第一章英语语言学引论
语言学导论 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics
The
End
Descriptive（描写式）vs. Prescriptive（规定式） ♦ Descriptive:a lingustics study that aims to describe and analyze the language ople actually use.
♦ Prescriptive:a linguistics study that aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language.i.e.,to tell people what they should say or what they should not say.
Example
▪ Jack said I love you to Rose in the street.
The relationship between langue and parole ● The parole must depend on langue, and without parole, there would not be any existing significance for langue. Langue and parole are interdependent. They together constitute language.
C ha pte r 1 Invita tions to Linguistics
1.9 Im porta nt D istinctions in Linguistics
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contents
• Descriptive vs. Prescriptive • Synchronic vs. Diachronic • Langue vs. Parole • Competence vs. Performance
语言学-第一章ppt课件.ppt
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
meaning in a context of language use. Wife: Oh ,darling, I like this gold earring very
much. Husband: You know, I’m now out of job. What is the semantic meaning of the 2
----A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
II The major branches of linguistics
sentences? What is the pragmatical meaning?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2.7 Sociolinguistics(社会语言学）is the study of
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Ⅲ Some important distinctions in
新编简明英语语言学 第一章
What is linguistics?
---It is a scientific study because it is based on the systemetic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.
> Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians tended to emphasize the importance of the written word.
---Hall, 1968
语言是“人类利用约定俗成的任意性视听符号借以相互交流和影响的习惯体 系”。
---霍尔 ， 1968
What is language?
From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.
synchronic and diachronic
>The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.
对历史上某一时间点的语言状况 所作的研究是共时研究
>The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.
英语词汇学引论(笔记) chapter 1
Chapter 1 Language, Linguistics and LexicologyI.Linguistics1.DefinitionLinguistics is the scientific study of language.2.Scientific study method①observe②hypothesis③classify④test & conclude3.Features of scientific study①exhaustiveness②consistency③economy④objectivitynguage1.DefinitionLanguage is a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols by means of which the members of a speech community communicate, interact and transmit their culture.2.Functions·interrogative·expressive·informative·evocative·directive·performative·phaticrmation transmissionSemantic encoding↓Grammatical encoding↓Phonetic & phonological encoding (pitch, loudness, length, quality)↓Sending↓Transmission4.Origins of the calendarBabylonian→Egyptian→Greek→(750 BC)Old Roman1)Months·750 BCMarch MarsApril Goddess of love May Goddess of spring June God of marriage ※Quintillis Five※Sextillis Six September SevenOctober Eight November Nine December Ten·500 BCJanuary ‘door’February ‘festival’·46 BCQuintillis→July Julius Caesar Sextillis→August Augustus Caesar 2)DaysSunday God of Sun (Babylonian) Monday God of Moon (Norse) Tuesday Chief of all gods (Nor.) Wednesday God of commerce (Nor.)Thursday God of Thunder (Nor.) Friday God of Love (Nor.) Saturday God of Harvest (Bab.)III.Lexicology1.Basic terms and definitionsword (OE): talk, speakvocabulary (MLat): ①all words in a certain realm②words in specific context lexicon (lexis): words in a special language lexicology: origins + development + meanings of words 2.English Lexicology·morphonological structures·formation·semantic structure relations·usages·lexicography3.A poem~Spring, the sweetest spring, is the year’s pleasant King Then blooms each thing, then the maids dance in a ring Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do singKoo-koo, juck-juck, puwe, to-witta-wooThe palm and may make country houses gay Lambs frisk and play, the shepherds pipe all day And we hear aye birds tune this merry layKoo-koo, juck-juck, puwe, to-witta-wooThe fields breeze sweet, the daisies kiss our feet Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sitIn every street, these tunes our ears do greet Koo-koo, juck-juck, puwe, to-witta-woo。
Chapter One(A) 英语词汇学课程简介
兼任 湖北省学位委员会评议组成员、华中师范大学学位 委员会第3、4届委员、教育部人文社科基地华中师大语言 与语言教育研究中心兼职研究员。学术兼职包括全国专业 英语研究会理事、中南地区外语教学法研究会副理事长、 湖北省翻译者协会副会长、武汉欧美同学会常务理事等。 被邀担任教育部全国本科教学评估专家和教育部出国留学 基金语言学评审专家。同时担任上海外语教育出版社教育 部"十五"规划项目英语专业教材编写委员会委员，重庆出 版社中西部英语专业系列教材编写委员会委员。 主讲 英语词汇学、文体学、语义学等理论课程。从事语 言学和应用语言学方面的研究，并对话语篇章、语用、语 言与文化等有浓厚的兴趣。
近年来，汪榕培教授在中国古典文学英译和中西 文化比较等方面取得了突破性的进展，先后完成 了 《英译老子》、《英译易经》、 《英译陶诗》、 《英译诗经》、《英译庄子》、 《英译邯郸记》 《英译汉魏六朝诗三百首》、 《英译牡丹亭》、 《英译孔雀东南飞· 木兰诗》、等译著， 并撰写了一系列相关的论文，出版了专著《比较 与翻译》和《陶渊明诗歌英译比较研究》，得到 国内外学者的高度重视。他目前正在继续进行典 籍英译研究工作，兼任苏州大学、大连理工大学 博士生导师。
What we shall learn in ish lexicology is more than to learn to remember new words，but it will make you powerful in learning new words. 有人误认为词汇学就是“学词汇”。
4.所有作业，独立完成，不能抄袭 ，否则扣分。
Chapter One
The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
英语语言学语言学知识点课件
4. scope of linguistics
(语言学的研究范围)
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 1. design feature of language（语言的定义特征)
defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 如何记忆phonetics和phonolgy的区别: • 联想: mathematics, physics, mechanics
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phonetics 语言学，-ics科学性更强
•
•
geology, sociology, astrology
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phonology 音系学，-ology人文性更强
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
• Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
英语语言学引论
It is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the scientific description of speech sounds
It is divided into two subfields: academic phones and audit phones
The classification of vocabulary helps us understand the structure and organization of language
Physiological Changes of Words and Derived Words
01
Philosophy is the study of the internal structure of words
Semantic relationships and semantic fields
01
Semantics is the study of the meanings of words and how they are related to each other
02
Semantic relationships include synonymy (similar means), antonymy (potential means), and hybridization (specific to general means)
Linguistics is divided into different branches, including phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, sociolinguistics, and psychology
语言学第一章课件
