications.A. variousB. diverseC. differentD. all答案：B。
大学本科英语试题及答案
大学本科英语试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. What is the man's major?A. Computer ScienceB. Mechanical EngineeringC. English LiteratureD. Environmental Science答案：A2. Where does the conversation most likely take place?A. In a libraryB. At a coffee shopC. In a classroomD. At a restaurant答案：B3. What is the woman's opinion about the new policy?A. She thinks it's too strict.B. She believes it's necessary.C. She finds it confusing.D. She thinks it's fair.答案：B4. Why does the man decide to take the bus?A. Because he missed the train.B. Because he is running late.C. Because his car broke down.D. Because he wants to save money.答案：C5. What is the main topic of the lecture?A. The history of jazz music.B. The impact of technology on music.C. The role of music in society.D. The evolution of musical instruments.答案：D二、阅读理解（共30分）Passage 1The rise of e-commerce has revolutionized the way consumers shop, allowing them to purchase products from the comfort of their homes. This convenience, however, has led to an increase in the amount of packaging waste generated.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The benefits of e-commerce.B. The drawbacks of e-commerce.C. The impact of e-commerce on the environment.D. The history of e-commerce.答案：C7. What does the passage imply about traditional shopping?A. It generates less waste.B. It is less convenient.C. It is more expensive.D. It is more popular.答案：BPassage 2Biologists have discovered a new species of bird in the Amazon rainforest. This species, which has not been previously documented, has unique feather patterns and a distinct song.8. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To announce a new scientific discovery.B. To describe the Amazon rainforest.C. To discuss the importance of bird conservation.D. To compare different bird species.答案：A9. What makes the new bird species unique?A. Its habitat.B. Its size.C. Its feathers.D. Its song.答案：C10. What can be inferred from the passage?A. The bird species is endangered.B. The bird species is common.C. The bird species is well-studied.D. The bird species is newly discovered.答案：D三、词汇与语法（共20分）11. The company has announced a new policy that will come into _______ next month.A. effectB. affectC. efficientD. effort答案：A12. Despite the heavy rain, the construction work continued _______.A. uninterruptedB. uninterestedC. unrelatedD. unprepared答案：A13. The professor's lecture was so _______ that many students fell asleep.A. boringB. boredC. boreD. boredom答案：A14. She has a _______ memory and can remember details from years ago.A. photographicB. photographicsC. photographD. photographs答案：A15. The government is taking steps to reduce air pollution and improve _______.A. quality of lifeB. life of qualityC. life qualityD. quality life答案：A四、翻译（共15分）16. 随着科技的发展，远程工作变得越来越普遍。
我的汉译英1
北极冰川融化的危险这个记录不同于夏季奥运会上的记录。
对于北冰洋中部而言，这个新的纪录是个坏消息。
新辟出的水域可能会引来工业化捕鱼船，而他们的捕鱼行为又缺乏制度的约束。
物种丰富的海洋生态系统也供养了因纽特人以及其它适应了苦寒之地的居民们。
寒带物种将会适应新得环境，亦或走向灭绝。
亚带物种则可能向北迁移，占据新的生态位。
即便是适度捕捞，但如果捕捞的是重要物种比如鳕鱼，也会危及海豹、鸟类、鲸鱼和北极的食物链，造成无法预计的后果。
Ice melt risk to ArcticUnlike those set in the summer Olympics, however, this record spells bad news for the Central Arctic Ocean, where newly open water is likely to attract industrial fishing *fleets to a region without any rules governing the catch.The rich marine ecosystem has also supported *Inuit and other *indigenous communities uniquely adapted to an ice-based environment.Boreal species will adapt to the new environment, or become extinct. Subtropical species may migrate to the northward and occupy a new ecological niche.Even it is a modest fishing, but if we catch an important species such as cod which will endanger the sales, birds, whales and Arctic food chain, then cause unpredictable consequences.。
2024全国高考真题英语汇编：阅读理解D篇
