Report_2005_6_15
英语作文 report
英语作文 reportTitle: Report。
Introduction:A report is a formal document that provides information about a specific topic, situation, or event. It is often used in business, academia, and government to communicate findings, analysis, and recommendations. Reports are typically structured with clear sections and headings, and they are written in a concise and objective manner.Purpose of a Report:The purpose of a report is to present factual information in a clear and organized manner. Reports may be used to inform decision-making, document research findings, or provide updates on a project or initiative. They can also be used to analyze trends, evaluate performance, or make recommendations for future action.Key Elements of a Report:1. Title Page: The title page includes the title of the report, the name of the author, the date of submission, and any other relevant information such as the name of the organization or institution.2. Table of Contents: The table of contents provides an overview of the report's structure and helps the reader navigate to specific sections.3. Executive Summary: The executive summary is a brief overview of the report, including its purpose, key findings, and recommendations. It is often the first section of the report and is designed to provide a quick understanding of the main points.4. Introduction: The introduction sets the stage forthe report by outlining the purpose, scope, and objectives. It may also provide background information and context for the reader.5. Methodology: If the report includes research or data analysis, the methodology section describes the approach and techniques used to gather and analyze information.6. Findings: The findings section presents the main results or outcomes of the report, often supported by data, evidence, or examples.7. Analysis: The analysis section interprets the findings and explains their significance. It may also compare the results to existing literature or benchmarks.8. Recommendations: The recommendations section offers suggestions for action based on the findings and analysis. Recommendations should be specific, actionable, and supported by the evidence presented in the report.9. Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the key points of the report and may reiterate the main findings and recommendations.10. References: If the report includes citations or sources, a list of references should be included at the end of the document.Conclusion:In conclusion, a report is a valuable tool for communicating information, analysis, and recommendations in a structured and objective manner. Whether used in business, academia, or government, reports play a critical role in decision-making, research, and accountability. By following a clear and organized structure, and presenting factual information, reports can effectively convey complex ideas and support informed action.。
report范文
r e p o r t范文(总15页) -CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除Report on strategic analysis and position of the UK CooperativeGroupExecutive SummaryThis report aims to make a strategic analysis of the UK Cooperative Group. Through the analysis of the external environment, the internal environment, the SWOT analysis and the strategic position, this paper makes some suggestions for the future development of this organization.The report firstly gives the introduction of this paper’s purpose, then the operation environment this organization works in, the strength, the weakness, the opportunities and the treats it faces are done in the main body part. The strength of it mainly includes the largest geographic coverage, the strong bargaining power resulting from the CTRG and the good market image its value and faith bring. The weakness includes the weakness in the hypermarket and supermarket, the brand position is not so clear and the lack of the range of products. The opportunities include the quick development of the internet and the deceasing affording ability of the customers. The threats consist of the emerging of the online retailing and the penetration of the “big four” into the convenience sector. In the last part, the strategy position of this organization is suggested based on the previous analysis.After the analysis, this paper thinks that in the austere economy condition of UK, the UK Cooperative Group can use its location advantage and its low cost advantage to compete in the market. At least, at this kind of condition, it can attract more price sensitive customers and build up its image. As this organization is in the retailing industry and it focuses on the convenience sector which is mainly the price sensitive customers’ market and providing the satisfied products with the satisfied price fro the customers is their main target, so the price leading strategy is the right one for it.Table of contentIntroduction .................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。
PRC report
编制单位:
美敦力医疗用品技术服务(上海)有限公 司
资产负债表 Balance Sheet
截止日期:
2005/12/31
会外01表 FORM AF－01
单位：人民币 Monetary Unit:元
流动资产 : 货币资金 短期投资 应收利息 应收票据 应收帐款 减: 坏帐准备 预付帐款 其他应收款 待摊费用 存货 减: 存货跌价准备 内部往来 其它流动资产
83
Interest payable
84
Welfare payable
85
Provisions
86
Bonus and Welfare Funds
87
Interco Payable
88
Other current liabilities
89
90
91
92
93
174,043,264.17
9,264,700.88 7,703,919.71
流动资产 合计 长期投资
资产
ASSETS
行次
Line
CURRENT ASSETS :
1
Cash and bank
2
Temp. Investments
3
Int receivable
5
Accounts receivable
6
Less:Provision f. bad debts
18
19
20
21
Total current assets
22
LONGTERM INVESTMENT
23
年初数
AT BEG. OF YEAR
52,314,793.16 -
【考研必备】2005年考研英语真题及解析
[日期] 2 005 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11to the brain. However, it has been found that even peopleinsensitive to a certain smell12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells —we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house, but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 .[A] although .[A] above [B] as [C] but [D] while[B] unlike [B] committed [B] ignoring [B] though [B] if only [C] excluding [C] dedicated [C] missing [C] instead [C] only if [D] besides[D] confined[D] tracking[D] therefore[D] as if.[A] limited .[A] catching .[A] anyway .[A] even if .[A]distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting.[A] diluted .[A] when [B] dissolved [B] since [C] dispersed [C] for [D] diffused[D] whereas[D] typical0.[A] unusual 1.[A] signs [B] particular [B] stimuli [B] at all [C] unique [C] messages [C] at large [C] drawn [D] impulses[D] at times[D] exposed[D] insufficient2.[A] at first3.[A] subjected [B] left4.[A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient1 1 1 27.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[C]neglect[D]tired[D]notice8.[A]tolerate9.[A]available0.[A]similar to[B]repel[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable[B]such as[C]along with[D]aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking,you might even be outraged.Such behaviour is regarded as“all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just been published in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey,as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are good-natured,co-operative creatures,andthey share their food readily.Above all,like their female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.Brosnan’s and Dr.de Waal’s study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However,when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock,their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods(and much preferable to cucumbers).So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber,or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it)was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions.In the wild,they are a co-operative,group-living species.Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group.However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic by________.[ [ [ [A]posing a contrastB]justifying an assumptionC]making a comparisonD]explaining a phenomenon22.The statement“it is all too monkey”(Last line,Paragraph l)implies that________.[ [ [ [A]monkeys are also outraged by slack rivalsB]resenting unfairness is also monkeys’natureC]monkeys,like humans,tend to be jealous of each otherD]no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are________.[A]more inclined to weigh what they get[B]attentive to researchers’instructions[C]nice in both appearance and temperament[D]more generous than their male companions24.Dr.Brosnan and Dr.de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys________.[ [ [ [A]prefer grapes to cucumbersB]can be taught to exchange thingsC]will not be co-operative if feeling cheatedD]are unhappy when separated from others25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B]Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C]Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D]Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?That the evidence was inconclusive,the science uncertain?That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way?Lots of Americans bought that nonsense,and over three decades,some10million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today,as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming.The latestwas a panel from the National Academy of Sciences,enlisted by the White House,to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves.The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts,added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report:“Science never has all the answers.But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future,and it is critical that our nation and the worldbase important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking,voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete,that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure.This is a dangerous game:by the time100percent of the evidence is in,it may be too late.With the risks obvious and growing,a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately,the White House is starting to pay attention.But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously.Instead of a plan of action,they continue to press for more research—a classic case of“paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet,we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research.But research alone is inadequate.If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative,Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures.A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia,which would offer financial incentives for private industry,is a promising start.Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs.If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere,it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that________.[ [ [ [A]there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and deathB]the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificantC]people had the freedom to choose their own way of lifeD]antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27.According to Bruce Alberts,science can serve as________.[ [ [ [A]a protectorB]a judgeC]a criticD]a guide28.What does the author mean by“paralysis by analysis”(Last line,Paragraph4)?[ [ [ [A]Endless studies kill action.B]Careful investigation reveals truth.C]Prudent planning hinders progress.D]Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author,what should the Administration do about global warming?[A]Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B]Raise public awareness of conservation.[C]Press for further scientific research.[D]Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because______.[A]they both suffered from the government’s negligenceB]a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[[C]the outcome of the latter aggravates the formerD]both of them have turned from bad to worse[Text3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control.In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears;by the late 1970s,neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just“mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep.Now researcherssuspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat,regulating moods while the brain is“off-line.”And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control,to help us sleep and feel better.“It’s your dream,”says Rosalind Cartwright,chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center.“If you don’t like it,change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view.The brain is as active during REM(rapid eye movement) sleep—when most vivid dreams occur—as it is when fully awake,says Dr.Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh.But not all parts of the brain are equally involved;the limbic system(the“emotional brain”)is especially active,while the prefrontal cortex(the center of intellect and reasoning)is relatively quiet.“We wake up from dreams happy or depressed,and those feelings can stay with us all day.”says Stanford sleep researcher Dr.William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic.Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night,progressing toward happier ones before awakening,suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events—until,it appears,we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.As soon as you awaken,identify what is upsetting about the dream.Visualize how you would like it to end instead;the next time it occurs,try to wake up just enough to control its course.With much practice people can learn to,literally,do it in their sleep.At the end of the day,there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or“we wake up in a panic,”Cartwright says.Terrorism,economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety.Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist.For the rest of us,the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings.Sleep—or rather dream—on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31.Researchers have come to believe that dreams________.[ [ [A]can be modified in their coursesB]are susceptible to emotional changesC]reflect our innermost desires and fears[D]are a random outcome of neural repairs32.By referring to the limbic system,the author intends to show________.[ [ [ [A]its function in our dreamsB]the mechanism of REM sleepC]the relation of dreams to emotionsD]its difference from the prefrontal cortex33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to________.[ [ [ [A]aggravate in our unconscious mindB]develop into happy dreamsC]persist till the time we fall asleepD]show up in dreams early at night34.Cartwright seems to suggest that________.[A]waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B]visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C]dreams should be left to their natural progression[D]dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[ [ [ [A]Lead your life as usual.B]Seek professional help.C]Exercise conscious control.D]Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text4Americans no longer expect public figures,whether in speech or in writing,to command the Englishlanguage with skill and gift.Nor do they aspire to such command themselves.In his latest book,Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of language and Music and Why We Should Like,Care,John McWhorter,a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views,sees the triumph of1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive1960s is nothing new,but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education.Mr.McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change,and he sees the gradual disappearance of“whom”,for example,to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal,“doing our own thing”,has spelt the death of formal speech, writing,poetry and music.While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.Equally,in poetry,the highly personal,performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English,talking is triumphing over speaking,spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture,the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable.But it is less clear,to take the question of his subtitle,why we should, like,care.As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.He is not arguing,as many do,that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers.Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary,and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful.We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”.A shame,perhaps,but probably an inevitable one.6.According to McWhorter,the decline of formal English________.3[ [ [ [A]is inevitable in radical education reformsB]is but all too natural in language developmentC]has caused the controversy over the counter-cultureD]brought about changes in public attitudes in the1960s37.The word“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes________.[ [ [ [A]modestyB]personalityC]livelinessD]informality38.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A]Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B]Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C]Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D]Of all the varieties,standard English can best convey complex ideas.39.The description of Russians’love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s________.[ [ [ [A]interest in their languageB]appreciation of their effortsC]admiration for their memoryD]contempt for their old-fashionedness40.According to the last paragraph,“paper plates”is to“china”as________.[A]“temporary”is to“permanent”[B]“radical”is to“conservative”[C]“functional”is to“artistic”[D]“humble”is to“noble”Part BDirections:In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Canada’s premiers(the leaders of provincial governments),if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting,might spare a moment to do something,together,to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets,the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.(41)____________What to do?Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency.Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs,bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power,all would pool resources, work with Ottawa,and create a national institution.(42)_____________But“national”doesn’t have to mean that.“National”could mean interprovincial—provinces combining effortsto create one body.Either way,one benefit of a“national”organization would be to negotiate better prices,if possible,with drug manufacturers.Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than,say,Quebec,negotiating on behalf of seven million people,the national agency would negotiate on behalf of31million people.Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers,the higher the likelihood of a better price.(43)_____________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment,funded by Ottawa and the provinces.Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included.Predictably,and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making.They(particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few,if any,strings attached.That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere,while drug costskeep rising fast.(44)_____________Premiers love to quote Mr.Romanow’s report selectively,especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs:“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”(45)_____________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list,they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![ B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at [ [ [ twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one provinceincludes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others toinclude it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed —and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful; groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 5 0% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.(49)Creating a“European identity”that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice—that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market,whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives,we must concentrate more on co-productions,the exchange of news, documentary services and training.This also involves the agreements between European countries for thecreation of a European bank for Television Production which,on the model of the European Investments Bank,will handle the finances necessary for production costs.(50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale,it is no exaggeration to say,“United we stand,divided we fall”—and if I had to choose a slogan it would be“Unity in our diversity.”A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs&Fashions.But now you find that the work is not what you expected.You decide to quit.Write a letter to your boss,Mr.Wang,telling him your decision,stating your reason(s),and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than100words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming”instead.You do not need to write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should first describe the drawing,then interpret its meaning,and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析这是一篇科普性说明文，文章主要介绍了人类嗅觉的特点及原因。
2005年高考英语试题·全国卷I（附答案）
全 国 卷(Ⅰ) (河北、河南、安徽、山西、海南等地区) 第一卷第一卷注意事项注意事项1. 答第一卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂写在答题卡上。
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读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例：How much is the shirt? A. £19. 15. B. £9. 15. C. £9. 18. 答案是B. 1. How much will the woman pay if she buys two skirts? A. $18. B. $19. C. $20. 2. What will the speakers discuss? A. A report. B. A computer. C. A report on computer. 3. What are the speakers talking about? A. A child. B. A room. C. A present. 4. What can we learn from this conversation? A. The woman does not get along well with the man. B. The woman does not get along well with her roommate. C. The man will talk with the woman’s roommate.5. Where are the two speakers now? A. On the first floor. B. On the fourth floor. C. On the fifth floor. 第二节 (共15小题；每题1. 5分，满分22. 5分) 第二节听下面5段对话。
test report issued under the responsibility of
..................................................................................:
..................................................................................:
TRF No. IEC6x xxx_xy
Page 3 of 12 Summary of testing: Tests performed (name of test and test clause): Testing location:
Report No.
Summary of compliance with National Differences:
Copy of marking plate
TRF No. IEC6x xxx_xy
Page 4 of 12
Report No.
Test item particulars .................................................. : Classification of installation and use ............................ : Supply Connection........................................................ : ...................................................................................... : ...................................................................................... : Possible test case verdicts: - test case does not apply to the test object .................. : N/A - test object does meet the requirement ....................... : P (Pass) - test object does not meet the requirement ................. : F (Fail) Testing .......................................................................... : Date of receipt of test item ............................................ : Date (s) of performance of tests ................................... :
Report
写作基本内容
• 问题分析：主要陈述引发可行性研究的原 因 • We need … calculators for the two reasons: currently, our eight calculators (purchased in 2002 for $ 80) break down once per week; the salesmen in the department increased…the increased use of calculators, requires working calculators.
Report题型分类
• • • • 信息型报告 Informational Report 如：日常事务报告 Routine Report 分析型报告 Analytical Report 如：调查报告 Investigation Report 可行性报告Feasibility Report 总结报告 Summarizing Report
写作常用句型
• 5. We decide to designate him as our manager because he has more advantages over others.
写作例题
Suitability of the Office Management Seminar
Sample Report I
• Report on the most effective advertisement • Introduction • This report aims to assess methods of advertising on how customers learnt about Norelco and find a most effective way for future promotion.
2005年高考全国卷1英语(含答案)
英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。
2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。
3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。
4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。
6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。
7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。
9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。
10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。
11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。
12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。
13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。
14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。
15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。
16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。