Linguistics●Why study linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. (Lyons,1968).the process of linguistic study1st : O bserving & questioning2nd: Formulating hypotheses3rd: Verifying the hypotheses4th: Proposing a theoryFour principles in linguistics study:●exhaustiveness●consistency●economy●objectivity(大连外语考研)●Language and LinguisticsLinguistics:a brilliant and fascinating exploration of the basic weapon by which man has advanced from savagery to civilization.-----Mario Pei马里奥·佩●“We sometimes overlook the fact that th ere is much that we can knowand need to know about our universe and ourselves. By the same token, we are too prone to reject knowledge for which we cannot find an immediate practical application.”Chapter 1When we study human language, we are approaching what some might call the “human essence”, the distinctive qualities of mind that are, so far as we know, unique to man. (Noam Chomsky, 1972, Language and Mind)●乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky, 1928--）●“Chomsky is currently among the most-cited writers in all of the humanities(behind only Marx, Lenin, Shakespeare, Aristotle, Plato, and Freud) and the only living number of the top ten.” (Pinker,1994)● 1. What is Language?●Definitions of Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Key words:Language as systemSound <Phonetics发音学< Phonology 音韵学Structure <morphology 形态学<Syntax 句法学meaning <Semantics语义学<Pragmatics 语用学●Definitions of Language:●Language is a means of verbal communication.It is instrumental; it is social and conventional.(P3)2.Origin of language●The …Divine‟ origin:●The “bow-wow” theory “汪汪理论”●Imitation of the sounds of the animal●OnomatopoeicProblematic (P9)●The “pooh-pooh” theory噗噗理论●instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy.●interjections●Problematic (P9)●The “yo-he-ho” theory“哟-嗬-哟理论”rhythmic grunts●Problematic (P9)● 3. Design Features of Language●Design features (本质特征) refer to the defining properties of human languagethat distinguish it from any animal system of communication. (P4)●Language distinguishes human beings from animals in that it is far moresophisticated than any animal communication system.● 2.Design features2.1 Arbitrariness2.2 Duality2.3 Creativity2.4 Displacement● 1. Arbitrariness●--Ferdinand de Saussure 索绪尔(Swiss)●the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural (logical, intrinsic)relationship to their meaning●At lexical level:词汇层面“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”---Shakespeare in Romeo and JulietCan onomatopoeia change the arbitrary nature of language?●at the syntactic level●language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.●(a) He came in and sat down.●(b) He sat down and came in.●(c) He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness and convention●Duality(双重性)●Duality means that language has two levels of structure, the primary leveland the secondary level.●At secondary level are elements which have no meaning but which combine toform units at primary level which do have meaning.●Secondary level is made up of meaningless sounds, and primary level ofmeaningful words.●Does the traffic light system have duality?Creativity （创造性）Recursiveness （递归性）means that one sentence can expand into endless possible sentences in a way of recurring.Displacement （移位性）●Displacement enables us to talk about a wide range of things.Unlike animal communication systems, human language is （）（电子科大2003考研）(p8)A.Stimulus freeB.Stimulus boundC.Under immediate stimulus controlD.Stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest4. Functions of language1 Informative(信息功能)2 Interpersonal function(人际功能)It embodies the use of language to express, establish and maintain social relations. The ways you talk to different people show your social status.3 Performativ e (施为功能)It means that language is also used to “do things”, to perform actions.It is primarily to change the social status of a person, or the state of a thing.4 Emotive function(感情功能)It is the use of language to reveal some feelings and attitudes of the speaker.5 Phatic communion (寒暄功能)It refers to language used for maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas.6 Recreational function (娱乐功能)It refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it.7. Metalingual function (元语言功能)The metalingual function is used to clarify meanings or what the other personhas said.5. Important Distinctions1 Descriptive vs. prescriptive2 Synchronic vs. diachronic3 Langue vs. parole4 Competence vs. performance1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive (描写式和规定式)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.The description of a language at any one time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.__________ studies a particular state of language;__________ studies the historical development of a language.Parole refers to the realization of langue._______: abstract_______: specific_______: stable and systematic_______: subject to personal and situational constraintsAs a social product, langue is a set of conventions that members of a speech community seem to abide by. Parole, on the other hand, is the concrete use of the conventions.Competence is the language user’s intuitive knowledge of his language.Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.A speaker’s competence is s_____, but his performance is often influenced by p___________ factors.Where does the knowledge of language come from?Chomsky’s solution is to invoke the innate properties of the mind.What is the difference between these two pairs of distinction?Similarity:Difference:Saussure looks at language from a ___________ point of view;Chomsky looks at it more from a _____________ point of view.According to Saussure and Chomsky, which should be studied, the abstract knowledge or the actual speech?The significance of these two distinctions lies in defining the task of linguistics, which is to discover langue from instances of parole, to discover the language knowledge of the speaker from his performances.。
英语词汇学引论
