Deconfinement Phase Transition Including Perturbative QCD Corrections in (Proto)neutron Star M
正极相变和石墨相变
正极相变和石墨相变英文回答：Positive phase transition and graphite phase transition are two different types of phase transitions that occur in different materials. Positive phase transition refers to the transition from a solid phase to a liquid phase, while graphite phase transition refers to the transition from a graphite phase to a different phase, such as diamond or amorphous carbon.Positive phase transition, also known as melting, occurs when a solid material is heated to a certain temperature, known as the melting point. At this temperature, the intermolecular forces holding the solid together weaken and the solid starts to transform into a liquid. This transition is characterized by an increase in entropy and a decrease in the lattice structure of the material. An example of positive phase transition is the melting of ice into water when heated.Graphite phase transition, on the other hand, occurs when graphite, a form of carbon consisting of layers of hexagonal rings, undergoes a structural transformation into a different phase. This can happen under high pressure or high temperature conditions. One example of graphite phase transition is the transformation of graphite into diamond, which occurs under extreme pressure and temperature conditions deep within the Earth's crust. Another example is the transformation of graphite into amorphous carbon, which occurs when graphite is heated to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen.Both positive phase transition and graphite phase transition are important in various fields of study. Positive phase transition is of great significance in materials science, as it affects the properties and behavior of materials. For example, the melting point of a substance determines its ability to be used as a solid or a liquid in various applications. Graphite phase transition, on the other hand, is important in understanding the properties and behavior of carbon-based materials. Thetransformation of graphite into diamond, for instance, results in a material with very different properties, such as increased hardness and thermal conductivity.In conclusion, positive phase transition and graphite phase transition are two different types of phasetransitions that occur in different materials. Positive phase transition refers to the transition from a solidphase to a liquid phase, while graphite phase transition refers to the transformation of graphite into a different phase. Both types of phase transitions have significant implications in materials science and the study of carbon-based materials.中文回答：正极相变和石墨相变是发生在不同材料中的两种不同类型的相变。
CALPHAD软件介绍
Abstract
The phase-field method has become an important and extremely versatile technique for simulating microstructure evolution at the mesoscale. Thanks to the diffuse-interface approach, it allows us to study the evolution of arbitrary complex grain morphologies without any presumption on their shape or mutual distribution. It is also straightforward to account for different thermodynamic driving forces for microstructure evolution, such as bulk and interfacial energy, elastic energy and electric or magnetic energy, and the effect of different transport processes, such as mass diffusion, heat conduction and convection. The purpose of the paper is to give an introduction to the phase-field modeling technique. The concept of diffuse interfaces, the phase-field variables, the thermodynamic driving force for microstructure evolution and the kinetic phase-field equations are introduced. Furthermore, common techniques for parameter determination and numerical solution of the equations are discussed. To show the variety in phase-field models, different model formulations are exploited, depending on which is most common or most illustrative. c 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
生理学重要名词解释英文版
Internal environment:内环境refers to the liquid surrounding the cells in the body of multicellular animals, that is extracellular fluid.Homeostasis稳态: refers to a state of relatively constant of physical and chemical properties of internal environment, such as temperature, pH, osmotic pressure and all kinds of liquid ingredients in the body, and so on.positive feedback正反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which a mplifies that changenegative feedback负反馈: A change in a condition leads to responses from the effectors which counteracts that changefacilitated diffusion via carrier经载体易化扩散: Water soluble small molecules and ions under the carrier protein mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradientfacilitated diffusion via ion channel经通道易化扩散: All kinds of charged ions under the channel proteins mediated, cross the plasma membrane follow concentration gradient and potential gradientPrimary active transport原发性主动转运:making direct use of energy derived from ATP to transport the ions across the cell membraneSecondary active transport次级主动转运:The ion gradients established by primary active transport permits the transport of other substances against their concentration gradientsresting potential静息电位: A potential difference across the membranes of inactive cells, with the inside of the cell negative relative to the outside of the cellaction potential动作电位: Some of the cells (excitable cells) are capable to rapidly reverse their resting membrane potential from negative resting values to slightly positive values. This transient and rapid change in membrane potential is called an action potential Excitation-contraction coupling兴奋收缩耦联: the mediation process of striated muscle cells generate action potentials and muscle filament contraction and relaxation. Hematocrit血细胞比容: The capacity percentage of the blood cells in the blood erythrocyte sedimentation rate红细胞沉降率: The distance that red blood cells settle in a tube of blood in one hourHemostasis止血: Small damaged blood vessels stop bleeding after a few minutes automaticallyBlood coagulation血凝固: blood change from sol to illiquid gel stateBlood group血型: The type of specific antigen on the surface of blood cellseffective refractory period:premature systole期前收缩: if ventricle is stimulated after ventricular muscle effective refractory period, before The next sinoatrial node excitement arrive, it will produce a contraction in advance.compensatory pause代偿间歇: A longer ventricular diastolic after premature systole. Atrioventricular delay房室延搁: Excitement slowly spread in atrioventricular junction and take longer time.Cardiac cycle心动周期: A cycle of heart contraction and relaxationStroke volume每搏输出量: One side of the ventricular injection volume of blood by a heart throbEjection fraction射血分数: The percentage stroke volume account for ventricularend-diastolic volumeCardiac output心输出量: The blood volume inject by one side of the ventricular per minuteCardiac index心指数: calculate cardiac output by unit surface areasystolic pressure收缩压: The highest blood pressure at mid ventricular systolic .diastolic pressure舒张压: The lowest blood pressure at ventricular end-diastolic.pulse pressure脉压: Systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressurecentral venous pressure中心静脉压: The blood pressure in right atrium and chest cavity vena cavaMicrocirculation: Blood circulation between arteriole and micro veinEffective filtration pressure有效滤过压:the pressure difference between filtration and reabsorptionRespiration: The process of gas exchange between the body and its environmentvital capacity肺活量: After inhalation complete, the largest gas exhaled from the lungs forced vital capacity用力肺活量: After inhalation complete, exhale the largest gas from the lungs as fast as possibleforced expiratory volume用力呼气量: After inhalation complete, the gas exhaled from the lungs in a certain timeAlveolar Ventilation肺泡通气量: amount of inhaled the fresh air in the alveoli per minute. Pulmonary stretch reflex牵张反射: The reflection of inspiratory inhibit or inhale excited caused by pulmonary inflation and pulmonary deflation.Digestion消化: break down of food into small molecular components small enough to absorb.Mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.Absorption吸收: the small molecules that formed by digestion across the digestion tract mucosa go into blood and lymph.Small wave小波: the spontaneous rhythmic, subthreshold depolarization of the cell membrane of the gastrointestinal tract that characterizes the underlying electrical activity of the bowel.