research methods
25本必读的人文社科研究方法类参考书
25本必读的人文社科研究方法类参考书【序章】人文社科研究方法是人们对人类社会、文化和言行的科学研究手段与技巧的总称，涵盖了广泛的领域和方法。
作为一个热爱人文社科的人，我们时常希望通过科学的方法来认识和理解人类的各种现象。
然而，要进行一项成功的研究，除了对特定领域的专业知识，还需要掌握一定的研究方法。
在本文中，我将向您介绍25本必读的人文社科研究方法类参考书，希望能为您提供一些有价值的指导和启发。
【一、概述】人文社科研究方法类参考书是研究人文社科领域的重要工具和指南，它们提供了一系列的理论框架、实践技巧和案例分析，帮助我们更好地进行研究。
这些参考书包含了研究设计、数据收集、数据分析等方面的知识，旨在帮助研究人员进行科学、系统和可靠的研究。
接下来，我将对这25本书进行详细介绍和评价。
【二、重要参考书1】1. 《定性研究方法》（Qualitative Research Methods）这本书由Merriam和Tisdell合著，是一本经典的定性研究方法指南。
它介绍了定性研究的基本概念、设计和实施过程，并提供了丰富的案例研究，帮助读者深入理解和运用定性研究方法。
【三、重要参考书2】2. 《量化研究方法》（Quantitative Research Methods）这本书由Creswell和Creswell合著，是一本备受推崇的量化研究方法指南。
它介绍了量化研究的设计、数据收集和数据分析方法，给予读者必要的工具和技巧来完成科学的量化研究。
【四、重要参考书3】3. 《混合研究方法》（Mixed Research Methods）这本书由Creswell和Plano Clark合著，是一本关于混合研究方法的权威指导。
它将定性和量化研究相结合，介绍了如何设计、实施和分析混合研究的方法，为研究者提供了更具弹性的研究选择。
【五、重要参考书4】4. 《案例研究方法》（Case Study Research Methods）这本书由Yin撰写，是一本经典的案例研究方法指南。
Research_Methods_in_Economics
2002.9
Dr. J. Huang
Lingnan (University) College Sun Yat-sen University
Choosing a Topic
若未定题，尝试以下方法：
文献综述
Data Analysis and Issue development
经济学应分为两部分，一部分是规范研 究，即应该是什么。另一部分是实证研 究，即是什么。
– 理论分析(Theoretical/Normative analysis) – 实证分析(Positive analysis / Empirical study) 简单统计分析(Numerical/statistical analysis) 计量模型分析(Econometric analysis) 案例分析(Case study)
何 帆：《如何发表经济学论文》
典型的学术论文结构
论文写作的基本要求
– 结构合理 逻辑联系特别重要 大小标题、分段合适有助于层次区分 – 观点明确 – 表述流畅 – 格式正确、完整 注意使用注释、参考文献
论文写作
一篇论文所代表的研究只能起到承前启后的作用， 除了自己独立创新的那一部分内容外，在论文中不 必也不可能对涉及到的相关问题逐个详细论述，这 时给出有关的参考文献，以说明结论、观点、数据 的来源。读者如想深入了解这个问题就可查阅文 献，这样一来，文献就成了自己论文的补充和完善。 参考文献的选择是严肃的事，它关系到论文的可信 度和作者的声誉，论文的作者对所开列的主要文献 均应认真阅读过，并向读者保证论文中某处引用的 参考文献的确与该处的内容有关，文献发表的刊物、 年代、卷号、标题、页码同样应核实无误。
研究问题选择research-method知识讲解
A good research topic
• good access to existing literature or information or data
• responds to some interesting debates or ideas
• achievable in the time available • within your capabilities, interests and
• research questions more suitable for resources of post-graduate students
• both require rigorous analysis to succeed
Research question tips
• read around the subject • become familiar with some of the literature • identify ideas/debates in the field chosen • think about what the answers might be like • be realistic about what can be proved or not
news • too broad a topic • too many lines of enquiry
The research question
• defined as the line of investigation you want to make for the subject/topic chosen
probability • is capable of being repeated with comparable
Research Methods
Two kinds of multiple regressions
Orthogonal (IVs are unrelated to each other) Non-orthogonal (IVs are related to each other)
Orthogonal Regression
Assessing quality of prediction
Scatter diagram to display relationship
Bivariate frequency distribution Cartesian Coordinates
Correlations
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Cross-product:
Introduction to Inferential Statistics
Estimate values for whole population
State null hypothesis and research hypothesis Decide at which level of significance (α) to reject the null hypothesis (how likely is it that thy chance)
Standard deviation and empirical rule
+/- 1 SD = 68%
Standard scores (z-scores and T-scores)
Mean = 0; SD = 1; Z = (X – MX) / s
Linear Statistical Models
Research Methods I
Introduction to Research Methods (Research Method)
5th edition Alvin C. Burns Ronald F. Bush
1
Introduction to Marketing Research
Ipkin Anthony Wong, PhD Institute For Tourism Studies
2
Because Marketing Research is part of Marketing we should understand:
• What if it is located in Taipa near the Cotai Strip?
Ch 1
8
Restaurant Marketing Decisions
• What if the restaurant was located near a university in a foreign country like the United States, Thailand, Italy, Iceland, or Peru? • What would be your decisions? • How certain are you that you made the right decisions now? • So, what’s going on? Class comments?