17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。
18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。
英语作文report简单范文(通用10篇)
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2005年6月英语四级真题及答案
2005年6月英语四级真题及答案Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A1. A) The man hates to lend his tools to other people.B) The man hasn’t finished working on the bookshelf.C) The tools have already been returned to the woman.D) The tools the man borrowed from the woman are missing.2. A) Give the ring to a policeman.B) Wait for the owner of the ring in the rest room.C) Hand in the ring to the security office.D) Take the ring to the administration building.3. A) Save time by using a computer.B) Buy her own computerC) Borrow Martha’s computer.D) Stay home and complete her paper4. A) The man doesn’t have money for his daughter’s graduate studies.B) The man doesn’t think his daughter will get a business degree.C) The man insists that his daughter should pursue her studies in science.D) The man advises his daughter to think carefully before making her decision.5. A) The cinema is some distance away from where they are.B) He would like to read the film review in the newspaper.C) They should wait to see the movie at a later time.D) He’ll find his way to the cinema.6. A) He’s been to Seattle many times.B) He has chaired a lot of conferences.C) He has a high position in his company.D) He lived in Seattle for many years.7. A) Teacher and student.B) Doctor and patient. .C) Manager and office worker.D) Travel agent and customer8. A) She knows the guy who will give the lecture .B) She thinks the lecture might be informativeC) She wants to add something to her lecture .D) She’ll finished her report this weekend9. A) An art museum. B) A beautiful park.C) A college campus D) An architectural exhibition10. A) The houses for sale are of poor qualityB) The houses are too expensive for the couple to buyC) The housing developers provide free trips for potential buyersD) The man is unwilling to take a look at the houses for saleSection BPassage one11. A) Synthetic fuel B) Solar energyC) Alcohol D) Electricity12. A) Air traffic conditions B) Traffic jams on highwaysC) Road conditions D) New traffic rules13. A) Go through a health check B) Carry little luggageC) Arrive early for boarding D) Undergo security checksPassage Two14. A) In a fast-food restaurant B) At a shopping centerC) At a county fair D) In a bakery15. A) Avoid eating any foodB) Prepare the right type of pie to eatC) Wash his hands thoroughlyD) Practice eating a pie quickly16. A) On the table B) Behind his backC) Under his bottom D) On his lap17. A) Looking sideways to see how fast your neighbor eats.B) Eating from the outside toward the middleC) Swallowing the pie with waterD) Holding the pie in the right positionPassage Three18. A) Beauty B) LoyaltyC) Luck D) Durability19. A) He wanted to follow the tradition of his countryB) He believed that it symbolized an everlasting marriageC) It was thought a blood vessel in that finger led directly to the heartD) It was supposed that the diamond on that finger would bring good luck20. A) The two people can learn about each other’s likes and dislikesB) The two people can have time to decide if they are a good matchC) The two people can have time to shop for their new home.D)The two people can earn enough money for their weddingPart II Reading ComprehensionPassage oneIs there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America’s energy future ? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California’s electricity crisis and provide a ma jor boost to the country’s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall （意外之财）in tax revenues, royalties(开采权使用费)and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say , damage to the environment would be insignific ant . “We’ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice.” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan .Not so far , say environmentalists . Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billionbarrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America’s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR’s impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden S tate’s electricity output –and just 3% of the nation’s.21. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?A) It will exhaust the nation’s oil reserves.B) It will help secure the future of ANWR.C) It will help reduce the nation’s oil importsD) It will increase America’s energy consumption22. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry _______A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yieldsB) tends to exaggerate America’s reliance on foreign oi lC) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWRD) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia23. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that _________A) it can cause serious damage to the environmentB) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problemsC) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan regionD) it will not have much commercial value24. What do the environmentalists mean by saying “Not so fast” (Line 1, Para .3)?A) Oil exploitation takes a long timeB) The oil drilling should be delayedC) Don’t be too optimisticD) Don’t expect fast returns25. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR’s frozen earth ________.A) remains a controversial issueB) is expected to get under way soonC) involves a lot of technological problemsD) will enable the U.S. to be oil independentPassage two“Tear ‘em apart!”“Kill the fool!”“ Murder the referee ( 裁判)！”These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let’s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us .It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior . I see the term “opponent “ as one of those words . Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.The dictionary meani ng of the term “opponent “is “adversary “:“enemy “; “one who opposes your interests.” “Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no m atter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered then wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?”In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also wit nessed a player reacting to his opponent’s international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated(提升)the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world . Replacing the term “opponent “with “associate” could be an ideal way to start.The dictionary meaning of the term “associate “ is “colleague” ; “friend” ; “companion.” Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent.”26. Which of the following statements best expresses the author’s view?A) Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequencesB) The words people use can influence their behaviorC) Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletesD) Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players _______A) are too eager to winB) are usually short-tempered and easily offendedC) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competitionD) treat their rivals as enemies28. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?A) He refused to continue the gameB) He angrily hit the referee with a ballC) He claimed that the referee was unfairD) He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt29. According to the passage, players, in a game , may _______A) deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their wayB) keep on screaming and shouting throughout the gameC) lie down on the ground as an act of protestD) kick the ball across the court with force30. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by _______A) calling on players to use clean language on the courtB) ra ising the referee’s sense of responsibilityC) changing the attitude of players on the sports fieldD) regulating the relationship between players and refereesPart II Reading ComprehensionPassage oneIs there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America’s energy future ? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California’s electricity crisis and provide a ma jor boost to the country’s energy independe nce. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall （意外之财）in tax revenues, royalties(开采权使用费)and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say , damage to the e nvironment would be insignificant . “We’ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice.” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan .Not so far , say environmentalists . Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America’s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatoryreview. As for ANWR’s impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsib le for only 1% of the Golden State’s electricity output –and just 3% of the nation’s.21. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?A) It will exhaust the nation’s oil reserves.B) It will help secure the future of ANWR.C) It will help re duce the nation’s oil importsD) It will increase America’s energy consumption22. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry _______A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yieldsB) tends to exaggerate Am erica’s reliance on foreign oilC) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWRD) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia23. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that _________A) it can cause serious damage to the environmentB) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problemsC) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan regionD) it will not have much commercial value24. What do the environmentalists mean by saying “Not so fast” (Line 1, Para .3)?A) Oil exploitation takes a long timeB) The oil drilling should be delayedC) Don’t be too optimisticD) Don’t expect fast returns25. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR’s frozen earth ________.A) remains a controversial issueB) is expected to get under way soonC) involves a lot of technological problemsD) will enable the U.S. to be oil independentPassage two“Tear ‘em apart!”“Kill the fool!”“ Murder the referee ( 裁判)！”These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let’s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us .It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior . I see the term “opponent “ as one of those words . Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent “is “adversary “:“enemy “; “one who opposes your interests.” “Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s int ellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered then wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?”In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent’s international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated(提升)the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world . Replacing the term “opponent “with “associate” could be an ideal way to start.The dictionary meaning of the term “associate “ is “colleague” ; “friend” ; “companion.” Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent.”26. Which of the following statements best expresses the author’s view?A) Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequencesB) The words people use can influence their behaviorC) Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletesD) Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players _______A) are too eager to winB) are usually short-tempered and easily offendedC) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competitionD) treat their rivals as enemies28. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?A) He refused to continue the gameB) He angrily hit the referee with a ballC) He claimed that the referee was unfairD) He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt29. According to the passage, players, in a game , may _______A) deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their wayB) keep on screaming and shouting throughout the gameC) lie down on the ground as an act of protestD) kick the ball across the court with force30. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by _______A) calling on players to use clean language on the courtB) raising the referee’s sense of responsibilityC) changing the attitude of players on the sports fieldD) regulating the relationship between players and refereesPassage threeConsumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling”study published by Consumers International Friday .Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly” a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier”The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.“ While many good and useful claims are being made , it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder .The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain. Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.The report focused on claims made by specific products , such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products . It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September ,1999.Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.“Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentallyfriendly , but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing ,” said report researcher Philip Page .“Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims . while paints were third on our list with 73 .The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading .” he said .The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging , because terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified . “ what we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO .” said Page.31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ______A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standardsB) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceivingC) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claimD) few products actually prove to be environment friendly32. As indicated in this passage , with so many good claims , the consumers _____A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buyB) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labelingC) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environmentD) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment33. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to _______A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standardsB) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buyC) examine claims made by products against ISO standardsD) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problemsB) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the falseC) They could arouse widespread anger among consumerD) Consum ers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to _______.A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirementsB) see all household products meet environmental standardsC) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green productsD) verify the efforts of non-polluting productsPassage fourTwo hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world’s largest black bears .They are in northern Pennsylvania’s Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife .The streams , lakes , meadows (草地) , mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region . Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats (栖息地) are endangered by highway construction . To protect the Poconos’natural beauty from irresponsible development. The Nature Conservancy (大自然保护协会) named the area one of America’s “Last Great Places”Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancy’s bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.Altemose’s family has farmed in the Pocono area for genera tions. Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a result, his family’s land can be protected from developmentand the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson .Cook attributes the Conservancy’s success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents“The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local communi ty,” Cook said. “The people who live there respect the land. They value quite forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort.For more information on how you can help The Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world’s other “Last Great Places,” please call 1-888-564 6864. or visit us on the World Wide Web at .36. The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America’s “ Last Great Places “ is to ________A) gain support from the local communityB) protect it from irresponsible developmentC) make it a better home for black bearsD) provide financial security for future generations37. We learn from the passage that _______A) the population in the Pocono area is growingB) wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidlyC) the security of the Pocono residents is being threatenedD) farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast38. What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?A) The setting up of an environmental protection websiteB) Support from organizations like The Nature ConservancyC) Cooperation with the local residents and business leadersD) Inclusion of farmlands in the region’s protection program39. What does Bud Cook mean by “having a local presence “ (Line 1, Para. 5)?A) Financial contributions from local business leadersB) Consideration of the interests of the local residentsC) The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the areaD) The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area40. The passage most probably is ________A) an official documentB) a news storyC) an advertisementD) a research reportPart III Vocabulary41. A word processor is much better than a typewriter in that it enables you to enter and _______your text more easilyA) register B) editC) propose D) discharge42. We don’t know why so many people in that region like to wear dresses of such ______colorsA) low B) humbleC) mild D) dull43. The news has just ______ that the president is going to visit China next monthA) come down B) come upC) come out D) come about44. The ______ that exists among nations could certainly be lessened if misunderstanding and mistrust were removedA) tension B) strainC) stress D) intensity45. The other day , Mum and I went to St. James’s Hospital , and they did lots and lots of tests on me , most of them _____ and frighteningA) cheerful B) horribleC) hostile D) friendly46. In the Mediterranean seaweed is so abundant and so easily harvested that it is never of great _____A) fare B) paymentC) worth D) expense47. The writer was s o ______ in her work that she didn’t notice him enter the roomA) absorbed B) abandonedC) focused D) centered48. Actually , information technology can ______ the gap between the poor and the rich .A) link B) breakC) ally D) bridge49. Some research workers completely ______ all those facts as though they never existed .A) ignore B) leaveC) refuse D) miss50. Computer power now allows automatic searches of fingerprint files to match a print at a crime ______.A) stage B) sceneC) location D) occasion51. The most basic reason why dialects should be preserved is that language helps to ______ a cultureA) retain B) relateC) remark D) review52. Companies are struggling to find the right _______between supply and demand, but it is no easy taskA) equation B) formulaC) balance D) pattern53. Mass advertising helped to _______ the emphasis from the production of goods to their consumptionA) vary B) shiftC) lay D) moderate54. Because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and _____ and all previously neglected matters were taken care of .A) conviction B) contestC) consent D) content55. I know you’ve got a smooth tongue , so don’t talk me ______ buying itA) away B) downC) out D) into56. Showing some sense of humor can be a(n) _______ way to deal with some stressful situationA) effective B) efficientC) favorable D) favorite57. The situation described in the report ______ terrible, but it may not happenA) inclines B) maintainsC) sounds D) remains58. The company is trying every means to ______ the wholesale price of its productsA) pull down B) put downC) set down D) bring down59. The mayor ______ the police officer a medal of honor for his heroic deed in rescuing the earthquake victimsA) rewarded B) awardedC) credited D) prized60. The native Canadians lived in _______ with nature, for they respected nature as a provider of lifeA) coordination B) acquaintanceC) contact D) harmony61. Many people are asking whether traditional research universities in fact have any future _______.A) at all B) so farC) in all D) on end62. I was impressed _______ the efficiency of the work done in the companyA) in B) aboutC) with D) for63. Now in Britain , wines take up four times as much ______ in the storehouse as both beer and spirits。
report
6ed80000 C:\Windows\system32\asycfilt.dll
6e500000 C:\Windows\System32\MMDevApi.dll
65130000 E:\Jdbbx\BBXTools\wow-mogu\soundbox.dll
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2005年硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案
2005年硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案[ 作者: 转自: 浏览:883 ]【大小】【评论】【打印】【关闭】Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numb ered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1(10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals ,we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which f loat through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stickto surfaces. In fact5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells,6 we do not g enerally realize it. Our noses are capable of7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one mill ion.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that evenpeople insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly bec ome sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply donot need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1. ［A］although ［B］as ［C］but ［D］while2. ［A］above ［B］unlike ［C］excluding ［D］besides3. ［A］limited ［B］committed ［C］dedicated ［D］confined4. ［A］catching ［B］ignoring ［C］missing ［D］tracking5. ［A］anyway ［B］though ［C］instead ［D］therefore6. ［A］even if ［B］if only ［C］only if ［D］as if7. ［A］distinguishing［B］discovering ［C］determining［D］detecti ng8. ［A］diluted ［B］dissolved ［C］determining［D］diffused9. ［A］when ［B］since ［C］for ［D］whereas10. ［A］unusual ［B］particular ［C］unique ［D］typical11. ［A］signs ［B］stimuli ［C］messages ［D］impulses12. ［A］at first ［B］at all ［C］at large ［D］at times13. ［A］subjected ［B］left ［C］drawn ［D］exposed14. ［A］ineffective ［B］incompetent ［C］inefficient［D］insuffici ent15. ［A］introduce ［B］summon ［C］trigger ［D］create16. ［A］still ［B］also ［C］otherwise ［D］nevertheless17. ［A］sure ［B］sick ［C］aware ［D］tired18. ［A］tolerate ［B］repel ［C］neglect ［D］notice19. ［A］availabe ［B］reliable［C］identifiable［D］suitable20. ［A］similar to［B］such as ［C］along with ［D］aside from Section ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text b y choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(4 0 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish i f you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if h e has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such beh aviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the unde rlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of E mory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin mo nkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, a nd they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human co unterparts, they tend to pa y much closer attention to the value of “goo ds and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect ca ndidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers sp ent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Nor mally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in sepa rate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the otherwas getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much prefe rable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exch ange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having t o provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to ;accept t he slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the othe r chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guid ed by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each anim al feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it se ems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward co mpletely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of th e group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independe ntly in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common a ncestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unans wered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA. posing a contrast.B. justifying an assumption.C. making a comparison.D. explaining a phenomenon.22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) impli es thatA. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature.C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probab ly because they areA. more inclined to weigh what they get.B. attentive to researchers' ins tructions.C. nice in both appearance and temperament.D. more generous than the ir male companions24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study t hat the monkeysA. prefer grapes to cucumbers.B. can be taught to exchange things.C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D. are unhappy when sep arated from others.25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoki ng would killus but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evi dence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lo bby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should sta y out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over t hree decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after an other try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The l atest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely wa rming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers But science do es provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is criti cal that out nation and the world base important policies on the best j udgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking voices now come from many quarters insisting th at the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. this is a dangerou s game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obv ious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global w arming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press fo r more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forwar d on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is in adequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Con gress should help to beginfashioning conservation measures A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for priva te industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting re ady to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If w e are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was thatA. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insi gnificant.C. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve asA. a protector.B. a judge.C. a critic.D. a guide.28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)A. Endless studies kill action.B. Careful investigation reveals truth.C. prudent planning hinders.D. Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do aboutA. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.B. Raise public awareness o f conservation.C. Press for further scientific research.D. Take some legislative measur es.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of sm oking becauseA. they both suffered from the government's negligence.B. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.C. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D. both of them have turned from bad to worse.Text 3Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be le ast within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud form ulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and rears, by the late 1970s. neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” the random b yproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now res earchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermosta t, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line” And one leading autho rity says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only h arnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It's your dream” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of p sychology at Chicago's Medical Center. “If you don't like it , change i t.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as acti ve during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep-when most vivid dreams o ccur-as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved, th e limbic system (the “emotional brain”)is especial ly active, while the p refrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quie t. “We wake up from dreams happy of depressed, and those feelings c an stay with us all day” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr, William D ement.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright beli eves one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visua lize how you would like it to end instead, the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice peo ple can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping of “we wake u in a panic,” Cartwright says Terrorism, economic uncertainties and ge neral feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffe ring from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist For t he rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep-or rather dream-on it and you'll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreamsA. can be modified in their courses.B. are susceptible to emotional cha nges.C. reflect our innermost desires and fears.D. are a random outcome of neural repairs.32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to showA. its function in our dreams.B. the mechanism of REM sleep.C. the relation of dreams to emotions.D. its difference from the prefro ntal cortex.33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend toA. aggravate in our unconscious mind.B. develop into happy dreams.C. persist till the time we fall asleep.D. show up in dreams early at ni ght.34.Cartwright seems to suggest thatA. waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.B. visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under con troll.C. dreams should be left to their natural progression.D. dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious.35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?A. lead your life as usual.B. Seek professional help.C. Exercise conscious control.D. Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in w riting, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do th ey aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we sho uld like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960scounter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thin g”, has spelt the death of formal speech, wr iting, poetry and music. W hile even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they pu t pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking i s triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we shou ld, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of huma n language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be po werfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world tha t cannot convey complex ideas He is not arguing, as many do, that w e can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large c hunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-sp eakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictl y necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grie ving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now t ake our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal EnglishA. is inevitable in radical education reforms.B. is but all too natural in language development.C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture.D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.37. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotesA. modesty.B. personality.C. liveliness.D. informality.38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most like ly agree?A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English.C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians' love of memorizing poetry shows the author'sA. interest in their language.B. appreciation of their efforts.C. admiration for their memory.D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” asA. “temporary” is to “permanent”.B. “radical” is to “conservative”.C. “functional” is to “artistic”.D. “humble” is to “noble”.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have removed. For Questions 41-45, choosethe most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into of the numbered bl ank thereare two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they hav e any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July ann ual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, to reduce health-care costs.They're all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41.What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care-to say nothing of reports from other experts recommen ded the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province h aving its own list of approved drugs , bureaucracy, procedures and lim ited bargaining power, all would pool resources ,work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42.But “national” doesn't have to mean that. “National” could mean interp rovincial-provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to neg otiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of hav ing one province-or a series of hospitals within a province-negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency woul d negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million peo ple, the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43.A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency wi th the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Techn ology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Co mmon Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs s hould be included, predictably and regrettably Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That's one reason why the idea of a nationalist hasn't gone anywhere while drug costs k eep rising fast.44.Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially t he parts about more federal money perhaps they should read what he had to say a bout drugs.“A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing c ost of drugs.”45.So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.A. Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. O ne of the first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent!B. Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report:“the substan tial buying power of such an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insur ance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies”C. What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael K irby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently cre ated National Health Council.D. The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increase faster than government revenues.E. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information. prescript ion drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall healt h-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments part of it arises from new drugs costi ng more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.F. So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that w ould end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province fr om being played off against another, and bargain for better drug price s.G. Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divi ded buyers, they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its, list the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a national agency agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined seg ments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANS WER SHEET2. (10points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overw helmingly significant phase in European history. History and news beco me confused, and one's impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. (46)Television is one of the means by which these feel ings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served t o much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent event s in Europe .The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mi nd we can begin to analyze the European television scene. (47) In Eur ope, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines a nd publishing houses that work in relation to one another.One Italian e xample would be the Berlusconi group while abroad Maxwell and Mur doch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete complete in such a rich and hotly-contes ted market. (48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that sh ow that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% t ook a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige tele vision companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both productio n and distribution.(49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our depen dence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experie nces and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co -productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank will handle the finances necessary for pr oduction costs. (50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I ha d to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each cou ntry.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design s & fashions. But now you find that the word is not what you expect ed. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on A NSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the lette r, use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 p oints)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay ,you should first describe the drawing the interpret its mea ning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (20 points)标准答案:Section I Use of English1-5 C B A C B 6-10 A D A D B11-15 C A D C D16-20 B C D A BSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21-25 C B A C B 26-30 C D A D B31-35 A C D D A 36-40 B D A B CPart B41-45 E C G F BPart C46．电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一--在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。