2024全国高考真题英语汇编阅读理解D篇一、阅读理解（2024·浙江·高考真题）The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.1．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?A．Take an examination alone.B．Share their treats with others.C．Delay eating for fifteen minutes.D．Show respect for the researchers.2．According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needsC．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit D．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains 3．What does the author suggest readers do?A．Be selective information consumers.B．Absorb new information readily.C．Use diverse information sources.D．Protect the information environment.4．Which of the following is the best title for the text?A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Later, the BetterC．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans（2024·全国·高考真题）In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species inan area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”5．What do we know about the records of species collected now?A．They are becoming outdated.B．They are mostly in electronic form.C．They are limited in number.D．They are used for public exhibition.6．What does Daru’s study focus on?A．Threatened species.B．Physical specimens.C．Observational data.D．Mobile applications.7．What has led to the biases according to the study?A．Mistakes in data analysis.B．Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C．Improper way of sampling.D．Unreliable data collection devices.8．What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A．Review data from certain areas.B．Hire experts to check the records.C．Confirm the identity of the users.D．Give guidance to citizen scientists.（2024·全国·高考真题）Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) thatpowers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.9．What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean?A．If read by someone poorly educated.B．If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.C．If written by someone less competent.D．If translated by someone unacademic.10．What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text?A．It is packed with complex codes.B．It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.C．It provides step-by-step instructions.D．It is intended for AI professionals.11．What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development?A．Observe existing regulations on it.B．Reconsider expert opinions about it.C．Make joint efforts to keep it under control.D．Learn from prior experience to slow it down.12．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?A．To recommend a book on AI.B．To give a brief account of AI history.C．To clarify the definition of AI.D．To honor an outstanding AI expert.（2024·全国·高考真题）“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending they got did make the most sense for them.This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess, I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosingwhat to read became easier.But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers. You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits what’s right for the characters.That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it might provide what you need to get there.13．Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?A．To discuss a novel.B．To submit a book report.C．To argue for a writer.D．To ask for a reading list.14．What did the author realize after seeing Gracie?A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.B．Readers are often carried away by character.C．Each type of literature has its unique end.D．A story which begins well will end well.15．What is expected of a good ending?A．It satisfies readers’ taste.B．It fits with the story development.C．It is usually positive.D．It is open for imagination.16．Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?A．To give examples of great novelists.B．To stress the theme of this issue.C．To encourage writing for the magazine.D．To recommend their new books.（2024·北京·高考真题）Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.17．What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code?A．Living conditions were the drive.B．Unwritten rules were the target.C．Social tradition was the basis.D．Honesty was the key.18．What can we learn from this passage?A．Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies.B．Basic human needs lead to universal norms.C．Language capacity is limited by self-control.D．Written laws have great influence on virtues. 19．Which would be the best title for this passage?A．Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B．The Values of Self-disciplineC．Brains: Walls Against Chaos D．The Roots of Morality参考答案1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。
2023届高考英语外刊阅读训练之阅读理解业余天文学家的贡献讲义