Ch 1
– i.e., to expand our basic knowledge of marketing and related functions 16
A Classification of Marketing Research Marketing Research
Problem Identification Research Problem Solving Research
nucleic acids research methods
nucleic acids research methods摘要：一、引言二、核酸研究方法的发展历程1.核酸的发现2.核酸结构的解析3.核酸技术的创新与应用三、核酸研究的常用方法1.核酸提取与纯化2.核酸扩增与检测3.核酸测序与分析四、核酸研究方法在生物学领域的应用1.基因克隆与表达2.基因突变与功能研究3.基因组学研究五、核酸研究方法在医学领域的应用1.遗传病的诊断与治疗2.疫苗设计与研发3.肿瘤基因组学与个体化治疗六、核酸研究方法的未来发展趋势与挑战1.高通量测序技术的发展2.基因编辑技术的应用与伦理问题3.跨学科研究与创新正文：一、引言核酸是生物体内携带遗传信息的分子，对生命体系的构建与功能调控起着至关重要的作用。
随着科学技术的进步，核酸研究方法不断发展，为生物学和医学领域带来了许多重大突破。
本文将对核酸研究方法的发展历程、常用技术以及在生物学和医学领域的应用进行综述，并展望未来的发展趋势与挑战。
二、核酸研究方法的发展历程1.核酸的发现核酸的发现可以追溯到19 世纪末，德国生物学家艾布瑞契·科塞尔通过研究细胞核中的物质，推测出存在一种名为“核酸”的生物大分子。
随后，科学家们通过实验手段证实了核酸的存在，并开始研究其结构和功能。
2.核酸结构的解析20 世纪50 年代，科学家们陆续解析出DNA 和RNA 的结构，为核酸研究奠定了基础。
詹姆斯·沃森和弗兰西斯·克里克提出了DNA 双螺旋结构模型，揭示了遗传信息传递的分子机制。
3.核酸技术的创新与应用从20 世纪70 年代开始，分子生物学技术迅速发展，包括DNA 重组技术、聚合酶链反应（PCR）等，这些技术为核酸研究提供了强大的工具，推动了生物学和医学领域的快速发展。
三、核酸研究的常用方法1.核酸提取与纯化核酸提取与纯化是进行核酸分析的基础步骤，主要方法包括酚/氯仿法、硅胶法、磁珠法等。
2.核酸扩增与检测核酸扩增技术是实现核酸检测和定量的重要手段，如PCR 技术、实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR）、等温扩增技术等。
What is research methods
The mechanics of research methods
► Involves
specifying a definition ► Involves giving equal weight to all evidence
systematic gathering of evidence
Bringing back in hypotheses
What is research methods?
Reviewing the ads
► What
sorts of methods are used in the advertisements? ► Which of these is the most trustworthy method? ► Why?
► What
did you say for the second description, about Tom W?
Based on the information given, what should you have said?
► He
was either a Humanities or Statistics professor that he’s one or the other ► How might illusory correlation have played a role?
Which is?
► Compare ► If
to critical cut-off likelihood cut-
Which is?
likelihood of getting your data is less than critical cut-off likelihood, decide… cut-
研究对象和研究方法范文
研究对象和研究方法范文Studying objects and research methods are crucial in conducting a research. 研究对象和研究方法对于进行研究至关重要。
It is important to carefully consider the object of study and the methods used to investigate it. 仔细考虑研究对象和研究方法是很重要的。
The object of study refers to the subject, phenomenon, or issue that the research aims to explore, while research methods are the techniques and tools used to collect and analyze data. 研究对象指的是研究旨在探索的主题、现象或问题，而研究方法是用来收集和分析数据的技术和工具。
The choices made in selecting the object of study and the research methods have a significant impact on the quality and validity of the research findings. 在选择研究对象和研究方法时所做的选择对于研究结果的质量和有效性有着重要的影响。
Choosing the object of study is the first and most fundamental step in the research process. 选择研究对象是研究过程中的第一个和最基础的步骤。
Researchers need to carefully consider what they want to investigate and why it is worth studying. 研究人员需要仔细考虑他们想研究什么以及为什么值得研究。
Qualitative Research Methods (Research Method)
– Findings:
• Women shave very differently from men • Women shave more surface area than men but only shave two or three times per week • Women prefer to shave in the shower and under dim lighting • But men shave in front of a mirror • Women prefer razors with a firm grip and those that give a clean, smooth shave
Q u a n tita tiv e R esearch
O b je c tiv e
T o g a in a q u a lita tiv e u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e u n d e rly in g re a s o n s a n d m o tiv a tio n s
Ch 8
9
II. Phenomenology
• It describes the meaning for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a phenomenon (e.g., preference of luxury brands, pathological gambling, Internet addiction)
5
Ch 8
– Quantitative Research usually comes next
Example: Gillette Supports EquShave
Research Methodology Methods
Research Methodology MethodsResearch methodology methods are an integral part of any research study, as they provide the framework for conducting the research and gathering data. There are various research methodology methods that researchers can choose from, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. In this response, we will explore some of the common research methodology methods, including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.Quantitative research methodology methods involve the collection and analysis of numerical data. This type of research is often used to measure and quantify phenomena, and it relies on statistical analysis to draw conclusions. One of the main advantages of quantitative research is that it allows for the generalization of findings to a larger population. Additionally, quantitative research methodology methods are often considered to be more objective, as they rely on standardized measures and statistical analysis. However, a potential drawback of quantitative research is that it may overlook the complexity and context of the phenomena being studied, as it focuses primarily on numerical data.On the other hand, qualitative research methodology methods involve the collection and analysis of non-numerical data, such as interviews, observations, and open-ended survey responses. Qualitative research is often used to explore complex phenomena in depth, and it allows for a more holistic understanding of the subject under study. One of the main advantages of qualitative research is its ability to capture the richness and complexity of human experiences, as well as the context in which these experiences occur. However, qualitative research is often criticized for its subjectivity and lack of generalizability, as findings are often specific to the context in which the research was conducted.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in mixed methods research methodology methods, which involve the combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. This allows researchers to capitalize on the strengths of both approaches and provide a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomena being studied. Mixed methods research can provide a more complete picture of the research topic, as it allows for the triangulation of data from multiple sources. However, conducting mixed methodsresearch can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, as it requires expertise in both quantitative and qualitative methods.In conclusion, the choice of research methodology methods depends on the research question, the nature of the phenomena being studied, and the resources available to the researcher. Each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses, and researchers should carefully consider which method is most appropriate for their study. By understanding the advantages and disadvantages of different research methodology methods, researchers can make informed decisions about how to best approach their research and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their field.。
