英语国家概况英国的主要宗教团体
英语国家概况——英国
Wales 威尔士地区
位于大不列颠岛西南，东接英格兰，西濒爱尔兰海 2万多平方公里 人口：277.5 万 主要城市：Cardiff 加迪夫，首府 主要农牧区：羊业、乳牛、园艺业 主要工业：采煤和钢铁 其他工业：机械制造、航空、化学、炼油 Milford 米尔福德港，欧洲最大油港之一和炼油中心
人文小篇——英国绅士
英国绅士
不给他人添麻烦的绅士，讲究卫生，尊重女性，注重仪表， 绅士情结——晚礼服；绅士情结—牛津鞋；绅士与帽子； 最大特征：保守，礼貌，尊敬女士
骑士——马术运动 骑士精 Beef（烤牛肉） Yorkshire Pudding（约克郡布丁） Steak（牛排） Kidney Pie （牛腰馅饼）. curry(咖喱). 煎培根
Triumvirate
三权分立 立法权：议会 行政权：政府 司法权：法院 是资本主义国家标榜“民主”制度的一大特征
英国议会 The Parliament
政治的中心舞台，是英国的最高立法机关。 议会大厦：威斯敏斯特宫 上院——贵族院 下院——平民院
下院
选举产生，任届五年，期满全 部改选。 选举权：没有被法律取消选举 资格年满18岁公民 被选举权：年满21岁以上的公 民 议员：在650个议席中，保守
森林
中世纪早期，本有茂密树林，工业发展与战争，森林严重破坏。 现森林总面积约为308万公顷，占本土面积12.6％ 。 英国森林资源仅能满足全国对木材及木材制品需求的10%， 以来进口 木材，政府鼓励植树造林，减少进口依赖。
自然资源
欧盟中能源资源最丰富的国家 ，主要有煤、石油、天然气、核能和 水力等 。 能源产业在英经济中占有重要地位 。 2010年天然气产量为664百万兆瓦时，原油产量6300万吨，煤炭产量 1780万吨，总发电量达381万亿瓦时，2/3发电量来自煤和天然气。英 国现有10座核电站，其发电量在2010年占英国总发电量的16%，根据 现有计划，到2025年，英国40%的电力供应将来自核能。
英语国家概况(名词解释)
英语国家概况(名词解释)第一部分英国概况1 the Commonwealth:It is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation.2. British Empire:Britain has been one of the most important countries in the world. About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. It had colonies ont only in North America, but also I Asia, Africa and Australia. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another . The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.3 Alfred the Great: Alfred was the King of Wessex, who was strong enough to defeat the invading Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as ‘the father of the British navy.’He also reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. He translated a Latin book into English. All these make him worthy of his title ‘ Alfred the Great’4Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxon’s time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia,Mercia and Nothumbria have beengiven the name of Heptarchy.5the Witan: The Witnam was thecouncil or meeting of the wisemen. Itwas created by the Anglo-Saxons toadvise the king. It’s the basis of thePrivy Council which still exists today.6 English feudal system: In thissystem, the King owned all the landpersonally, who gave his barons largeestates in England in return for apromise of lilitary service and aproportion of the land’s produce.7 the Black Death: It was the modernname given to the deadly bubonicplague, an epidemic disease spread byrat fleas through Europe in the 14thcentury, particularly in 1347-1350. Itswept through England in the summerof 1348 without warning, and withoutany cure. It killed between one half andone third of the population of England,causing far-reaching economicconsequences.8 Oliver Cromwell: He was the leaderof the Parliamentary Army during theEnglish Civil War in the revolutionaryperiod of the 17th century. He defeatedKing Charles I and condemned him todeath in 1649. After that, he establishedthe Commonwealth in England andbecame the Lord Protector of thecountry. The Commonwealth endedwith the Restoration of Charles II in1660.9 Blood Mary: It is the nicknamegiven to Mary I , the English Queenwho succeeded to the throne afterEdward VI. She was a devout Catholicand had so many protestants burnt todeath that she is remembered less byher official title Mary I that by hernickname Blood Mary.10 the Industrial Revolution :It referto the mechanization of industry andthe consequent changes in social andeconomic organization in Britain in thelate 18th and early 19th centuries.Britain was the first country toindustrialize in Europe.11 Whigs(in Britain):The name ofWhigs originated with the GloriousRevolution. It was known by thenickname. It was a derogatory name forcattle drivers. Loosely speaking, theWhigs were those who opposedabsolute monarchy and supported theright to religious freedom forNonconformists.12 Tories (in Britain) : The name ofTories originated with the GloriousRevolution . It was known by thenickname. It was an Irish wordmeaning thugs. The Tories were thosewho supported hereditary monarchyand were reluctant to remove kings.The Tories were the forerunners of theConservative Party, which still bearsthe nickname today.13 the House of Lords: The House ofLords is a part of Parliament . It ismade up of the Lords Spiritual and theLords Temporal. The main function ofthe House of Lords is to bring the wideexperience of its members into theprocess of law-making.14 the House of Commons:TheHouse of Commons is a part ofparliament , and its members areelected by universal adult suffrage. Itconsists of 651 Members of Parliament(MPs). It has the ultimate authority inmaking laws.15 constitutional monarchy : It is aform of government in which themonarch’s power is limited byParliament. The United Kingdom is aconstitutional monarchy: the head of State is a king or a queen. In practice, the Sovereigh reigns, but does not rule. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign, by His or Her majestry’s Government.16 the Cabinet:The Cabinet consists of usually 20 most senior ministers. Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions; individual Ministers are responsibl to Parliament for the work of their departments.17 the Privy Council:The Privy Council is a consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Gloious Revolution of 1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch. Its membership is about 400, and includes all Cabinet ministers, the speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.18 the Metropolitan Police Force:The police service for the United Kingdom is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary.19NHS:The full name of NHS is National Health Service. The National Health Service provides for every resident, regardless of income, a full range of medical service. The service was established in the United Kingdom in 1948. 20 bank holidays:Official publicholidays are also called ‘bank holidays’.The term ‘Bank Holidays’ goes back tothe Bank Holidays Act of 1871, whichowes its name to the fact that banks areclosed on the days specified.21Remembrance Sunday:The onlyreally important patriotic festival isRemembrance Sunday. It is also calledArmistice Day, which is the Sundaynearest to November 11. On thisSunday the dead of both world wars areremembered in special church servicesand civic ceremonies, the chief ofwhich is the laying of wreathes at theCenotaph, London by members of theroyal family in the presence of leadingstatesmen and politicians.22 Church of England:Church ofEngland is the most importantestablished church in Britain. It islegally recognized as official church ofthe State. It is uniquely related to theCrown in that the Sovereign must be amember of that Church and mustpromise to uphold it. The Church isalso linked with the State through theHouse of Lords, in which the twoarchbishops and some other bishopshave seats.23 Boxing Day:In Britain December26th is called Boxing Day because itwas formerly the custom to give‘Christmas boxes’, or gifts of money ,to servants and tradesmen on this day.24Open University:The OpenUniversity is a non-residentialuniversity. It is so named because it isopen to all to become students. TheUniversity was founded in 1969 andbegan its first courses in 1970. TheUniversity offers degree and othercourses for adult students of all ages inBritain and the other member countriesof the European Union. It uses acombination of specially producedprinted texts, correspondence tuition ,television and radio broadcasts andaudio/ video cassettes.25IRA :The full name for IRA is IrishRepublic Army. It is a nationalistorganization formed by MichaelCollins after the Easter Uprising of1916. The IRA opposed the separationof Northern Ireland from the Republicof Ireland in the 1920s by terroristmethods. It has been responsible formany raids and bomb explosions inEngland and in Northern Ireland.26the Anglo-Irish Treaty: In 1921 theBritish signed the Anglo-Irish Treatyestablishing an Irish Free State withdominion status with a separategovernment in theProtestant-dominated Northern Ireland.27the Great Famine:The GreatFaminine began in Ireland in 1845. Itwas caused by the failure of potatocrop. One of the most dramatic,large-scale sociological consequencesof the Great Famine was a significantpopulation decline in Ireland. Manypeople died of hunger. There was also abig flow of emigration from Ireland.About 6 million people left Irelandeither for Britain, the United States orCanada in the century following theGreat Famine.第二部分美国部分1Ellis Island: Ellis Island of New Yorkas an important immigration receptionspot in the 1890s and at the turn of thecentury.2baby boom: Baby boom refers to thegreat increase of birth ratebetween1946 and 1964. Nearly 80million Americans were born in thisperiod . People born in this period arecalled baby boomers.3 ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’:The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. For a long period of time they were concentrated in the agricultural South, working on plantations growing cotton and tobacco. Their life was no better than that of cattle. In order to keep the black slaves under control, the slave-owners resorted to brutal methods. Uncle Tom’s Cabin is the novel giving a vivid description of the miserable life of the black slaves.4the Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered to be the most far-reaching act on civil rights in modern times, forbidding discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, gender and national origin. It’s the result of a strong Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. The act added protections for the rights to vote, to use public facilities and to enjoy the same education as white people. It also contained provisions guaranteeing equal employment opportunities.5 the Puritans: The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to purify the Church of England. Dissatisfied with the political corruption in England and threatened with religious persecution, the Puritan leaders saw the New World as a refuge provided by God for those he meant to save.6 ‘No taxation without representation’:This was the slogan of the people in the colonies before the War of Independence. They opposed the British policies toward the colonies. By the slogan they declared that, without their representatives taking part in decision-making, they had no obligation to pay taxes.7the Bill of Rights:In 1789, JamesMadison introduced in the House ofRepresentatives a series ofamendments which later were draftedinto twelve proposed amendents andsent to the states for ratification. Ten ofthem were ratified in 