词汇学Chapter 1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology1-1-1Introductory Remarks/11-1-2A Definition of Language/11-1-3Language, Society and Thought/21-2-1 A Definition of Linguistics/51-2-2 The scope of Linguistics/51-3-1 What is a Lexicology/61-3-2 Aims and significance of the Course of English Lexicology/61-3-3 The Connection of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics/71-3-4 Two Approaches to the study of English Lexicology/8a)Synchronic b)diachronicChapter 2 The Sources of the English V ocabulary2-1-1 what is Etymology?/132-1-2 the English People and the English Language/142-1-3 The Position and Character of the English Language in the Indo-European Family/142-1-4 The Divisions of the History of the English Language/15The history of the English language is divided into three periods.a)450——1150 Old Englishb)1150——1500 Middle Englishc)1500——preaent Modern English2-1-5 Some Characteristics of Old English/15a)There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analyticb)Old English is a synthetic language2-1-6 Some Characteristics of Middle English/202-1-7 Some Characteristics of Modern English232-1-8 Etymological Twins in English/302-1-9 Some Combining Forms Used in Modern English/322-2-1 Words of Native Origin/392-2-2 Borrowed Words in the English V ocabulary/41The English vocabulary can be divided into two groups according to origin:Native words and borrowed words.2-3-1 The Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary/44Four groups of loan-words:1)aliens;2)denizens; 3)translation-loans;4)Semantic borrowings.2-3-2 The Scandinavian Element in the English V ocabulary/44Most of the Scandinavian borrowings belong to the colloquial language.2-3-3 The French Element in the English V ocabulary/462-3-4 The Latin Element in the English V ocabulary/492-3-5 The Greek Element in the English V ocabulary/522-3-6 The influence of the Classical Elements upon the English V ocabulary/532-3-7 Other Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary/552-3-8 The Interrelation between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary/572-3-9The Linguistic and Historical Origins of Some Common English Words/58 Chapter 3 Word Meaning and Semantic Relations3-1-1 Some General Remarks on Semantic and Meaning/673-1-2 The Relationship Between Meaning and the Object/703-2-1 what is a word?/713-2-2 Meaning and Motivation/72Motivation can occur in three ways.1)Phoneticmotivation; 2)grammaticalmotivation;3)Motivation bymeaning.3-3-1 Classifications of Words/733-3-2 Main Types of Word Meaning/76 Main types of word meaning.1)grammatical meaning;2)lexical meaning3)contextual meaning 4)denotative meaning5)connotative meaning6)stylistic meaning3-3-3 Word Meaning and Context/80There are two types of context: linguistic and non- linguistic.1)Linguistic context refers to lexical and grammatical context.2)Non-linguistic context refers to context of situation, culture and style. 3-4-1 Synonyms/833-4-2 Antonyms/89There are two types of antonyms:1)morphologicalclassificationa)root antonymsb)derivative antonyms 2)semantic classificationa)contrariesb)complementariesc)conversives3-4-3 Polysemy and Homonymy/931)two main processes of self-shifta)radiation b)concatenation2)the classification of homonymsa)perfect homonymsb)partial homonyms3)three ways of forming homonymsa)Convergingsound-development b)diverging sense-developmentc)foreign influence3-4-4 Homonymy/100Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form, but differ in meaning.Chapter 4 The Changing English V ocabulary4-1-1 The Constant Change in Language and the Continuous Appearance of Neologisms/1034-1-2 The Definition of Neologisms or New Words/1044-1-3 The Rate of Changes of the English V ocabulary/1061)The English vocabulary changes with the development of society2)The rate vocabulary change varies from age to age.4-1-4The Sources of New Words/1064-1-5 The Formation of Neologisms/1261)By word-formation2)By adding new meaning to existing words3)By borrowing words from other language.4)By analogy5)By creating completely new coinages.4-2-1 Archaisms/1374-3-1 Changes in Meaning/141Changes of meaning can be brought about by many reasons.1)Historical causes2)Social causes 3)Psychological causes4)Linguistic causes4-3-2Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes/143 Four tendencies in semantic changes1)Extension of meaning(generalization)2)Narrowing of meaning(specialization)3)Elevation of meaning(amelioration)4)Degradation of meaning(deterioration)◆Change in the denotative component of the lexical meaning may result inthe extension of meaning and the narrowing of meaning.◆Change in the connotative component may bring about the elevation ofmeaning and the degradation of meaning4-3-3 Semantic Changes from the Literal Use of words to Their Figurative Use/152 Chapter 5 Word-formation in English5-1-1 Introduction/1685-1-2 Morphological Structure of words/1685-1-3 Two Types of Morphemes/1691)According to their character: free form ; bound form2)According to their lexical and grammatical relationships: lexicalmorphemes ; grammatical morphemes.5-1-4 Three Types of Words/1701)Simple words2)Compound words3)Complex words5-1-5 Root, Base, Stem/1715-2-1 The main Processes of English Word-formation/177There are four types of world- formation in English.1)prefixation;2)suffixation 3)conversion4)compounding5-2-2 The minor Processes of English Word-formation/2591)clipping or shorten2)acronyms3)blending 4)back-formation5)forming new words by analogy6)onomatopoeiaChapter6 English Idioms6-1-1 Introduction/2736-1-2 The Definition of Idioms/273Idiom: an idiom is an element of a language that possesses a unique way of expression based on its time-honored use.6-1-3 The significance of Studying English/2736-1-4 The Features of English Idioms/2751)English Idioms can be very short or rather long2)English Idioms take different structures3)The Idioms which cannot be changed at all are called fixed idioms4)An English idiom has a special meaning6-1-5 English Idioms in different Styles/2796-1-6 The difference Between Idiomatic and Free Phrases/2816-2-1Classifications of English Idioms/282There are five groups of idioms in English .6-2-2 Some Useful Language Areas of Idioms/301There are 15 useful language areas of idioms.Chapter 7 English Collocations7-1-1 Introduction/3207-1-2 what is a Collocation?/3207-1-3 The Importance of Learning English Collocations/3217-2-1 Classifications of English Collocations/3247-2-2 Register Used in English Collocations/3417-3-1 Some Commonest Words Used in English Collocations/3427-4-1 Different Subjects of English Collocations/3477-4-2 Families/3487-4-3 Houses, Flats and Rooms/3507-4-4 Food and Drinks/3577-4-5 Study and Learning/3587-4-6 Fitness and Illness/3597-4-7 Job and Work/3617-4-8 Computers/3667-4-9 Sport/3687-4-10 Time/372Chapter 8 British and American English8-2-1 Differences Between British English and American English/381Chapter 9 English Dictionaries9-1-2 Characteristics of Dictionaries /412There are four fundamental features of Dictionaries.1)Dictionaries are reference books, to be exact, the reference source in printor electronic form2)Dictionaries are compiled according to the nature of the vocabulary3)The chief units of compiling dictionaries are entries, that is, words,including morphemes (affixes), and combining forms.4)Word-entries in any dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order.9-2-1 Types of Dictionaries/413词汇学一、定义1)Language: language is a system of symbols based on physiology, psychologyand physics, it is a specific action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society.2)Idiom: an idiom is an element of a language that possesses a unique way ofexpression based on its time-honored use.