literature research method
literature research methodLiterature research is an essential part of academic writing, and it is important to have a solid understanding ofdifferent research methods to carry out a successful research project. In this article, we will discuss the different research methods used in literature research.1. Define the research questionTo begin the research process, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of the research question, which will guide the research process. The research question should be specific, manageable, and clearly stated.2. Develop a research strategyThere are several research strategies available for data collection in literature research, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. The choice of research strategy will depend on the research question and the nature of the research study.3. Conduct a literature reviewConducting a literature review is an essential step in literature research. This involves searching and reviewing available literature on the topic of research, including books, journals, and academic articles. The literature review provides the researcher with a foundation of knowledge to assess and add to when conducting research.4. Select and analyze dataOnce the literature review is complete, the next step is to select and analyze the data. This includes examining the data to identify relevant information and trends, and interpreting the findings.5. Write the research reportOnce the data has been analyzed, the final stage is to write the research report. The report should be clear, concise, and structured, including an introduction, methodology, findings, and conclusion.In conclusion, the literature research method is crucial when it comes to writing academic papers. It is important to have a clear research question, develop an appropriate research strategy, conduct a thorough literature review, analyze the data, and write a comprehensive research report. Following these steps will lead to a well-rounded and informed academic paper.。
behavior research methods分区 -回复
behavior research methods分区-回复Behavior Research Methods 分区是一种学术期刊的分类方式。
它旨在帮助研究人员更好地了解行为科学研究的方法论和方法。
在本文中，我们将一步一步回答关于Behavior Research Methods 分区的问题，深入探讨其主题并解释为何这个分类方式如此重要。
首先，我们需要了解Behavior Research Methods 分区究竟是什么。
Behavior Research Methods 分区是指将学术期刊按照其研究方法和技术的不同而进行分类的一个系统。
这个分类方式可以帮助研究人员找到与自己专业领域相关的期刊，并了解特定期刊所关注的研究方法。
因此，这种分类方式可以帮助研究人员更好地选择合适的期刊将他们的研究成果进行发表。
Behavior Research Methods 分区涵盖了各种行为科学领域，包括心理学、认知科学、神经科学、发展心理学、教育心理学等等。
每个领域都有自己独特的研究方法和技术，因此分类方式可以帮助研究人员更好地了解特定领域的研究概况。
Behavior Research Methods 分区的一种常见方法是根据实验和非实验研究进行分类。
实验研究是通过对变量进行系统控制和操作来确定因果关系的一种方法。
非实验研究则是观察和描述现象而不进行干预。
这种分类方式可以帮助研究人员更好地了解特定期刊所关注的研究方法和技术，并提供适合自己研究的期刊选择。
此外，Behavior Research Methods 分区还可以根据研究中使用的技术和工具进行分类。
例如，一些期刊关注眼动追踪技术的研究，而另一些期刊则更关注脑电图或功能磁共振成像的应用。
这种分类方式可以帮助研究人员更好地了解不同期刊所专注的研究工具和技术，并提供选择适合自己研究的期刊。
Behavior Research Methods 分区的重要性在于其提供了研究人员进行学术交流和合作的平台。
A Brief Overview of Research Methods
2532019年15期总第455期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS大视野A Brief Overview of Research Methods文/王玉环For one thing, exploring the existing research should be put inthe first place, which is because the findings of research are often regarded as the valuable reference for the experts in the fields to have access to and further upgrade their ideas. For another thing, selecting the question which is complicated enough to be researched on but narrow enough to be enclosed in a finite research paper is of greatest importancein view of the fact that a good research will bring about enlightening outcome.In 2016, Saunders, et al. mentions his famous researchprocess which is called the research “onion” (Saunders et al, 2016), and the “onion” accounts for the stages that theresearchers go through. What is more, Collins and Hussey (2014) put forward their theory about the research process which is comprised of six steps, choosing a title through searching the literature, reviewing the literature in preparation for defining the research questions, and then writing the proposal, collecting and analyzing the data followed by writing the dissertation, thesis and so on. These two research processtheories generate a massive inspiration for researchers.3. Literature ReviewA literature review is a crucial element of dissertation,thesis and other research assignments, the purpose of which is to learn about, abstract and critically carry out the analysis of what has been written by previous researchers about the 1. IntroductionThe past decades have witnessed remarkable changes in human and social sciences and meanwhile human beings have been exposed to massive information, which means that, for researchers, only if they are equipped withresearch methods ability can they be qualified to do all kinds of scientific research. Prior to giving an explanation of research method, we have to figure out what “research” connotes. Research is a process of enquiry and investigation, which is systematic and methodical, and through research, researchers can build up their knowledge (adapted from Collisand Hussey’s, 2009). Therefore, as a general rule, research method can be defined as a way or method of undertaking research, which means that it calls for sets of systematic procedures and techniques. This essay will relate to thegeneral idea around research methods, and it is hoped that through reading this brief analysis of research methods, to some extent, a more understanding of what it is about and how it works will come across to you.2. Research Scope and ProcessWhen you have the intention of launching into researchwork, you are faced with several questions including selectingan appropriate title, a suitable methodology and so forth, whether your project is dissertation, thesis or proposal. Among of them, a research scope is paramount to the whole process. Janie’s grandma work in, the people and social group in Eatonville where Joe become the mayor. How a rural village be built into a town, how people gossip and scorn about each other . On the contrary, Neale Zora created a more open environment in Everglade where men and women ,what’s more the book portray some minor character such as phoeby man woman in different movie. It stressed that Janie want toconnect with the world which make her feel worth safety and connection. She view the connection