鞍区生殖细胞瘤的MRI特征分析
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鞍区生殖细胞瘤的MRI特征分析
摘要目的分析鞍区生殖细胞瘤的磁共振成像(MRI)表现特征及临床特点,以提高在临床工作中对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析12例鞍区生殖细胞瘤患者的临床和MRI资料,均行MRI的T1WI、T2WI、DWI、增强序列扫描。结果鞍区生殖细胞瘤呈较均质T1WI等或稍低信号、T2WI等或稍高信号,DWI 为高信号,增强呈较均匀强化;鞍区生殖细胞瘤均有垂体柄增粗达15 mm以上和垂体后叶正常短T1高信号消失;根据肿瘤发生的部位及侵犯范围不同分为3类:垂体柄增粗病灶、V形或Y形病灶、不规则形肿块,所占比例分别为2/12(16.7%)、6/12(50.0%)、4/12(33.3%);1例鞍区生殖细胞瘤沿穹窿播散;12例患者主要临床症状为中枢性尿崩症。结论MRI软组织分辨率高,并能多方位成像,可以清晰显示肿瘤形态、信号特点、累及范围及播散灶,再结合患者的性别、年龄及临床表现,有助于颅内生殖细胞瘤诊断。
关键词生殖细胞瘤;鞍区;磁共振成像
Analysis of MRI characteristics of saddle area germinoma LI Yan-yan. The First Affiliated Hosptial of Luohe Medical College/Luohe City Central Hospital,Luohe 462000,China
【Abstract】Objective To analyze magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)manifestations and clinical characteristics of saddle area germinoma,in order to improve understanding of the disease in clinical work. Methods Clinical and MRI data of 12 saddle area germinoma patients were retrospectively analyzed. The patients all received MRI scanning for T1WI,T2WI,DWI,and enhanced sequence scan. Results Lesions of saddle area germinoma were shown by T1WI as isointense or slightly hypointense,as isointense or slightly hyperintense by T2WI,and hyperintense by DWI. The enhancements were all shown as homogeneous. Thickness of pituitary stalk over 15 mm and disappearance of normal T1 hyperintense in posterior pituitary were observed in all saddle area germinoma cases. These cases could be divided by onset location and extent into three types,as thickening pituitary stalk,V or Y shape,and irregular mass. Their proportion were respectively 2/12 (16.7%),6/12 (50.0%),4/12 (33.3%). There were 1 case with spread saddle area germinoma in fornix and 12 cases with main clinical symptom as central diabetes insipidus. Conclusion High resolution of soft tissue and multi-dimensional imaging of MRI can clearly show tumor morphology,signal features,involved area and spread lesion. MRI combined with patients’gender,age and clinical manifestations is helpful for diagnosis of intracranial germinoma.
【Key words】Germinoma;Saddle area;Magnetic resonance imaging
颅内生殖细胞瘤是一种少见的肿瘤,约占颅内肿瘤的1%~2%,多发于儿童和青少年[1]。最易发生于松果体区,其次为鞍区和基底节区,鞍区生殖细
胞瘤约占颅内生殖细胞瘤的20%~30%[2]。中枢性尿崩症是最常出现的临床症状,与鞍区生殖细胞瘤累及下丘脑-神经垂体轴有关系。由于生殖细胞瘤对放疗及化疗非常敏感,治疗后预后良好,且鞍区生殖细胞瘤位置深,外科手术切除难度高,如果手术,不仅使患者面临手术风险,并且有可能造成肿瘤局部播散,因此,治疗前对于鞍区生殖细胞瘤的正确诊断是非常重要的。本文收集本院经手术病理或临床随访证实的鞍区生殖细胞瘤12例,对其MRI影像表现进行回顾性分析。
1 资料与方法
1. 1 一般资料回顾性分析本院2009~2014年收治的12例鞍区生殖细胞瘤患者,经本院手术或定位穿刺病理证实5例,7 例根据Shibamoto 等建立的诊断标准(包括患者年龄、血清或脑脊液肿瘤标志物检测及其肿瘤对放射治疗和化疗的敏感性等指标)得到临床确诊。其中男5例,女7例,年龄4~32岁,18岁以下发病10例,占83.33%。1. 2 方法采用GE sign 1.5T Twin speed 超导型磁共振扫描,使用头部线圈,常规行横断位、矢状位和冠状位扫描。扫描方法:T1WI(TR/TE=500/15 ms);T2WI(TR/TE=5200/95 ms)及SE/EPI-DWI (TR/TE=3300/128 ms),扩散敏感系数b值1000 ms/mm2;冠状位FLAIR序列:(TR/TE=9000/116 ms)有利于鞍区小结节病灶显示;患者均行增强扫描,对比剂为Gd-DTPA,剂量为0.2 ml/kg,经肘静脉快速注入后行横轴位、矢状位和冠状位T1WI扫描,必要时加脂肪抑制。
2 结果
12例鞍区生殖细胞瘤患者均行MRI检查,所有病灶呈较均质T1WI等或稍低信号、T2WI等或稍高信号,DWI为高信号,增强呈较均匀强化;12例患者均伴有垂体柄增粗达15 mm以上,伴有垂体后叶短T1高信号消失;肿瘤常累及漏斗、垂体柄、视交叉、视神经和视束,形态多样,但均为实性,综合12例鞍区病灶,根据肿瘤发生的部位及侵犯范围不同,病灶在矢状面图像上可划分为3类:第1类:垂体柄结节样增粗达15 mm以上;第2类:V形或Y 形病灶,病灶位于垂体漏斗部并沿终板和灰结节延伸生长;第3类:不规则形病灶;根据这一分类,12例病灶中2例归为第1类(16.7%),6例归为第2类(50.0%),4例归为第3类(33.3%)。1例表现为病灶沿穹窿播散。12例均出现中枢性尿崩症, 4 例表现为视力下降或失明,3例出现性征改变。
3 讨论
颅内生殖细胞瘤通常发生于年轻男性,而鞍区生殖细胞瘤则是年轻女性好发,本研究的患者中男女比例为1:1.4,是因为在胚胎期,女性前神经孔的闭合晚于男性,因此女性包埋的胚胎细胞会达神经垂体的深部区域,而男性的胚胎细胞只会到达神经管的表面部分,如松果体,这一理论解释了女性生殖细胞瘤好发于鞍区的原因[3]。在鞍区肿瘤中,病理性神经内分泌症状较常出现:多表现为中枢性尿崩症,性征异常等,本组12例患者均有尿崩症,3例出现性征改变,与鞍区生殖细胞瘤累及下丘脑-神经垂体轴有关系[4]。4例表现为视