二、判断1)The history of the English language is divided into three periods.2)Old English is a synthetic language.3)Most of the Scandinavian borrowings belong to the colloquial language.4)Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the sameform, but differ in meaning.5)Euphemism——P1646)There are four fundamental features of dictionaries.三、填空1)Four groups of loan-words: aliens; denizens; translation-loans; semanticborrowings.2)Motivation can occur in three ways: phonetic motivation; grammaticalmotivation; motivation by meaning.3)Main types of word meaning: grammatical meaning; lexical meaning(词汇意义); contextual meaning（语境意义）；denotative meaning（外延）;connotative meaning（内涵）; stylistic meaning(文体意义).4)Change in the denotative component of the lexical meaning may result in theextension of meaning and the narrowing of meaning.5)Change in the connotative component may bring about the elevation ofmeaning and the degradation of meaning6)The four types of world- formation in English : prefixation; suffixation;conversion; compounding四、简答1)There are two types of context: linguistic and non- linguistic.i.Linguistic context refers to lexical and grammatical context.ii.Non-linguistic context refers to context of situation, culture and style.2)Four tendencies in semantic changesii.Extension of meaning(generalization)iii.Narrowing of meaning(specialization)iv.Elevation of meaning(amelioration)v.Degradation of meaning(deterioration)五、选出句中的antonyms（反义词）——P89六、词根root——P171i.acu-(acr-)——sharpii.volv-(volut-)——to roll P176iii.anthrop-(anthropo-)——man or human iv.aut-(auto-)——self七、中文i.Blendingii.Back-formation。
语言引论名词解释
Chapter 1arbitrary Describes the property of language, including sign language, whereby there is no natural or intrinsic relationship between the way a word is pronounced (or signed)and its meaning.descriptive grammar A linguist’s description or model of the mental grammar, including the units, structures, and rules. An explicit statement of what speakers know about their language. Cf. prescriptive grammar, teaching grammar.grammar The mental representation of a speaker’s linguistic competence; what a speaker knows about a language, including its phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,and lexicon. A linguistic description of a speaker’s mental grammar.lexicon The component of the grammar containing speakers’ knowledge about morphemes and words; a speaker’s mental dictionary.morphology The study of the structure of words; the component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation.phonology The sound system of a language; the component of a grammar that includes the inventory of sounds (phonetic and phonemic units) and rules for their combinationand pronunciation; the study of the sound systems of all languages.semantics The study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences.sign languages The languages used by deaf people in which linguistic units such as morphemes and words as well as grammatical relations are formed by manual and other bodymovements.syntax The rules of sentence formation; the component of the mental grammar thatrepresents speakers’ knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences.Universal Grammar (UG) The innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.Chapter 2anomia A form of aphasia in which patients have word-finding difficulties.aphasia Language loss or disorders following brain damage.cortex The approximately ten billion neurons that form the outside surface of the brain; also referred to as gray matter.critical age hypothesis The theory that states that there is a window of time between early childhood and puberty for learning a first language, and beyond which first language acquisition is almost always incomplete.lateralization, lateralized Term used to refer to cognitive functions localized to one or the other side of the brain.magnetic resonance imaging A technique to investigate the molecular structures in human organs including the brain, which may be used to identify sites of brain lesions.(MRI)neurolinguistics The branch of linguistics concerned with the brain mechanisms that underlie the acquisition and use of human language; the study of the neurobiology of language.positron-emission tomography (PET) Method to detect changes in brain activities and relate these changes to localized brain damage and cognitive tasks.savant Individual who shows special abilities in one cognitive area while being deficient in others. Linguistic savants have extraordinary language abilities but are deficient ingeneral intelligence.specific language impairment (SLI) Difficulty in acquiring language faced by certain children with no other cognitive deficits.Chapter 3acronym Word composed of the initials of several words, e.g., PET scan frompositron-emission tomography scan.compound A word composed of two or more words, e.g., washcloth, childproof cap.form Phonological or gestural representation of a morpheme or word.lexicon The component of the grammar containing speakers’ knowledge about morpheme s and words; a speaker’s mental dictionary.meaning The conceptual or semantic aspect of a sign or utterance that permits us tocomprehend the message being conveyed. Expressions in language generally haveboth form — pronunciation or gesture — and meaning. Cf. extension, intension,sense, reference.morpheme Smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function, e.g., sheepdogs contains three mormorphologicalrulesRules for combining morphemes to form stems and words.morphology The study of the structure of words; the component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation.open class The class of lexical content words; a category of words that commonly adds new words, e.g., nouns, verbs.orthography The written form of a language; spelling.Chapter 4complement The constituent(s) in a phrase other than the head that complete(s) the meaning of the phrase. In the verb phrase found a puppy, the noun phrase a puppy is acomplement of the head verb found.deep structure Any phrase structure tree generated by the phrase structure rules of atransformational grammar. The basic