A Conflict-directed Approach to Model-based Autonomy
【精品】消费者行为学基本概念
消费者行为学核心概念的中英文对照表P5消费者行为学consumerbehavior研究个体或群体为满足需要与欲望而挑选、购买、使用或处置产品、服务、观念或经验所涉及的过程。
P5角色理论roletheory许多消费者行为类似于戏剧情节。
由于要扮演许多角色，人们有时候会根据自己当时所处的特定“剧情”改变消费决策。
P7重度使用者(频繁使用者)heavyusersP9关系营销relationshipmarketing在品牌与消费者间建立起维持终身的关系.P11全球营销/消费文化globalconsumerculture在这种文化中世界各地的消费者出于对品牌消费品、电影明星、名人及休闲活动的热爱而联结起来。
P49差别阈限differentialthreshold指感觉系统察觉两种刺激之间的差别或者变化的能力。
P49最小可觉察差别justnoticeabledifference能够察觉到的两种刺激之间的最小差别。
P49韦伯定律Weber'sLawK=△i/I（K为常数【不同感觉常数不同】；△i为产生最小可察觉差别所要求的刺激强度的最小变化量；I为引起变化的刺激强度)P50阈下知觉subliminalperception刺激在消费者的感知水平之下。
P52知觉警惕perceptualvigilance消费者更可能意识到与他们目前需要有关的刺激物。
P52知觉防御perceptualdefense人们看他们所要看的，而不看他们所不想看的。
P57知觉地图perceptualmap画出产品或品牌在消费者心目中“处于”何种位置的形象方式。
P72经典性条件反射classicalconditioning（伊凡·巴普洛夫狗铃声干肉粉分泌唾液)指将一种能够诱发某种反应的刺激与另一种原本不能单独诱发这种反应的刺激想配对,随着时间的推移，因为与能够诱发反应的第一种刺激相联结，第二种刺激会引起类似的反应。
（重点研究包括饥饿、口渴、性唤起以及其他基本内驱力的视觉和嗅觉线索。
牛津译林九年级上Unit6基础知识归纳
牛津译林九上Unit6基础知识归纳一、重点词汇1.done做形容词意为_____________。
2.up-to-date意为“最新的，现代的”，前面要加冠词_________。
3.a number of意为___________，其后跟可数名词的__________形式，谓语动词用_______；the number of意为____________，其后跟可数名词的__________形式，谓语动词用_______。
4.被……覆盖：_________________ 现场直播：________________5.MV的全拼是________________。
6.direct vt.____________ ⑩n.__________adj.____________ ⑩ant._____________直接宾语DO：_______________ 间接宾语IO：__________________7.wealthy adj.富有的比较级：____________ 最高级：______________ ⑩n. __________8.record作名词意为_________，e的发音是______；作动词意为__________，e的发音是_________。
9.male adj.雄性的；男（性）的⑩ ant. __________10.studio n.摄影棚；录音室pl. __________11.view作名词有_________、__________的意思，作动词意为__________。
12.silly的同义词_________、_________。
13.waste作动词的用法：(1)____________________ (2)____________________作名词意为________、__________ 短语“浪费时间”的表达：___________________。
二、重要短语Comic strip＆Welcome to the unit1.对整日待在家感到厌烦get bored with staying at home all day2.在电视上看体育节目watch sports on TV3.喜欢看纪录片like watching documentaries4.大量地了解自然、历史和真实的生活事件learn a lot about nature, history and real-life events5.赢得一个大奖win a big prizeReading1.一周体育新闻摘要a weekly round-up of what is happening in sport2.最新消息the latest/up-to-date information3.包括不同的体育运动cover different sports4.错过本周的节目miss this week’s programme5.一些与著名运动员的访谈a number of interviews with famous players6.一篇有关即将到来的世界杯的报道a report on the coming World Cup7.现场直播cover live8.在线为他们最喜爱的歌曲投票vote online for their favourite songs9.写下你的答案write down your answers10.发送短信到1396 send text messages to 139611.赢得两张免费的演唱会门票win two free concert tickets12.由新导演指导的一部恐怖片a horror film directed by a new director13.充满恐怖和悬疑be full of horror and mysteries14.喜欢解决疑案enjoy solving mysteries15.近距离观察老虎的生活take a close look at the life of tigers16.停止为了它们的皮毛而猎杀它们stop hunting then for their fur and bones17.对此感到悲伤feel sad about it18.在野外生存live in the wild19.因其令人赞叹的摄影而获奖win an award for its amazing photography20.低声说某事say something in a low voice21.感到害怕或紧张feel afraid or nervous22.不介意感到害怕don’t mind feeling scaredGrammar1.去阅读俱乐部go to the Reading Club2.快速完成她所有的家庭作业complete all her homework quickly3.参加竞赛节目take part in the game show4.一部关于动物的纪录片a documentary about animals5.在……的帮助下with the help of6.猎取它们自己的食物hunt for their own food7.大约在9:30到达摄影棚arrive at the studio around 9:308.对……几乎没兴趣have little interest in…9.跟随导游环游某地travel around sp. with a tour guideIntegrated skills, Study skills & Study skills1.每周花在看电视上的时间time spent watching TV every week2.他们的观看习惯their TV viewing habits3.对时间的浪费a waste of time4.逝世pass away5.死于癌症die of cancer6.通过收音机听她的诗歌listen to her poems on the radio7.帮助其他年轻诗人开始help other young poets get their start8.在大学教写作teach writing at universities9.收到某人的消息receive a message from sb.10.立刻给警察打电话the police at once11.三个穿警服的人three men with police uniforms12.三个手里拿枪的人three men with guns in their hands13.被挤进一辆中巴车be pushed into a minibus14.用小刀撬开中巴车的后门use a knife to open the back door of the minibusopen the back door of the minibus with a knife15.朝这三个男人跑run towards the three men16.阻止他们离开stop them from leaving17.创作一个有趣故事的小窍门/小建议tips for creating an interesting story18.写有意义的对话write meaningful dialogues19.转折点the turning points20.制造一个矛盾使你的故事有趣create a conflict to make your story interesting三、重要句子Comic strip ~ Welcome to the unit1.你在家呆一整天难道不会无聊吗?Aren’t you getting bored with staying at home all day?2.如果你和我一样忙，就不会无聊了。
数据分析英语试题及答案