with community a part of fulfillment . Joe’s stop her from interacting. However thecommunity exemplifying a negative aspect of unity,demand the sacrifice of individuality . In the end Janie refuse the sacrifice. Nevertheless the major part of the movie shows Janie’s love life especially with Tea Cake evident.Affected by the pain of war and the French New Wave (amodernist film movement)movie’s after world war tend tofocus on two protagonists(a man and a woman), plot tend to focus and develop between them, love become one of the theme om most of movies. This film is no exception . It takes a long time to show how Janie and Tea Cake interact with each other . How they meet, how the dress beautiful and go to parties, how they spesk sugared words…And the lens focus in this two person use many ways to except for including toomuch from the society and other minor character.The movie emphasize the society of independent and love, this is included in the book. It shows clealy how Janie fight to seek her freedom, esteem and love presistantly.In conclusion, differences between the movie and book.【作者简介】冷心怡(1999.05.21-)，女，广州人，广州市第十六中学高三年级十二班学生。
Qualitative research methods 定性研究方法的基本知识 英语写作技巧
Basic things you should know about qualitative researchmethods定性研究方法的基本知识Hello readers! As you are reading you will get to know the basic things about qualitative research methods. From their definition to their importance and types, you will get to know everything about them.Moreover, you can get personalised assistance if you are a newbie to research or gathering information as it is not a topic over which you have mastered. You can go to research experts for assignment help and work in a better way.Qualitative research definitionQualitative research is defined as a research method that focuses on obtaining data through open-ended and conversational communication.This method is not only about “what” people think but also “why” they think so. F or example, consider a convenience store looking to improve its patronage. A systematic observation concludes that the number of men visiting this store are more. One good method to determine why women were not visiting the store is to conduct an in-depth interview of potential customers in the category.On successfully interviewing female customers, visiting the nearby stores and malls, and selecting them through random sampling, it wasknown that the store doesn’t have enough items for women and so there were fewer women visiting the store, which was understood only by personally interacting with them and understanding why they didn’t visit the store, because there were more male products than female ones.Therefore, the qualitative research methods allow for in-depth and further probing and questioning of respondents based on their responses, where the interviewer/researcher also tries to understand their motivation and feeling.How is qualitative research conducted?1. QuestionsQuantitative research method u tilises polls and surveys to gather information on a given subject. There is a varied range of survey questions based on a nature of the research study.For Example : If you want to conduct a customer satisfaction quantitative research, the Net Promoter Survey is one of the critically acclaimed survey questions for this purpose.2. DistributionQuantitative research uses email surveys as the primary mode of gathering responses to questions. Alternatively, technology has given rise to offline distribution methods for relatively remote locations using various mobile data capture apps available online. For social sciences and psychological quantitativeresearch, social media surveys are also used to gather data.3. Statistical AnalysisQuantitative research uses a wide range of data analysis techniques such as cross tabulation, trend analysis and conjoint analysis.Qualitative research methods with examplesQualitative research methods are designed in a manner that they help reveal the behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular topic. There are different types of qualitative research methods like an in-depth interview, focus groups, ethnographic research, content analysis, case study research that are usually used.The results of qualitative methods are more descriptive and the inferences can be drawn quite easily from the data that is obtained.Qualitative research methods originated in the social and behavioral sciences. Today our world is more complicated and it is difficult to understand what people think and perceive. Qualitative research methods make it easier to understand that as it is more communicative and descriptive.If you want some more examples and understand it better, you can go for assignment help online and learn the techniques and tactics by experts.Types of qualitative research methods1. One-on-One InterviewConducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research methods. It is a personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a time. This is purely a conversational method and invites opportunities to get details in depth from the respondent.One of the advantages of this method provides a great opportunity to gather precise data about what people believe and what their motivations are. If the researcher is well experienced asking the right questions can help him/her collect meaningful data. If they should need more information the researchers should ask suchfollow up questions that will help them collect more information.These interviews can be performed face-to-face or on phone and usually can last between half an hour to two hours or even more. When the in-depth interview is conducted face to face it gives a better opportunity to read the body language of the respondents and match the responses.2. Focus groupsFocus groups are one of the most commonly used qualitative research methods, practiced for A focus group usually includes a limited number of respondents from within your target market.The main aim of the focus group is to find answers to the why what and how questions.One advantage of focus groups is, you don’t necessarily need to interact with the group in person. Nowadays focus groups can be sent an survey online on various devices and responses can be collected at the click of a button.Focus groups are an expensive method as compared to the other qualitative research methods. Typically they are used to explain complex processes. This method is very useful when it comes to market research on new products.3. Ethnographic researchIt is the most in-depth observational