考研命题人张剑解析2012年考研真题

第⼀部分：英语知识运⽤(选择填空)
2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题分析
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
…
1.［A］ emphasize ［B］ maintain ［C］ modify ［D］ recognize
2.［A］ when ［B］ lest ［C］ before ［D］ unless
3.［A］ restored ［B］ weakened ［C］ established ［D］ eliminated
…
【答案解析】
1. 答案：B 【考点：动词辨析】
分析：句⼦相关部分提到：法院⽆法……它作为法治卫⼠的合法性。

需要判断什么动词能够参与“合法性”搭配。

四个选项是［A］emphasize(强调)，［B］maintain(维护，维持)，［C］modify(修改)，［D］recognize(认识，辨认出)。

显然，“维护合法性”是搭配，因此选项［B］maintain是正确答案。

其他选项的意思可能在局部能讲得通，但是从整体来看会扭曲或误解作者的意图。

2. 答案：A 【考点：逻辑关系】
分析：句⼦相关部分提到：法院⽆法维护它作为法治卫⼠的合法性，……法官的⾏为像政客⼀样。

由上下⽂可知，⽂章在谈论政治与司法的关系。

作者认为两者应该分离，否则司法就⽆法保持其独⽴性，甚⾄会沦为政治的帮凶。

因此本句应该是⼀个条件句，表明在怎样的条件下，“法院⽆法维护它作为法治卫⼠的合法性”。

再来看四个选项：［A］ when(如果……；当时)，［B］lest(免得)，［C］before(在……之前)，［D］unless(除⾮……)。

不难看出，选项［A］when最符合句意。

解答此题的关键是知道when可以引导条件句，意为“如果”。

3. 答案：B 【考点：上下⽂推理和动词辨析】
分析：句⼦相关部分提到：然⽽，好⼏个例⼦显⽰，法官的⾏为⽅式……法院的独⽴性和公正性的声誉。

需要根据上下⽂的意思推断“法官的⾏为”对“法院的独⽴性和公正性的声誉”产⽣了什么影响。

由上⼀题的分析可知，政治与司法应该分离，否则司法就⽆法保持其独⽴性。

（考|研教育整理）从Yet推测，本题所在句是在举例说明法官的⾏为损害了司法的独⽴性。

四个选项是：［A］restored(恢复)，［B］weakened(削弱)，［C］established(建⽴)，［D］eliminated(消除；消灭)。

正确答案肯定不会是“恢复”、“建⽴”，这与⽂意⽭盾；“消除；消灭”⽆法与“声誉”搭配。

因此，选项［B］weakened符合题意。

……
本节内容选⾃外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》作者简介：张剑，北京外国语⼤学(微博)英语学院教授、博⼠⽣导师，英语学院副院长。

连续多年参与全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语试题的命题⼯作，并曾参与英语专业四、⼋级考试，北京市⾼等教育⾃学考试和全国⾼考(微博)⼝试等⼯作。

考研命题⼈张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(⼆)
第⼆部分：阅读理解(Part A 多项选择)
2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题分析
Text 2
A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.
Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s
rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.
The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012.In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along。

…
26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3, Para.1) is closest in meaning to
［A］condemning. ［B］reaffirming。

［C］dishonoring. ［D］securing。

27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to
［A］obtain protection from Vermont regulators。