胃液主要成分1.HCl,parietal cell ,acid sterilization. Activation of pepsinogen, promotion of secretin secretion. Assisted effect of Fe and Ca absorption.2.Pepsinogen胃蛋白酶, chief cell, active in stomach, initially by H ions and then by active pepsin, autocatalytic activation. Pepsin an endopeptidase, which attacks peptide bonds in the interior of large protein molecules.3.Mucus粘液, neck cell and goblet cell, lubrication of the mucosal surface. Protection of the tissue from mechanical damage by food particle.4.intrinsic factor内因子, parietal cell. The intrinsic factor binds to vit B12 and facilitated its absorption.Stimulate gastric secretion刺激胃液分泌ACH gastrin histamine/ somatostatin Digestion phase gastric secretion消化期胃液分泌Cephalic gastric intestinal phase Regulation inhibitory gastric juice secretion胃液分泌抑制性调节1.HCl:inhibite G cell release gastrin;stimulate D cell release somatostatin;in the gastric antrum,inhibition of G cells,release of SST;in the duodenum ,release of secretin,bulbogastrone.2,fat:initiating release of enterogastrone.3,hepertonic solution:entero-gastric reflex.Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张:stimulation of receptor reflex muscle relax in the f undus and stomach body when chew and swallow.Pancreatic juice composition effect胰液成分作用:pancreatic amylase,pancreatic lip ase, trypsin,chymotrypsin,HCO3 bicarbonate balance the HCl in duodenum. Protect i ntestinal mucosa TPS and chymolase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase.Enteroh epatic circulation of bile salt.Bile salts were emptied into the small intestine with hepatic bile, about 95% is absorbed into the blood in the terminal ileum, and then synthesizing bile again after the hepatic vein to the liver, then empty into intestine.Physiological functions of bile胆汁生理作用1.Emulsifying or detergent function of bile salts.2.Help in the absorption of: fatly acid, lmonoglycerides, cholesterol, other lipids Peristalsis蠕动: the rhythmic waves of muscular relaxation and contraction are called peristalsis.Receptive relaxation 容受性舒张: stimulation of food on pharynx and esophagus produce relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and stomach.Gastric emptying胃排空: the process that the gastric contents are delivered to the duodenum.Thermal equivalent of food热价: calories liberated by 1g food oxidized in body. (kJ/g) Thermal equivalent of oxygen氧热价: heat production by consuming one liter of oxygen to oxidize a specific type of blood. (kJ/L)Respiratory quotient(RQ)呼吸商: in the process of oxidizing food, the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 used。
纳米材料专业词汇要点
第一章晶体结构缺陷 defect, imperfection 点缺陷 point defect线缺陷 line defect, dislocation 面缺陷 interface defect体缺陷 volume defect 位错排列 dislocation arrangement位错线 dislocation line 刃位错 edge dislocation螺位错 screw dislocation 混合位错 mixed dislocation晶界 grain boundaries 大角度晶界 high-angle grain boundaries小角度晶界 tilt boundary, 孪晶界 twin boundaries位错阵列 dislocation array 位错气团 dislocation atmosphere位错轴 dislocation axis 位错胞 dislocation cell位错爬移 dislocation climb 位错聚结 dislocation coalescence位错滑移 dislocation slip 位错核心能量 dislocation core energy位错裂纹 dislocation crack 位错阻尼 dislocation damping位错密度 dislocation density 原子错位 substitution of a wrong atom间隙原子 interstitial atom 晶格空位 vacant lattice sites间隙位置 interstitial sites 杂质 impurities弗伦克尔缺陷 Frenkel disorder 肖脱基缺陷 Schottky disorder主晶相 the host lattice 错位原子 misplaced atoms缔合中心 Associated Centers. 自由电子 Free Electrons电子空穴 Electron Holes 伯格斯矢量 Burgers克罗各-明克符号 Kroger Vink notation 中性原子 neutral atom原子质量单位 Atomic mass unit (amu) 原子数 Atomic number原子量 Atomic weight 波尔原子模型 Bohr atomic model键能 Bonding energy 库仑力 Coulombic force共价键 Covalent bond 分子的构型 molecular configuration电子构型 electronic configuration 负电的 Electronegative正电的 Electropositive 基态 Ground state氢键 Hydrogen bond 离子键 Ionic bond同位素 Isotope 金属键 Metallic bond摩尔 Mole 分子 Molecule泡利不相容原理 Pauli exclusion principle 元素周期表 Periodic table原子 atom 分子 molecule分子量 molecule weight 极性分子 Polar molecule量子数 quantum number 价电子 valence electron范德华键 van der waals bond 电子轨道 electron orbitals点群 point group 对称要素 symmetry elements各向异性 anisotropy 原子堆积因数 atomic packing factor(APF)体心立方结构 body-centered cubic (BCC) 面心立方结构 face-centered cubic (FCC)布拉格定律bragg’s law配位数 coordination number晶体结构 crystal structure 晶系 crystal system晶体的 crystalline 衍射 diffraction中子衍射 neutron diffraction 电子衍射 electron diffraction晶界 grain boundary 六方密堆积 hexagonal close-packed (HCP)鲍林规则Pauling’s rules NaCl型结构 NaCl－type structureCsCl型结构 Caesium Chloride structure 闪锌矿型结构 Blende-type structure 纤锌矿型结构 Wurtzite structure 金红石型结构 Rutile structure萤石型结构 Fluorite structure 钙钛矿型结构 Perovskite-type structure尖晶石型结构 Spinel-type structure 硅酸盐结构 Structure of silicates岛状结构 Island structure 链状结构 Chain structure层状结构 Layer structure 架状结构 Framework structure滑石 talc 叶蜡石 pyrophyllite高岭石 kaolinite 石英 quartz长石 feldspar 美橄榄石 forsterite各向同性的 isotropic 各向异性的 anisotropy晶格 lattice 晶格参数 lattice parameters密勒指数 miller indices 非结晶的 noncrystalline多晶的 polycrystalline 多晶形 polymorphism单晶 single crystal 晶胞 unit cell电位 electron states (化合)价 valence电子 electrons 共价键 covalent bonding金属键 metallic bonding 离子键 Ionic bonding极性分子 polar molecules 原子面密度 atomic planar density衍射角 diffraction angle 合金 alloy粒度,晶粒大小 grain size 显微结构 microstructure显微照相 photomicrograph 扫描电子显微镜 scanning electron microscope (SEM) 透射电子显微镜 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)重量百分数 weight percent四方的 tetragonal 单斜的 monoclinic配位数 coordination number第二章晶体结构缺陷-固溶体固溶度 solid solubility间隙固溶体 interstitial solid solution金属间化合物 intermetallics转熔型固溶体 peritectic solid solution无序固溶体 disordered solid solution取代型固溶体 Substitutional solid solutions非化学计量化合物 Nonstoichiometric compound第三章熔体结构熔体结构 structure of melt 过冷液体 supercooling melt玻璃态 vitreous state 软化温度 softening temperature粘度 viscosity 表面张力 Surface tension介稳态过渡相 metastable phase 组织 constitution淬火 quenching 退火的 softened玻璃分相 phase separation in glasses 体积收缩 volume shrinkage第四章固体的表面与界面表面 surface 界面 interface同相界面 homophase boundary 异相界面 heterophase boundary晶界 grain boundary 表面能 surface energy小角度晶界 low angle grain boundary 大角度晶界 high angle grain boundary 共格孪晶界 coherent twin boundary 晶界迁移 grain boundary migration错配度 mismatch 驰豫 relaxation重构 reconstuction 表面吸附 surface adsorption表面能 surface energy 倾转晶界 titlt grain boundary扭转晶界 twist grain boundary 倒易密度 reciprocal density共格界面 coherent boundary 半共格界面 semi-coherent boundary非共格界面 noncoherent boundary 界面能 interfacial free energy应变能 strain energy 晶体学取向关系 crystallographic orientation惯习面 habit plane第五章相图相图 phase diagrams 相 phase组分 component 组元 compoonent相律 Phase rule 投影图 Projection drawing浓度三角形 Concentration triangle 冷却曲线 Cooling curve成分 composition 自由度 freedom相平衡 phase equilibrium 化学势 chemical potential热力学 thermodynamics 相律 phase rule吉布斯相律 Gibbs phase rule 自由能 free energy吉布斯自由能 Gibbs free energy 吉布斯混合能 Gibbs energy of mixing吉布斯熵 Gibbs entropy 吉布斯函数 Gibbs function热力学函数 thermodynamics function 热分析 thermal analysis过冷 supercooling 过冷度 degree of supercooling杠杆定律 lever rule 相界 phase boundary相界线 phase boundary line 相界交联 phase boundary crosslinking共轭线 conjugate lines 相界有限交联 phase boundary crosslinking相界反应 phase boundary reaction 相变 phase change相组成 phase composition 共格相 phase-coherent金相相组织 phase constentuent 相衬 phase contrast相衬显微镜 phase contrast microscope 相衬显微术 phase contrast microscopy 相分布 phase distribution 相平衡常数 phase equilibrium constant相平衡图 phase equilibrium diagram 相变滞后 phase transition lag相分离 phase segregation 相序 phase order相稳定性 phase stability 相态 phase state相稳定区 phase stabile range 相变温度 phase transition temperature相变压力phase transition pressure 同质多晶转变polymorphic transformation同素异晶转变allotropic transformation 相平衡条件phase equilibrium conditions显微结构 microstructures 低共熔体 eutectoid不混溶性 immiscibility第六章扩散下坡扩散 Downhill diffusion 互扩散系数 Mutual diffusion渗碳剂 carburizing 浓度梯度 concentration gradient浓度分布曲线 concentration profile 扩散流量 diffusion flux驱动力 driving force 间隙扩散 interstitial diffusion自扩散 self-diffusion 表面扩散 surface diffusion空位扩散 vacancy diffusion 扩散偶 diffusion couple扩散方程 diffusion equation 扩散机理 diffusion mechanism扩散特性 diffusion property 无规行走 Random walk达肯方程 Dark equation 柯肯达尔效应 Kirkendall equation本征热缺陷 Intrinsic thermal defect 本征扩散系数 Intrinsic diffusion coefficient 离子电导率 Ion-conductivity 空位机制 Vacancy concentration第七章相变过冷 supercooling 过冷度 degree of supercooling晶核 nucleus 形核 nucleation形核功 nucleation energy 晶体长大 crystal growth均匀形核 homogeneous nucleation 非均匀形核 heterogeneous nucleation形核率 nucleation rate 长大速率 growth rate热力学函数 thermodynamics function临界晶核 critical nucleus 临界晶核半径 critical nucleus radius枝晶偏析 dendritic segregation 局部平衡 localized equilibrium平衡分配系数 equilibrium distributioncoefficient 有效分配系数 effective distribution coefficient成分过冷 constitutional supercooling 引领（领现相） leading phase共晶组织 eutectic structure 层状共晶体 lamellar eutectic伪共晶 pseudoeutectic 离异共晶 divorsed eutectic表面等轴晶区 chill zone 柱状晶区 columnar zone中心等轴晶区 equiaxed crystal zone 定向凝固 unidirectional solidification 急冷技术 splatcooling 区域提纯 zone refining单晶提拉法 Czochralski method 晶界形核 boundary nucleation位错形核 dislocation nucleation 晶核长大 nuclei growth斯宾那多分解spinodal decomposition 有序无序转变disordered-order transition马氏体相变 martensite phase transformation 马氏体 martensite第八、九章固相反应和烧结固相反应 solid state reaction 烧结 sintering烧成 fire 合金 alloy再结晶 Recrystallization 二次再结晶 Secondary recrystallization成核 nucleation 结晶 crystallization子晶，雏晶 matted crystal 耔晶取向 seed orientation异质核化heterogeneous nucleation 均匀化热处理homogenization heat treatment铁碳合金 iron-carbon alloy 渗碳体 cementite铁素体 ferrite 奥氏体 austenite共晶反应 eutectic reaction 固溶处理 solution heat treatment。