1791 and this firstten amendments to the constitutionwere called the Bill of Rights.8 abolitionists:They were people,mostly Northern humanitarians, whostrongly opposed slavery and aimed toabolish the system.9 the Gettysburg Address:TheGettysburg Address refers to the shortspeech made by President Lincolnwhen he dedicated the nationalcemetery at Gettysburg. He ended hisspeech with ‘the government of thepeopled, by the people, for the people,shall not perish from the earth’10 the Emancipation Proclamation:After the Civil War began, Lincolnissued the Emancipation Proclamationto win more support at home andabroad. It granted freedom to all slavesin areas still controlled by theConfederacy.11 the First Bontinental Congress: In1774, the First Continental Congresswas held in Philadelphia, whichencouraged Americans to refuse to buyBritish goods, and organized colonialmilitia units.12 the New Deal: The program wasput forward by President Franklin D.Roosevelt in 1932 to deal with theGreat Depression. Roosevelt madeCongress pass a large number of NewDeal acts and helped to set up manyefficient social economical andfinancial systems. The New Deal didhelp overcome the most seriouseconomic crisis of the capitalist systemup to that time.13 the Muchrakers: At the turn of the20th century in the United States, thereemerged a group of reform-mindedjournalists, who made investigationsand exposed various dark sides of theseemingly prosperous society.President Theodore Roosevelt calledthem Muchrakers.14 The stock market crash of 1929:On October24, 1929, the New Yorkstock market crashed. It was calledBlack Thursday, because it was thebeginning of a long economicdepression. The Great Depression hadfar-reaching consequences. It sweptthrough the globe quickly. The rate ofunemployment increased rapidly. Agreat deal of companies and businessesclosed and went into bankruptcy.American economy didn’t recover untilthe New Deal was put forward.15 the Ku Klux Klan: The Ku KluxKlan was the first organized in 1866and then reformed in 1867. The KuKlux Klan terrorized and attacked notonly blacks, but also progressives,labor union organizers ,Communist orsocialist party members.16. McCarthyism:Joseph R.McCarthy was a senator. He started acampain of wild accusation and arrestsin 1950. His full-scale anti-Communisthysteria in American history was calledMcCarthyism . In December 1954,theSenate condemned him for certainimproper, extreme behavior andMcCarthysim ended.17 Richard Nixon: Richard Nixon wasthe former President of the UnitedStates of America. In the early 1970s,he was involved in the Watergatescandal, for which he was forced toresign from the presidency.18Truman Doctrine:On March 20, 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.19 monetarist policies:Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian approach was replaced by new monetarist policies, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand. On the one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.20 the US Federal system:It is a system of government in which has two layers of rule. There is central or federal government for the nation which alone has the power to answer questions that affect the nation as a whole. There are also state and local governments . Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution. 21 separation of power:It refers to the principle that the national government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. In the legislative branch, power is divided further nto two houses. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.22 US presidential inauguration: In the US the presidential term of four years begins on January 20. The President starts his official duties with an inauguraton ceremony, traditionally held on the steps of the US Capitol. The President publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the United States. Theoath-taking ceremony is usuallyfollowed by an inauguration address.23 public school: Public schoolsusually larger in size, are operated bypublicly elected or appointed schooloffcials. The program and activities ofthe schools are under the control ofthese officials. The schools aresupported mainly by public funds.24 private school: Private schools arecontrolled by an individual or by anagency other than a state, a subdivisionof a state or the federal government .They are usually supported by fundswhich are not public funds and theoperation of the school’s program restswith people who are not publiclyelected or appointed officials.25 school districts: They aresubdivisions of the states.Currently,there are some 15,500 operating localpublic school districts. Each localschool district has a governing boardwhich is usually elected by thevoters.Its major responsibilities are thehiring of professional and support staff,determining the most suitable localcurriculum, and developing andapproving a budget to carry outeducational program.26 Easter Sunday:Easter Sunday isthe second of the two most importantreligious holidays for Christians. It’s onthe first Sunday after the full moon thatoccurs on or after March 21, and it’sfor celebrating the rising of JesusChrist from his tomb, where he hadlain for three days following his death.On the Easter morning, millions ofpeople gather together to salute anotherEaster dawn. The Easter Parade is verypopular in the United States. There areseveral symbols for Easter. The eggand the hare are those most frequentlyassociated with Easter.27 Halloween:Halloween is anight-time children’s day and a time forfrightening costumes, masks , parties,games and tricks--- all for fun.Children with curious masks fo fromhouse to house to frighten friends orneighbours and threaten them with‘Trick or treat’.