REPORTS
目录目录 (1)一、什么是Reports (2)（一）Reports是Developer的成员 (2)（二）Reports特点 (2)（三）Reports的组成 (2)（四）开始使用Report Builder (3)二、简单报表的设计 (3)（一）列表报表 (4)（二）分组报表 (5)（三）矩阵报表 (5)三、数据模型 (6)四、布局模型 (7)（一）区段 (7)（二）页和页边距 (7)（三）文本与域 (8)（四）框架 (8)五、特殊列 (10)六、图像应用 (17)七、模板 (18)七、参数表格 (19)（一）参数 (19)（二）参数表格 (19)（三）引用参数 (19)（四）传递参数 (20)八、程序设计 (21)（一）报表触发器 (21)（二）格式化触发器 (21)（三）SRW包常用的函数和过程 (24)九、Forms表格调用Reports模块 (25)一、什么是Reports（一）Reports是Developer的成员Reports是Developer开发工具集中的一个重要组成部分。
Reports用于开发、显示及打印高质量报表模块（程序）。
Reports是一种第四代语言（4GL）工具软件。
在Forms 模块中可以很方便地调用Reports模块，通过Reports显示、打印报表或进行数据转换。
Forms模块与Reports模块一起成为完成数据库应用。
（二）Reports特点Reports是一种第四代语言（4GL）工具软件，主要特点有：Reports采用交互填表方式进行开发。
使用Reports开发报表模块，一般不需要编写代码，设计报表时用户只须使用鼠标的拖放功能即可。
在Reports中使用“框架”代替流程代码，“框架”更形象直观，功能强大，使开发人员重点放在报表的设计上，而不是程序设计。
总而言之，使用Reports可以轻松地开发出复杂的报表模块。
Reports是一种开放式的结构。
Reports可以编写PL/SQL程序，嵌入C、COBAL 等高级评语，实现强大的报表功能。
ULCN2005-OpenFile
The Unified Lunar Control Network 2005 By Brent A. Archinal1, Mark R. Rosiek1, Randolph L. Kirk1, and Bonnie L. Redding1 2006Open-File Report 2006-1367 - Version 1.0U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Department of the InteriorDirk Kempthorne, SecretaryU.S. Geological SurveyMark Myers, DirectorU.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2006For product and ordering information:This report is a Web-only publication:/of/2006/1367/World Wide Web: /pubprodTelephone: 1-888-ASK-USGSFor more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth,its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment:World Wide Web: Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGSSuggested citation:Archinal, B.A., Rosiek, M.R., Kirk, R.L., and Redding, B.L., 2006, The Unified Lunar Control Network 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1367[/of/2006/1367/ ].Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.Contents Contents (iii)Figures (iii)Tables (iii)Abstract (1)Introduction (1)Previous Networks (2)ULCN 2005 (2)Available Files (4)Uses of the ULCN 2005 (6)Future Work (8)Acknowledgements (9)References Cited (9)FiguresFigure 1. Color-coded topography derived from the ULCN 2005 solution (13)Figure 2. Example detail topographic map of the Oppenheimer crater derived from a TIN of Clementine LIDAR radii (km) and showing the position of LIDAR measurements (14)Figure 3. Example detail topographic map of the Oppenheimer crater, derived from a TIN of ULCN 2005 radii (km) and showing the position of Clementine image tie point measurements (15)Figure 4. Close up of the topographic model shown in Figure 1, for the north polar area of the Moon (16)Figure 5. Close up of the topographic model shown in Figure 1, for the south polar area of the Moon (16)Figure 6. Absolute horizontal difference in the image boresight position of 43,866 images, between the ULCN 2005 solution and the CLCN solution (17)TablesTable 1. Lunar Horizontal Control Net Comparison (17)Table 2. Vertical Data Sources for the Moon (18).The Unified Lunar Control Network 2005by Brent A. Archinal, Mark R. Rosiek, Randolph L. Kirk, and Bonnie L. Redding 1AbstractThis report documents a new general unified lunar control network and lunar topographic model based on a combination of Clementine images and a previous network derived from Earth based and Apollo photographs, and Mariner 10 and Galileo images. This photogrammetric network solution is the largest planetary control network ever completed. It includes the determination of the 3-D positions of 272,931 points on the lunar surface and the correction of the camera angles for 43,866 Clementine images, using 546,126 tie point measurements. The solution RMS is 20 µm (= 0.9 pixels) in the image plane, with the largest residual of 6.4 pixels. The explanation given here, along with the accompanying files, comprises the release of the network information and of global lunar digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from the network. A paper that will describe the solution and network in further detail will be submitted to a refereed journal, and will include additional background information, solution details, discussion of accuracy and precision, and explanatory figures.IntroductionWe have completed a new general unified lunar control network and lunar topographic model based on Clementine images and the previous ULCN network, which had been derived from Earth-based and Apollo photographs, and Mariner 10 and Galileo images of the Moon. This photogrammetric network solution is the largest planetary control network ever completed. It includes the determination of the 3-D positions of 272,931 points on the lunar surface and the correction of the camera angles for 43,866 Clementine images, using 546,126 tie point measurements. The solution RMS is 20 µm (= 0.9 pixels) in the image plane, with the largest residual of 6.4 pixels. We have previously issued progress reports on this work [Archinal, et al., 2005a-e, 2006a-c]. The explanation given here, along with the accompanying files, comprises the release of the network information and of global lunar digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from the network. We also plan to submit a paper to a refereed journal describing the network in detail. This information is being released as an Open-File Report prior to such publication due to its importance in the planning of current and upcoming lunar missions.1 2255 N. Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA, barchinal@Previous NetworksIn recent years there have been two generally accepted lunar control networks. These are the Unified Lunar Control Network (ULCN) and the Clementine Lunar Control Network (CLCN), both derived by M. Davies and T. Colvin at RAND. The original ULCN was described in the last major publication about a lunar control network [Davies, et al., 1994]. See Tables 1 and 2 for statistics on this and the other networks discussed here. Images for this network are from the Apollo, Mariner 10, and Galileo missions, and Earth-based photographs. This network is important because (1) its accuracy is relatively well-quantified, (2) it connects the four different types of image data, and (3) published information on the network is available.The CLCN was derived from Clementine images and measurements on Clementine 750-nm images. The purpose of this network was to determine the geometry for the Clementine Base Map [USGS, 1997]. The geometry of that mosaic was used to produce the Clementine UVVIS digital image model [USGS, 1999; Eliason, et al., 1999] and the Near-Infrared Global Multispectral Map of the Moon from Clementine [USGS, in preparation; Eliason, et al., 2003]. Because of the extensive use of these products, they and the underlying CLCN effectively define the accepted current coordinate frame for reporting and describing the location of lunar features. The CLCN is described in print only briefly [Edwards, et al., 1996]. See/Projects/ControlNetworks/ for further information and ULCN and CLCN files.Our efforts have merged these two networks into an improved ULCN, improving greatly upon the accuracy of the CLCN, determining radii for the CLCN points, further improving the original ULCN, and providing for a single unified photogrammetrically determined network. ULCN 2005The primary significant feature of our new network in comparison to the previous ones is that we solve for the radii of the control points. This avoids distortion of horizontal positions (of about 7 km average, and up to 15 km or more), that have been pointed out by previous authors [Malin and Ravine, 1998; Cook, et al., 2000; Cook, et al., 2002]. Solution for radii is possible because the overlapping Clementine images provide stereo information. The expected vertical precision of such information is generally on the order of several hundred meters, and the radii derived from the images appear to be compatible with Clementine LIDAR [Smith, et al., 1997], previously the most accurate radii data, at this level of precision. When the ULCN 2005 solution radii of all 272,931 control points are compared to the a priori radii derived from an interpolation of a combination of Clementine LIDAR and polar Clementine stereo data [Rosiek, et al., 2001], the differences are not significant. Specifically, the mean absolute difference of the solution radii from their a priori values is 137 m, with a standard deviation of 219 m, thus showing there is no systematic difference between the LIDAR and newly derived values, and that the radii must therefore be of similar accuracy (a few hundred meters). Thus a by-product of this network is a global lunar topographic model that is denser than that provided by LIDAR and of similar accuracy. Only in limited areas of the Moon are higher density topographic data available [Rosiek, et al., 1998; Rosiek, et al., 1999; Rosiek and Aeschliman, 2001; Rosiek, et al., 2001; see/Projects/ISPRS/MEETINGS/; Margo, 1999; Margo, et al., 1999 and 2000; Wu and Doyle, 1990]. With 272,931 control points, and assuming a spherical moon with radius = 1737.4, there is an average of one point for every ~46 km2, or one point every ~6.8 km. This radius information is also defined in a consistent, full, absolute, 3D frame. This is the only lunar topographic model where both height and horizontal positions are estimated in a globally-consistent frame. See Figure 1 for a representation of this topographic model. Figures 2 and 3 compare, for the area of the Oppenheimer crater, results from Clementine LIDAR and the ULCN 2005 DEM model. Figures 4 and 5 show perspective views of the ULCN 2005 DEM in the areas of the north and south pole of the Moon.A second significant feature of the ULCN 2005 is that we have used a constraint for the camera angles of 1º, although we have allowed angles that show changes of more than 0.6º to change freely. This is on the assumption that angles with such large changes result from angle measurement errors (a few angles change by up to ~25º, probably due to unaccounted for spacecraft operations). The constraint of 1º is quite conservative in comparison to the much greater accuracy with which the angles were measured, i.e. reportedly 0.03º [Nozette, et al., 1994]. We believe this feature provides significant improvement in the horizontal accuracy of the network (and therefore in the vertical accuracy, which is coupled), because we have substantially eliminated apparent large errors that exist in the original camera angle measurements, while allowing for minor (and generally expected) adjustments in the angles. Note that from an average altitude of 640 km, the implied horizontal position accuracy due to the 0.03º accuracy of the a priori information is 335 m. Because 99% of the angles change less than 0.45º, this and the 640 km altitude would also imply that even if the a priori angles were perfect, the greatest 3 standard deviation horizontal error in our solution could not exceed 5.1 km. This also assumes that the spacecraft positions – which we do not adjust – are perfectly accurate. Obviously, this is not the case, but the cited errors [Zuber, et al., 1994] in the orbit positions (at least radially) are ~100 m, which when root square sum added to the pointing errors, would still cause additional errors of a maximum of a few hundred meters. The change (and therefore improvement) in camera boresight positions between the CLCN and ULCN 2005 is represented in Figure 6. Because the estimated errors in the CLCN solution are so much larger than those of the ULCN 2005, this is also effectively a map of the improvement in the control network.A third feature of the ULCN 2005 is that a majority of the original ULCN points were identified on Clementine images and their measurements were included in the new ULCN 2005. 