syntactic structures of the grammar.direct object The grammatical relation of a noun phrase when it appears immediately below the verb phrase (VP) and next to the verb in deep structure; the noun phrasecomplement of a transitive verb, e.g., the puppy in the boy found the puppy.functional category One of the categories of function words, including determiner, aux, complementizer, and preposition. These categories are not lexical or phrasal categories. Cf. lexicalcategories, phrasal categories.lexicon The component of the grammar containing speakers’ knowledge about morphemes and words; a speaker’s mental dictionary.phrase structure tree A tree diagram with syntactic categories at each node that reveals both the linear and hierarchical structure of phrases and sentences.rules of syntax Principles of grammar that account for the grammaticality of sentences, theirhierarchical structure, their word order, whether there is structural ambiguity, etc. Cf.phrase structure rules, transformational rules.structure dependent (1) A principle of Universal Grammar that states that the application of transformational rules is determined by phrase structure properties, as opposed to structureless sequences of words or specific sentences; (2) the way children construct rules using their knowledge of syntactic structure irrespective of the specific words in the structure or their meaning.surface structure The structure that results from applying transformational rules to a deep structure. It is syntactically closest to actual utterances. Cf. transformational rule.transformational rule, transformation A syntactic rule that applies to an underlying phrase structure tree of a sentence (either deep structure or an intermediate structure already affected by a transformation) and derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements, e.g., the transformational rules of wh movement and do insertion relate the deep structure sentence John saw who to the surface structure Who did John see.Chapter 5coreferential Describes noun phrases (including pronouns) that refer to the same entity.heteronyms Different words spelled the same (i.e., homographs) but pronounced differently, e.g.bass, meaning either ―low tone‖ [bes] or ―a kind of fish‖ [bœs].homographs Words spelled identically, and possibly pro nounced the same, e.g., bear meaning ―to tolerate,‖ and bear the animal; or lead the metal and lead, what leaders do.hyponyms Words whose meanings are specific instances of a more general word, e.g., red, white, and blue are hyponyms of the word color; triangle is a hyponym of polygon.lexical semantics The subfield of semantics concerned with the meanings of words and the meaning relationships among words.pragmatics The study of how context and situation affect meaning.semantic features A notational device for expressing the presence or absence of semantic properties by pluses and minuses, e.g., baby is [+ young], [+ human], [– abstract], etc.semantic properties The components of meaning of a word, e.g., ―young‖ is a semantic property of baby, colt, puppy.semantics The study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences. Chapter 7accidental gap Phonological or morphological form that constitutes possible but nonoccurring lexical items, e.g., blick, unsad.complementary distribution The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment, e.g., [p] and [ph] in English. Cf. allophones.epenthesis The insertion of one or more phones in a word, e.g., the insertion of [E] in children to produce [CIlEdrEn] instead of [CIldrEn].free variation Alternative pronunciations of a word in which one sound is substituted for another without changing the word’s meaning, e.g., pronunciation of bottle as [batEl] or[ba/El].geminate A sequence of two identical sounds; a long vowel or long consonant denoted either by writing the phonetic symbol twice as in [biiru], [sakki] or by use of a colon [bi:ru],[sak:i].intonation Pitch contour of a phrase or sentence.length A prosodic feature referring to the duration of a segment. Two sounds may contrast in length, e.g., i n Japanese the first vowel is [+ long} in /biiru/ ―beer‖ but [– long],therefore short, in /biru/ ―building.‖metathesis The phonological process that reorders segments, often by transposing twosequential sounds, e.g., the pronunciation of ask /œsk/ in some English dialects as[œks].minimal pair (or set) Two (or more) words that are identical except for one phoneme that occurs in the same position in each word, e.g., pain /pen/, bane /ben/, main /men/.phonetic features Phonetic properties of segments (e.g., voice, nasal, alveolar) that distinguish one segment from another.Chapter 8babbling Sounds produced in the first few months after birth that gradually come to include only sounds that occur in the language of the household. Deaf children babble withhand gestures.bilingual language acquisition The (more or less) simultaneous acquisition of two or more languages before the age of three years such that each language is acquired with native competency.holophrastic The stage of child language acquisition in which one word conveys a complex message similar to that of a phrase or sentence.interlanguage grammars The intermediate grammars that second language learners create on their way to acquiring the (more or less) complete grammar of the target language.motherese, child directed speech The special intonationally exaggerated speech that some adults sometimes use to speak with small children, sometimes called baby talk.(CDS)overgeneralization Children’s treatment of irregular verbs and nouns as if they were regular, e.g.,bringed, goed, foots, mouses, for brought, went, feet, mice. This shows that the childhas acquired the regular rules but has not yet learned that there are exceptions.poverty of the stimulus, impoverished data Refers to the incomplete, noisy, and unstructured utterances that children hear, including slips of the tongue, false starts, and ungrammatical and incomplete sentences, together with a lack of concrete evidence about abstract grammatical rules and structure.second language acquisition The acquisition of another language or languages after first language acquisition is under way or completed. Also L2 acquisition.sign languages The languages used by deaf people in which linguistic units such as morphemes and words as well as grammatical relations are formed by manual and other bodymovements.telegraphic stage The period of child language acquisition that follows the two-word stage and consists primarily of telegraphic speech.Chapter 9blend A word composed