23年高考英语外刊阅读训练——阅读理解：业余天文学家的贡献——改编自Asteroid collision shows how much amateur astronomers have to offerLast September, NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft intentionally collided with an asteroid, and many telescopes were trained on the event. Among these telescopes were those operated by amateur astronomers who are skilled skywatchers but do not work full-time in astronomy. Some of these teams on France’s Réunion island and one in Nairobi were able to watch the impact in real time. The observations made by these amateur astronomers contributed to a study published in Nature, which described how the asteroid named Dimorphos became temporarily brighter and redder as the spacecraft hit it.This event is yet another example of the contribution that amateur astronomers have made to understanding celestial phenomena. In the past, they have helped astronomers better understand variable stars, classify galaxies, and even search for extraterrestrial signals. Amateur astronomers havediscovered comets and other celestial occurrences, identified previously unknown objects, and observed old photographs of the night sky to uncover new phenomena.The coordination between amateur and professional researchers is not unique to astronomy. In January, researchers released BirdFlow, a model that predicts where North American bird species will migrate to using records from an online database called eBird, which receives millions of contributions each year from amateur ornithologists.Community science benefits from gathering data from multiple contributors, allowing for further calibration and confirmation of observations. In the case of the DART impact, the rapid gathering, distribution, and publication of information by the amateur scientists was valuable, and other teams continue to monitor the DART asteroid system to refine our understanding of its orbit around the sun.As science becomes more specialized and dependent on specific instruments, it is tempting to dismiss the role of amateur scientists. However, more working researchersshould consider how they can creatively harness the enthusiasm of their amateur colleagues to assist with observations and data analysis. The next time someone is looking for an observation partner or help with analyzing data, they should consider turning to an amateur scientist.【重点词汇】4. amateur /ˈæm.ə.tər/ adj. 业余的；n. 业余爱好者7. impact /ˈɪm.pækt/ n. 冲击；vt. 撞击8. observation /ˌɒb.zəˈveɪ.ʃən/ n. 观察，观测9. variable /ˈveə.ri.ə.bl/ adj. 变化的；n. 星变12. signal /ˈsɪɡ.nəl/ n. 信号; vt. 发信号14. occurrence /əˈkʌr.əns/ n. 发生，出现15. coordinate /koʊˈɔːr.də.neɪt/ v. 协调，配合17. migratory /ˈmaɪ.ɡrə.tər.i/ adj. 迁移的；n. 迁移动物20. community science /kəˈmjuː.nə.ti saɪəns/ 社区科学23. distribution /ˌdɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/ n. 分发，分配28. observation partner /ˌɒbzəˈveɪʃən ˈpɑːtnər/ 观测伙伴29. data analysis /ˈdeɪtəəˈnæləsɪs/ 数据分析30. refine /rɪˈfaɪn/ vt. 改进，精炼31. calibration and confirmation of observations 校准和观测确认33. dependent on /dɪˈpendənt ɒn/ 依赖于34. dismiss /dɪsˈmɪs/ vt. 忽略，不考虑35. harness /ˈhɑː.nɪs/ vt. 利用，控制38. uncover /ʌnˈkʌv.ər/ vt. 揭露，揭开39. North American /nɔːrθəˈmerɪkən/ 北美的41. celestial /səˈles.ti.əl/ adj. 天体的，天上的43. previously /ˈpriː.vi.əs.li/ adv. 以前，预先44. unknown object /ʌnˈnəʊn ˈɒbdʒɪkt/ 未知物体45. search for /sɜːtʃfɔːr/ 寻找46. valuable contribution /ˈvæljuəbl kəntrɪbjuːʃn/ 有价值的贡献47. further calibration /ˈfɜːðəkælɪˈbreɪʃən/ 更进一步的校准【阅读理解练习题】1. What did amateur astronomers do during the event in September?A) They intentionally collided with an asteroid.B) They watched the impact of DART spacecraft on an asteroid and made observations.C) They searched for extraterrestrial signals.D) They discovered comets and other celestial occurrences.Answer: B解析：文章第一段提到了许多的望远镜关注着DART飞船与小行星碰撞的事件，其中包括那些由业余天文学家操作的望远镜，他们能够实时观测到撞击的影响并做出观测。
人教高一英语Unit10 The world around us1(通用)
1)Why do animals and plants become endangered according to the text?
•Habitat change
•
16、行动出成果，工作出财富。。2021/5/142021/5/14May 14, 2021
•
17、做前，能够环视四周；做时，你只能或者最好沿着以脚为起点的射线向前。。2021/5/142021/5/142021暂时停止成功！。2021/5/142021/5/14Friday, May 14, 2021
The following are the ways to make the earth a better place for humans to live in.
•Reduce the amount of rubbish •Buy things that can be used many times
Let people learn more about plants , animals and our environment Stop polluting the air, water and soil Do not use too much land Make rules or laws to forbid people to cut down trees and hunt animals Plant more trees ……
environment •……
Discussion
• List things you could do to protect the environment in your everyday life.