第三部分加拿大，澳大利亚28the Canadian Shield : Almost halfof Canada is covered by the CanadianShield. It is a semicircular band ofrocky highlands and plateaus aroundHudson Bay from the northern shoresof Quebec to the Artic shores of theNorthwest Territories. It is a region ofrounded hills, tens of thousands oflakes and swamp. The Shield containsa wealth of minerals , much water andgreat forests.29 the Statute of Westminster: By theStatute of Westminster in 1931 theBritish Dominions, including Canada,were formally declared to be partnernations with Britain and ‘equal instatus, in no way subordinate to eachother’, and bound together only bytheir loyalty to a common Crown.Since then, Canada became a memberof the Commonwealth of Nations.30 Bilingualism in Canada:Bilingualism means having twolanguages. In Canada the officialLanguage Act went into effect in 1969.The Act made English and French theofficial languages of Canada. Theyhave equal status and rights in allinstituations of Parliament and theFederal Government.31 Multiculturalism:For a long timethe Canadian Government pursued apolicy of assimilation , that is toassimilate different minority groups into the mainstream Canadian culture. But immigrants from different countries still kept their own cultures, religious, languages, and ways of life. So in 1976, the Canadian Government adopted a policy of multiculturalism. Accordingly immigrants may be instructed in at least one official language to help them become full participants in Canadian society and, at the same time, are encouraged to maintain their particular cultural heritage.32 school of air :children learn their lessons through a radio educational system called School of the Air. Lessons are transmitted by radio. Homework is now exchanged by fax.33 the Flying Doctors:It is a special health service which provides medical care for people living in isolated areas in Australia. Doctors travel by plane from their base and keep in touch with their patients by radio.34 Maoritanga:In New Zealand, Maoritanga in Maori culture, the Maori way of life and view of the world. Maori views of the world, of nature, of education, of spirituality and of death, are becoming more and more part of the New Zealand way of life.35 Kiwi:The kiwi is a noctural bird that can’t fly in New Zealand. The kiwi is a national symbol an New Zealanders refer to themselves as Kiwis.36 the Treaty of Waitangi:The Treaty of Waitangi was an agreement between the chiefs of the Maori people and the British Crown in 1840.37 Waitangi Day:In 1840, the first official governor, William Hobson, was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representng QueenVictoria, and some Maori chiefs,signed the Treaty of Waitangi. ModernNew Zealand was founded. Theanniversary of the signing, February 6,is celebrated as New Zealand NationalDay, Waitangi Day, and is a nationalholiday.38Mark Twain: Mark Twain’s realname was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He gained a wide knowledge ofhumanity through his life experience.In 1865, he became nationally famouswith his short story The CelebratedJumping Frog. The Adventures of TomSawyer was an immediate success as‘a boy book’, and The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn became his masterbook. All stories of his novels aresimple and he presented Americansocial life through portrayal of localplaces he knew best and through hiscolloquial style. His other famousbooks are: A Tramp Abroad, Life on theMississippi, The Gilded Age andInnocents Abroad.39Walt Whitman:Walt Whitman is anAmerican poet. He broke free from theconvention of the poetic rhymeexhibiting a freedom in form unknownbefore. In his masterpiece Leaves ofGrass, he praised the ideas of equalityand democracy and celebrated thedignity, the self-reliant spirit and thejoy of the common man. He was thefirst to explore fully the possibilities offree verse. He invented a completelynew and completely American form ofpoetic expression.40knicherbockers era: In the early partof the nineteenth century, New YorkCity was the centre of Americanwriting. Its writers were called‘Knickerbockers’and the period from1810 to 1840 is known as the‘knickerbockers era’of Americanliterature. The name comes from AHistory of New York, by DiedrickKnickerbocker written by WashingtonIrving.41 Ernest Hemingway:ErnestHemingway was one of the mostimportant American writers in the 20th ,and was the spokensman for the ‘LostGeneration’ of young intellectuals whobecame disappointed and bitter afterWorld War I. He was awarded theNobel Prize for Literature in 1954. Hisfirst important novel The Sun AlsoRises is a description of young peoplein the post-war era.He wrote a lot ofother novels and short stories. AFarewell to Arms and For Whom theBell Tolls are two novels about the Firstand Second World Wars. The Old Manand the Sea is considered to be hisrepresentative work . He is also famousfor his simple style and carefulstructuring of his fiction.42 Theodore Dreiser:TheodoreDreiser was one of the naturalists whoin their works reported truthfully andobjectively the life in the slums. Hisfirst novel Sister Carrie traces thematerial rise of Carrie Meeber and thetragic decline of Hurstwood. Hispursue was to describe the actual stateof things in the United States. Hisdescription of the sharp contrast ofwealth and poverty in Chicago andNew York was another example. Hewas also famous for his Trilogy ofDesire and An American Tragedy ,which is considered to be his best.。