of the parts of more than one word, e.g., smog from smoke + fog.computational linguistics A subfield of linguistics and computer science that is concerned with computer processing of human language.formant In the frequency analysis of speech, a band of frequencies of higher intensity than surrounding frequencies, which appears as a dark line on a spectrogram. Individualvowels display different formant patterns.fundamental frequency In speech, the rate at which the vocal cords vibrate, symbolized as F0, called F-zero, perceived by the listener as pitch.lexical decision Task of subjects in psycholinguistic experiments who on presentation of a spoken or printed stimulus must decide whether it is a word or not.parse The act of determining the grammaticality of sequences of words according to rules of syntax, and assigning a linguistic structure to the grammatical ones.primes The basic formal units of sign languages that correspond to phonological elements of spoken language.psycholinguistics The branch of linguistics concerned with linguistic performance, languageacquisition, and speech production and comprehension.spectrogram A visual representation of speech decomposed into component frequencies, with time on the x axis, frequency on the y axis, and intensity portrayed on a gray scale —the darker, the more intense. Also called voiceprint.spoonerism A speech error in which phonemic segments are reversed or exchanged, e.g., you have hissed my mystery lecture for the intended you have missed my history lecture;named after the Reverend William Archibald Spooner, a nineteenth-century OxfordUniversity professor. Chapter 10African American English (AAE) Dialects of English spoken by some Americans of African descent, or by any person raised from infancy in a place where AAE is spoken. Cf. Ebonics.Chicano English (ChE) A dialect of English spoken by some bilingual Mexican Americans in the western and southwestern United States.code-switching The movement back and forth between two languages or dialects within the same sentence or discourse.dialect A variety of a language whose grammar differs in systematic ways from othervarieties. Differences may be lexical, phonological, syntactic, and semantic. Cf.regional dialect, social dialect, prestige dialect.dialect map A map showing the areas where specific dialectal characteristics occur in the speech of the region.idiolect An individual’s way of speaking, reflecting that person’s grammar.isogloss A geographic boundary that separates areas with dialect differences, e.g., a line ona map on one side of which most people say faucet and on the other side of whichmost people say spigot.lingua franca A language common to speakers of diverse languages that can be used forcommunication and commerce, e.g., English is the lingua franca of internationalairline pilots.pidgin A simple but rule-governed language developed for communication among speakers of mutually unintelligible languages, often based on one of those languages.Standard American English (SAE) An idealized dialect of English that some prescriptive grammarians consider the proper form of English.Chapter 11analogic change A language change in which a rule spreads to previously unaffected forms, e.g., the plural of cow changed from the earlier kine to cows by the generalization of the pluralformation rule or by analogy to regular plural forms. Also called internal borrowing.assimilation rules/assimilation A phonological process that changes feature values of segments to make them more similar, e.g., a vowel becomes [+nasal] when followed by [+ nasal] consonant. Also called feature spreading rules.ease of articulation The tendency of speakers to adjust their pronunciation to make it easier, or more efficient, to move the articulators. Phonetic and phonological rules are often theresult of ease of articulation, e.g., the rule of English that nasalizes vowels whenthey precede a nasal consonant.genetically related Describes two or more languages that developed from a common, earlier language,e.g., French, Italian, and Spanish, which all developed from Latin.Great Vowel Shift A sound change that took place in English sometime between 1400 and 1600 C.E. in which seven long vowel phonemes were changed.Indo-European The descriptive name given to the ancestor language of many modern language families, including Germanic, Slavic, and Romance. Also calledProto-Indo-European.Proto-Germanic The name given by linguists to the language that was an ancestor of English,German, and other Germanic languages.protolanguage The first identifiable language from which genetically related languages developed.regular sound correspondence The occurrence of different sounds in the same position of the same word in different languages or dialects, with this parallel holding for a significant number of words, e.g., [aj] in non-Southern American English corresponds to [a:] in Southern American English. Also found between newer and older forms of the same language.sound shift Historical phonological change.Chapter 12alphabetic writing A writing system in which each symbol typically represents one sound segment. consonantalalphabetThe symbols of a consonantal writing system.cuneiform A form of writing in which the characters are produced using a wedge-shaped stylus. hieroglyphics A pictographic writing system used by the Egyptians around 4000 B.C.Eideogram, ideograph A character of a word-writing system, often highly stylized, that represents a concept, or the pronunciation of the word representing that concept.logograms The symbols of a word-writing or logographic writing system.logographic, word writing A system of writing in which each character represents a word or morpheme of the language, e.g., Chinese.pictogram A form of writing in which the symbols resemble the objects represented; anonarbitrary form of writing.rebus principle In writing, the use of a pictogram for its phonetic value, e.g., using a picture of a bee to represent the verb be or the sound [b].syllabic A phonetic feature of those sounds that may constitute the nucleus of syllables; all vowels are syllabic, and liquids and nasals may be syllabic in such words as towel,button, bottom.。
英语语言学Linguistics 第一章Chapter1 导论Introduction
Displacement移位性/不受时空限制
Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from immedite situation. (P. 9) 用语言谈论超越说话人所处语境的任何人或物或事，语言 使用不受时空限制。
基础 认知 感觉器官↓ ↑认知水平提高 反映 脑神经↓ ↑ 心理现实 编码 离散化分类概括 ↓ ↑表达对象 指称 义（概念范畴） 语言符号 ↓（社会）约定 一般性 音（语音形式） ↑
{
客观现实
{
音响（物质材料 ）特殊性
In the beginning was the word. —John 1:1
Any elements of language not arbitrary?