《PlantPhysiology》双语教学教案
《Plant Physiology》（双语）教学教案任课教师：王晓峰教授单位：生命科学学院植物学系授课班级：生科丁颖班、农学丁颖班等Introduction计划学时：2 h一.教学目的了解植物生理学的对象、内容、产生和发展及发展趋势。
二.教学重点植物生理学的内容及发展趋势，植物生理学与分子生物学的关系。
三.教学难点植物生理学的发展趋势四.教学方法采用以多媒体教学法为主。
五.教学用具多媒体硬件支持。
六.教学过程●Introduction of my research work briefly (5 min)●Concept of plant physiology and main contents and chapters of this course (20 min) ●Tasks of plant physiology（20 min）Some examples: Photoperiod, Solution culture, Water culture, Senescence, Ethylene, Tissue culture, Plant growth substance, Photomorphogenesis, Etiolation.●Establishment and development of plant physiology（30 min）In ancient China and western countries→Experimentally/scientifically→J.von Liebig’s work→Modern plant physiology. Establishment and development of plant physiology in China.●Perspectives of plant physiology（10 min）Five problems of human beings : Food, Energy, Environment, Resources, Population ●Summary of the contents of introduction（5 min）Chapter 1 Water Metabolism教学章节：植物对水分的需要、植物细胞对水分的吸收、植物根系对水分的吸收、蒸腾作用、植物体内水分的运输、合理灌溉的生理基础计划学时：3 h一、教学目的通过本章学习，主要了解植物对水分吸收、运输及蒸腾作用的基本原理，认识维持植物水分平衡的重要性，为合理灌溉提供理论基础。
2017生理学名词中英文对照
生理学名词中英文对照第一章绪论1. 稳态（homeostasis）2. 旁分泌（paracrine）3. 自身调节（autoregulation）4. 负反馈（negative feedback）5. 正反馈（positive feedback）6. 前馈(feed-forward)第二章细胞的基本功能7. 经载体易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via carrier）8. 经通道易化扩散（facilitated diffusion via channel）9. 电压门控通道(voltage-gated ion channel)10. 化学门控通道(chemical-gated ion channel)11. 机械门控通道(mechanically-gated ion channel)12. 原发性主动转运（primary active transport）13. 继发性主动转运（secondary active transport）14. 同向转运（symport）15. 反向转运（antiport）16. 兴奋性(excitability)17. 阈强度(threshold intensity)18. 极化（polarization）19. 去极化（depolarization）20. 超极化（hyperpolarization）21. 复极化（repolarization）22. 内向电流（inward current）23. 外向电流（outward current）24. 电化学驱动力（electrochemical driving force）25. 静息电位(resting potential)26. 平衡电位（equilibrium potential）27. 动作电位(action potential)28. “全或无”现象（“all or none” phenomenon）29. 阈电位（threshold potential）30. 局部电位（local potential）31. 兴奋-收缩耦联（excitation-contraction coupling）32. 等长收缩（isometric contraction）33. 等张收缩（isotonic contraction）34. 钙触发钙释放（calcium induced calcium release）35. 前负荷（preload）36. 后负荷（afterload）37．肌肉收缩能力(contractility)38. 运动单位（motor unit）第三章血液39. 血细胞比容（hematocrit）40. 血浆晶体渗透压（plasma crystal osmotic pressure）41. 血浆胶体渗透压（plasma colloid osmotic pressure）42. 悬浮稳定性（suspension stability）43. 红细胞渗透脆性（osmotic fragility）44. 血小板聚集（platelet aggregation）45. 生理性止血（hemostasis）46. 出血时间（bleeding time）47. 凝血时间（clotting time）48. 血液凝固（blood coagulation）49. 血清（serum）50. 凝血因子（clotting factor or coagulation factor）51. 内源性凝血途径（intrinsic pathway）52. 外源性凝血途径（extrinsic pathway）53. 纤维蛋白溶解（fibrinolysis）54. 血型（blood group）55. 红细胞凝集（agglutination）56. 交叉配血试验（cross-match test）第四章血液循环57. 心动周期（cardiac cycle）58. 等容收缩期（period of isovolumic contraction）59. 等容舒张期（period of isovolumic relaxation）60. 每搏输出量（stroke volume）61. 射血分数（ejection fraction）62. 心输出量（cardiac output）63. 心指数（cardiac index）64. 异长自身调节（heterometric autoregulation）65. 心室功能曲线（ventricular function curve）66. 心肌收缩能力(myocardial contractility)67. 等长调节（homometric regulation）68. 快反应细胞（fast response cell）69. 慢反应细胞（slow response cell）70. 期前收缩（premature systole）71. 代偿间歇（compensatory pause）72. 自动节律性(autorhythmicity)73. 正常起搏点（normal pacemaker）74. 潜在起搏点（latent pacemaker）75. 异位起搏点（ectopic pacemaker）76. 房室延搁（atrioventricular delay）77. 血流阻力（blood resistance）78. 动脉血压（arterial blood pressure）79. 收缩压（systolic pressure）80. 舒张压（diastolic pressure）81. 平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure）82. 中心静脉压（central venous pressure）83. 微循环（microcirculation）84. 有效滤过压(effective filtration pressure)85. 压力感受性反射（baroreceptor reflex）第五章呼吸86. 肺通气（pulmonary ventilation）87. 肺换气（gas exchange in lungs）88. 弹性阻力（elastic resistance）89. 顺应性(compliance)90. 比顺应性(specific compliance)91. 肺表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant）92. 气道阻力(airway resistance)93. 潮气量(tidal volume)94. 余气量(residual volume)95. 功能余气量(functional residual capacity)96. 肺活量(vital capacity)97. 用力肺活量(forced vital capacity)98. 用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume)99. 解剖无效腔(anatomic dead space)100.肺泡无效腔(alveolar dead space)101.肺泡通气量(alveolar ventilation)102.通气/血流比值(ventilation/perfusion ratio) 103.氧容量(oxygen capacity)104.氧含量(oxygen content)105.氧饱和度(oxygen saturation)106.氧解离曲线(oxygen dissociation curve)107.肺牵张反射(pulmonary stretch reflex)第六章消化与吸收108.机械性消化（mechanical digestion）109.慢波（slow wave）110.胃肠激素（gastrointestinal hormone）111.黏液-碳酸氢盐屏障（mucus-bicarbonate barrier）112.胃黏膜屏障（gastric mucosal barrier）113.容受性舒张（receptive relaxation）114.胃的排空（gastric emptying）115.肠-胃反射（entero-gastric reflex）116.分节运动（segmental motility）第七章能量代谢与体温117. 能量代谢(energy metabolism)118. 食物的热价(thermal equivalent of food)119. 氧热价(thermal equivalent of oxygen)120. 呼吸商(respiratory quotient)121. 基础代谢率(basal metabolism rate)122. 体温（body temperature）123. 温热性发汗（thermal sweating）第八章尿的生成和排出124.管-球反馈（tubuloglomerular feedback）125.肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate)126.滤过分数(filtration fraction)127.溶剂拖曳（solvent drag）128.肾糖阈（renal threshold for glucose）129.渗透性利尿（osmotic diuresis）130.球-管平衡(glomerulotubular balance)131.清除率（clearance rate）第九章神经系统的功能132.突触传递（synaptic transmission）133.电突触（electrical synapse）134.经典的突触（classical synapse）135.非定向突触（non-directed synapse）136.兴奋性突触后电位(excitatory postsynaptic potential) 137.抑制性突触后电位(inhibitory postsynaptic potential) 138.神经递质（neurotransmitter）139.神经调质（neuromodulator）140.激动剂（agonist）141.拮抗剂（antagonist）142.上调（up regulation）143.下调（down regulation）144.胆碱能纤维（cholinergic fiber）145.肾上腺素能纤维（adrenergic fiber）146.突触后抑制（postsynaptic inhibition）147.回返性抑制（recurrent inhibition）148.突触前抑制（presynaptic inhibition）149.适宜刺激（adequate stimulus）150.换能作用（transducer function）151.特异投射系统(specific projection system)152.非特异投射系统(nonspecific projection system) 153.牵涉痛（referred pain）154.瞳孔对光反射（pupillary light reflex）155.瞳孔近反射（near reflex of the pupil）156.视敏度（visual acuity）157.暗适应（dark adaptation）158.视野（visual field）159.耳蜗内电位(endocochlear potential)160.耳蜗微音器电位（cochlear microphonic potential）161.眼震颤（nystagmus）162.脊髓休克（spinal shock）163.牵张反射（stretch reflex）164.腱反射(tendon reflex)165.肌紧张(muscle tonus)166.去大脑僵直（decerebrate rigidity）167.α僵直（α-rigidity）168.γ僵直（γ-rigidity）169.脑电图（electroencephalogram）170.网状结构上行激动系统(ascending reticular activating system) 171.慢波睡眠（slow wave sleep）第十章内分泌172.激素(hormone)173.允许作用(permissive action)174.长反馈（long-loop feedback）175.短反馈（short-loop feedback）176.超短反馈（ultrashort-loop feedback）177.下丘脑调节肽(hypothalamic regulatory peptides)178.碘阻滞效应（Wolff-Chaikoff effect）179.应激（stress）180.应急反应（emergency reaction）（温州医科大学基础医学院生理学教研室）2017年9月2日。
半导体一些术语的中英文对照
半导体一些术语的中英文对照离子注入机ion implanterLSS理论Lindhand Scharff and Schiott theory 又称“林汉德-斯卡夫-斯高特理论”。
沟道效应channeling effect射程分布range distribution深度分布depth distribution投影射程projected range阻止距离stopping distance阻止本领stopping power标准阻止截面standard stopping cross section 退火annealing激活能activation energy等温退火isothermal annealing激光退火laser annealing应力感生缺陷stress-induced defect择优取向preferred orientation制版工艺mask-making technology图形畸变pattern distortion初缩first minification精缩final minification母版master mask铬版chromium plate干版dry plate乳胶版emulsion plate透明版see-through plate高分辨率版high resolution plate, HRP超微粒干版plate for ultra-microminiaturization 掩模mask掩模对准mask alignment对准精度alignment precision光刻胶photoresist又称“光致抗蚀剂”。
负性光刻胶negative photoresist正性光刻胶positive photoresist无机光刻胶inorganic resist多层光刻胶multilevel resist电子束光刻胶electron beam resistX射线光刻胶X-ray resist刷洗scrubbing甩胶spinning涂胶photoresist coating后烘postbaking光刻photolithographyX射线光刻X-ray lithography电子束光刻electron beam lithography离子束光刻ion beam lithography深紫外光刻deep-UV lithography光刻机mask aligner投影光刻机projection mask aligner曝光exposure接触式曝光法contact exposure method接近式曝光法proximity exposure method光学投影曝光法optical projection exposure method 电子束曝光系统electron beam exposure system分步重复系统step-and-repeat system显影development线宽linewidth去胶stripping of photoresist氧化去胶removing of photoresist by oxidation等离子［体］去胶removing of photoresist by plasma 刻蚀etching干法刻蚀dry etching反应离子刻蚀reactive ion etching, RIE各向同性刻蚀isotropic etching各向异性刻蚀anisotropic etching反应溅射刻蚀reactive sputter etching离子铣ion beam milling又称“离子磨削”。
生化
《生物化学》名词解释：1、denaturation（变性）：在某些物理和化学因素作用下，蛋白质特定的空间构象被破坏，即有序的空间结构变成无序的空间结构，从而导致其理化性质的改变和生物活性的丧失，称为的变性。
2、tertiary structure （三级结构）：指整条肽链中全部氨基酸残基的相对空间位置，也就是整条肽链所有原子在三维结构的排布位置。
3、盐析（salt precipitation）：是将硫酸铵、硫酸钠或氯化钠等加入蛋白质溶液，使蛋白质表面电荷被中和且水化膜被破坏，导致蛋白质在水溶液中的稳定性因素去除而沉淀。
*4、凝胶电泳（gel electrophoresis）：以凝胶为介质，在电场作用下分离蛋白质或核酸等分子的分离纯化技术。
5、双缩脲反应（biuret reaction）：蛋白质和多肽分子中肽腱在稀碱溶液中与硫酸铜共热，呈现紫色或红色，称为双缩脲反应。
*6、chromatography（层析）：按照在移动相（可以是气体或液体）和固定相（可以是液体或固体）之间的分配比例将混合成分分开的技术。
7、nucleosome （核小体）：作为染色质基本组成单位的核小体是由DNA和5种组蛋白共同构成的。
*8、annealing （退火）：当将双股链呈分散状态的（热变性）DNA溶液缓慢冷却后可以复性，这一过程称为退火。
9、Tm：DNA熔解温度，指把DNA的双螺旋结构降解一半时的温度，亦即DNA变性过程中，紫外吸收值达到最大值的50%时的温度称为DNA的解链温度。
*10、anticodon（反密码子）：tRNA链上有三个特定的碱基，组成一个反密码子，由这些密码子按碱基配对原则识别mRNA链上的密码子。
反密码子与密码子方向相反。
11、siRNA（小干扰RNA）：是生物宿主对于外源侵入的基因所表达的双链RNA进行切割所产生的具有特定长度（21-23bp）和特定序列的小片段RNA。
这些siRNA可以与外源基因表达的mRNA相结合，并诱导这些mRNA降解。