数据分析英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. Which of the following is not a common data type in data analysis?A. NumericalB. CategoricalC. TextualD. Binary2. What is the process of transforming raw data into an understandable format called?A. Data cleaningB. Data transformationC. Data miningD. Data visualization3. In data analysis, what does the term "variance" refer to?A. The average of the data pointsB. The spread of the data points around the meanC. The sum of the data pointsD. The highest value in the data set4. Which statistical measure is used to determine the central tendency of a data set?A. ModeB. MedianC. MeanD. All of the above5. What is the purpose of using a correlation coefficient in data analysis?A. To measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variablesB. To calculate the mean of the data pointsC. To identify outliers in the data setD. To predict future data points二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）6. The process of identifying and correcting (or removing) errors and inconsistencies in data is known as ________.7. A type of data that can be ordered or ranked is called________ data.8. The ________ is a statistical measure that shows the average of a data set.9. A ________ is a graphical representation of data that uses bars to show comparisons among categories.10. When two variables move in opposite directions, the correlation between them is ________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）11. Explain the difference between descriptive andinferential statistics.12. What is the significance of a p-value in hypothesis testing?13. Describe the concept of data normalization and its importance in data analysis.14. How can data visualization help in understanding complex data sets?四、计算题（每题10分，共20分）15. Given a data set with the following values: 10, 12, 15, 18, 20, calculate the mean and standard deviation.16. If a data analyst wants to compare the performance of two different marketing campaigns, what type of statistical test might they use and why?五、案例分析题（每题15分，共30分）17. A company wants to analyze the sales data of its products over the last year. What steps should the data analyst take to prepare the data for analysis?18. Discuss the ethical considerations a data analyst should keep in mind when handling sensitive customer data.答案：一、选择题1. D2. B3. B4. D5. A二、填空题6. Data cleaning7. Ordinal8. Mean9. Bar chart10. Negative三、简答题11. Descriptive statistics summarize and describe thefeatures of a data set, while inferential statistics make predictions or inferences about a population based on a sample.12. A p-value indicates the probability of observing the data, or something more extreme, if the null hypothesis is true. A small p-value suggests that the observed data is unlikely under the null hypothesis, leading to its rejection.13. Data normalization is the process of scaling data to a common scale. It is important because it allows formeaningful comparisons between variables and can improve the performance of certain algorithms.14. Data visualization can help in understanding complex data sets by providing a visual representation of the data, making it easier to identify patterns, trends, and outliers.四、计算题15. Mean = (10 + 12 + 15 + 18 + 20) / 5 = 14, Standard Deviation = √[(Σ(xi - mean)^2) / N] = √[(10 + 4 + 1 + 16 + 36) / 5] = √52 / 5 ≈ 3.816. A t-test or ANOVA might be used to compare the means ofthe two campaigns, as these tests can determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the groups.五、案例分析题17. The data analyst should first clean the data by removing any errors or inconsistencies. Then, they should transformthe data into a suitable format for analysis, such ascreating a time series for monthly sales. They might also normalize the data if necessary and perform exploratory data analysis to identify any patterns or trends.18. A data analyst should ensure the confidentiality andprivacy of customer data, comply with relevant data protection laws, and obtain consent where required. They should also be transparent about how the data will be used and take steps to prevent any potential misuse of the data.。
高考英语外刊阅读及模拟强化训练：心灵鸡汤——如何停止愤怒(学生版)
How to Stop Being Angry?如何停止愤怒距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