Arbitrariness任意性
Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated理据 ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
戴炜栋英语语言学概论Chapter 1概要
The major branches of linguistics (2)
Syntax studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages. Semantics studies meaning conveyed by language. Pragmatics studies the meaning in the context of language use.
competence & performance
American linguist Noam Chomsky 诺姆· 乔姆斯基 Competence is defined as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is defined as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
English linguistics is a kind of descriptive linguistics.
synchronic vs. diachronic
Swiss linguist: Ferdinand de Saussure
弗迪南· 德· 索绪尔
Synchronic study studies a language at some point of time in history. Diachronic study studies the historical development of language over a period of time.
an introduction to language语言引论
an introduction to language语言引论Language is a fundamental tool of human communication and expression. It allows us to convey thoughts, emotions, ideas, and information to others. With its sheer complexity and diversity, language plays a crucial role in shaping our understanding of the world and our interactions with one another.The study of language, known as linguistics, encompasses various aspects such as language structure, sounds, grammar, and semantics. It explores how languages are acquired, how they evolve over time, and how they differ across different cultures and societies.Every language has its unique characteristics, including its own set of sounds, words, and grammar rules. These elements give languages their distinct identities and enable speakers to communicate effectively within their respective communities.Language also serves as a reflection of culture and identity. It carries with it the values, beliefs, and customs of a particular group of people, providing insights into their heritage and way of life. As such, language not only allows us to communicate with one another, but also shapes our sense of self and belonging.Moreover, language is not a static entity; it constantly evolves and adapts to the changing needs and influences of its speakers. New words and phrases emerge, while old words may fall out of use. This dynamic nature of language highlights its flexibility and resilience as a means of communication.In conclusion, language is an integral part of human existence. It enables us to connect with one another, express our thoughts and feelings, and understand the world around us. Through the lens of linguistics, we can delve into the intricacies of language, appreciate its diversity, and gain a deeper understanding of its immense significance in our lives.。
语言学导论第一章ppt课件.ppt
What would happen if human language had only one system of structure?
Does the traffic light system have duality, why?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2. design features of human language ▪ arbitrariness(任意性):
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. e.g.书(汉)----book(英)
▪ duality of structure(结构的二重性):
Human language is a system consisting of two sets of structures or two levels.
the higher level: a structure of meaningful units (morphemes or words)
quack-quack bang roar cuckoo
crash
ding dong ka cha pu tong
*compounds:
rainbow bittersweet
pickpocket
* pictograph (象形文字) /hieroglyph(象形符号)
休
从
北
《英语语言学引论》课件
语法学是语言学的 一个分支，与其他 语言学分支如语音 学、词汇学、语义 学等密切相关
词法
词法是语法学的一个分支，主要研究词的构成和变化规律 词法包括词素、词根、词缀、词性、词形变化等 词法是语言学的基础，对理解和掌握语言有重要意义 词法可以帮助我们更好地理解和使用语言，提高语言表达能力
句法
句法是研究句子结构的学科
发音和音标
发音：指声音 的物理属性， 如音高、音长、
音强等
音标：用来记 录发音的符号， 如国际音标、
美式音标等
发音规则：不 同语言有不同 的发音规则， 如英语中的元
音、辅音等
音标学习：通 过音标学习可 以更好地掌握 发音，提高英
语口语水平
词汇学基础
词汇学定义
词汇学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究词汇的性质、构成、演变和运用。
语言反映了文化 的特点和价值观
文化影响语言的 发展和变化
语言和文化相互 影响，相互促进
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英语语言学引论 PPT课件
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英语语言学简介 语法学基础
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词汇学包括词源学、词形学、词义学、词用学等分支。 词汇学研究词汇的起源、发展、演变和运用规律，以及词汇与语言、文化、 社会之间的关系。 词汇学对于语言教学、翻译、词典编纂等领域具有重要意义。
Chapter1Invitations to Linguistics _英语语言学概论
What is language?
• 1. a. human speech • b. the ability to communicate by human speech • c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings • d. the written representation of such a system •
“Language is a means of verbal communication.”
– It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. – It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.
1.2 Some fundamental views about Language
• Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. • Language operates by rules. • All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics. • Everyone speaks a dialect. • Language slowly changes.
第一章英语语言学引论
Questions for discussion:
Will the day come when all languages become one? What is possibly the first language? Where do you think language came from?
2. Language
3. Linguistics
3.1 Definition
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. As a science, it now has its own set of established theories, methods and sub-branches.