英语国家概况考试复习要点
英语国家概况复习要点Part One UKThe Country1.Different Names for Britain and its PartsName：England Britain Great Britain (GB/G.B.) British IslesBritish Empire The Commonwealth The United Kingdom(The UK)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandParts：England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Geographically, the British Isles includes Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, and all the offshore islandsPolitically, the British Isles is made up of U.K. and Republic of Ireland.3. the highest mountain in Britain：Ben Nevis(本尼维斯山)the largest mountain range in Britain：the Grampians（格兰扁山脉）4.the longest river：The Severn River (塞文河)The most important river in Britain and the second longest river:Thames（泰晤士河）5. the largest lake in Britain：Lough Neagh（内伊湖）( Northern Ireland)6. Backbone of England：the Pennies（奔宁山脉）The people7.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比利来人。
英语国家概况复习资料
英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况复习资料英语国家概况是学习英语的重要一环，了解英语国家的历史、文化、地理等方面，有助于更好地理解和运用英语。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些关于英语国家的基本知识，帮助大家复习和加深对这些国家的了解。
一、英国（United Kingdom）英国是英语的发源地，也是英语国家中最重要的一个。
它由四个国家组成：英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。
英国是一个具有悠久历史和丰富文化的国家，拥有众多的文学、音乐和戏剧作品。
莎士比亚、狄更斯、毛姆等伟大的作家都出自英国。
此外，英国还有许多著名大学，如剑桥大学和牛津大学。
二、美国（United States）美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一，也是世界上最强大的国家之一。
它拥有丰富的资源和多元化的文化。
美国是一个移民国家，各种不同的文化和宗教在这里融合。
美国有众多著名的城市，如纽约、洛杉矶和芝加哥，每个城市都有其独特的魅力和特色。
此外，美国还是全球科技和创新的领导者，许多世界知名的科技公司都来自美国。
三、加拿大（Canada）加拿大是北美洲的一个国家，是英语和法语并存的国家。
加拿大是一个拥有广阔土地和丰富资源的国家，同时也是一个多元文化的国家。
加拿大的自然风光非常壮观，有着世界上最美丽的国家公园和湖泊。
此外，加拿大在教育和医疗领域也非常发达，拥有世界一流的大学和医疗系统。
四、澳大利亚（Australia）澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家，也是一个英语国家。
澳大利亚拥有宽广的土地和独特的动植物资源，是世界上最大的岛屿国家。
澳大利亚的自然环境非常独特，有着世界上最壮观的珊瑚礁和大堡礁。
此外，澳大利亚还以其高质量的教育和研究机构而闻名，吸引着来自世界各地的留学生。
五、新西兰（New Zealand）新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国，也是一个英语国家。
新西兰的自然环境非常优美，有着壮丽的山脉、湖泊和海岸线。
新西兰是一个农业和旅游业发达的国家，其乳制品和葡萄酒在世界上享有盛誉。
英语国家概况英国宗教
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
苏格兰教The Church of Scotland
苏格兰教的管理是长老制，也就是由教士 和长老治理，他们都被授了圣职，1707年 的《统一条约》确定了以苏格兰教的地位 ，1921年的《苏格兰教会法》进一步保证 了其地位。
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
非国教教会
(1)英国圣公会
LOGO
英格兰教 The Church of England
英格兰教也被称作“安立甘会” The Anglican Church
英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系，因为君主作为“Supreme
Governor of the Church of England and Defender of the Faith”——"教会的统
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
Make Presentation much more fun
治者与国教的捍卫者"，必须是此教会的一员，君主在登 基时必须承诺维持国教。尽管在大主教和教区主教的选择 上皇室任职委员会起着决定性的作用,但是英格兰国教的 大主教、主教和教堂教长还是由君主根据首相的建议任命
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
英格兰教 The Church of England
国教的两大主教与其他24个高级主教通过上议院与政府相联系， 两个大主教包括——坎特伯雷（Canterbury）和约克(York)。 坎特伯雷大主教（Archbishop of Canterbury），为全英格兰的首席 主教（The Primate of All England）。
在不列颠诸岛有三个非国教的圣公会：爱尔兰教 会、苏格兰的主教派教会和威尔士教会。 威尔士教会在宗教改革时期成为圣公会的一部分 。1588年摩根主教把《圣经》译为威尔士语。在 18世纪和19世纪时期，一场强劲的不信国教(自由 教会)运动席卷威尔士。
【英语国家概况教学】religious英国宗教[1]3
![【英语国家概况教学】religious英国宗教[1]3](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5e704503bed5b9f3f90f1c68.png)
Religion in the United Kingdom
In B rita in to d a y , a la r g e p o p u la tio n o f p e o p le a re n o t re a lly in te re s te d in a t a ll . T h e s u c c e s s e s o f m o d e rn s c ie n c e a re p a rtly re s p o n s ib le fo r th is , T h e p rim e e x a m p le b e in g th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f D a r w in ’s fa m o u s th e o ry o f e v o lu tio n
T h e re a re tw o e s ta b lis h e d c h u rc h e s in B rita in , th a t is , c h u rc h e s le g a lly re c o g n iz e d a s o ffic ia l c h u rc h e s o f th e S ta te : in E n g la n d th e (A n g lic a n ) C h u rc h o f E n g la n d , a n d in S c o tla n d th e (P re s b y te ria n ) C h u rc h o f S c o tla n d .
Religion in the United Kingdom
The Free Churches
T h e te rm “F re e C h u rc h e s ” is o fte n u s e d to d e s c rib e o f th e P r o te s ta n t C h u rc h e s in B r ita in w h ic h , u n lik e th e C h u rc h o f E n g la n d a n d th e C h u r c h o f S c o tla n d , a re e s ta b lis h e d c h u rc h e s . In th e c o u rs e o f h is to ry th e y h a v e d e v e lo p e d th e ir o w n tra d itio n . A ll th e m a jo r F r e e C h u rc h e a llo w b o th m e n a n d w o m e n to b e c o m e m in is te rs . F o r th e M e th o d is t C h u rc h , a n d th e B a p tis ts .
英语国家概况英国宗教
基督教
天主教
基督新教
Protestantism
东正教
路德宗 （德国）
加尔文宗 （瑞士）
英国国教
国教 教会
英国的 宗教
非国教 教会
英格兰 教
苏格兰 教
英国圣 公会
自由教 会
罗马天 主教会
Page 3
国教