1,261 points were measured, and 754 of them were measured on two or more images. This therefore allows for the direct incorporation of the ULCN into the new ULCN 2005. We have done so by weighting the ULCN points appropriately (0.18-5 km horizontally, 2-6 km vertically) for the accuracies as described in [1]. A subset containing 124 ULCN points, that had particularly high residuals, was interpreted as consisting of misidentified points or points where the original ULCN was in error. These points were subsequently weighted the same as non-ULCN points (2 km horizontally and 10 km vertically, or effectively free to adjust). This tie to the ULCN and the use of Clementine a priori spacecraft position data in the mean Earth/polar axis system also places our solution in that same mean Earth/polar axis system (see Davies, et al. [1994]).Available FilesThe files accompanying this text explanation comprise the ULCN 2005 solution input and output files, and derived files of interest. An accompanying file, “ReadMe-ULCN2005.txt” describes all the files in detail. However, here we summarize those files and provide suggestions for their possible use.The directory structure used for the files separates them into three categories: 1) solution input and output files (sub directory “solution”); 2) Miscellaneous derived files of interest (“derived”); and 3) global DEMs and DEM images (“dems”). Where appropriate, text explanations of file formats are also included as ASCII (ASC) and Adobe Acrobat (PDF) files.The solution input and output files include (in ASCII format) the tie point measurement file and the primary output file. The latter includes ULCN 2005 solution control point positions and camera angles (the latter accompanied by the input image numbers, times, and spacecraft positions). The control point positions define the global DEM, from which the DEM files described below are derived.Miscellaneous derived files include: 1) A list of the sorted solution residuals, from the last iteration, which could be used to characterize the precision of the control point positions; and 2) the calculated statistics for each control point, including in particular the minimum expected vertical precision at each point. This latter file includes the image resolution at each point, which could be used with the residual information to estimate the (residual) uncertainty for each control point measurement in meters.The global DEM files are derived from the control point positions. Two types of DEM files are provided in multiple formats. All of the DEMs are in global simple cylindrical projection.The following types of DEMs were produced:1.The first DEM is at a resolution of 16 pixels/degree (e.g. about 1.895 km resolution), as a gridcreated from a triangle irregular network (TIN) of the original points. Note that no smoothing has been done to the points, so at the meter to tens of meters level significant noise (e.g. due to orbit errors and varying vertical and horizontal precision) can be seen in this DEM particularly if “hill-shading” is applied. However, in any given local area, the user may find this to be the most accurate representation of topography. This format was created using ESRI™ ArcMap™ 3D Analyst™ functions.2. A second DEM is also at a resolution of 16 pixels/degree (e.g. about 1.895 km resolution), as agrid created from a polynomial fit through the original points. For many users this will be the most useful DEM representation because the algorithm smoothes the sub areas and gives the most aesthetically pleasing DEM. However, users should be cautioned that the smoothing does attenuate the topography in some areas where only one point indicates a local high or lowradius, for example. This format was created using ArcMap™ Geostatistical Analyst function.The DEMs have been produced in the following formats:ISIS cube files.A BIL (“band interleaved by line” format) header that can be used with the ISIS cube files bychanging the file extension from .cub to .bil.ArcMap™ grids.ArcMap™ ASCII grid files.TIFF image files.A simple ASCII listing file has also been included. This includes, for each ULCN 2005 control point the following information:Pt_name - point name. The 22 points that tied the ULCN to the CLCN are place or feature names (i.e. Clerke). Other points from the ULCN are either a number (i.e. 655) or start with M or P and then a number (P7084 or M5). These later names are from the original ULCN [Davies, et al., 1994], with the “P” points being from the Catalog of Lunar Positions based on the Lunar Positional Reference System (1974) that was published by the Defense Mapping Agency. The “M” points are Mariner 10 points. The Clementine points are 2 letters, 4 numbers, and then 1 letter (i.e.AF0510C, in a rather arbitrary system use to number points on Clementine images).set - a number 1-5 indicating the data source (1 - Apollo Network, 2 - Telescopic Network, 3 - Mariner 10 Network, 4 - Galileo Network, and 5-CLCN)measures - number of measurements on a pointevp_m - expected vertical precision in meterslat - latitude (degrees) from final solution of ULCN2005lon_360 - longitude (degrees) in positive east 360 longitude system from final ULCN2005 solution lon_180 - longitude (degrees) in positive east ±180 longitude system from final ULCN2005 solutionradius_km - radius value for point in kilometers from final ULCN2005 solutionht_m - height in meters referenced to a sphere of 1,737,400 meters based on radius_km valuelpo_ht - height in meters referenced to a sphere of 1,737,400 meters based on interpolating a grid using a local polynomial interpolator on the radius_km valueslpo_diff - difference between the lpo_ht and the ht_mgrid_ht - height in meters referenced to a sphere of 1,737,400 meters based on interpolating a grid using a bilinear interpolator between the radius_km valuesgrid_dif - difference between the grid_ht and the ht_mNOTE: Radii (km) and height values may not be equal due to: (1) round off from real to integer value; (2) multiple points in the same grid cell; (3) smoothing; and (4) interpolation.We caution that it has been challenging to make DEMs from the ULCN 2005 control point solution due to the irregular distribution of the data, the sparseness of the data (compared to, forexample, using MOLA data from Mars), and the highly variable precision of the control point positions (due to the varying stereo geometry). For users who wish to obtain the highest accuracy from this dataset for a given area, we recommend starting from the original set of control points, checking the size of the residuals for the control point measurements and the expected vertical precision of the control points, and examining and possibly editing/filtering/smoothing the data in the area of interest to remove outliers. Most likely, the best accuracy of the data will still be in the few hundred meter range, if only due to the uncertainty in the Clementine spacecraft positions, although the relative accuracy between adjacent and nearby points may be much better, as indicated by the expected vertical precision information.Uses of the ULCN 2005We envision multiple possible uses for the ULCN 2005 control network and topographic model. The original reason that we updated the CLCN solution was because it contained significant (several km) horizontal errors, which were noted in it during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Our hope was that the updated solution could be used to correct positions measured from the USGS Clementine mosaics – which to some extent has become a default source for coordinates of lunar features – or that some or all of these mosaics could be remade using the new network.It is now clear that there are a number of other possible uses for the ULCN 2005 solution information, particularly since we have been able to recover control point radii, a significantly dense set of topographic information. We summarize here some of the most significant uses.1.The change in control point coordinates (or somewhat equivalently the image boresightpositions) from the CLCN to the ULCN 2005 defines a transformation field. With appropriate software that information could be used to convert (“warp”, “rubber sheet”, etc.) coordinates from the old CLCN and Clementine mosaic frame to the (more accurate) ULCN 2005 frame.This would allow the positions of features of interest (e.g. scientific/geologic or operational for landing site selection) to be determined as accurately as possible. This could also be done with portions or all of the Clementine mosaics (the Clementine Base Map, UVVIS, or Near-Infrared Global Multispectral Map). We have had some success in transforming small areas of the Clementine Base Map mosaic using ArcInfo Workstation by ESRI. Other publicly andcommercially available tools could also be used for such work (e.g. ISIS, ENVI by ITT Visual Information Solutions, GDAL).2.The Clementine mosaics could be rigorously regenerated using the new network, thus removingthe large scale distortions in them so that positions could be accurately measured directly from the mosaics. The regeneration process would also be an opportunity to introduce otherimprovements to these mosaics, such as improving the radiometric calibration, changing the tiling scheme to using larger file sizes, and projecting the images onto the ULCN 2005topography, thereby creating a true orthomosaic rather than a mosaic projected onto a sphere.In addition, the regeneration process could be done in such as way that it could easily berepeated in the future. That will be necessary as the control network continues to be improved with new mission data and while users still require registration between old and new datasets atthe sub-pixel level. It is true that taking advantage of these opportunities will require significant funding, although not approaching the cost of the original creation of the mosaics. However, there will also be substantial savings in the future for users of the mosaics (since they will not need to maintain software and do coordinate conversions) when either using the mosaics or geometrically improving them further.3.Because this improved network is now available, we will tie the Lunar Orbiter global digitalmosaic now being generated to this network [Becker, et al., 2005; Weller, et al., 2006; see/Projects/LunarOrbiterDigitization/]. Tie point measurements are being made between the Lunar Orbiter images and an independent global lunar orbiter testnetwork is being created from those measures. Tie points are also being measured between the Lunar Orbiter images and some of the Clementine images in the ULCN 2005 – thus allowing the Lunar Orbiter images to be positioned in an absolute sense into the same ULCN 2005 frame. 