分子表面掺杂调控带隙
分子表面掺杂调控带隙英文回答：Doping Molecular Surfaces to Modulate Bandgap.Molecular doping is a technique that can be used to modify the electronic properties of materials byintroducing foreign atoms or molecules into their surfaces. This technique has been used to enhance the performance ofa wide range of materials, including semiconductors, metals, and insulators.One of the most important applications of molecular doping is in the field of semiconductors. Semiconductorsare materials that have a bandgap, which is the energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band. The bandgap determines the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor, and it can be modulated by doping the semiconductor with foreign atoms or molecules.For example, doping a semiconductor with a donor impurity, such as phosphorus, will increase the number of free electrons in the semiconductor and decrease the bandgap. This will make the semiconductor more conductive. Conversely, doping a semiconductor with an acceptor impurity, such as boron, will decrease the number of free electrons in the semiconductor and increase the bandgap. This will make the semiconductor less conductive.Molecular doping can also be used to modulate the bandgap of metals. Metals are typically good conductors of electricity, but their conductivity can be decreased by doping them with foreign atoms or molecules. This is because the dopant atoms or molecules can disrupt themetal's crystal structure and create defects that scatter electrons.The modulation of the bandgap of insulators is also possible through molecular doping. Insulators are materials that have a very large bandgap, and they are typically not good conductors of electricity. However, doping aninsulator with foreign atoms or molecules can createdefects that allow electrons to flow through the material. This can make the insulator more conductive.Molecular doping is a versatile technique that can be used to modify the electronic properties of a wide range of materials. This technique has been used to enhance the performance of semiconductors, metals, and insulators, and it is expected to play an important role in the development of future electronic devices.中文回答：分子表面掺杂调控带隙。
材料专业英语词汇
AAbrasive.研磨剂。
一种硬质、耐磨材料（一般为陶瓷），用于研磨、碾碎或切割其他材料。
Absorption吸收。
一种光学现象，指光的光子能量由于电子极化或电子激发被某一种物质吸收。
Acceptor level.受主能级。
对于半导体或绝缘体，处于禁带底部的能级有可能接受价带的电子并留下空穴。
此类能级一般由杂质原子引入。
Activatioin energy (Q).激活能。
反应发生所需的能量，例如扩散激活能。
Activation polarization.活化极化。
一系列步骤中，进行最缓慢的步骤控制着电极反应速度的条件下造成的极化称为活化极化。
Addition (or chain reaction) polymerization.加聚作用（链式反应聚合）。
此过程中，两个具有不同功能的独立个体呈链状聚合在一起，形成线性聚合物大分子。
Adhesive.胶粘剂。
可以使两个物体（称为被粘物）的表面连接在一起的物质。
Age hardening. See Precipitation时效强化，见沉淀强化。
Allotropy.同素异形性。
一种物质（一般为基本固体）可能存在两种或者更多的晶体结构的现象。
Alloy.合金。
两种或多种元素组成的金属。
Alloy Steel.合金钢。
含有适当浓度合金元素（除了C和残余的Mn，Si，S和P）的铁（或铁基）合金。
这些合金元素的加入通常可以改善合金的力学性能和耐蚀性。
Alternating copolymer.交替共聚物。
两种不同单体沿分子链相间排列的共聚物。
Amorphous.无定形的。
（一种物质）具有非晶体结构。
Anelastic deformation.滞弹性变形。
具有时间依赖性的弹性（非永久性）变形。
Anion.负离子，阴离子。
负电量的，非金属离子。
Anisotropic.各向异性。
不同晶向上具有不同的性质。
Annealing.退火。
一类热处理术语，此类热处理可以改变材料组织和性能。
常用分析化学专业英语词汇
常用分析化学专业英语词汇Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】常用分析化学专业英语词汇absorbance 吸光度absorbent 吸附剂absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption peak 吸收峰absorptivity 吸收系数accident error 偶然误差accuracy 准确度acid-base titration 酸碱滴定acidic effective coefficient 酸效应系数acidic effective curve 酸效应曲线acidity constant 酸度常数activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数adsorption 吸附adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂affinity 亲和力aging 陈化amorphous precipitate 无定形沉淀amphiprotic solvent 两性溶剂amphoteric substance 两性物质amplification reaction 放大反应analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical concentration 分析浓度analytical reagent (AR) 分析试剂apparent formation constant 表观形成常数aqueous phase 水相argentimetry 银量法ashing 灰化atomic spectrum 原子光谱autoprotolysis constant 质子自递常数auxochrome group 助色团back extraction 反萃取band spectrum 带状光谱bandwidth 带宽bathochromic shift 红移blank 空白blocking of indicator 指示剂的封闭bromometry 溴量法buffer capacity 缓冲容量buffer solution 缓冲溶液burette 滴定管calconcarboxylic acid 钙指示剂calibrated curve 校准曲线calibration 校准catalyzed reaction 催化反应cerimetry 铈量法charge balance 电荷平衡chelate 螯合物chelate extraction 螯合物萃取chemical analysis 化学分析chemical factor 化学因素chemically pure 化学纯chromatography 色谱法chromophoric group 发色团coefficient of variation 变异系数color reagent 显色剂color transition point 颜色转变点colorimeter 比色计colorimetry 比色法column chromatography 柱色谱complementary color 互补色complex 络合物complexation 络合反应complexometry complexometric titration 络合滴定法complexone 氨羧络合剂concentration constant 浓度常数conditional extraction constant 条件萃取常数conditional formation coefficient 条件形成常数conditional potential 条件电位conditional solubility product 条件溶度积confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对constant weight 恒量contamination 沾污continuous extraction 连续萃取continuous spectrum 连续光谱coprecipitation 共沉淀correction 校正correlation coefficient 相关系数crucible 坩埚crystalline precipitate 晶形沉淀cumulative constant 累积常数curdy precipitate 凝乳状沉淀degree of freedom 自由度demasking 解蔽derivative spectrum 导数光谱desiccant; drying agent 干燥剂desiccator 保干器determinate error 可测误差deuterium lamp 氘灯deviation 偏差deviation average 平均偏差dibasic acid 二元酸dichloro fluorescein 二氯荧光黄dichromate titration 重铬酸钾法dielectric constant 介电常数differential spectrophotometry 示差光度法differentiating effect 区分效应dispersion 色散dissociation constant 离解常数distillation 蒸馏distribution coefficient 分配系数distribution diagram 分布图distribution ratio 分配比double beam spectrophotometer 双光束分光光度计dual-pan balance 双盘天平dual-wavelength spectrophotometry 双波长分光光度法electronic balance 电子天平electrophoresis 电泳eluent 淋洗剂end point 终点end point error 终点误差enrichment 富集eosin 曙红equilibrium concentration 平衡浓度equimolar series method 等摩尔系列法Erelenmeyer flask 锥形瓶eriochrome black T (EBT) 铬黑T error 误差ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) 乙二胺四乙酸evaporation dish 蒸发皿exchange capacity 交换容量extent of crosslinking 交联度extraction constant 萃取常数extraction rate 萃取率extraction spectrphotometric method 萃取光度法Fajans method 法杨斯法ferroin 邻二氮菲亚铁离子filter 漏斗filter 滤光片filter paper 滤纸filtration 过滤fluex 溶剂fluorescein 荧光黄flusion 熔融formation constant 形成常数frequency 频率frequency density 频率密度frequency distribution 频率分布gas chromatography (GC) 气相色谱grating 光栅gravimetric factor 重量因素gravimetry 重量分析guarantee reagent (GR) 保证试剂high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 高效液相色谱histogram 直方图homogeneous precipitation 均相沉淀hydrogen lamp 氢灯hypochromic shift 紫移ignition 灼烧indicator 指示剂induced reaction 诱导反应inert solvent 惰性溶剂instability constant 不稳定常数instrumental analysis 仪器分析intrinsic acidity 固有酸度intrinsic basicity 固有碱度intrinsic solubility 固有溶解度iodimetry 碘滴定法iodine-tungsten lamp 碘钨灯iodometry 滴定碘法ion association extraction 离子缔合物萃取ion chromatography (IC) 离子色谱ion exchange 离子交换ion exchange resin 离子交换树脂ionic strength 离子强度isoabsorptive point 等吸收点Karl Fisher titration 卡尔•费歇尔法Kjeldahl determination 凯氏定氮法Lambert-Beer law 朗泊-比尔定律leveling effect 拉平效应ligand 配位体light source 光源line spectrum 线状光谱linear regression 线性回归liquid chromatography (LC) 液相色谱macro analysis 常量分析masking 掩蔽masking index 掩蔽指数mass balance 物料平衡matallochromic indicator 金属指示剂maximum absorption 最大吸收mean, average 平均值measured value 测量值measuring cylinder 量筒measuring pipette 吸量管median 中位数mercurimetry 汞量法mercury lamp 汞灯mesh [筛]目methyl orange (MO) 甲基橙methyl red (MR) 甲基红micro analysis 微量分析mixed constant 混合常数mixed crystal 混晶mixed indicator 混合指示剂mobile phase 流动相Mohr method 莫尔法molar absorptivity 摩尔吸收系数mole ratio method 摩尔比法molecular spectrum 分子光谱monoacid 一元酸monochromatic color 单色光monochromator 单色器neutral solvent 中性溶剂neutralization 中和non-aqueous titration 非水滴定normal distribution 正态分布occlusion 包藏organic phase 有机相ossification of indicator 指示剂的僵化outlier 离群值oven 烘箱paper chromatography(PC) 纸色谱parallel determination 平行测定path lenth 光程permanganate titration 高锰酸钾法phase ratio 相比phenolphthalein (PP) 酚酞photocell 光电池photoelectric colorimeter 光电比色计photometric titration 光度滴定法photomultiplier 光电倍增管phototube 光电管pipette 移液管polar solvent 极性溶剂polyprotic acid 多元酸population 总体postprecipitation 后沉淀precipitant 沉淀剂precipitation form 沉淀形precipitation titration 沉淀滴定法precision 精密度preconcentration 预富集predominance-area diagram 优势区域图primary standard 基准物质prism 棱镜probability 概率proton 质子proton condition 质子条件protonation 质子化protonation constant 质子化常数purity 纯度qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析quartering 四分法random error 随机误差range 全距(极差)reagent blank 试剂空白Reagent bottle 试剂瓶recording spectrophotometer 自动记录式分光光度计recovery 回收率redox indicator 氧化还原指示剂redox titration 氧化还原滴定referee analysis 仲裁分析reference level 参考水平reference material (RM) 标准物质reference solution 参比溶液relative error 相对误差resolution 分辨力rider 游码routine analysis 常规分析sample 样本,样品sampling 取样self indicator 自身指示剂semimicro analysis 半微量分析separation 分离separation factor 分离因数side reaction coefficient 副反应系数significance test 显著性检验significant figure 有效数字simultaneous determination of multiponents 多组分同时测定single beam spectrophotometer 单光束分光光度计single-pan balance 单盘天平slit 狭缝sodium diphenylamine sulfonate 二苯胺磺酸钠solubility product 溶度积solvent extraction 溶剂萃取species 型体(物种)specific extinction coefficient 比消光系数spectral analysis 光谱分析spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectrophotometry 分光光度法stability constant 稳定常数standard curve 标准曲线standard deviation 标准偏差standard potential 标准电位standard series method 标准系列法standard solution 标准溶液standardization 标定starch 淀粉stationary phase 固定相steam bath 蒸气浴stepwise stability constant 逐级稳定常数stoichiometric point 化学计量点structure analysis 结构分析supersaturation 过饱和systematic error 系统误差test solution 试液thermodynamic constant 热力学常数thin layer chromatography (TLC) 薄层色谱titrand 被滴物titrant 滴定剂titration 滴定titration constant 滴定常数titration curve 滴定曲线titration error 滴定误差titration index 滴定指数titration jump 滴定突跃titrimetry 滴定分析trace analysis 痕量分析transition interval 变色间隔transmittance 透射比tri acid 三元酸true value 真值tungsten lamp 钨灯ultratrace analysis 超痕量分析UV-VIS spectrophotometry 紫外-可见分光光度法volatilization 挥发Volhard method 福尔哈德法volumetric flask 容量瓶volumetry 容量分析Wash bottle 洗瓶washings 洗液water bath 水浴weighing bottle 称量瓶weighting form 称量形weights 砝码working curve 工作曲线xylenol orange (XO) 二甲酚橙zero level 零水平异步处理dispatch_async(dispatch_get_glo bal_queue(0, 0), ^{.[self test1]; ..........);});。