［B］seek favor from the federal legislature。

［C］acquire an extension of its business license。

［D］get permission to purchase a power plant。

…
【答案解析】
26. 答案：C 【考点：猜测⽣词】
分析：本题要求考⽣根据上下⽂信息猜测⽣词reneging on的意思。

四个选项如下：
［A］谴责。

［B］重申。

［C］不遵守。

［D］获得。

⽂章⾸段⼀开始，作者就暗⽰安特吉公司将不遵守交易规则：“交易就是交易——除⾮涉及到安特吉公司”。

由此可知该公司违约的事实，并且就此还引起轩然⼤波：这家新英格兰的主要电⼒供应商上周宣称将……严格遵守核能规定的长期时，这在佛蒙特州激起了合情合理的愤怒。

因此，reneging on 的意思应为“不履⾏，不遵守”，［C］dishonoring是正确答案。

27. 答案：D 【考点：识别正确信息】
分析：本题要求考⽣根据⽂意判断，安特吉公司签署2002年的协议时的意图。

四个选项如下：
［A］从佛州营监管部门获得保护。

［B］寻求联邦⽴法机关的⽀持。

［C］获得蒙特业执照的延期。

［D］获得批准去收购⼀个电⼚。

⽂章第三段提到，“这个冲突在2002年就开始显现了，那时该公司收购了佛蒙特州的核电⼚，位于弗农的⼀个⽼旧的核反应堆。

作为获得州政府批准该交易的条件，公司如果2012年后继续运营需获得州监管部门的许可。

”显然，该公司在2002年作出，如果在2012年后继续运营，必须获得批准，的⽬的是为了让州政府批准它收购那⾥的⼀座核电⼚。

因此［D］get permission to purchase a power plant是正确答案。

……
本节内容选⾃外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》
考研命题⼈张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(三)
第三部分：阅读理解(Part B 选择匹配)
2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题分析
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.
The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. 41.
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century’s culture machine。

But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. 42.
I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing。

…
[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.
[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.
[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day。

[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading — between passive consumption and active creation — whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.
[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players。

[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium — television — and television is defined by downloading.
[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.
【答案解析】
41. 答案 C
分析：⽂章第⼀段设想了⼀个梦，即坐飞机时怀⾥放着纸⼀样薄的笔记本电脑，⼿⾥拿着薄薄的⼿机。

第⼆段谈了这个梦的实现：在20世纪，这个既是打字机、⼜是印刷机，既是画笔，⼜是美术馆，既是⼯作室、⼜是剧院，既是邮件、⼜是邮差的个⼈电脑已经出现。

然后，第三段谈互联使个⼈电脑成了21世纪集⽣产、发布、接收、评论于⼀⾝的“⽂化机器”。

［C］段讲：个⼈电脑通过络被联在⼀起，形成了⼀个世界性的络。

这正好在第⼆段和第三段之间形成⼀个过渡，逻辑关系很明显。

因此，本题的答案是［C］。

42. 答案 D
分析：⽂章第四段提醒⼈们注意互联和个⼈电脑带来的问题：“尽管有所有的理由来赞扬计算机，我们还是要多加⼩⼼。

”接着开始讲上传和下传、创造和消费的关系问题，作者将此描述为它们之间的“秘密战争”。

［D］段讲：联的电脑引起了上传和下载之间、被动接受和主动创造之间的⼀场秘密战争，这正好解释了为何要“多加⼩⼼”。

因此，本题的答案是［D］。

……
本节内容选⾃外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》
考研命题⼈张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(四)
第四部分：阅读理解(Part C 英译汉)
2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题分析
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
…
Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than
2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are Line age — specific and not governed by universals。

【答案解析】
……
50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该显⽰出语⾔变化的模式，这些模式并不受语⾔谱系或贯穿谱系的路径的影响；⽽格林堡的普遍性原则却预⾔了特定的语法词序关系类型之间所存在的紧密互依性。

【注释】本句是whereas引导的并列句，前后是转折关系。

1)主句的结构是“简单句 + 定语从句”。

patterns of language change that are independent of…，可译为“独⽴于……的语⾔变化模式”。

其中，family tree指“语⾔谱系”，⽽不是“族谱”；pathway指的是语⾔的“发展路径”。

2)后半句中的whereas译为 “⽽……”，co-dependencies意为“紧密互依性”。

Particular types of word-order relations意为“特定的语法词序关系类型”。

总体上讲，⽂章的话题较偏，涉及语⾔学和语⾔史。

对于学习语⾔学的同学⽐较有利，因为他们知道乔姆斯基和格林堡等⼈，以及他们的理论。

⽽对于⼴⼤理⼯科学⽣⽽⾔，可能⽂章有⼀定难度。

本节内容选⾃外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》
考研命题⼈张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(五)
第五部分：写作(Part A 应⽤⽂)
2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题分析
Part A
Directions:
Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to
1) extend your welcome and
2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here。