世上快灭绝的动物英语作文
As a high school student with a keen interest in the natural world, Ive always been deeply concerned about the plight of endangered species. The thought of these magnificent creatures on the brink of extinction is both heartbreaking and alarming. Its a stark reminder of the delicate balance of our ecosystem and the urgent need for conservation efforts.Growing up, I was fascinated by the diverse wildlife that inhabits our planet. From documentaries to books, Ive always sought to learn more about the various species that share our world. However, as I delved deeper into this subject, I couldnt help but notice the distressing trend of species nearing the point of no return.One of the most poignant examples is the plight of the African elephant. These gentle giants, once roaming the savannas in large herds, are now victims of rampant poaching for their ivory. The World Wildlife Fund reports that approximately 20,000 elephants are killed each year for their tusks, a rate that far exceeds their birth rate. This unsustainable loss has led to a significant decline in their population, with some estimates suggesting that they could be functionally extinct within decades.Another species that has captured my attention is the Amur leopard. Found primarily in the Russian Far East, these elusive big cats are critically endangered due to habitat loss and poaching. The WWF states that there are fewer than 100 Amur leopards left in the wild, a number so small that its difficult to imagine a future where they continue to thrive.The plight of these species is not just a loss of biodiversity its a loss of theintricate web of life that supports our planets ecosystems. Each species plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature, and their disappearance can have farreaching consequences. For instance, the loss of a top predator can lead to an overpopulation of prey species, which in turn can disrupt the vegetation and affect other species in the food chain.Moreover, the extinction of a species is often a sign of a larger environmental issue. The decline of the coral reefs, which are home to 25% of all marine life, is a case in point. Climate change, pollution, and destructive fishing practices have led to the bleaching and destruction of these vital ecosystems. The loss of coral reefs not only affects the myriad species that depend on them but also has implications for coastal communities that rely on them for food and protection from storms.The situation is dire, but its not without hope. There are numerous conservation efforts underway around the world, aimed at protecting endangered species and their habitats. For example, the establishment of protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, has provided a safe haven for many species. Additionally, international agreements like the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES have helped to regulate and reduce the trade of endangered species and their products.As a high school student, I feel a strong sense of responsibility to raise awareness about the plight of endangered species. I believe that education is key to fostering a sense of stewardship for our planet. By learning about the challenges faced by these species and the efforts being made toprotect them, we can inspire a new generation of conservationists.In conclusion, the extinction of any species is a loss to the tapestry of life on Earth. Its a stark reminder of our impact on the natural world and the urgent need for action. As we continue to face the challenges of climate change, habitat destruction, and poaching, its crucial that we work together to protect the species that are on the brink of extinction. By doing so, were not only preserving biodiversity but also ensuring the health and sustainability of our planet for future generations.。
高三英语试卷汇编：语法填空专题
语法填空专题第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)阅读下面材料，在空白处填入一个单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Internet is popular with everybody. It's 56 amazing information resource. Students, teachers, and researchers use it 57 an investigative tool. Journalists use it to find information for stories. Doctors use it to learn 58 (much) about unfamiliar diseases and the latest 59 (medicine)development. Ordinary people use it for shopping, banking, bill-paying, and 60(communicate) with family and friends. People all over the world use it to connect with individuals from other countries and cultures.However, while there are many positive developments 6] (associate) with the Internet, there are also certain fears and concerns. One concern 62 (relate) to a lack of control over what appears on the Internet. With television and radio there are editors to check the 63 (accurate) of the content of programs, and with television there are restrictions on 64 kinds of programs can be broadcasted and at what times of the day. With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide 65 (determine) what is suitable for their children to see.山东省烟台市2021届高三上学期期中考试英语试卷第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
GMAT阅读资料第20篇
Species interdependence in nature confers many benefits on the species involved, but it can also become a point of weakness when one species involved in the rela- tionship is affected by a catastrophe. Thus, flowering (5) plant species dependent on insect pollination, as opposed to self-pollination or wind pollination, could be endan- gered when the population of insect-pollinators is depleted by the use of pesticides. In the forests of New Brunswick, for example, (10) various pesticides have been sprayed in the past 25 years in efforts to control the spruce budworm, an economi- cally significant pest. Scientists have now investigated the effects of the spraying of Matacil, one of the anti- budworm agents that is least toxic to insect-pollinators. (15) They studied Matacil's effects on insect mortality in a wide variety of wild insect species and on plant fecun- dity, expressed as the percentage of the total flowers on an individual plant that actually developed fruit and bore seeds. They found that the most pronounced (20) mortality after the spraying of Matacil occurred among the smaller bees and one family of flies, insects that were all important