2. Language
2.2 Origin (of speech)
The divine theory endowed by God (The Tower of Babel) The bow-wow theory imitative of animal calls (mew, hiss) The pooh-pooh theory instinctive cries out of emotions (interjections) The ding-dong theory natural resonance when struck (ding-dong, bang)
2. Language
2.1 Definition
Different senses Bad language Shakespeare’s language Business language The English language A student of language Expressions Idiolect Variety Abstract system Universal properties
语言学导论第一章
Findings:
clear [l] appears before a vowel. e.g. light, please dark [ɫ] occurs elsewhere (between a vowel and a consonant, or at the end of a word) e.g. film, bill
To pronounce ‗l‘ in ‗light‘ or ‗please‘, …, The back of the tongue is left down.
Dark [l] /[ɫ]—velarized alveolar lateral
Clear [l]/[l]—alveolar lateral
?音位是一个音系学的单位它能区分意义是一个抽象的单位它不是任何一个特定的语音而是由一个特定音素在一个特定语音语境中来表征或实现的
Read the following words, and pay attention the pronunciation of ‗l‘ in these words. Team 1: well, girl, build, quilt Team 2: light, please, link, glue Questions: 1. What‘s the difference in pronouncing ‗l‘ between team 1 and team 2? 2. Can you find out phonetic context in which clear [l] and dark [ɫ] and occur?
研究一门语言 中的语音是如 何形成模式的， 以及语音是如 何在语言交际 中用来传达意 义的。
For example: leap [l]
英语语言学第一章
Productivity
Language speakers can produce and understand utterances that they have never heard before.
◆ modern linguistics, a creation of the 20th century
◆ speech sounds→ grammar→ meaning → texts
1.3 The scope of linguistic study
• phonetics and phonology
2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refer to? Support your argument with examples.
linguistics
• Anthropological linguistics
• Applied linguistics
Recent Developments
●Corpus linguistics ●Cognitive linguistics
2Some Important Concepts
prescriptive & descriptive P: lay down rules
Interchangeability
语言学第1章
1.1.1Definition Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
An Introduction to Linguistics
11
1.1.2 The Scope Linguistics
An Introduction to Linguistics
An Introduction to Linguistics 10
Language here is general term. It refers to any human language, study and scientific in the definition. They are Chinese spoken by the Chinese, English by the English people, German important Esperanto, an are chosen with by the Germans, or even because theyartificial language. great What does the wordalso means the dialects or variants of a common scientific really mean? Language here care to capture the spirit or essence of the It refers to study that is based on the variant investigation of concept. languageasuch as Cantonese, a systematicof Mandarin. data, which employs
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“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in terms of their total culture.” --George Trager: The Field of Linguistics (1949)
“From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite 限制的） （限制的）in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” --Noam Chomsky (1928): Syntactic Structures (1957)
“The question ‘What is language?’ is comparable（可比较 （ 的） with -- and, some would say, hardly less profound than -- ‘What is life?’, the presuppositions（预先假设） of （预先假设） which circumscribe （限制）and unify the biological 限制） sciences... it is not so much the question itself as the particular interpretation （解释）that the biologist puts 解释） upon it and the unravelling （阐明）of its more detailed 阐明） implications within some currently accepted theoretical framework that nourish（支持） the biologist's day-to-day （支持） speculations （推测）and research. So it is for the 推测） linguist in relation to the question ‘What is language?’” --John Lyons (1932- ): Language and Linguistics (1981)
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939): Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
Chapter I Invitations to Linguistics
Why study language? What is language? What is linguistics?
Chapter I
1. 2.
Why study language Language
2.1 Definition 2.2 Origin 2.3 Design features 2.4 Functions 2.5 Typology（类型学） （类型学）
Assessment
Coursework: 30%. Consists of attendance and assignments after each chapter. End-of-term exam: 70%.
Difference with the Freshmen course English
Scope of the course
Core of linguistics
Introduction: ch. 1 Speech sounds: ch. 2 Lexicon: ch. 3(词汇；词汇表） Syntax: ch. 4 Meaning : ch. 5 Language in use: ch. 8
1.2 Some fundamental views about L
Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. Language operates by rules. All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar（词汇学） and a （词汇学） system of semantics.（语义学） （语义学） Everyone speaks a dialect.（地方话） （地方话） Language slowly changes.
Linguistics in the wider perspective
Language and mind: ch. 6 Language, culture and society: ch. 7 Language in literature: ch. 9 Language in the computer age: ch. 10 Language teaching and learning: ch. 11 Schools & theories of linguistics: ch. 12
2. What is Language?
Definition
Language “is not to be confused with human speech, of which it is only a definite part, though certainly an essential one. It is both a social product of the faculty（能力） （能力） of speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty”. --Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913): Course in General Linguistics (1916)
Language is “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory（听觉的） arbitrary （听觉的） symbols.” --Robert A. Hall (1911-1997): Introductory Linguistics (1964)
Taught in English Textbook written in English Content more demanding
is Fun!
Possible difficulties
Terminology（术语） Theoretical thinking System of knowledge Problem-solving
1.1 Some myths about language
Language is only a means of communication. Language has a form-meaning correspondence. The function of language is to exchange information. English is more difficult to learn than Chinese. Black English is not standard and should be reformed.
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager (1906-1992): Outline of Linguistic Analysis (1942)
3. Linguistics
3.1 Definition 3.2 Scope 3.3 Important distinctions
1. Why Study Language?
1. Why study language
Language is an integral part of our life and humanity. Yet we know little or even have wrong ideas about it. The subject of language is intriguing and useful. Where does language come from? How? When? Why is language human-specific? Why can a child learn his/her mother tongue so easily? Languagecan we say one a way but mean another? How can be used as thing of finding out: How the brain works. Language has a form-meaning correspondence. How children learn language.to exchange information. The function of language is Why people use different varieties of language. What the role of language is in different cultures, etc.