method that studies people in their naturally occurring environment.This method requires the researchers to adapt to the target audiences’ environments which could be anywhere from an organization to a city or any remote location. Here geographical constraints can be an issue while collecting data.This research design aims to understand the cultures, challenges, motivations, and settings that occur. Instead of relying on interviews and discussions, you experience the natural settings first hand.This type of research method can last from a few days to a few years, as it involves in-depth observation and collecting data on those grounds. It’s a challenging and a time-consuming method and solely depends on the expertise of the researcher to be able to analyze, observe and infer the data.4. Case study researchThe case study method has evolved over the past few years and developed as into a valuable qualitative research method. As the name suggests it is used for explaining an organization or an entity.This type of research method is used within a number of areas like education, social sciences and similar. This method may look difficult to operate, however, it is one of the simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and thorough understanding of the data collection methods and inferring the data.5. Record keepingThis method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and similar sources of information as the data source. This data can be used in a new research. This is similar to going to a library. There one can go over books and other reference material to collect relevant data that can likely be used in the research.6. Process of observationIt is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to gather systematic information or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is the research process of using subjective methodologies to gather information or data. The qualitative observation is primarily used to equate quality differences.Qualitative observation deals with the 5 major sensory organs and their functioning –sight, smell, t ouch, taste, and hearing. This doesn’t involve measurements or numbers but instead characteristics.Data and analysisA. Qualitative Data CollectionQualitative data collection allows collecting data that is non-numeric and helps us to explore how decisions are made and provide us with detailed insight. For reaching such conclusions the data that is collected should be holistic, rich and nuanced and findings to emerge through careful analysis.1. Whatever method a researcher chooses for collecting qualitative data one aspect is very clear the process will generate a large amount of data. In addition to the variety of methods available, there are also different methods of collecting and recording the data.For example, if the qualitative data is collected through focus group or one-to-one discussion, there will be handwritten notes or video recorded tapes. If there are recording they should be transcribed and before the process of data analysis can begin.2. As a rough guide, it can take a seasoned researcher 8-10 hours to transcribe the recordings of an interview, which can generate roughly 20-30 pages of dialogues. Many researchers also like to maintain separatefolders to maintain the recording collected from the different focus group. This helps them compartmentalise the data collected.3. In case there are running notes taken, which are also known as field notes, they are helpful in maintaining comments, environmental contexts, nonverbal cues etc. These filed notes are helpful and can be compared while transcribing audio recorded data. Such notes are usually informal but should be secured in a similar manner as the video recordings or the audio tapes.B. Qualitative Data AnalysisQualitative data analysis such as notes, videos, audio recordings images, and text documents. One of the most used methods for qualitative data analysis is text analysis.Text analysis is a data analysis method that is distinctly different from all other qualitative research methods, where researchers analyze the social life of the participants in the research study and decode the words, actions etc.There are images also that are used in this research study and the researchers analyze the context in which the images are used and draw inferences from them. In the last decade, text analysis through what is shared on social media platform has gained supreme popularity.Characteristics of Qualitative research methods1. Qualitative research methods usually collect data at the sight, where the participants are experiencing issues or problems. These arereal-time data and rarely bring the participants out of the geographic locations to collect information.2. Qualitative researchers typically gather multiple forms of data, such as interviews, observations, and documents, rather than rely on a single data source.3. This type of research method works towards solving complex issues by breaking down into meaningful inferences, that is easily readable and understood by all.4. Since its a more communicative method, people can build their trust on the researcher and the information thus obtained is raw and unadulterated.Qualitative research methods exampleLet’s take the example of a bookstore owner who is looking for ways to improve their sales and customer outreach. An online community of members who were the loyal patrons of the bookstore were interviewed and related questions were asked and the questions were answered by them.At the end of the interview, it was realized that most of the books in the stores were suitable for adults and there were not enough options for children or teenagers.By conducting this qualitative research the bookstore owner realized what the shortcomings were and what were the feelings of the readers. Through this research now the bookstore ownercan now keep books for different age categories and can improve his sales and customer outreach.Such qualitative research method example can serve as the basis to indulge in further quantitative research which provides remedies.Difference between quantitative and qualitative research methodsQuantitative Research vs Qualitative Research Now let’s compare the two research methods : 1. Objective and flow of researchQuantitative research is used in data-oriented research where the objective of research is to derive “measurable empirical evidence” based on fixed and pre-determined questions. The flow of research, is therefore, decided before the research