英国有两大国教，即国家法律上承 认的官方教会：在英格兰是英格兰 国教，在苏格兰是苏格兰教会(长 老教)
爱尔兰的长老会、威尔士的长老会(加尔文卫理公会)和威尔士独立者联 合会。
LOGO
(3)罗马天主教会
非国教教会
英格兰和威尔士的罗马天主教会的正式组织在宗教改革后 一度消亡，但于1850年恢复。
大不列颠现在有七个由大主教领导的罗马天主教省，以及 由主教领导的30个主教区(英格兰和威尔士有22个教区，苏 格兰有8个，各自独立向教皇负责)。还有约3300个教区和约 7300位教士(只有男性能成为教士)。
卫理公会。自由教会中最大的一支，起源于18世纪的约翰·卫斯理 (1703-91)领导下的福音派复兴。
浸礼会。17世纪浸礼会员会员在英国首先形成组织。如今大多数浸礼 会属于大不列颠浸礼会联盟。苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰都有独立的浸礼 会联盟，以及其他独立的浸礼会。
联合改革会。1972年由英格兰和威尔士的公理会与英格兰长老会合并 而成。自从16世纪的宗教改革以来，这是英国两种不同教会的首次联合 。
主教（The Primate of All England）。
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
苏格兰教The Church of Scotland
苏格兰教的管理是长老制，也就是由教士 和长老治理，他们都被授了圣职，1707年的 《统一条约》确定了以苏格兰教的地位， 1921年的《苏格兰教会法》进一步保证了其 地位。
英美国家概况--宗教介绍.ppt
自考“英语国家概况”大纲详解（4）
6. Government and Administration 政府与⾏政机构 The British Constitution 英国宪法 联合王国是君主⽴宪制国家，国家的⾸脑是国王或⼥王。
联合王国以君的名义，由国王或⼥王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成⽂宪法，联合王国没有感性认识宪法。
英国宪法不由单⼀⽂件构成，⽽由成⽂法，习惯法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成⽂法。
Constitutional Monarchy in Britain 英国的君主⽴宪制 今天的君主政体实际已⽆实权，它的权⼒受限于法律和议会。
君主⽴宪制是从1688年的光荣⾰命后开始。
英国现任君主伊莉莎⽩⼆世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，⼤布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领⼟和领地的⼥王，英联邦元⾸，国教保护者伊莉莎⽩⼆世。
” ⼥王是国家的象征。
从法律上讲，她是⾏政⾸脑，⽴法机构的组成部分，司法⾸脑，全国武装部队总司令，英国国教“⾄⾼⽆上”的领袖。
她任命⾸相和重要的政府官员。
对议会通过的法案给予御准。
⼥王还是国家礼仪的中⼼⼈物，也是社会领袖。
六⽉君主的⽣⽇要正式庆祝。
在爱丁堡公爵的陪同下，⼥王对外国政府进⾏国事访问。
⼥王从事公务所花的费⽤，从英国王室费中⽀付，或由政府部门⽀付，这些出⽀都由议会批准。
The British Parliament and its functions 英国的议会及其作⽤ 英国是中央集权国家，⽽不是联邦制国家。
议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。
只有在议会举⾏正式开幕式这样具有象征意义的场合时，三个组成部分才聚在⼀起。
议会的主要作⽤是：（1）通过⽴法；（2）投票批准税为政府⼯作提供资⾦；（3）检查政府政策和⾏政管理，包括拨款提议；（4）当天的议题辩论。
The British government 英国的政府 议会通过必要的⽴法后，政府部门及其下属机构，是实施政府政策，并向⼤⾂提出建议的主要机构。
2020年军队文职人员招聘考试《专业科目(英语)》题库-第3~5章【圣才出品】
第3章英语国家概况◆英国国家概况1. _____ is the state church in England.A. The Roman Catholic Church.B. The Baptist ChurchC. The Protestant ChurchD. The Church of England【答案】D【解析】英国国教称为the Church of England或Anglican Church，是基督新教的教派。
2. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of _____.A. the Shadow CabinetB. the ParliamentC. the OppositionD. the Cabinet【答案】D【解析】英国政体为议会制君主立宪制。
国家的权力掌握在内阁（the Cabinet）手中，内阁掌握行政权并对议会负责，内阁首脑称为首相。
影子内阁（Shadow Cabinet）由在野党领袖组成，是反对党按照内阁的组织形式组成的准备上台执政的班子。
议会（Parliament）是英国立法机关。
the Opposition反对党，在野党。
3. The majority of the current population in the UK are decedents of all the following tribes respectively EXCEPT _____.A. the AnglosB. the CeltsC. the JutesD. the Saxons【答案】C【解析】现在的英国人主要是the Anglos和the Saxons的后代，部分是the Celts的后代。
The Jutes在后来的同化过程中逐渐消亡了。
4. The capital of Scotland is _____.A. GlasgowB. EdinburghC. ManchesterD. London【答案】B【解析】Glasgow(格拉斯哥)是英国第三大城市，是苏格兰最大的工商业城市和港口；Manchester（曼彻斯特）是英国英格兰西北部城市，为纺织业中心；London（伦敦）位于英格兰东南部，是英国的政治、经济、文化、交通中心；Edinburgh（爱丁堡）是苏格兰首府，位于英国苏格兰东南部。
英语国家概况(中英)(57页)
英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。
2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。
5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。
7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。
8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。
同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。
二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。
2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。
5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。
6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。
7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。
8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。
好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。
三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。
2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。
3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。
5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。
6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。
英美概况知识点总结
英美概况知识点总结一、地理位置英国位于欧洲西北部，由大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛两大部分组成，与法国相隔英吉利海峡。
美国则位于北美洲，南临墨西哥湾，东隔大西洋与非洲相望。
二、历史背景1. 英国历史悠久，是一个大英帝国时代曾经占领过大片海外领土的国家，也是现今英联邦的成员国。
2. 美国则是一个相对较新的国家，于1776年宣布独立，随后在19世纪迅速扩张，成为世界上最强大的国家之一。
三、社会制度1. 英国为君主立宪制国家，现为君主立宪制议会民主制国家。
2. 美国为联邦制共和国家，政府分为三个独立的机构，即行政、立法和司法。
四、宗教1. 英国是一个多元宗教国家，主要宗教包括英国国教（基督教）、天主教和伊斯兰教等。
2. 美国宗教信仰自由，主要宗教包括基督教、天主教、犹太教、伊斯兰教、佛教等。
五、文化1. 英国文化深厚，以莎士比亚、狄更斯等文学巨匠为代表，拥有世界上最古老的大学之一牛津大学。
2. 美国文化年轻活力，是全球娱乐文化的重要输出国，好莱坞产出大量世界级电影和音乐。
六、教育1. 英国的教育体系包括小学、中学、大学等，素有“教育王国”的美誉。
2. 美国教育分为幼儿园、小学、中学、大学等，大学中拥有世界一流的学府如哈佛大学、斯坦福大学等。
七、科技1. 英国拥有世界领先的科学研究机构和科技企业，如剑桥大学的科研实力备受赞誉。
2. 美国在科技领域有世界上最杰出的创新能力和科研机构，硅谷更是全球IT行业的中心。
八、经济1. 英国是一个高度发达的资本主义经济体系，金融业、制造业、服务业是主要支柱。
2. 美国是世界上最大的经济体，以先进的科技和创新，拥有全球范围内强大的影响力。
九、旅游景点1. 英国拥有众多著名旅游景点，如大本钟、温莎城堡、巨石阵等。
2. 美国也有众多旅游胜地，如纽约时代广场、大峡谷、好莱坞等。
十、社会福利1. 英国实行普遍医疗保险制度，居民享受国家提供的医疗服务。
2. 美国的医疗保险制度相对复杂，没有普遍的国家医疗保健计划。
《英语国家概况》英国宗教发展(英语版)课件
21
22
23
24
Jesus Christ
• Jesus Christ worked miracles • Jesus Christ and his 12 disciples • The Last Supper (Thursday) • Passion: The sufferings of Jesus in the
Religious Freedom
British State Church
The Church of England
The Protestant Church
Christianity
Britain is known as a “salad bowl”
Islam Hinduism
The Catholic Church
18
The New Testament & Christianity
• Content: Gospels (good news) --- Four Gospels: Matthew( 马 太 福 音 ) , Mark(马可福音), Luke(路加福音) & John(约 翰福音) --- Other NT writings & the Revelation (启示录）
• Key issue: Who is Jesus Christ ?