pollinators of numerous species of plants growing beneath the tree canopy of forests. The fecun- dity of plants in one common indigenous species, the (25) red-osier dogwood, was significantly reduced in the sprayed areas as compared to that of plants in control plots where Matacil was not sprayed. This species is highly dependent on the insect-pollinators most vulner- able to Matacil. The creeping dogwood, a species similar (30) to the red-osier dogwood, but which is pollinated by large bees, such as bumblebees, showed no significant decline in fecundity. Since large bees are not affected by the spraying of Matacil. these results and weight to the argument that spraying where the pollinators are sensi- (35) tive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity. The question of whether the decrease in plant fecun- dity caused by the spraying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of flowering plant species still remains unanswered. Plant species dependent (40) solely on seeds for survival or dispersal are obviously more vulnerable to any decrease in plant fecundity that occurs, whatever its cause. If, on the other hand, vegeta- tive growth and dispersal (by means of shoots or runners) are available as alternative reproductive strategies for a (45) species, then decreases in plant fecundity may be of little consequence. The fecundity effects described here are likely to have the most profound impact on plant species with all four of the following characteristics: a short life span, a narrow geographic range, an incapacity for vege- (50) tative propagation, and a dependence on a small number of insect-pollinator species. Perhaps we should give special attention to the conservation of such plant species since they lack key factors in their defenses against the envi- ronmental disruption caused by pesticide use. 1. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? (A) Species interdependence is a point of weakness for some plants, but is generally beneficial to insects involved in pollination. (B) Efforts to control the spruce budworm have had deleterious effects on the red-osier dogwood. (C) The used of pesticides may be endangering certain plant species dependent on insects for pollination. (D) The spraying of pesticides can reduce the fecundity of a plant species, but probably does not affect its overall population stability. (E) Plant species lacking key factors in their defenses against human environmental disruption will probably become extinct. 2. According to the author, a flowering plant species whose fecundity has declined due to pesticide spraying may not experience an overall population decline if the plant species can do which of the following? (A) Reproduce itself by means of shoots and runners. (B) Survive to the end of the growing season. (C) Survive in harsh climates. (D) Respond to the fecundity decline by producing more flowers. (E) Attract large insects as pollinators 3. The passage suggests that the lack of an observed decline in the fecundity of the creeping dogwood strengthens the researchers conclusions regarding pesticide use because the (A) creeping dogwood its a species that does not resemble other forest plants (B) creeping dogwood is a species pollinated by a broader range of insect species than are most dogwood species (C) creeping dogwood grows primarily in regions that were not sprayed with pesticide, and so served as a control for theexperiment (D) creeping dogwood is similar to the red-osier dogwood, but its insect pollinators are known to be insensitive to the pesticide used in the study (E) geographical range of the creeping dogwood is similar to that of the red-osier dogwood, but the latter species relies less on seeds for reproduction 4. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of the forest regions in New Brunswick sprayed with most anti-budworm pesticides other than Matacil? (A) The fecundity of some flowering plants in those regions may have decreased to an even greater degree than in the regions where Matacil is used. (B) Insect mortality in those regions occurs mostly among the larger species of insects, such as bumblebees. (C) The number of seeds produced by common plant species in those regions is probably comparable to the number produced where Matacil is sprayed. (D) Many more plant species have become extinct in those regions than in the regions where Matacil is used. (E) The spruce budworm is under better control in those regions than in the regions where Matacil is sprayed. 5. It can be inferred that which of the following is true of plant fecundity as it is defined in the passage? (A) A plant's fecundity decreases as the percentage of unpollinated flowers on the plant increases (B) A plant's fecundity decreases as the number of flowers produced by the plant decreases. (C) A plant's fecundity increases as the number of flowers produced by the plant increases. (D) A plant's fecundity is usually low if the plant relies on a small number of insect species for pollination. (E) A plant's fecundity is high if the plant can reproduce quickly by means of vegetative growth as well as by the production of seeds. 6. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following plant species would be LEAST likely to experience a decrease in fecundity as a result of the spraying of a pesticide not directly toxic to plants? (A) A flowering tree pollinated by only a few insect species (B) A kind of insect-pollinated vine producing few flowers (C) A wind-pollinated flowering tree that is short-lived (D) A flowering shrub pollinated by a large number of insect species (E) A type of wildflower typically pollinated by larger insects 7. Which of the following assumptions most probably underlies the author's tentative recommendation in lines 51-54? (A) Human activities that result in environmental disruption should be abandoned. (B) The use of pesticides is likely to continue into the future. (C) It is economically beneficial to preserve endan- gered plant species. (D) Preventing the endangerment of a species is less costly than trying to save an already endangered one. (E) Conservation efforts aimed at preserving a few well- chosen species are more cost-effective than are broader-based efforts to improve the environment.。