is conducted.Where as, qualitative research is used where the objective is research is to keep probing the respondents based on previous answers under the complete discretion of the interviewer. The flow of research is not determined and the researcher / interviewer has the liberty to frame and ask new questions.2. Respondent sample sizeRespondent s of a particular panel is much larger for quantitative research such that enoughverifiable information is gather to reach a conclusion without opinion bias. In large scale quantitative research, sample size can be in thousands.Where as, qualitative research inherently uses less sample size because a large sample size makes it difficult of the research to probe respondents. For instance, a typical political focus group study evaluating election candidates involves no more than 5-10 panelists.3. Information gatheringQuantitative research uses information gathering methods that can be quantified and processed for statistical analysis techniques. Simply put –quantitative research is heavily dependent on “numbers”, data and stats.Where as, qualitative research uses conversational methods to gather relevant information on a given subject.4. Post-research response analysis and conclusionsQuantitative research uses a variety of statistical analysis methods to derive quantifiable research conclusions. These are based on mathematical processes applied on the gather data.Where as, qualitative researc h depends on the interviewer to derive research conclusions based on qualitative conversations held with the respondents. This conclusion is effectively subjective in nature. This is why quantitative research recordings are often reviewed bysenior researchers before the final research conclusion is drawn.Let’s know a little more:It’s well-established that all forms of research come with their own theories and implementation methods, qualitative research is much the same. Qualitative research is conducted to understand the thought process of both, the respondents as well as researchers. It usually is conducted in a natural setup where respondents will be their true selves and would respond transparently. Results achieved from this research will not be generalized to be the representation of the entire population but asked questions and their vocabulary gives away the motive of research which makes it easier forrespondents to participate in qualitative market research.Qualitative research methods survey questions are created to have a better understanding of a particular topic or to inspect a new subject to understand the nerve of respondent experiences.<h2 >What should be the process of forming Qualitative research questions and questionnaires?1. Mention the purpose of conducting qualitative research. It can be in form of either of these sentencesThis study will be on the topic of ….Reason for conducting this research is ….2. Create qualitative statements with a defined objective that can be easily communicated to the targeted audienceKeep these pointers in mind while designing this statement:Try and form single sentence statements. Single statements can be much more effective than elaborate ones as they help in communicating important messages in an impactful manner in a short and succinct sentence.Clarify the purpose of conducting qualitative research in clear words so that respondents understand their contribution towards this research.Mention the main topic of research that would prompt respondents to have a clearer idea about what they’re getting into.It’s the words that make all the difference. Use qualitative words that demonstrate quality or feeling behind your purpose, such as understanding, describe, explore.Specify details that you would want to communicate to your respondents.Mention the name of the research website.3. Other than the primary qualitative question, you must create sub-questions so that the purpose is executed in a better mannerThe main question might be –“What is the state of illiteracy in your state?”You can create sub-questions s uch as: “How does illiteracy hamper progress in your state?” or “How would you best describe your feelings about illiteracy?”4. Highlight these questions using ‘qualitative’ wordsStart the questions with “What” or “How” to make sure the respondents provide details about their feelings.Communicate on what you’re trying to “understand”, “explore” or “identify” using this Qualitative research online survey questionnaire.Questions such as “what happened” can be asked to develop a description of the topic.Questions about “how did respondents interpret the what happened question” can be asked to examine the outcome.Understand the entire qualitative research process by asking questions about “what happened to you with time?”Why qualitative research methods are useful?Develop hypotheses for further testing and for quantitative questionnaire development,Understand the feelings, values, and perceptions that underlie and influence behaviorIdentify customer needsCapture the language and imagery customers use to describe and relate to a product, service, brand, etc.Perceptions of marketing/communication messagesInformation obtained in quantitative study and to better understand the context/meaning of the dataGenerate ideas for improvements and/or extensions of a product, line, or brandUncover potential strategic directions for branding or communications programsUnderstand how people perceive a marketing message or communication pieceDevelop parameters (i.e., relevant questions, range of responses) for a quantitative studyWhen you should use qualitative research methods?New product idea generation and developmentInvestigating current or potential product/service/brand positioning and marketing strategyStrengths and weaknesses of products/brandsUnderstanding dynamics of purchase decision dynamicsStudying reactions to advertising and public relations campaigns, other marketing communications, graphic identity/branding, package design, etc.Exploring market segments, such as demographic and customer groupsStudying emotions and attitudes on societal and public affairs issuesAssessing the usability of websites or other interactive products or servicesUnderstanding perceptions of a company, brand, category and productDetermining consumer language as a preliminary step to develop a quantitative surveyWhen you should not use qualitative research methods?Count, measure or offer statistical validationDetermine the best product concept or price point; or establish the importance of specific customer needs or satisfaction criteriaBe a substitute for quantitative research because of time and/or budgetary constraints when quantitative evaluation is criticalConclusionIn this blog we dealt with mutiple aspects of a qualitative research methods. Starting from the Qualtitative research definition we moved to know How is Quantitative research conducted.In order to understand it better we discussed qualitative research methods with examples. Thereafter, came the six types of qualitative research methods, which are as follows: one -on-one interview, Focus groups, Ethnographic research, Case study research, record keeping and process of observation.After these basics we read a little about data collection and analysis. The next was the process of forming Qualitative research questions and questionnaires.。