热处理专业英语
age hardening时效硬化graphitizing石墨退火ageing老化处理hardenability硬化性air hardening气体硬化hardenability curve硬化性曲线air patenting空气韧化hardening硬化annealing退火heat treatment热处理anode effect阳极效应hot bath quenching热浴淬火anodizing阳极氧化处理hot dipping热浸镀atomloy treatment阿托木洛伊表面induction hardening高周波硬化austempering奥氏体等温淬火ion carbonitriding离子渗碳氮化austenite奥斯田体/奥氏体ion carburizing离子渗碳处理bainite贝氏体ion plating离子电镀banded structure条纹状组织isothermal annealing等温退火barrel plating滚镀liquid honing液体喷砂法barrel tumbling滚筒打光low temperature annealing低温退火blackening染黑法malleablizing可锻化退火blue shortness青熟脆性martempering麻回火处理bonderizing磷酸盐皮膜处理martensite马氏体box annealing箱型退火metallikon金属喷镀法box carburizing封箱渗碳metallizing真空涂膜bright electroplating辉面电镀nitriding氮化处理bright heat treatment光辉热处理nitrocarburizing软氮化bypass heat treatment旁路热处理normalizing正常化carbide炭化物oil quenching油淬化carburized case depth浸碳硬化深层overageing过老化carburizing渗碳overheating过热cementite炭化铁pearlite针尖组织chemical plating化学镀phosphating磷酸盐皮膜处理chemical vapor deposition化学蒸镀physical vapor deposition物理蒸镀coarsening结晶粒粗大化plasma nitriding离子氮化coating涂布被覆pre-annealing预备退火cold shortness低温脆性precipitation析出comemtite渗碳体precipitation hardening析出硬化controlled atmosphere大气热处理press quenching加压硬化corner effect锐角效应process annealing制程退火creeping discharge蠕缓放电quench ageing淬火老化decarburization脱碳处理quench hardening淬火decarburizing脱碳退火quenching crack淬火裂痕depth of hardening硬化深层quenching distortion淬火变形diffusion扩散quenching stress淬火应力diffusion annealing扩散退火ferrite肥粒铁electrolytic hardening电解淬火first stage annealing第一段退火embossing压花flame hardening火焰硬化etching表面蚀刻flame treatment火焰处理gaseous cyaniding气体氧化法full annealing完全退火globular cementite球状炭化铁straightening annealing矫直退火grain size结晶粒度strain ageing应变老化granolite treatment磷酸溶液热处理stress relieving annealing应力消除退火subzero treatment生冷处理secular distortion经年变形supercooling过冷segregation偏析surface hardening表面硬化处理selective hardening部分淬火temper brittleness回火脆性shot blast喷丸处理temper colour回火颜色shot peening珠击法tempering回火single stage nitriding等温渗氮tempering crack回火裂痕sintering烧结处理texture咬花soaking均热处理thermal refining调质处理softening软化退火thermoechanical treatment加工热处理solution treatment固溶化热处理time quenching时间淬火spheroidizing球状化退火transformation变态stabilizing treatment安定化处理tufftride process软氮化处理molybdenum钼under annealing不完全退火silicon硅vacuum carbonitriding真空渗碳氮化sulfer/sulphur硫vacuum carburizing真空渗碳处理phosphor/ phosphorus磷vacuum hardening真空淬火nitrided氮化的vacuum heat treatment真空热处理case hardening表面硬化，表面淬硬vacuum nitriding真空氮化air cooling空冷water quenching水淬火furnace cooling炉冷wetout浸润处理oil cooling油冷electrocladding /plating电镀indication缺陷brittleness脆性test specimen试样 strength强度bar棒材rigidity刚性stock原料 creep蠕变billet方钢，钢方坯deflection挠度bloom钢坯elongation延伸率section型材yield strength屈服强度steel ingot钢锭elastoplasticity弹塑性blank坯料，半成品metallographic structure金相组织cast steel铸钢metallographic test金相试验nodular cast iron球墨铸铁carbon content含碳量ductile cast iron球墨铸铁induction hardening感应淬火bronze青铜stainless steel不锈钢brass黄铜decarburization脱碳copper合金scale氧化皮reconditioning再调质anneal退火recrystallization再结晶process anneal进行退火red shortness红热脆性quenching淬火residual stress残留应力normalizing正火retained austenite残留奥Charpy impact text夏比冲击试验rust prevention防蚀fatigue疲劳salt bath quenching盐浴淬火tensile testing拉伸试验sand blast喷砂处理solution固溶处理seasoning时效处理aging时效处理second stage annealing第二段退火Vickers hardness维氏硬度Rockwell hardness洛氏硬度impact strength冲击强度Brinell hardness布氏硬度compressive stress压应力hardness tester硬度计tensile stress拉应力descale除污，除氧化皮等phase transition相变ferrite铁素体polymer solution聚合物溶液austenite奥氏体core心部martensite马氏体complicated configuratio复杂的形状cementite渗碳体iron carbide渗碳体solid solution固溶体sorbite索氏体bainite贝氏体pearlite珠光体troostite屈氏体black oxide coating发黑grain晶粒chromium铬cadmium镉tungsten钨molybdenum钼manganese锰vanadium钒impedance matching感应淬火hardening and tempering调质crack裂纹shrinkage缩孔，疏松forging锻（件）铸（件）rolling轧（件）drawing拉（件）shot blasting喷丸（处理）grit blasting喷钢砂（处理）sand blasting喷砂（处理）carburizing渗碳pore气孔sonim夹渣cinder inclusion夹渣lattice晶格abrasion/abrasive耐磨性spectrum analysis光谱分析heat/thermal treatment热处理inclusion夹杂物segregation偏析picking酸洗，酸浸remaining stress残余应力力消除残余应relaxation of residual stresstress relief应力释放。
有机化学中常见名词中英文对照
学疏专业班级有机化学中常见名词中英文对照英中对照abietic acid （松香酸）acetal （缩醛）acid anhydride（酸Sf）A. Couper （古柏尔）acridine （卩丫唏）acronycine （山油柑碱）acidylating reaction（酰化反应）acyl group （酰基）acyl halide （酰卤）adenine （腺嚓吟）adrenal cortex hormone （肾上腺皮质激素）A. Kekule （开库勒）alanine （丙氨酸）alcoholysis （醇解）aldehyde （醛）alicyclic hydrocarbon（脂环炷）alizarin（茜草素）alizarin-type （茜素型）alkane （烷桂）alkene （烯桂）alkylation （傅-克烷基化反应）alkyne （烘炷）aloeemodin （芦荟大黃素）amines （胺类）amide （酰胺）amidino （腺基）amino acid （氨基酸）-aminobutyric acid （-氨基丁酸）ammonolysis （氨解）andiron formula （锯架式）andrographo 1 ide （穿心莲内酯）anisodine （樟柳碱）annulene （轮烯）anomer （异头物）anomeric effect （异头效应）anthocyanidin （花色素）anthraquinone （蔥醍）anthrol （蔥酚）anthrone （蔥酮）anthracene （蔥）anti aromaticity or anti aromatic compound （反芳香性化合物）apigenin （芹菜素）apple polyphenols （苹果多酚）aromatic compound （芳香性化合物）aromatic hydrocarbon （芳香绘）aromaticity （芳香性）aromatization （芳构化）arecoline （槟榔碱）arginine （精氨酸）aspartic acid （天冬氨酸）asymmetric carbon atom （手性碳原子）atomic orbital （原子轨道）A. Wurtz reaction （武兹反应）axial bond （直立键，& 键）azul 奥！（）Baeyer （拜耳）baicalein （黃苓素）baicalin （黃苓昔）barbital （巴比妥）barbituric acid（巴比妥酸）base complementary （碱基配对）benzoimidazole （苯并咪醴）benzothiazole （苯并唾I坐）学疏专业班级学号benzene （苯）berberine （小漿碱）Berzelius （伯察留史）beta-pleated sheet （-折叠）bi-anthracene nucleus （双蔥核）biological methylate （生物甲基化）biuret reaction（缩二服反应）□ bond （o 键）n bond （兀键）borneol （龙脑）Braun reaction （布朗反应）bridged hydrocarbon （桥环绘）bytrepob （布特力洛夫）camphor （樟脑）cardiac glycosides （强心昔）camptothecine （喜树碱）carotene （胡萝卜素）carthamin （红花昔）carbene （卡宾；碳烯）carbohydrate （碳水化合物）carbonyl 俄基）carboxyl （竣基）carboxylic acid（竣酸）cassiamine （山扁豆双醍）catechin （儿茶素）cellobiose （纤维二糖）cellulose （纤维素）cephalin（脑磷脂）chain carbon constitution （链状碳架）chain initiation step （链引发阶段）chain propagation step （链增长阶段）chain termination step （链终止阶段）chaicone （查尔酮）charge-transfer complex （电荷转移络合物）chemical bond （化学键）chemocholic acid（鹅去氧胆酸）chirality （手性）chitin （甲壳质）chitosamine （壳糖胺）chlorophyll （叶绿素）cholalic acid （胆笛酸）cholestane （胆縉烷）cholesterol （胆笛醇）chromatography （色谱法）chrysophanol 9-anthrone （9-蔥酮大黃酚）chrysarobin （柯械素）cinchonine （金鸡宁）cis-trans isomer （顺反异构体）cistrans isomerism （顺反异构）citral （柠檬醛）Claisen rearrangement （克莱森重排）Claisen-Schmidt reaction （克莱森一斯密特反应）cocaine （古柯碱）codonopsine （党参碱）concerted reaction （协同反应）condensed nuclei hydrocarbon （稠环坯）conformation （构象）conformational isomerism （构象异构）coniine （毒芹碱）conjugated diene （共辘二烯桂）conjugation system （共轨体系）conjugative effect （共轨效应）conservation of orbital symmetry （分子轨道对称性守恒理论）constitutional isomerism （构造异构）coprostane （粪笛烷）学疏专业班级学号cortisone （可的松）crown ether （冠瞇）cumulative diene （聚集二烯婭）curcumenol （莪术醇）cyanidin （矢车菊素）cyclic carbon constitution （环状碳架）cycloaddition recation （环力口成反应）cycloalkane （脂环桂）cyclodextrin （环糊精）cysteine （半胱氨酸）daidzein （大豆黃素）Darzens reaction（达尔森反应）decarboxylation （脱竣反应）delocaization（离域）delocalization energy（离域能）delocalized electron （离域电子）delocalized energy（离域能）delphinidin（飞燕草素）denature （变性）deoxyribonuc 1 eic acid（脱氧核糖核酸）derivative of carboxylic acid （竣酸衍生物）diastereoisomer （非对映体）学疏专业班级学号diazonium salt （重氮盐）chborane （乙硼烷）dichlorocarbene （•二氯卡宾）P -dichroine （ P -常山碱）Diels一Alder reaction （狄尔斯一阿尔德反应）diene （双烯体，二烯婭）dienophile （亲双烯体）dihydrochalcone （.：氢查尔酮）B —dihydrotheelin （ B —雌二醇）distillation （蒸镭法）diterpenoids （二？£类）effective atomic number （有效原子序数）E.J. Cory—H. House reaction （科瑞一郝思反应）electric field scan （电场扫描）18-electron rule （18 电子规则）electromeric effect （电性效应）electrophilic addition （亲电加成反应）electrophilic substitution （亲电取代）electrophile （亲电性试剂）elimination reaction （消除反应）Emde degradation （埃姆徳降解）1- emetine（1-吐根碱）emodin-type （大黄素型）enantiomerism （对映异构）enantiomer （对映体）end—group effect （端基效应）entgegen （E,相反之意）energy of activation （活化能）enzyme （酶）ephedrine （麻黃碱）epicatechin （表儿茶素）epicatechin gallate（表儿茶素没食子酸酯）epigallocatechin （表没食子儿茶素）epigallocatechin gallate （表没食子儿茶素，没食子酸酯）epimer （差向异构体）epoxidation （环氧化反应）equatorial bond（平伏键，e 键）ergometrine （麦角新碱）ergostenol （麦角笛醇）essential amino acid （必需氨基酸）essential fatty acid（必需脂肪酸）ester （酯）ester辻ication（酯化反应）farnesol （金合欢醇）fatty acid（脂肪酸）Fischer projection formula（费歇尔投影式）flavanol（黃烷醇）flavanone （_.