19
Birth of Jesus Christ
• Virgin Mary, informed of pregnancy • Joseph, descendent of King David • Jesus Christ born in a stable, Bethlehem • Three noblemen from the east • One person, two natures: God & Man • Trinity: Father, Son & Holy Ghost
【英语国家概况教学】religious英国宗教
Religion in the United Kingdom
T he British we re ve ry re ligious be fore the 19th c But things a re diffe re nt now . In Brita in toda y, a la popula tion of pe ople a re not re a lly inte re ste d in r a t a ll. T he succe sse s of m ode rn scie nce a re pa r re sponsible for this, T he prim e e xa m ple be ing th de ve lopm e nt of D a rw in’s fa m ous the ory of e volut T he n, the ge ne ra l im prove m e nt in socia l conditio the va rie ty of m ode rn e nte rta inm e nt ha ve m a de r a ppe a r ra the r irre le va nt. H ow e ve r, de spite the fa the de cline of re ligion, it still ha s m a rke t a m ong British pe ople . And furthe rm ore , othe r non-C hrist re ligions a re a lso popula r in Brita in toda y.
Religion in the United Kingdom
T he E nglish R e ligious R e form a tion
自考“英语国家概况”大纲详解（1）
英国概况 1. Land and People 国⼟与⼈民 Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域 正式名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
简称：联合王国，或UK.⾸都伦敦。
它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。
不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和⼏百个⼩岛。
爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独⽴，⾸都是都柏林。
三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔⼠。
由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为⼀个帝国。
两次世界⼤战后，其殖民地不断独⽴，⼤英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。
英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的⼀个⾃由联合体，各独⽴成员国间，根据贸易协议实⾏经济合作。
英联邦没有特别的权⼒，⽬前有50个成员国。
2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源 Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特⼈的到来和迁居 ⾃公元前700年不断迁⼊，来⾃东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，⽐利时和德国南部。
三次⼊侵⾼潮： 第⼀次是公元前600年，盖尔⼈。
第⼆次是公元前400年，布⽴吞（不列颠）⼈。
第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖⼈。
强⼤的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎⼠⽐亚剧本中的⾟⽩林。
技艺：农耕，沼泽地排⽔，修建房屋，铁匠。
后裔：⼭地苏格兰⼈，爱尔兰⼈，威尔⼠⼈。
语⾔：是威尔⼠语和盖尔语的基础。
宗教：德鲁伊德教。
德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占⼘者。
采⽤活⼈祭祀。
Basis of modern English race： the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁——撒克逊⼈ 三⽀⽇尔曼（条顿）部落的⼊侵： 朱特⼈：来⾃朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。
酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐⽪克特⼈和苏格兰⼈后，转⽽攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。
英语国家概况英国宗教
LOGO
(3)罗马天主教会
非国教教会
英格兰和威尔士的罗马天主教会的正式组织在宗教改革后 一度消亡，但于1850年恢复。
大不列颠现在有七个由大主教领导的罗马天主教省，以及 由主教领导的30个主教区(英格兰和威尔士有22个教区，苏 格兰有8个，各自独立向教皇负责)。还有约3300个教区和约 7300位教士(只有男性能成为教士)。
LOGO
英格兰教 The Church of England
英格兰教也被称作“安立甘会” The Anglican Church 英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系，因为君主作为“Supreme
Governor of the Church of England and Defender of the Faith”——"教会的统 治者与国教的捍卫者"，必须是此教会的一员，君主在登 基时必须承诺维持国教。尽管在大主教和教区主教的选择 上皇室任职委员会起着决定性的作用,但是英格兰国教的 大主教、主教和教堂教长还是由君主根据首相的建议任命
在英格兰是英格兰国教在苏格兰是苏格兰教会长老教英格兰教thechurchofengland英格兰教也被称作安立甘会theanglicanchurch英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系因为君主作为supremegovernorofthechurchofenglandanddefenderofthefaith教会的统治者与国教的捍卫者必须是此教会的一员君主在登基时必须承诺维持国教
主教（The Primate of All England）。
LOGO
LOGO
LOGO
苏格兰教The Church of Scotland
英国国教——精选推荐
英国国教英国国教英国国教，英⽂：Church of England，英国在宗教改⾰中建⽴的民族教会。
也称英格兰圣公会或安⽴⽢教会。
英国17世纪经历了很多战争、⽃争，国王与国会之间的⽃争。
英国16世纪亨利⼋世，因为不满意教皇不批准他和他的西班⽛妻⼦离婚，因为她没有⽣育，英国王位的继承权可能旁落到其对⼿西班⽛王室的⼿中，所以在英国发起宗教改⾰，英国教会脱离罗马教会，成为英国的安⽴⽢宗，英国国王把⾃⼰封为教会的最⾼领导⼈。
国教特征英国国教（the Church of England），在英国也称为Anglican Church，在英国国教。
英王亨利⼋世(Henry VIII）时脱离了罗马教皇(Pope）的统治，不归其管辖，从此英国国王或王后成了英国国教的最⾼统治者。
在当今英国，⼀般由英国⾸相(the Prime Minister）提名，然后由英国⼥王伊丽莎⽩⼆世命名两位英国⼤主教(Archbishops）及所有其它主教。
英国国教不从国家获取⾦钱赞助，因为它本⾝是⼀个⼤财主，⽽且拥有⼤量的证券和国债。
英国国教的两⼤主教分别为：坎特伯雷⼤主教(The Archbishop of Canterbury）和约克⼤主教(the Archbishop of York）。
The Archbishop of Canterbury（坎特伯雷⼤主教）是英国国教的教主，其次为约克⼤主教及英国上议院(the House of Lords）中占据席位的24位主教（senior bishops），及其它18位主教（bishops）。
因此包括两位⼤主教在内，英国共有44位主教。
每个主教管辖⼀个区域，称为主教管区（diocese）。
每个主教管区有⼀个⼤教堂（Cathedral），有的已有上千年的历史，可追溯到公元11或12世纪。
每个主教管区⼜可分为教区（parish），每个教区由教区牧师（vicar）管辖。
其中有些⼤的教区，牧师经常配有⼀个助⼿，叫做副牧师（curate）来帮助其管理事务。
大一英语国家概况第三单元 英国上议院
大一英语国家概况第三单元英国上议院.txt永远像孩子一样好奇，像年轻人一样改变，像中年人一样耐心，像老年人一样睿智。
我的腰闪了，惹祸的不是青春，而是压力。
当女人不再痴缠，不再耍赖，不再喜怒无常，也就不再爱了。
p49.6英国是首创议会制的国家。
英国的国会为两院制，由上议院和下议院组成。
Britain is initiative parliamentary-based country.Britain's congress as a bicameral legislature, the senate and the house of Commons composition.构成上议院又称贵族院，有725名议员，主要由王室后裔、世袭贵族、新封贵族、上诉法院法官和教会的重要人物组成。
上院议员不由选举产生。
Constitute upper-house say again, have 725 651 members,mainly by the royal descent, hereditary noble, new sealing nobles, the appeal court judges and church important figure in the composition. Not elected lords.上院贵族可分4类:一类是宗教贵族。
这些贵族都是由于他们担任大主教或主教职务才享有贵族院议席。
第二类是世袭贵族。
包括英格兰、苏格兰、大不列颠和爱尔兰联合王国的世袭贵族和女贵族。