研究方法论 英文
研究方法论英文全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Research Methodology in EnglishResearch methodology is the framework or strategy used by researchers to collect, analyze, and interpret data in a systematic and organized manner. It is crucial for any research project as it helps ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. In this article, we will explore the key components of research methodology and discuss how to design a research study effectively.第二篇示例：Research MethodologyResearch methodology is a crucial aspect of any research study, as it outlines the approach, design, and methods used to gather and analyze data. It serves as a roadmap for the research process and helps ensure that the study is conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner. In this article, we will discussthe key components of research methodology and the various methods commonly used in research studies.第三篇示例：Research MethodologyThere are several important components of research methodology that researchers need to consider when designing a research study. These components include research design, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and ethical considerations. Each of these components plays a significant role in ensuring the validity and reliability of the research findings.第四篇示例：Research Methodology: A Guide to Conducting ResearchIntroductionResearch methodology refers to the systematic study of methods utilized in the field of research. It is essential for researchers to have a clear understanding of research methodology in order to conduct their studies effectively and efficiently. In this article, we will discuss the key components of research methodology, including the research design, datacollection methods, data analysis techniques, and ethical considerations.Research DesignData Collection MethodsData Analysis Techniques。
nucleic acids research methods
nucleic acids research methodsNucleic acids research methods refer to the various techniques and protocols used to study and analyze nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. These methods are employed to investigate various aspects of nucleic acids, such as their structure, function, replication, transcription, translation, and interactions with other molecules.Some commonly used nucleic acids research methods include:1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is a widely used technique for amplifying specific DNA sequences. It involves cycles of DNA denaturation, primer annealing, and DNA synthesis using a thermostable DNA polymerase enzyme.2. Gel Electrophoresis: Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA or RNA fragments based on their size. Fragments are loaded onto an agarose or polyacrylamide gel and subjected to an electric current, causing them to migrate through the gel at different speeds.3. DNA Sequencing: DNA sequencing methods determine the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing, or third-generation sequencing techniques are commonly used for DNA sequencing.4. Northern Blotting: Northern blotting is a technique used to study gene expression by analyzing RNA samples. RNA is separated using gel electrophoresis, transferred to a membrane, and hybridized with complementary labeled probes.5. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR): RT-PCR is used to amplify and analyze RNA sequences. It involves reverse transcribing RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) using reverse transcriptase enzyme before amplification by PCR.6. DNA Microarray Analysis: DNA microarrays allow researchers to study gene expression patterns on a genome-wide scale. They consist of thousands of DNA probes immobilized on a solid support, and they are used to detect and quantify the expression levels of various genes simultaneously.7. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP): ChIP is a method used to study protein-DNA interactions and protein occupancy on specific genomic regions. It involves cross-linking of proteins to DNA, chromatin fragmentation, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes, and subsequent analysis of the DNA sequences. These are just a few examples of the many methods used in nucleic acids research. Depending on the specific research goals, different combinations of techniques are employed to gain insights into the structure, function, and regulation of nucleic acids.。
研究问题的方法 类比法 综合法 归纳法 等效法
研究问题的方法类比法综合法归纳法等效法1.研究问题的方法有多种，比如类比法。
There are various research methods, such as the method of analogy.2.类比法是一种常用的研究方法，用来对比相似问题的解决方式。
The method of analogy is a commonly used research method, used to compare the solution of similar problems.3.综合法是将不同的研究方法综合运用的方法。
The comprehensive method is the method of integrating different research methods.4.综合法可以帮助研究者从不同角度来探讨研究问题。
The comprehensive method can help researchers explore research problems from different perspectives.5.归纳法是一种从具体事实中总结出普遍规律的研究方法。
The inductive method is a research method that summarizes general rules from specific facts.6.归纳法能够帮助研究者找出规律并进行理论构建。
The inductive method can help researchers find patterns and build theories.7.等效法是一种通过等效概念来解决研究问题的方法。
The equivalent method is a method of solving research problems through equivalent concepts.8.等效法能够帮助研究者寻找出与原研究问题等效的问题。
定量研究方法(Quantitative Research Method)
什么是定量研究？定量研究一般是为了对特定研究对象的总体得出统计结果而进行的。
定性研究具有探索性、诊断性和预测性等特点，它并不追求精确的结论，而只是了解问题之所在，摸清情况，得出感性认识。
定性研究的主要方法包括：与几个人面谈的小组访问，要求详细回答的深度访问，以及各种投影技术等。
在定量研究中，信息都是用某种数字来表示的。
在对这些数字进行处理、分析时，首先要明确这些信息资料是依据何种尺度进行测定、加工的，史蒂文斯（S. S. Stevens）将尺度分为四种类型，即名义尺度、顺序尺度、间距尺度和比例尺度。
[编辑]定量研究的四种测定尺度及特征名义尺度所使用的数值，用于表现它是否属于同一个人或物。
顺序尺度所使用的数值的大小，是与研究对象的特定顺序相对应的。
例如，给社会阶层中的上上层、中上层、中层、中下层、下下层等分别标为“5、4、3、2、1”或者“3、2.5、2、1.5、1”就属于这一类。