氢黄酮）flavanonol （二氢黃酮醇）flavonoid （黃酮）flavonol （黄酮醇）f ormal in （福尔马林）free radical （自由基）free radical chain reaction （自山基链反应）Freon （氟利昂）Friedel-Crafts reaction （傅瑞德尔一克拉夫兹反应）Frohde reageProhde 试剂）frontier orbital （前线轨道理论）fructose （果糖）fucose （海藻糖）furan （咲喃）fused ring carbon constitution （稠环碳架）F.Wohler （武勒）galactose （半乳糖）Gabreil reaction （盖布瑞尔合成法）gallocatechin （没食子儿茶素）gallocatechin gallate （没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯）Ga11ermann-Koch reaction （盖特曼一科希反应）geometricalisomer （儿何异构体）germacrone （杜鹃酮）glucose （葡萄糖）glutamic acid （谷氨酸）glutamine （谷酰胺）glycerol （甘油）glycocholic acid （甘氨胆酸）glycogen （糖原）glycoside （糖昔）glycyrrhizic acid （甘草酸）g 1 y c yr rhe t i n i c ac i d （甘草次酸）Gmelin （哥美林）green tea polyphenols （绿茶多酚）Grignard Reaction （格氏反应）Grignard Reagent （格林那试剂，格氏试剂）G.Schiemann reac tion （希曼反应）guaiazulene （愈创木奥）guanidine （K）guan i di no （）1瓜基）guanine （鸟卩票吟）guanyl （眯基）haloform （卤仿）halogenation （卤代反应）halogenation reaction （卤化反应）Haworth （哈沃斯）heat of hydrogenation （氢化热）学疏专业班级学号heat of reaction （反应热）hemiacetal （半缩醛）hesperetin （橙皮素）Hinsberg reaction （兴斯堡反应）histidine （组氨酸）H.Kolbe （科尔贝）Hoffmann degradation （霍夫曼降解反应）Hoffmann elimination （霍夫曼消除）Hoffmann exhaustive methylation （霍夫曼彻底屮基化反应）HOMO （Highest Occupied Molecnlar Orbital,最高被占用分子轨道）homolog （同系物）homologous series （同系列）hormone （激素）HUckel rule （休克尔规则）hybrid orbital （杂化轨道）hydroboration （硼氢化反应）hydrocortisone （氢化可的松）hydrogen bond （氢键）hydrolysis （水解）hyoscyamine （產若碱）hyper con jugat i on effect （超共辄效应）imidazole （咪醴）inclusion compound （包含物）indole （口引嗥）inductive effect （诱导效应）infrared spectroscopy （红夕卜光谱）insulin （胰岛素）invert sugar （转化糖）iodine number （碘值）tectoridin （莺尾学疏专业班级学号昔）isoelectric point （PI,等电点）isoflavanone （〔氢异黃酮）isoflavone （异黄酮）isolated diene （隔离：烯桂）isoleucine （异亮氨酸）isoliquiri tigenin（异甘草素）isomer （同分异构体）isoquinoline （异卩奎卩林）isorhamnetin （异鼠李素）isorhynchophylline （异钩藤碱）isothiazole （异嚏醴）isoxazole （异噁醴）Jones reagent （琼斯试剂）ketal （缩酮）ketone （酮）K. fries rearrangement （傅瑞斯重排）K. Fukui （福井谦一）Knoevenagel reaction （克脑文盖尔反应）Kolbe-Schmidt reaction （柯尔柏-施密特反应）Kutchcrov reaction （库切洛夫反应）lactose （乳糖）lecithin（卵磷脂）leptosidin （莱普西汀）leucine （壳氨酸）leucocyanidin （无色矢车菊素）limonene （苧烯）Lindlar （林德拉）liquiritin （甘草昔）lithium methide （甲基锂）lobeline （山梗菜碱）Lucas reagent （卢卡斯试剂）LUMO （Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbita 1）最低空余分子轨道lupinine （羽扇豆碱）lycopene （番茄红素）lycopodine （石松碱）lysine （赖氨酸）maackiain （高丽槐素）Macquis reagent （Macquis 试剂）macrophylline （大叶千里光碱）magnesium acetate reaction （酉昔酸镁反应）magnetic field scan （磁场扫描）malonyl urea（丙二酰SR）maltose （麦芽糖）Mannich reaction （满尼希反应）mannose （甘露糖）mass spectroscopy （质谱）matrine （苦参碱）M. Besthelot （佰赛儒）Mclafferty （麦可拉费蒂重排）（-）-melacacidin ［（-）黑金合欢素］menthol （薄荷醇）学疏专业班级学号（）-menthol ［（）-薄荷醇］menthone （薄荷酮）mesomer （内消旋体）methionine （蛋氨酸）methylporgestin （屮孕酮）provera （¥ 孕酮）methyl testosterone （屮基睾丸素）molecular orbital （分子轨道）molecular orbital theory （分子轨道理论）monoanthracene nucleus （单蔥核）monocrotaline （一野白合碱）monomer （单体）monoterpenoids （单菇）monosaccharide （单糖）morphine （吗啡）mutarotation （变旋光现象）naphthalene （荼）narcotine （那可汀）natrium amalgam reaction （钠汞齐反应）（）-neomenthol ［（）-新薄荷醇］nerol （橙花醇）Newman projection （纽曼投影式）Newman projection formula（纽曼投影式）Nicol prism（尼科尔棱镜）nicotine （烟碱）ninhydrin （E 卩三酮）nitration （硝化反应）nitro compound （硝基化合物）nonaromatic compound （非芳香性化合物）nonbenzenoid hydrocarbon （非苯芳绘）nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （核磁共振谱）nucleic acid（核酸）nucleophilic addition（亲核加成反应）nucleophilic reagent （亲核试剂）nucleoside （核昔）nucleotide （核昔酸）ocimene （罗勒烯）oligosaccharide （寡糖）frontier orbital （前线轨道理论）Oppenaner oxidizing reaction （欧芬脑尔氧化）optical isomer （旋光异构体）optical rotation instrument （旋光仪）organometallic compound （有机金属化合物）organometallics （金属有机化合物）orientation rule （定位规则）oxanthrano 1 （氧化恿酚）oxazole （噁醴）oxidation number （氧化值）oxidation state （氧化态）oxonium salt 盐）oxymatrine （氧化苦参碱）palmatine （巴马汀）papaverine （罂粟碱）paraffin （烷桂）pelargonidin （天竺葵素）peptide （肽）peptide bond （肽键）peptide linkage（肽键）pericyclic reaction （周环反应）Perkin reaction （柏金反应）permeation （透析法）peroxide （过氧化物）peroxide effect （过氧化物效应）phellamurin （黃柏素-7-0-葡萄糖昔）phenanthrene （菲）phenylalanine （苯丙氨酸）phosphorus ylide （麟叶立徳）phylloxanthin （叶黄素）physostigmine （毒扁豆碱）pinacol （频哪醇）pinene （菰烯）piperine （胡椒碱）plane polarized light （平面偏振光）polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon （多环芳绘）polymer （聚合物）polynuclear aromatic compound （稠环芳绘）polypeptide （多肽）polyreaction （聚合反应）polysaccharide （多糖）polytetrafluroethyleney （泰氟隆）unsaturated fatty acid（不饱和脂肪酸）precipitation （沉淀法）primary structure （一级结构）proanthocyanidin （原花色素）progesterone （黃体酮）protein （蛋白质）pseudoephedrine （伪麻黄碱）pteridine （蝶唳）purine （卩票吟）pyran （毗喃）pyrazine （毗嗪）pyrazole （毗醴）pyridazine （哒嗪）pyridine （毗唏）pyrimidine （喘唳）pyrrole （毗咯）quaternary structure （四级结构）quercetin （榆I皮素）quinine （奎宁）quinoline （卩奎咻）quinones （醍）racemic mixture （外消旋体）racemization （外消旋化）rancidity （酸败）Raney Ni （兰尼線）reaction mechanism （反应历程）Reimer-Tiemann react ion （瑞穆尔一蒂曼反应）reserpine （利血平）residue （残基）resonance energy （共振能）resonance hybrid （共振杂化体）resonance theory （共振论）resonating structure （共振结构式）resveratrol （白藜芦醇）R. B. Woodward （伍徳沃德）rhe in （大黄酸）R. Hoffmann （霍夫曼）rhynchophylline （钩藤碱）ribonucleic acid（核糖核酸）ribose （核糖）rotation （旋光度）rutin （芦丁）saccharide （糖类）Sandmeyer-Gattermann reaction （桑得迈尔一盖特曼反应）Sandmeyer reaction （桑得迈尔反应）saponification （皂化）saponification number （皂化值）Sarrett reagent （沙瑞特试剂）Sawhares projection （萨哈斯投影式）sawhorse projection formula（锯架式）Schiff* s base（西佛碱）secondary structure （二级结构）securinine （一叶萩碱）sennoside A、B、C、D （番泻昔A、B、C、D） serine（丝氨酸）sesquiterpenoids （倍半SS）sigmatropic reaction （ o 键迁移反应）silane （硅烷）single bond（单键）sinoacutine （清风藤碱）B—sitosterol （B一谷縉醇）skyrin （天精，酉昆茜素）S x（NucleophMie substitution）（亲核取代）S X1 （单分子亲核取代反应）S、・2 （双分子亲核取代反sodium borohydride reaction （四氢硼钠反应）sparteine （金雀花碱）specific rotation （比旋光度）sphingomyelin （鞘磷脂）spiro hydrocarbon （螺环坯）squalene （鲨烯）stachydrine （水苏碱）starch （淀粉）stereochemistry （立体化学）stereoisomer （立体异构）stereocpecificity （立体专一性）steroidal compound （笛体化合物）Stevens rearrangement （史蒂文斯重排）stigmastane （豆當烷）strychnine （士的F）sucrose （蔗糖）sulfonation （磺化反应）systematic nomenclature （系统命需法）taurocholic acid （牛磺胆酸）tautomer （互变异构体）tautomerism （互变异构现象）taxifolin （黄杉素）tea polyphenols （茶多酚）Teflon （泰氟隆）terpenoid （祜类化合物）tertiary structure （三级结构）testosterone （睾丸素）tetrahydropalmatine （延胡索乙素，四氢巴马汀）tetramethyl silane （四甲基硅烷）tetraterpenoid （四菇类）thiazole （噬醴）thiophene （卩塞吩）threonine （苏氨酸）torsional energy （扭转能）torsional strain （扭转张力）transition sate （过渡态）triglyceride （甘油三酯）trimethyl aluminium （三屮基铝）triptolide （雷公藤甲素）triterpenoid （三菇类）tryptophan （色氨酸）tylophorinine （娃儿藤定碱）tyrosine （酪氨酸）uridine （尿喀唏）urea （服）urotropine （乌洛托品）valence bond method （价键学说）valine （織氨酸）visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy （可见一紫外光谱）vitamin A（维生素A）vitamin B-（维生素BQWilkinson （威尔克森）Williamson synthesis （威廉森合成法）Wittig reaction (维蒂希反应)zingiberene (姜烯)Zusammen (Z,德文，在一起之意)中英对照A.J 反应历程(A J reaction mechanism )卩丫唳(acridine)埃姆德降解(Emde degradation)安息香缩合反应(benzoic condensation reaction) 氨基酸(amino acid)-氨基J 酸(-aminobutyric acid)氨解(ammonolysis)胺(amines)(azulene)B AC2反应历程(B AC2 reaction mechanism )巴比妥(barbital)巴马汀(palmatine)白藜芦醇(resveratrol)拜耳(Baeyer)佰赛儒(M. Besthelot)半缩醛(semiacetal )半胱氨酸(cysteine)半乳糖(galactose)包含物(inclusion compound)苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine)苯(benzene)苯甲酸(benzoic acid)班级学院苯二中酸(benzene dicarboxylic acid)苯并咪醴(benzimidazole)苯并U塞醴(benzothiazole)倍半?E (sesqui terpenoid)比旋光度(specific rotation)必需氨基酸(essential amino acid)变性(denature)变旋光现象(mutarotation)表儿茶素(epicatechin)表儿茶素没食子酸酯(epicatechin gallate)表没食子儿茶素(epigallocatechin)表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate) 表面活性剂(surface active agent )槟榔碱(arecoline)丙氨酸(alanine)丙氨酸乙硫酯(ethyl alanine sulfide)丙二酰服(malonyl urea)伯察留史(Berzelius)柏金(Perkin)反应薄荷醇(menthol)()一薄荷醇(()一menthol)薄荷酮(menthone)布特力洛夫(Bytrepob)布朗反应(Braun reaction)残基(residue)草酸(oxalic acid)超共辘效应(hyperconjugation effect)差向异构体(epimer)查尔酮(chaicone)茶多酚(tea polyphenols)B -常山碱(B -dichroine)沉淀法(precipitation)橙皮素(hesperetin)橙花醇(nerol)稠环芳坯(polynuclear aromatic compound) 稠环碳架(fused ring carbon constitution) 醇钠(sodium alcohols)醇解(alcoholysis)穿心莲内酯(andrographo 1 i de)磁场扫描(magnetic field scan)B —雌二醇(B —dihydrotheelin)酉昔酸镁反应(magnesium acetate reaction ) 萃取法(extraction) DDQ (2, 3—二氯一5, 6—氛基一1, 4 —苯酉昆)大黃素型(emodin-type)大黄酸(rhein)大豆黄素(daidzein)大叶千里光碱(macrophyll ine)达尔森(Darzen)反应哒嗪(pyridazine)单键(single bond)单体(monomer)单蔥核(monoanthracene nucleus)单菇(monot erpeno i ds)单糖(monosaccha:ride)单线态(singlet)蛋氨酸(methionine)蛋白质(protein)胆當烷(cholestane)胆笛醇(cholesterol)胆笛酸(cholalic acid) 胆笛烷(cholestane) 胆笛醇(cholesterol)党参碱(codonopsine)等电点(isoelectric point , PI) 迪克曼反应(Dieckmann reaction ) 狄尔斯一阿尔德(Diels-Alher) 电场扫描(electric field scan) 电性效应(electromeric effect) 电荷转移络合物(charge-transfer complex) 碘仿试验(iodoform test) 碘值(iodine number )淀粉(starch)敌敌畏(dichlorovos)蝶唳(pteridine)丁烯二酸(butene dioic acid) 定位规则(orient at iong rule) 动力学概念(dynamical concept) 豆笛烷(stigmastane) 毒芹碱(coniine) 毒扁豆碱(physostigmine) 杜鹃酮(germacrone) 端基效应(end—group effect) 对映异构(enantiomerism) 对映体(enantiomers) 对氨基苯磺酰胺(sulfanilamide) 多环芳桂(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon)多糖(polysaccharide)多肽(polypeptide)多磷酸酯(polyphosphate ester)E (entgegen,德文，相反之意)EAN 规则(EAN rule)莪术醇(curcumenol)鹅去氧胆酸(chemocholic acid)噁醴(oxazole)蔥(anthracene)蔥酚(anthrol)蔥I® (anthraquinones)蔥酮(anthrone)9-蔥酮大黃酚(chrysophanol 9-anthrone)儿茶素(catechin)〔烯桂(diene)〔氯卡宾(dichlorocarbene)—.