4.The vertical positions of the ULCN 2005 points now provide a global topographic model forthe Moon with a more uniform distribution of points compared to existing topographicinformation, such as the non-polar LIDAR data, the Clementine polar stereo data from Rosiek et al [1998, 1999, Rosiek and Aeschliman, 2001; 2001], and the (unreleased) irregularClementine stereo data from Cook, et al. [2000]. Though such a DEM is nowhere near as dense or as accurate as, for example, those generated from the MOLA data at Mars, it will serve as the best global topography model for the Moon until it is supplanted in a few years with new data.In any case, such a global DEM obviously has diverse uses, such as:a.Assisting in studies of global and regional geology and morphology of the Moon, includingthe investigation of the Moon’s impact basins and larger craters.b.Providing a surface onto which oblique images can be orthorectified, in order to removeimage distortions due to topographic effects.c.Providing operational information for near-term lunar operations, e.g. for the planning of theacquisition of new imaging and other (e.g. altimeter) data (SELENE, Chang’E-1,Chandrayaan-1, LRO), and the determination of lunar radius in areas planned for possiblelandings (the U.S. planned 2011 LPRP lander) or impacts (e.g. SMART-1 in 2006,LCROSS in 2008). Because the Lunar Orbiter mosaic will be tied to this network, userscould determine horizontal positions of features of interest from that mosaic. Then theapproximate radii at those locations could be determined using the ULCN 2005 derivedDEM. As an example of this, the DEM was used along with the Clementine stereo models of Cook, et al. (Anthony Cook, Thomas Watters, and Mark Robinson) to predict possible impact points for the SMART-1 spacecraft on 2006 September 3. The orbit of thespacecraft was raised several hundred meters on the basis of this information so the impact would occur on the orbit best suited for Earth-based observation. The impact also appears to have occurred within a few hundred meters of where it was predicted via the ULCN 2005 and Cook, et al. stereo data. [See e.g. http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMV386LARE_0.html and http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMWX03VRRE_1.html].d.The global ULCN 2005 DEM can also be used for registering other regional or localtopographic information. For example, we are working with Cook, et al. to register their“planet-wide” Clementine DEMs into this frame, so this Clementine stereo information can finally be easily used. Other DEMs, such as those derived from the digitization of old maps [Willoughby, et al., 2004] or new processing of Lunar Orbiter or Apollo imagery [Rosiek, et al., 2006a-c] can also be registered to this frame so that the internal coordinates will beaccurate at the level of the ULCN 2005 itself (e.g. the few hundred meter level, rather than with the several kilometers of error that some of these DEMs currently have).e.The tie point measurements used in the ULCN 2005 can be used to locate the specificcontrol point locations on the Clementine images, and through interpolation, to estimate the coordinates of intermediate points in the ULCN 2005 frame.f.Individual Clementine images used in the ULCN 2005 can also now be projected onto theUCLN 2005 DEM and - with the appropriate software (e.g. ISIS) - points of interest can be identified and measured in three dimensions directly.g.Finally, the ULCN 2005 network can serve as a base for tying other existing imagery (e.g.Earth-based, Lunar Orbiter, Apollo, Mariner 10, Galileo, other Clementine images,SMART-1 images) and future imagery and data. This type of use is discussed further in the next section.Future WorkWe are already at work on an improved version of the ULCN 2005 (tentatively to be called the ULCN 2007). This will be a new solution, incorporating additional datasets. We are checking the Mariner 10 and Galileo [Belton, et al., 1992, 1994; Schenk and Bussey, 2004] image measurements already used in the ULCN, and directly incorporating them into the solution instead of relying on the constraints on the original ULCN [Davies, et al., 1994] points. We will, however, continue to use constrained positions for the original ULCN points based on Apollo and Earth based imagery, rather than reanalyzing these extensive sub networks. We also plan to directly incorporate the Lunar Orbiter image measurements. Because of their wide area of coverage relative to image size (in comparison to Clementine images) we expect that adding the earlier images will strengthen the horizontal accuracy of the network, both regionally where the Mariner 10 and Galileo imagery exist, and globally in the case of the Lunar Orbiter imagery. We are adding ties to the current absolute reference frame described by the Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR) and Apollo Lunar Science Experiment Package (ALSEP) network [Davies and Colvin, 2000]. This should further improve the accuracy of the network in the vicinity of the Apollo landing sites. The merging of these datasets should not only improve the horizontal and vertical accuracy and density of the global network, but places all of the data (e.g. Lunar Orbiter, Mariner 10, Galileo, Clementine, and to some extent Apollo) into a common network (reference frame).We also plan to “densify” the available topographic information. First, we will attempt to interpolate our camera angle solutions to the time of the LIDAR observations in order to correct the spacecraft pointing for the LIDAR data. This should then allow a direct merging of the LIDAR and。
2005年全国高考英语试题及答案(广东卷)
绝密*启用前2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(广东卷) 试卷类型：A英语本试卷分选择题和非选择题两部分，共12页，满分150分。
考试用时120分钟。
注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号填写在答题卡上。
用2B铅笔将答题卡试卷类型(A)填涂在答题卡上，并在答题卡右上角的“试室号”和“座位号”栏填写试室号、座位号，将相应的试室号、座位号信息点涂黑。
2．选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。
3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。
不按以上要求作答的答案无效。
4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。
I. 听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案划在试卷上。
录音结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节：听独白或对话(共15小题；每小题1．5分，满分22．5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第l段对话，回答第1—3题。
1. What's the possible relationship between the speakers?A. Classmates.B. Mother and son.C. Teacher and student.2. Why does the woman try to persuade the man to prepare for the exam?A. Because Professor Johnson will get angry otherwise.B. Because everyone should pass the exam.C. Because the test will be difficult.3. What does the man finally decide to do?A. To study for the test.B. To watch the football game.C. To eat something before watching the game.听第2段对话，回答第4—6题4. Where does the conversation most probably take place?A. At a railway station.B. At an airport.C. In a hotel.5. Why can't the man himself help carry the luggage?A. Because he has to report to the manager first.B. Because he's on the phone at the moment.C. Because he cannot leave the desk.6. What will the man probably do?A. He will do nothing for the woman.B. He will find a way to help her.C. He himself will send her to the station.听第3段独白，回答第7—9题7. What places did the speaker take his friend to visit?A. The opera house, some museums and the library.B. The zoo, the opera house and some museums.C. The zoo, the City Hall and the opera house.8. How did the speaker feel after showing his friend around?A. Happy.B. Bored.C. Tired.9. What did the speaker regret?A. Spending too much time visiting.B. Visiting the places at different times.C. Not having planned their visit well.听第4段对话，回答第10—12题10. What time was it when the man saw the robbery (抢劫) ?A. 7:30 p.m.B. 6:25 p.m.C. 5:35 p.m.11. Who organized the robbery?A. A serviceman in the pub.B. The driver in the car.C. A chemist.英语试题A第l页(共12页)12. How many people should be arrested according to the policewoman?A. 4.B. 3.C. 2.听第5段独白，回答第13—15题13. What does the man enjoy in his job?A. Learning the history of the city.B. Knowing different people.C. Speaking foreign languages.14. Where do most of the tourists come from?A. South Africa.B. South America.C. North America.15. Which of the following languages can the man speak?A. German.B. Italian.C. Russian.第二节：听取信息(共5小题；每小题1．5分，满分7．5分)听下面1段独白。
英语写作report范文带数据
英语写作report范文带数据Here's an example of an English writing report that meets your requirements:Alright, let's dive straight into the data. Last quarter, our sales figures showed a remarkable jump of 20% compared to the same period last year. Customers seem to love our new product line, especially the eco-friendly options.On the other hand, customer service inquiries have also spiked by 15%. Most of these inquiries are about product usage and troubleshooting, but there's also a significant number regarding shipping delays. We're working hard to address these issues and improve our response time.The marketing team has been doing a great job promoting our brand on social media. Our online presence has grown by 30% in the past few months, and we're getting more engagement and likes than ever before. The team isexperimenting with new content formats and they're really paying off.But let's not forget about our employees. A recent survey revealed that 80% of our staff feels satisfied with their work environment and sees opportunities for growth. We're proud to say that our employee retention rate is among the highest in the industry.And finally, let's talk about our finances. Profit margins have increased by 12% this year, which is a testament to our cost-cutting efforts and efficient supply chain management. We're investing these profits back into research and development to keep innovating and staying ahead of the competition.So, in a nutshell, we're doing great!。
report文件的产生步骤
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，然后输入copy z.new z.cif ，出现然后回车，出现，然后输入Y，回车，出现然后输入，exit，即回车退出即可。
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▲▲▲ Tool Bar （快捷访问图符菜单）
◆用户自定制的快捷图符菜单
▲▲▲ History Box （历史窗口） ◆显示操作PATRAN每一步过程。
▲▲▲ Command Line （命令行） ◆命令行输入。
▲▲▲System Icon
Patran在线帮助文档资料 终止操作 调整窗口在屏幕上可见性 PATRAN运行状态 绿色 表等待用户输入 蓝色表Patran正运行,可用 红色 表Patran正运行,用 终止 无效
Solid 10:50:3
意 义 1到24号点，间隔为3；即1，4， 7，10，13，16，19，22。 55号实体第三面第一边1号顶点 3号，第8号，第21号曲线 3号面上的第2号边 1到100号面，间隔2 10号实体2号面 1到100号实体，间隔3
Vector 5 Plane 2 Coord 1.3 1号坐标系的z轴
Modelname.db Madelme.db.bkup Patran.ses.number Modelname.db.jou Settings.pcl p3epilog.pcl
6. 在线帮助
CASE 1:Connectrod(连杆)
CASE 2: Piston head (活塞头)
Step 1: Import existing geometry
▲ 强大的布尔计算、实体建模、抽取中面、几何编辑功能 ▲ 强有力的网格生成功能 ▲ 逼真的结果可视化功能 ▲ 开放的软件开发环境
▲ ▲Patran提供编程语言—PCL语言，是用户进行专
用软件二次开发的工具
2. MSC.Patran分析一般流程
建几何模型 选分析程序 建分析模型 提交分析 评价结果 MSC.Patran分析流程图
▲选分析程序
▲ ▲分析程序共性：几何、网格划分、网格检查 个性：材料本构、单元类型、分析过程 ▲ ▲MSC.Patran支持的分析程序 MSC . Nastran MSC. Dytran MEA Abaqus ANSYS Pamcrash Fluent StarCD
Step 6: Analysis & Read result -displacement
Step 6: Result-stress & tensor
二个点用大括号括起表一坐标轴 如： {[1，6，2][9，12，6]}， {Point 2 [9 12 6]} {Point 2 [X12 Y12 6]}
▲ ▲通判符 使用
# ： 最大编号 s , p：曲面 n：结点 c , l：曲线 t： thru pt , g：几何点
el：单元
如：s1:# 表1号到最高ID号的全部曲面；n52T200表52到200号结点
作用：追加选择
方法：按住shift键，点动鼠标左键。
作用：矩形框选择
+拖动
方法：按鼠标左键，拖动出现矩形框， 矩形框对象被选中
+
作用：多边形选择
方法：按住ctrl键，左键点动，出现
一多边形框，再点起点，多边 形内对象被选中
作用：取消一个对象 方法：光标移到对象上，点右键
作用：循环选择 方法：按住shift，点右键
▲▲▲ Application
◆由Geometry,Finite Element,Load/BCs,Materials,Properties,Fields,Load Cases,Analysis, Results,Insight和 X-Y Plot按钮组成
◆ 每个按钮，对应分析过程一部分 ◆按下任一个，右边出现相应Application Widget
MSC.Patran2005/Nastran2005介绍
甘 维 银 (Agan)
2005 年 6月 15 日
1.
MSC . Patran 及其特点
MSC . Patran 是MSC公司开发的有限元前后处理系统 ▲开放工程分析框架结构
▲ ▲对CAD软件开放
▲ ▲对FEM软件的开放 ▲ ▲对材料信息系统的开放
如：[0，25，-3.2] 或 [0/25/-3.2] 或 [0 25 -3.2] 都表点（0，25，-3.2） [XN28，ZP5，-64/200] 表X坐标与28号结点X坐标相同，Y 坐标 与5号点Z坐标相同，Z 坐标为-0.32.
▲ ▲ 直接输入矢量
尖括号表示矢量 如：<1，0，2.3>
▲ ▲坐标轴
通过Results,Insight,XY-Plot进行后处理 ▲ Patran界面与分析流程关系
4. MSC.Patran用户界面风格
▲ Patran界面组成
Patran界面由Main Form ，Viewport 和Application Widget 组成
▲ ▲ Main Form
▲▲▲ Menu Bar ◆ 包括File, Group , Viewport , Viewing,Display,Preference,Tools,Insight Control和Utilities(缺省不出 现） ◆ 只影响全局性环境或共用操作，如视角，色彩，个人偏爱等 ◆ 与求解器及分析步骤无关
刷新屏幕
显示设置复位
Undo,取消上一次操作(仅一次）
▲ Application Widget
▲ ▲典型的Application Widget风格 ▲ ▲按钮功能
Action: 动作 Object: 对象 Method(Type): 方式 Apply(Cancel): 点Apply后，才从Form中读数 据，否则输入数据无效；
Step 2: Create FE Mesh
Step 3: Create Load & Boundary Conditions
Step3, local viewing
Step 4: Create the material property for Steel
Step 5:Create a 3D element property
▲建几何模型
▲ ▲直接在Patran中建立
▲ ▲读入CAD软件输出模型 CAD软件接口： CATIA,Pro/Engineer,CADDS5,Euclid,UG,AutoCAD,SolidWorks,SolidEdge
数据交换格式：IGES, STEP203, STEP209
相同CAD软件建模核心：Parasolid, ACIS ▲ ▲读入CAD软件输出模型进行修改
MSC. Patran FEA
MSC. Patran Thermal ………….
……
▲建分析模型
▲ ▲网格划分 ▲ ▲创建材料 ▲ ▲确定单元特性 ▲ ▲施加约束及载荷
▲递交分析
▲ ▲设置分析类型
▲ ▲设置求解参数
分析参数（计算控制、结果输出等） 工况
▲ ▲提交
3
MSC/NASTRAN主要特点与功能
任何点 几何点 结点 二线交点 线上一点 面上顶点 点面交点 面上任意拾取一点
典型点选择菜单
输入点坐标或在屏幕上任意点
5. PATRAN有关的文件
名 称 类 数据库 数据库备份 对话文件 日志文件 偏好设置文件 记录从本次进入到退出Patran的所有对话过程 记录从模型创建到目前的所有PCL命令。若数据库不慎 删除，可根据日志文件恢复。 ASCII文件。起动Patran会自动依据该文件设置Patran的 环境变量。 ASCII文件，类似于DOS的autoexec.bat ，Patran起动时， 自动执行该文件。 型 介 绍
▲ ▲ 有限元编号 FEM名称 节点 关键字 Node 示 例 Node 1:24:3 Node 1 7 11 单元 Elm Elm 3 8 21 意 义 1到24号节点，间隔为3；即1，4， 7，10，13，16，19，22。 1、7、11号节点 3号，8号，21号单元
▲ ▲ 直接输入点坐标值
方括号表坐标点
▲ ▲常用Motif工具
Select Databox 数据选择框 Toggle button 二相开关 Push button 按钮
Data Selection 数据选择 Slide bar 滚动杆
Pull down or option menu 下拉菜单
5. 数据输入
▲鼠标屏幕上拾取
作用：选一个对象 方法：光标移到对象上， 点左键
l l l l
6)设计敏度分析与结构优化 l 设计敏度分析 l 多约束结构优化
7) 通用矩阵运算
l 运用DMAP修改MSC/NASTRAN固定流程 l 建立用户自己的有限元求解系列 8) 特殊分析功能 l l 声响分析 流体与结构耦合分析
l
循环对称分析
l 层复合材料分析
▲评价分析结果
▲ ▲读入分析结果 ▲ ▲分析结果后处理
▲ ▲ 变量使用
▲▲▲ 指定变量类型 ▲▲▲ 赋予常数 ▲▲▲ 在Select databox中输变量名 如：real radius radius=5.0 [‘radius ‘,0. 0.0]
▲ ▲ Select Menu
Select Menu 是选择过滤器 当点某Select databox数据输入区后， 相应Select Menu会自动弹出 如选点，弹出Point Select Menu , 选线，弹出Curve Select Menu， 选面，弹出 Surface Select Menu 选体，弹出 Solid Select Menu等
3)热传导分析 l 线性稳态热传导分析 l 非线性稳态热传导分析 l 瞬态热传导分析 l 非线性瞬态热传导分析 4)气动弹性分析 l 静态气动弹性分析 l 动气动弹性分析 包括颤振分析，频率响应分析，瞬态响应分析，随机响应分析， 以及气动伺服 弹性分析。 5) l l l 多级超单元分析 线性静力超单元分析 屈曲超单元分析 动力超单元分析（模态综合法） 包括固有模态分析，直接与模态复特征值，直接与模态频率响 应和直接与模态瞬态响应。 气动弹性响应超单元分析 颤振超单元分析 稳态与瞬态热传导超单元分析 循环对称（静力、屈曲）超单元分析