只是其中表示上上层的5与表示中上层的4的差距，和表示中上层的4与表示中层的3的差距，并不一定是相等的。
5、4、3 等是任意加上去的符号，如果记为 100、50、10 也无妨。
间距尺度所使用的数值，不仅表示测定对象所具有的量的多少，还表示它们大小的程度即间隔的大小。
不过，这种尺度中的原点可以是任意设定的，但并不意味着该事物的量为“无”。
例如，O°C 为绝对温度273°K，华氏32°F。
名义尺度和顺序尺度的数值不能进行加减乘除，但间距尺度的数值是可以进行加减运算的。
然而，由于原点是任意设定的，所以不能进行乘除运算。
例如，5℃和 10℃之间的差，可以说与15℃和20℃之间的差是相同的，都是5°C。
但不能说 20℃就是比5℃高4倍的温度。
比例尺度的意义是绝对的，即它有着含义为“无”量的原点0。
长度、重量、时间等都是比例尺度测定的范围。
比例尺度测定值的差和比都是可以比较的。
例如：5分钟与10 分钟之间的差和10分钟与15分钟之间的差都是5 分钟，10 分钟是2分钟的5倍。
nucleic acids research methods
Nucleic acids research methods are techniques and protocols used to study and analyze nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. These methods are employed to investigate various aspects of nucleic acids, such as their structure, function, replication, and interaction with other molecules.Some of the commonly used nucleic acids research methods include: 1.Electrophoresis: This method is used to separate nucleic acids basedon their size, charge, or conformation. Electrophoresis separates nucleic acids in an electric field and can be performed in various formats, such as agarose gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrophoresis.2.Chromatography: Chromatography is a technique used to separatenucleic acids based on their charge, hydrophobicity, or size. Methods such as ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and affinity chromatography can be used to purify and separate nucleic acids. 3.Spectroscopy: Spectroscopy is a technique that involves themeasurement of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted by a sample. Spectroscopic methods such as UV-visible spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy can be used to study the structure and interactions of nucleic acids.4.Hybridization: Hybridization is a method used to detect and analyzenucleic acid sequences based on their complementarity. In situ hybridization, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and DNA microarrays are some of the commonly used hybridization methods.5.Sequencing: Sequencing is a method used to determine the order ofbases in nucleic acid sequences. Sequencing techniques such asSanger sequencing, pyrosequencing, and next-generation sequencing are commonly used to generate high-throughput sequence data for nucleic acid analysis.6.Mass spectrometry: Mass spectrometry is a technique used to analyzethe mass and composition of nucleic acid molecules. Methods such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) can be used to analyze nucleic acids.puter-aided analysis: Computer-aided analysis is a method thatinvolves the use of computational tools to analyze nucleic acid sequences and structures. Methods such as sequence alignment, structure prediction, and docking simulations can be used to study nucleic acid interactions and complexes.These methods can be used individually or combined depending on the specific research question and the experimental design. Nucleic acids research methods are essential for basic research as well as for applied fields such as diagnostics, therapeutics, and biotechnology.。
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MGMT 403 Applied Business Project
Gordon J Kerr
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Overview
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Business Research Methods
Primary and secondary research differences Direct and indirect library research Online searches Methods for gathering primary data Analyzing and interpreting data for your reader
Develop a working plan that anticipates possible problems. Conduct a pilot test for your questionnaire and working plan. Modify the plan and questionnaire for use in the fullscale survey.
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Survey Design Phases
Constructing the Questionnaire Selecting the Manner of Questioning Developing a Working Plan Conducting a Pilot Study Evaluating and Reporting Data
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Sources for Indirect Access
The Online Catalog Online Databases The Internet
Search Engines—single, meta, and specialized Personal Agent
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Primary Sources
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Two Basic Forms of Research
Secondary
Secondary research is research with data compiled and interpreted by someone else. It is usually library and online research.
Private business libraries Association libraries Public and private research organization libraries
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Sources for Direct Access
Encyclopedias Biographical Directories Almanacs Trade Directories Government Publications Dictionaries Statistical Sources Business Information Services International Sources
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Evaluating/Reporting Results
Have the methods of collecting facts been presented clearly? Are the sources reliable? Are the conclusions drawn supported by the data presented and without bias? Are there any gaps or holes in the research? Are the results presented accurately and clearly for the reader? Is the report complete and honest?
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Types of Samples
Probability Samples based on chance selection. Every element in the population has a known nonzero probability of selection. Nonprobability Samples based on an unknown probability of any one of the population being chosen. Random Stratified Random Systematic Area or Cluster Convenience Quota Referral
Primary
Primary research uses data compiled and interpreted firsthand by the writer.
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Finding Publication Collections
Types of Libraries General Libraries Special Lof Questioning
Personal Telephone Mail/Email/Web
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Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Planning and Testing
Company Records Experiment Observation Survey Research
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Good Plan Brings Good Results
Survey
Use a good sample -- one that controls for sampling error and bias Use good survey design -- one that is valid and reliable
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Basic Rules for Constructing Questionnaires
Avoid leading questions. Make the questions easy to understand. Avoid questions that touch on personal prejudices and pride. Seek facts as much as possible. Ask only for information that can be remembered. Plan the physical layout with foresight. Use scaling when appropriate.