Can be divided into 4 kinds of noble lords: one kind is religious noble. The nobles are due to their duties as archbishop or to just enjoy the bishop 651 seats. The second type is hereditary noble. Including England, Scotland, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland hereditaries and female noble.第三类是终身贵族。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英语国家概况英国的主要宗教团体在你对英国的了解中，你对于这个国家的宗教团体是怎么认为的呢?下面是店铺带来英语国家概况：英国的主要宗教团体详情，希望对大家有帮助。
英语国家概况：英国的主要宗教团体Religion 宗教1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religiousfreedom with out interference from thecommunity or the State. (He may believe in anychurch or none at all.) He may change his religion atwill may manifest his faith in teaching, worshipand observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor maybe a Roman Catholic, public offices are open withoutdistinction to members of all churches or none.在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。
他可以随意改变宗教信仰，可以在布道，礼拜和仪式中表明他的信仰。
除了大法官不可以是罗马天主教徒外，公共职务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人一律公开。
2. Established churches国教There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and in Scotlandthe (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会(长老教)。
3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a memberof that Church and as "Defender of the Faith". The Church is also linked with the State throughthe House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laiddown in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。
因为君主作为“国教的捍卫者”必须是此教会的一员，他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。
国教还通过上议院与国家联系起来。
没有议会同意，英格兰教会不可随意改变“国教祈祷书”中规定的礼拜仪式。
4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministersand elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at thegeneral assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.苏格兰教的管理时长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。
他们被授予圣职，王室高级代表通常代表君主光临会议。
5. Unestablished churches非国教教会There are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公会)，the Free Churches(自由教会);(the largest ofthe Free Churches —the Methodist Church 最大的自由教会—卫理公会)，the Roman Catholic Church(罗马天主教)。
英语国家概况:英国的政府体制I.General knowledgeThe United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy,the head of state is a king or a queen. The UnitedKingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereignby His or Her Majesty's Government. The System ofparliamentary government is not based on a writtenconstitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up ofstatute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law andinterprets statutes.联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。
联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。
Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powerare limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutionalmonarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。
君主政体实际已无实权。
它的权力受限于法律和议会。
君主立宪制是从1688年的光荣革命后开始。
II.The Monarchy君主制1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God ofthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms andT erritories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith."伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“伊莉莎白二世承蒙大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的上帝之恩典，女王，英联邦元首，共同信仰的保护者。
”2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, anintegral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all thearmed forces and the "supreme governor" of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent toBills passed by parliament.女王是国家的象征。
从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部分，司法首脑，全国武装部队总司令，英国国教“至高无上”的领袖。
她任命首相和重要的政府官员。
对议会通过的法案给予御准。
III.Parliament 议会1. The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal,state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, theHouse of Lords and the House of Commons.英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。
议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。
2. The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to passlaws; (2)to provide, by voting for taxation, themeans of carrying on the work of government; (3) toexamine government Policy and administrations,including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.议会的主要作用是：(1)通过立法;(2)投票批准税为政府工作提供资金;(3)检查政府政策和行政管理，包括拨款提议;(4)当天的议题辩论。
The House of Lords 上院The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The LordsSpiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and Yord and 24 senior bishops of the Church ofEngland. The Lords Temporal consist of 1) all hereditary peers and peeresses of England,Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom(but not peers of Ireland);2)life peers created toassist the House in its judicial duties;3)all other life peers. The main function of the House ofLords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.上院由神职人员和世俗议员组成。