屮亚飒(dimethyl sulfoxide)—•硫基丙醇(dimercaptopropanol )：级结构(secondary structure):氢黃酮(flavanone)—.氢黃酮醇(flavanonol)"•氢异黄酮(isoflavanone)二氢查尔酮(dihydrochalcone)二桔类(diterpenoids)番泻昔A、B、C、D(sennoside A、B、C、D) 番茄红素(lycopene)反芳香性化合物(antiaromatic compound)反应历程(reaction mechanism)反应热(heat of reaction)芳香绘(aromatic hydrocarbon)芳香性(aromaticity)芳香性化合物(aroniatic compound)芳构化(aromatization)放氮反应(denitr辻ication)E 燕草素(delphinidin)非芳香性化合物(nonaromatic compound)非离子表面活性剂(nonionic)非对映体(diasteroisomer)非质子性溶剂(nonprotonic solvent )非苯芳坯(nonbenzenoid hydrocarbon)菲(phenanthrene)斐林溶液(Fehting solution )费歇尔(E. Fischer)费歇尔投影式(Fischer projection formula)分子轨道(molecular orbital)分子轨道对称性守恒理论(conservation of orbital symmetry theory)分子轨道理论(molecular orbital theory)酚节明(Phenoxybenzamine)芬克尔斯坦(Finkelstein)芬氟拉明(fenfluramine)粪笛烷(coprostane)氟芬那酸(flufenamic Acid)福井谦一(K. Fukui)傅-克反应(Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction)傅瑞斯重排(K. fries rearrangement)傅瑞德-克拉天茨反应(Friedel-Crafts reaction)辅酶Qw( coenzyme Q10)咲喃(furan)盖布瑞尔合成法(Gabreil reaction)盖特曼一科希(Gattermann-Koch)反应甘露糖(mannose)甘氨酸(glycine)甘油(glycerol)甘氨胆酸(glycocholic acid)甘草酸(glycyrrhizic acid)甘草次酸(glycyrrhetinic acid)甘草昔(liquiritin)高丽槐素(maackiain)睾丸素(testosterone)隔离—.烯桂(isolated diene) 格林那试剂(Grignard reagent) 哥美林(Gmelin)共振能(resonance energy)共振论(resonance theory) 共振杂化体(resonance hybrid) 共振结构式(resonating structure) 共轨效应(conjugative effect) 共辄体系(conjugation system) 共辄二烯烧(conjugated diene) 构象(conformation)构象异构(conformational isomerism) 构造异构(constitutional isomerism) 构型保持(configuration conservation) 构型转化(configuration inversion) 钩藤碱(rhynchophyll ine)B —谷笛醇(B —sitosterol)谷氨酸(glutamic acid)谷酰胺(glutamine)古柏尔(A. Couper)古柯碱(cocaine)M(guanidine )寡糖(o 1 igasaccharide)冠瞇(crown ether)光学异构体(optical isomer)硅烷(silane)硅油(silicon oil)过氧化物(peroxide)过氧化物效应(peroxide effect)过渡态(transition state)果糖(fructose)哈沃斯(Haworth)海藻糖(fucose)核磁共振谱(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) 核昔酸(nucleotide)核甘(nucleoside)核酸(nucleic acid)核糖(ribose)(~) -黑金合欢素[(-)melacacidin)]红古豆碱(cuskohygrine)红花昔(carthamin)红夕卜光谱(infrared spectroscopy)互变异构现象(tautomerism)互变异构体(tautomer)胡萝卜素(carotene)胡椒碱(piperine)榊皮素(quercetin)化学键(chemical bond)花色素(anthocyanidin)环坯(cyclic hydrocarbon)环氧化反应(epoxidation)环力口成反应(cycloaddition recation)环状碳架(cyclic carbon constitution)环己—•酮(cyclic hexanedione)环糊精(cyclodextrin)a , B —环氧酸酯(a , B —cycloxacid ester)黄柏素-7-0-葡萄糖昔(phellamurin)黄苓素(baicalein)黄苓昔(baicalin)黃杉素(tax辻olin)黄酮(flavonoid)黃酮醇(flavonol)黃烷醇(flavanol)黃体酮(progesterone)磺胺(sulfan 订amide)磺化反应(sulfonation)活化能(energy of activation)霍夫曼(R. Hofmann)霍夫曼降解反应(Hoffmann degradation)霍夫曼消除(Hoffmann elimination)霍夫曼彻底甲基化反应(Hoffmann exhaustive methylation) 儿何异构体(geometrical isomer)己二胺(hexanediamine)(quaternary ammonium salt)W (quaternnary ammonium hydrate )季丿憐盐(quaternary phosphonium salt )激素(hormone)中孕酮(methporgestin)屮基睾丸素(methyl testosterone)屮基锂(lithium methide)甲壳质(chitin)价键学说(valence bond method)假酸式(pseudo-acid form )O 键(o bond)o 键迁移反应(sigma tropic reaction)兀键(Ji bond)碱基配对规律(base pairing rule)姜烯(zingiberene)胶束(micelle)交义醇醛缩合反应(crossed aldol reaction)金合欢醇(farnesol)金属有机化合物(metalloorganic compound)金雀花碱(sparteine)金鸡宇(cinchonine)金刚烷胺(symmetrel)紧密离子对(tightness ionpair )精氨酸(arginine)竞争反应(competing reaction )聚合物(polymer)聚合反应(polyreaction)聚集二烯桂(cumulative diene)锯架式(andiron formula ; sawhorse projection formula) 卡宾(碳烯)(Carbene)开息纳尔一武尔夫(Kishner-WoIff)—黃鸣龙法凯库勒(A. Kekule) 康尼查罗(Cannizzaro )反应科尔贝(H・Kolbe)科瑞一郝思反应(E.J.Cory—H. House reaction) 可的松(cortisone) 可见一紫外光谱(visible-ultraviolet spectroscopy)克莱森一斯密特(Claisen-Schmidt)反应克脑文盖尔(Knoevenagel)反应克莱门森(Clemmensen)还原反应克莱森重排(Claisen rearrangement)克莱森缩合反应(Claisen condensation reaction ) 柯尔柏-施密特反应(Kolbe-schmidt reaction) 柯亚素(chrysarobin)壳糖胺(chitos&mine)苦参碱(matrine)库切洛夫反应(Kutchcrov reaction)奎宇(quinine)卩奎卩林(quinoline)酉昆(quinones)醍氢酿(quinhydrone)莱普西汀(leptosidin)赖氨酸(lysine)兰尼银(Raney Ni )奁君碱(hyoscyamine)雷公藤屮素(triptolide)利血平(reserpine)立体选择性(stereoselective)立体专一性(stereospecific)立体异构(stereoisomer)离域(delocalization)离域能(delocalization energy ;delocalized energy) 离域电子(delocalized electron)离去基团(leaving group )链引发阶段(chain initiation step)链增长阶段(chain propagation step)链终止阶段(chain termination step) 链状碳架(chain carbon constitution) 亮氨酸(leucine)林德拉(Lindlar)麟叶立德(phosphorus ylide)0葬(phosphureted hydrogen)錢盐(phosphorate)麟酸(phosphonic acid )硫W(thiourea )硫醇(thioalcohol )硫® (thioether )硫酚(phenylsulfhydryl )留氮反应(reaction of nitrogen retention)龙脑(borneol)卤代反应(halogenation)卤仿(haloform)卤仿反应(haloform reaction )卢卡斯试剂(Lucas reagent)芦荟大黄素(aloe-emodin)芦丁(rutin)ci —卵磷脂(ci —lecithine )轮烯(annulene)酪氨酸(tyrosine)罗勒烯(ocimene)罗森孟德(Rosenmund)还原法螺环绘(spiro hydrocarbon)班级学院氯乙酸屮酯(methyl chloroacetate) (chloro acetyl formate) 绿茶多酚(green tea polyphenols)马尔可夫尼可夫(Markovnikov)规则麻黄碱(ephedrine)吗啡(morphine)麦可拉费蒂(Mclafferty)麦芽糖(maltose)麦角笛醇(ergostenol)麦角新碱(ergometrine)麦克尔加成(Michael addition)满尼希(Mannich)反应梅尔外英一彭多夫(Meerwein-Poundorf)还原反应酶(enzyme)没食子儿茶素(gallocatechin)没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(gallocatechin gallate)眯基(amidino)喘唳(pyrimidine)咪卩坐(imidazole)那可汀(narcotine)钠汞齐反应(natrium amalgam reaction)蔡(naphthalene)脑磷脂(cephalin)内消旋体(meso —form)尼科尔棱镜(Nicol prism)服(尿素)(urea)鸟嚓吟(guanine)尿喘唳(uracil)柠檬醛(citral)苧烯(limonene)牛磺胆酸(taurocholic acid)纽曼投影式(Newmans projection formular)扭转能(torsional energy)扭转张力(torsional strain)欧芬脑尔氧化反应(Oppenaner oxidizing reaction) 偶氮基(azo) 偶合(偶联)反应(coupling reaction)偶合组分(或偶合剂)(coupling agent )偶极-离子键(dipolar-ionic bond )浪烯(pinene)硼氢化反应(hydroboration)硼氢化钠("BHJ毗哆醛(pyridoxal)毗咯(pyrrole)毗喃(pyran)毗嗪(pyrazine)毗醴(pyrazole)毗唳(pyridine)嚓吟(purine)频哪醇(pinacol)平面偏振光(plane polarized light)平伏键(e 键,equatorial bonds)苹果多酚(apple polyphenols)普鲁卡因(procaine )葡萄糖(glucose)歧化反应(disproportionation reaction )前列腺素(prostaglandin)前线轨道(frontier orbital)理论茜草素(alizarin)茜素型(alizarin-type)强心昔(cardiac glycosides)疑月亏酸(hydroximic acid )B —羟基醛(B —hydroxy aldehyde )桥环绘(bridged hydrocarbon)鞘磷脂(sphingomyelinicacid)亲电性试剂(electrophile)亲电加成反应(electrophilic addition)亲电取代(electrophilic substitution)亲核试剂(nucleophilic reagent)亲核加成反应(nucleoph订ic addition)亲核取代(nucleophilic substitution)亲核取代反应历程(nucleophilic substitution reavtion mechanism) 亲双烯体(dienophile)芹菜素(apigenin)氢解(hydrogenolysis)氢化苯基锡(hydrogenation benztin)氢化正丁基锡(hydrogenation butyltin )氢化油(hydrogenated oil )氢化可的松(hydrocort i sone)氢化热(heat of hydrogenation)氢屮酰化法(hydroformylation)氢键(hydrogen bond)清风藤碱(sinoacutine)琼斯试剂(Jones reagent)块桂(alkyne)热力学概念(thermodynamic conception )溶剂化效应(solvating effect)乳糖(lactose)瑞穆尔-蒂曼反应(Reamer-Timann reaction)萨哈斯投影式(Sawhares projection)卩塞吩(thiophene)嚏醴(thiazole)三菇(triterpenoids)三屮基铝(trimethyl aluminium)三级结构(tertiary structure)三线态(triplet state)三苯基麟(triphenyl phosphine)三磷酸腺昔(adenosine triphosphate)桑得迈尔反应(Sandmeyer reaction)桑得迈尔一盖特曼反应(Sandmeyer-Gattermann reaction) 色氨酸(tryptophan)色谱法(chromatography)沙瑞特试剂(Sarrett reagent)鲨烯(squalene)山油柑碱(acronyc ine)山扁豆双覘(cassiamine)山梗菜碱(lobeline)肾上腺皮质激素(adrenal cortex hormone)生物甲基化(biological methylate)18 电子规则(18- electron rule)史蒂文斯重排(Stevens rearrangement)石松碱(lycopodine)士的F (strychnine)矢车菊素(cyanidin)手性(chirality)水苏碱(stachydrine)双蔥核(bi-anthracene nucleus)双烯体(diene)J顺反异构(cistrans isomerism)顺反异构体(cis-trans isomer)四氢巴马汀(tetrahydropalmatine)四级结构(quaternary structure)四氢硼钠反应(sodium borohydride reaction) 四菇(quadruterpene)四屮基硅烷(tetramethylsilane)丝氨酸(serine)松香酸(abietic acid)苏氨酸(threonine)酸败(rancidity )缩醛(acetal)缩二腺反应(biuret reaction)肽(peptide)肽键(peptide bond)碳水化合物(carbohydrate)碳酰氯(carbonyl chloride :phosgene )糖类(saccharide)糖昔(glycoside)糖原(glycogen)天冬氨酸(aspartic acid)天精(skyrin)天竺葵素(pelargonidin)SE 类化合物(terpenoids)同系列(homologous series)同系物(homolog)同分异构体(isomer)酮(ketone)透析法(permeation)1- 吐根碱(1-emetine)脱竣反应(decarboxylic reaction)娃儿藤定碱(tylophorinine)瓦尔登转化(Walden inversion)外消旋体(racemic mixture)外消旋化(racemization)烷绘(alkane)维生素A (vitamin A)维生素By (vitamin B1：)维生素Ki、K: (vitamin K】、K2 )维蒂希反应(Wittig reaction)伪麻黃碱(pseudoephedrine)威尔克森(wilkinson)威廉森合成法(W订liamson synthesis)武勒(F. Wohler)无色矢车菊素(leucocyanidin)伍德沃德(R. B. Woodward)武兹反应(A. Wurtz reaction)烯怪(alkene)系统命名法(systematic nomenclature)西佛碱(Schiff ' s base)希夫(schiff)试剂吸电子共轨效应(electronwithdrawing conjugative effect) 喜树碱(camptothecine)西佛碱(schiff base)希曼反应(G・ Schiemann reaction)纤维二糖(cellobiose)纤维素(cellulose)腺U票吟(adenine)硝化反应(nitration)消除反应(elimination reaction)小漿碱(berberine)硝基化合物(nitro compounds)协同反应(concerted reaction)織氨酸(valine)()—新薄荷醇［()—neomentholJ兴斯堡反应(Hinsberg reaction)胸腺唏唳(thymine) 12-15休克尔规则(HUckel rule)比旋光度(specific rotatory power)旋光仪(optical rotation instrument)旋光异构体(optical isomer)血红素(haemachrome )亚硝酸(nitrous acid)烟碱(nicotine)延胡索乙素(tetrahydropalmatine)盐酸-镁粉反应(HCl-Mg powder reaction)盐酸-锌粉反应(HCl-Zn powder reaction)徉. 