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead。

Do not write the address. (10 points)
【分析】
本题要求考⽣给即将来华的外国留学(微博)⽣写⼀封100词左右的电⼦邮件，对他们的到来表⽰欢迎，向他们介绍校园⽣活，并且提供建议。

考⽣需要考虑欢迎信函如何措词、外国留学⽣到校之后需要做的事情、在中国⼤学⽣活的特点以及如何才能适应。

考|研教育整理
写这样⼀封信要求考⽣熟练掌握撰写英⽂书信的格式和写作⽅法。

通常来讲，⼀封电⼦邮件应该包括：1)称呼(address)；2)主
要内容(body)，包括问候、事由、说明等；3)收尾和落款(signature)。

下⾯这篇范⽂供考⽣参考。

Dear international students,
Congratulations on your admission to this university. On behalf of the Students’ Union, I extend a warm welcome to you and look forward to your safe arrival at the beginning of the new term。

I’d like to offer you some information about life in this university. After paying the tuition fee and getting registered, you will need to check into your dormitory. The university canteen is probably the best place to have meals during the term, because food is tasty and inexpensive. If you prefer Western food, there is a cafeteria where you can get sandwiches and spaghetti. You will need to get a student card, which is identity card as well as cash card. You can use it to borrow books, pay for shop purchases, etc. The orientation for new students will probably take a whole week.
In advance I send you our best wishes and hope you will become a member of the Students’ Union。

Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
本节内容选⾃外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》
考研命题⼈张剑教授解析2012年考研真题(六)
第六部分：写作(Part B 议论⽂)
2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题分析
Part B
Directions:
Write an essay of 160 ~ 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments。

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
【分析】
本题要求考⽣根据所提供的图画写⼀篇160 ~ 200词的⽂章。

⽂章必须包括三个⽅⾯：1)简单描述图⽚；2)解释图⽚的含义；
3)发表⾃⼰的评论。

在作⽂的第⼀部分中，考⽣应该描述图画：图中⼀个瓶⼦被打翻了，瓶中的液体流出了⼀半。

两个⼈看见了这⼀幕后，表情各不相同。

⼀个很沮丧地说：“全完了！”；另⼀个开⼼地说：“幸好还剩点⼉。

”
在第⼆部分中，考⽣应该解释图画的含义：两个⼈的不同表情实际上表明了两种不同的⼼态，即他们看待事物的视⾓不同，⼀个悲观，另⼀个乐观。

⼀个只看到了事物的阴暗⾯，另⼀个则看到了事物的光明⾯。

在第三部分中，考⽣应该对这种现象进⾏评论：这幅图给我们留下了这样⼀种思考―我们应该怎样看待⽣活？应该以怎样的态度⾯对⼈⽣？
下⾯这篇范⽂仅供读者参考。

In the picture, a bottle falls to the ground and a liquid spills out. Two men witness the accident and respond differently to it. One sadly holds his head with his hand, saying, “Everything is spoiled!” The other gladly notices the half of the oil that still remains in the bottle and rushes to pick it up, saying, “Fortunately, we still have some left。

”
The picture is not just showing us a small accident, but it intends to tell us a matter of greater significance. The two men’s different responses to the accident actually show two different attitudes to life, or two different perspectives to view tragedy in life。

Life is full of ups and downs, which are part of one’s life journey in this world. The question is how we are going to take life’s pains or tragedies. Pessimists feel like the end of the world is coming, while optimists believe they can overcome them and become stronger. A girl student jumped from a tall building after she was abandoned by her boyfriend. A mother drowned her
two mentally-handicapped twin sons because she could not see the end of her own suffering. While we are sympathetic for these unfortunate people, we sigh for their desperate actions.
No one’s life is plain sailing. But hard labour will make a person physically strong; hardships will make a person mentally strong. We sigh because one man did not see the bright side of life, “the half of the liquid that still remains”. The girl student did not understand that life could begin anew and happiness could be achieved elsewhere. The mother did not realize that the society and the government were willing to offer help. If they were more optimistic, things could be different. If we are all optimistic, the world will be changed。

本节内容选⾃外研社出版的新书《张剑考研10年真题5套模拟》。