国际商法 代理法

and skill that a reasonable person would exercise in respect of their own affairs. A professional person must display the degree of skill appropriate to the profession. 代理人应当尽到一个理性人在处理自己事务时所具有 的同样的注意和技能,专业人士还必须达到合乎其职业 的技能标准.
二. Creation of agency[代理的产生]
[三] Apparent or ostensible authority[表见授权] 代理人的表见授权产生于,本人通过言词或行动给外部
人造成一种代理人具有代理权限表象[impression],善 意第三人信赖这种表象而与该代理人签订合同,那么本 人就不得以代理人没有实际授权或者超出实际授权范 围为由而否认合同对其的约束力,因此又称为不容否认 的代理[agency by estoppel].表见授权是一种法律拟 制[legal fiction]的授权,目的是保护善意第三人的利 益,维护市场交易秩序的安全.
代理人不得为自己的利益使用或者披露在代理过程中 知悉的为本人所有的秘密信息,也不得牟取秘密利润.
三. Internal relationship[内部代理关系]
[二]Duty of care and skill[注意和技能义务] All agents must exercise the same degree of care
代理是指代理人根据本人[委托人]的授权,代表本人同 第三人订立合同或从事其他法律行为,由此产生的权利 义务对本人发生效力的一项法律制度.
一. Definition[定义]
Principal: A person who gives authority to another to act as his/her representative.
Lecture Two
Agency law
Content
一 Definition 二 Creation of agency 三 Internal relationship 四 External relationship 五 Termination of an agency
一. Definition[定义]
Agency: A person who with authority to act on behalf of the principal to create contractual relationships between the principal and a third party.
Third party: A person with whom an agent deals on a principal’s behalf.
Agency law: governs relationships:[一] the relationship between principals and agents;[二] the relationship between agents and third parties; [三] the relationship between principals and third parties.
三. Internal relationship[内部代理关系]
[b] Duty to not make secret profit [不得牟取秘密利润 的义务]
Agents must not use or disclose confidential information acquired in their capacity as agents for their own benefit, nor derive a secret profit from their position.
Content
一 Definition 二 Creation of agency 三 Internal relationship 四 External relationship 五 Termination of an agency
三. Internal relationship[内部代理关系]
A. Agent’s duties to the principal[代理人对本人的义务] [一] Duty of loyalty[忠实义务] 代理人应当为了本人的最大利益而进行法律行为. [a] Avoidance of conflicts of interests[避免利益冲突的义务] 代理人不得将自己的利益与本人的利益发生冲突. Conflicts of interests arise where agents sell their personal
三. Internal relationship[内部代理关系]
[三]Duty to obey principal’s lawful instructions[遵守 指示的义务]
代理人必须遵守本人合法的指示进行代理行为. [四]Duty to account[申报账目的义务] 代理人有义务对等一切代理交易保持正确的账目,将本
二. Creation of agency[代理的产生]
[一] express actual authority[明示的实际授权] 本人对代理人的实际授权可以通过口头或书
面指示的方式进行,例如劳动合同 [employment contract] 、 公 司 董 事 会 决 议 [resolution of board of directors]、咨询备 忘录[advisory memorandum]以及授权委托 书[power of attorney]等.代理人的权限范围 明确规定在指示之中.
Agency: An agency will arise where one person [the principal] authorises another person [the agent] to perform certain legal acts on behalf of the principal which will create contractual relationships between the principal and a third party.
二. Creation of agency[代理的产生]
[四] ratification[追认] Ratiapproval or
confirmation by the principal of an contract entered into on his behalf by an agent acting either beyond his authority or with no authority. 追认的代理：如果代理人未经授权或者超出了授权的 范围而以本人的名义与第三人订立合同,该合同属于无 权代理合同,对本人不发生法律效力.但是,本人可以在 事后批准或承认该合同,此种行为称为追认.追认的效 果是使该合同对本人自始具有拘束力,如同本人授权代 理人为其利益订立合同一样.
二. Creation of agency[代理的产生]
[二] implied actual authority[默示的实际授权] Implied actual authority is implied from the
conduct of parties and the circumstances. 默示的实际授权产生于当事人的行为及客观情况. Course of conduct[行为默示代理]：由本人与代理
人的财产与自己的财产分开保管,并在本人要求时向本 人申报账目. [五]Duty of full and frank disclosure[披露信息的义务] 代理人应当就其所知悉的与代理行为有关的全部重要 信息向本人作出全面如实的披露.
三. Internal relationship[内部代理关系]
Content
一 Definition 二 Creation of agency 三 Internal relationship 四 External relationship 五 Termination of an agency
二. Creation of agency[代理的产生]
An agency relationship will be created where principal gives agent the authority to act on the principal’s behalf. Authority may be arise in a number of ways:[一] actual authority [express or implied]; [二] apparent or ostensible authority; [三]ratification.
property to his principal or buy property from his principal, or act as an agent for both parties to a transaction, or compete with his principal concerning the subject matter of the agency. 代理人不得同时兼任交易双方的代理人,不得以本人的名义与自己订 立合同,不得为自己或他人的利益与本人进行竞争性商业活动.
[六]Duty of personal performance[亲自履行义务] An agent must act personally as the principal is
entitled to rely upon the skill and knowledge of the agent. An agent must not delegate his obligations. 由于本人是基于对代理人的技能与知识的信任而授予 其代理权的,因此代理人应当亲自履行代理义务而不得 转委托给他人.
二. Creation of agency[代理的产生]
构成要件： 一There is a representation by the principal
to a third party concerning the authority of an agent; 二the third party acts in reliance on that representation; 三the principal is estoppeled or prevented from denying the truth of the representation.
人之间的行为,以及通常的商业习惯和惯例而推定出的 授权.
二. Creation of agency[代理的产生]
Agency of emergencies[紧急代理]：当某人受委托 照管他人的财产,为了保护该财产利益而必须采取某种 行动时而产生的代理权限.在这种情况下,虽然受委托 管理财产的人并没有得到委托人关于采取此种行动的 明示授权,但由于客观情况的需要推定其具有此种授权. 此种默示授权的产生需要具备以下条件：一Agents must have responsibility for another’s property under a pre-existing agreements; 二There must be an emergency in connection with that property; 三It must be impossible to get instructions from the owner; 四The agent acted in good faith in the owner’s interests.