盐(oxonium salt)氧化苦参碱(oxymatrine)氧化蔥酚(oxanthranol)氧化态(oxidation state)氧化值(oxidation number)阳离子表面活性剂(cationic surface active agent)叶黄素(phylloxanthin)叶绿素(chlorophyll)一叶萩碱(securinine)—野白合碱(monocrotaline)一级结构(primary structure)乙硼烷(diborane)1 —乙烘基环戊醇(1 —ethynyl cyclopentanol )乙二胺(ethylene diamine)乙烯酮(ethenone ; ketene )乙酸(acetic acid)乙二酸(ethanedioic acid )异kT草素(isoliquiritigenin)异黄酮(isoflavone)异鼠李素(isorhamnetin)异钩藤碱(i s orhynchophy lline)异亮氨酸(isoleucine)异头物(anomer)异头效应(anomeric effect)异噁醴(isoxazole)异嚏醴(isothiazole)异月青(月卡)(isonitrile)异唾咻(isoquinoline)胰岛素(insulin)阴离子表面活性剂(anionic surface active agent)即三酮(ninhydrin )“引口朵(indole)罂粟碱(papaverine)油脂(axunge； grease； lipin；)有效原子序数(effective atomic number)有机金属化合物(organometallic compound)有机锂(organic-Li) (organic lithium ) (organolithium compound) 诱导效应(inductive effect)羽扇豆碱(lupinine)愈创木奥(guaiazulene)原花色素(proanthocyanidin)莺尾昔(iridin)原子轨道(atomic orbital)Z (Zusammen,德文，在一起之意)杂化轨道(hybrid orbital)杂环碳架(heterocycle carbon constitution)笛体化合物(steroidal compound)皂化反应(sapon辻ication reaction)皂化值(s&pon辻ication value)扎依采夫(Saytzeff)规则樟柳碱(anisodine)樟脑(camphor)蔗糖(sucrose)-折叠(beta-pleated sheet)蒸镭法(distillation)质谱(mass spectroscopy)质子性溶剂(protonic solvent)月旨环桂(alicyclic hydrocarbon： cycloalkane) 直立键(a 键,axial bond)重氮化反应(diazotization reaction)重氮盐(diazonium salt)重氮组分(diazocomponent)重氮中烷(diazomethane)周环反应(pericyclic reaction)转化糖(invert sugar)自由基(free radical)自山基链反应(free radical chain reaction)B —紫罗兰酮(P — ionone )组氨酸(histidine)。
生化习题集 核酸化学
核酸化学 (一)名词解释1．反密码子（anticodon）2．顺反子（cistron）3．核酸的变性（denaturation）与复性（renaturation）4．退火（annealing）5．增色效应（hyper chromic effect）6．减色效应（hypo chromic effect）7．噬菌体（phage）8．发夹结构（hairpin structure）9． DNA的熔解温度（melting temperature T m）10．分子杂交（molecular hybridization）11．环化核苷酸(cyclic nucleotide)12．碱基堆积力（base stacking force）13．ε（P）14．限制性内切酶（restriction endonuclease）15．回文结构（palindrome）16．单核苷酸(mononucleotide)17．磷酸二酯键（phosphodiester bonds）18．环化核苷酸(cyclic nucleotide)19．碱基互补规律(complementary base pairing) 20． Chargaff定律（Chargaff principle）21． DNA的二级结构22．核酸的变性与复性（denaturation、renaturation）23．转录 transcription24．翻译25．冈崎片段Okazaki fragment26．复制叉Replication fork27．半保留复制 semiconservative replication 28．基因gene29．内含子（intron）与外显子exon30．启动子promotor31．操纵子operon32．操纵基因operator33．密码子（codon）与反密码子（anticodon）34．核酶ribozyme35．逆转录reverse transcription36．中心法则（central dogma）37．锌指结构Zinc finger38．反式作用因子trans-acting factor39．顺式作用元件cis-acting element40．分子伴侣（molecular chaperone）41． PCR技术(polymerase chain reaction)42．分子杂交（molecular hybridization）（二）填空题1．DNA双螺旋结构模型是_________于____年提出的。
催化氧化氢火焰离子英语
催化氧化氢火焰离子英语Catalytic Oxidation Flame Ionization Detector (COFID)。
Introduction.The catalytic oxidation flame ionization detector (COFID) is a type of gas chromatography detector that is used to measure the concentration of organic compounds in a gas sample. It is based on the principle of flameionization detection (FID), but with the addition of a catalyst to enhance the ionization process.Principle of Operation.The COFID consists of a flame ionization detector (FID) with a catalytic converter added to the flame. The sample gas is mixed with hydrogen and air and then passed through the flame. The organic compounds in the sample are oxidized to form carbon dioxide and water. The catalyst helps to complete the oxidation process and also promotes theformation of ions.The ions are then collected by an electrode and the resulting current is measured. The magnitude of the current is proportional to the concentration of organic compoundsin the sample.Advantages of COFID.The COFID has several advantages over the FID, including:Increased sensitivity: The catalyst helps to complete the oxidation process and also promotes the formation of ions, which results in a higher sensitivity than the FID.Wider linear range: The COFID has a wider linear range than the FID, which means that it can be used to measure a wider range of concentrations.Reduced background noise: The catalyst helps to reduce the background noise, which improves the signal-to-noiseratio.Improved selectivity: The catalyst can be used to selectively enhance the ionization of certain types of organic compounds, which can improve the selectivity of the detector.Applications of COFID.The COFID is used in a wide variety of applications, including:Environmental monitoring: The COFID is used to measure the concentration of organic pollutants in air, water, and soil.Industrial process monitoring: The COFID is used to monitor the concentration of organic compounds inindustrial processes.Food safety: The COFID is used to detect the presence of organic contaminants in food.Medical diagnostics: The COFID is used to measure the concentration of organic compounds in breath and other bodily fluids.Conclusion.The COFID is a versatile and sensitive detector that is used in a wide variety of applications. Its advantages over the FID include increased sensitivity, wider linear range, reduced background noise, and improved selectivity.。
磁共振成像技术中英文名词对照之欧阳体创编
Multishot echo planar imaging ,MS-EPI
多次激发皮面回波成像
N-acetyl aspartate，NAA
N-乙酰天门冬氨酸
Palsed arterial spin labeling, PASL
脉冲式动脉自旋标记
Parallel acquisition technique ,PAT
空间协调同步采集
Signal-to-noise ratio，SNR
信噪比
Spoiled gradient recalled echo , SPGR
扰相梯度回波
Statistical parametric mapping , SPM
统计参数绘图
Saturation recovery , SR
饱和恢复
Saturation recovery fast gradient recalled echo , SR-FGRE
连续性动脉自旋标记
Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography，CE-MRA
对比增强磁共振血管成像
Chemical shift selective saturation，CHESS
化学位移选择饱和
Contrast to noise ratio，CNR
稳态采集快速成像
Fast inversion recovery，FIR
快速反转恢复
Fast imaging with steady-state precession，FISP
稳态进动快速成像
Fliud attenuated inversion recovery, FLAIR
体液衰减反转恢复序列
化学反应中的相变实验
化学反应中的相变实验Phase Change Experiments in Chemical ReactionsAs a chemist, I am always fascinated by the intricate dance of atoms and molecules during chemical reactions. Among these delicate choreographies, phase change experiments offer an especially captivating display, transforming substances from one state to another with breathtaking transformations.Phase changes are the amazing transitions matter undergoes as it shifts between solid, liquid, gas, or plasma states. In chemistry labs, we create controlled environments to observe these transitions up close, gaining insights into their fundamental mechanisms.Consider the simple yet profound experiment of melting ice cubes. As the frigid blocks of water crystal warm under the gentle heat of a Bunsen burner, they gradually lose their rigid form, softening and liquefying into pools of clear liquid. This melting process, while seemingly ordinary, is actually a complex interaction between thermal energy and intermolecular forces. It's a reminder that even the most commonplace occurrences hide wonders waiting to be discovered.Then there are evaporation experiments where liquids slowly vanish into thin air. Watching droplets gracefully ascend into vaporous clouds is akin to witnessing nature's ballet, each molecule dancing its way out of the liquidphase into freedom. These experiments not only teach us about latent heat but also remind us of how fluids can escape our grasp, leaving behind nothing but memory. The beauty of phase change experiments lies in their ability to visualize abstract concepts like enthalpy and entropy, bringing them down to earth for all to see. They demonstrate how temperature and pressure —two seemingly mundane variables — can have profound effects on matter's behavior. Moreover, these experiments kindle curiosity, pushing us to delve deeper into the mysteries of matter itself.In conclusion, phase change experiments are more than just scientific demonstrations; they are poetic explorations of nature's secrets. They invite us to marvel at the transformative power inherent in every chemical reaction, revealing the inner workings of the universe through vivid displays of matter's dynamic dances.。
生化要点整理(CRH)
名词解释：1.蛋白质变性 (denaturation):蛋白质分子的天然构象遭到破坏导致其生物活性丧失的现象。
蛋白质在受到光照、热、有机溶剂的作用时，次级键遭到破坏导致天然构想的破坏，其一级结构不发生改变。
2.蛋白质复性(renaturation):指在一定条件下，变性的蛋白质分子恢复其原有天然构象并恢复其生物活性的现象。
3.Tm(DNA 的熔解温度):引起DNA 发生熔解的温度变化范围只不过是几度，这个温度变化范围的中点称为熔解温度。
4.增色效应(hyperchromic effect):当DNA 从双螺旋结构变成单链的无规则卷曲状态时，在260nm 处吸收增加。
5.Km (米式常数):Km 值是酶促反应速度 (V) 达到最大反应速度(Vmax) 一半时的底物浓度。
是酶的特征常数，只与酶的性质有关，不受底物浓度和酶浓度影响。
6.比酶活(specific activity):每毫克酶蛋白所含的活力单位，=酶活力单位数/蛋白质量(类似纯度)7.变构效应(allosteric effeyouxct) (又称别构):是寡聚蛋白与调节剂结合使蛋白质构象发生改变，从而导致蛋白质生物活性改变的现象8.酶活中心(active center):酶分子中于底物直接结合，并催化底物发生化学反应的部位。
9.辅酶(co-enzyme):一类可以将化学基团从一个酶转移到另一个酶上的有机小分子，与酶较为松散地结合(可用透析除去), 对于特定酶的活性发挥是必要的。
10.辅基：与酶蛋白结合较为紧密，与辅酶间无严格界限。
11.辅因子(co-factor):结合蛋白酶的非蛋白质部分，只有当与蛋白质部分结合组成复合物时才显示催化活性。
12.新陈代谢(metabolism):机体与外界环境之间的物质和能量交换以及生物体内物质和能量的自我更新过程13.氧化磷酸化(oxidatifve phosphorylation):真核细胞线粒体、细菌中，物质在体内氧化时释放的能量供给ADP、Pi 合成ATP 的偶联反应。