原汁原味外刊阅读及模拟强化训练Anger is the mostdestructive emotion. When youare in a temper, you make hastyill-considered decisions that youwill probably regret. You will alsoregret reckless language spokenwithout thought. Anger willdominate your thoughts and your actions. You can spend a lot of time and energy feeling angry or aggrieved. Often anger is partnered by hate, another destructive emotion.Anger arrives quickly, in response to an event, action, or perceived insult. By contrast, anger is slow to pass. You might feel long-burning anger that saps your spirit, destroys all your good intentions, and causes you to become an unpleasant person. You will cease to be an optimist, and will lose your sunny, go-getting nature.What can be done to control anger and prevent it from ruining our lives? How to stop being angry? Here are five ways that you can combat the causes of anger.Firstly, you need to change your attitude to the way the world works. You have to accept that sometimes things do go wrong and that people are not always lovely. The actions of other people can be a significant cause of anger.Try to accept that other people do behave in ways that will make you both frustrated and angry. Often, there might be an excellent reason why a person acted in a way that you found unacceptable.Realizing that no-one is perfect is a good start to avoiding getting angry. Also, you need to accept that not everyone has the same standards as you, nor will they behave in the same way that you would in a given situation. This applies to work, day-to-day life, and relationships.When you are in a position of authority, and you give instructions that are not followed, instead of getting angry, look for the reason why. It may be that the person will need further读后强化训练I. 单句语法填空1. American English is (significant) different from British English.2. A (灵活的) retirement age is being considered by Ministers to unify men's and women's pension rights.3. It stands to reason that if you are (考虑周到的) and friendly to people you will get a lot more back.4. Severe damage witnessed the (destruct) force of the storm.5. First we need (identify) actual and potential problems.II.阅读理解1. What do we know about anger according to the article?A. The emergence of anger has a long process.B. Anger cannot be eliminated.C. Anger can have a great impact on your behavior.D. Anger is followed by hatred.2. Which of the following is not a way to control anger?A. Change your attitude to everything in the world.B. Don't take anger as a bad mood.C. Try to find ways to control anger.D. Don't use relaxed forms when angry.3. What is the author's attitude towards anger?A. Contradictory.B. Opposed.C. Conservative.D. Indifferent.词汇积累Ⅰ. 核心词汇1. destructive adj. 破坏(或毁灭)性的2. significant adj. 重要的，有重大意义的3. authority n. 权威；权力4. flexible adj. 灵活的5. identify v. 识别；鉴定；确认6.considerate adj. 考虑周到的；体谅的Ⅱ. 核心短语1. in response to 作为回应2. by contrast 相比之下3. fight against 与…作战4. is beneficial to 有益于5. deal with 处理6.i n conclusion 总而言之Ш. 拓展词汇1. reckless adj. 鲁莽的2. sap n. 液，汁3. mentor n. 导师；顾问4. adrenalin n. 肾上腺素金句赏析1.You might feel long-burning anger that saps your spirit, destroys all your good intentions, and causes you to become an unpleasant person.【句意】你可能会感到长期燃烧的愤怒，这会侵蚀你的精神，破坏你的所有美好愿望，并导致你成为一个不愉快的人。
市场营销专业术语中英文对照标准翻译
市场营销专业术语中英文对照标准翻译本文为市场营销中经常用到的一些中文与英文互译的标准用语，希望对市场营销从业人员有所帮助.《财富》杂志Fortune案头调研Desk Research奥美公司Ogilvy ＆Mather白色商品White Goods百乐门Parliament百威啤酒Budweiser包裹销售法Banded Pack宝洁公司Procter ＆Gamble宝丽来Polaroid宝马BMW边际成本Marginal Cost边际收益Marginal Benefit标准差,均差Standard Deviation别克Buick波立兹调查公司Alfred Politz Research, Inc波旁王朝Ancient Age Bourbon波特福洛分析Portefolio Analysis产品差异Product Differentiation产品生命周期Product Life Cycle产品系列Product Line产品组合Product Mix阐述Presentation超级市场Supermarket成对比较法Paired Comparisons成功的理想主义者Successful Idealist承诺型消费者Committed Buyer程度测试Tachistoscope橙色商品Orange Goods冲动购买Impulse Buying重叠率Duplication抽样Sampling传销Pyramid Selling传阅发行量Pass-on Circulation词语联想法Word Associaton刺激营销Incentive Marketing促销Promotion达彼思广告公司Ted Bates & Copany大卫·奥格威David Ogilvy戴比尔斯De Beers丹尼尔·斯塔奇公司Danile Starch ＆Staff 弹性Elasticity到达率Reach道奇Dodge第三者法Third-Person Technique第一提及Top of Mind电话访问Telephone Interview电通广告公司Dentsu电子售点数据EPOS Data定量研究Quantitative Research定位Positioning定性研究Qualitative Research动机研究Motivation Research读者Readers读者人数Readership独特销售主张Unique Selling Proposition杜邦公司Du Pont多方面衡量Multi-dimensional Scaling多品牌战略Multi-brand Strategy惰性销售Inertia Selling恩格尔曲线Engel Curves二手资料Secondary Data发行量Circulation发行量稽核组织ABC仿造Me Too访问Interview访问员Interviewer非处方药OTC菲力普·莫里斯公司Philip Morris Company 菲亚特FIAT肥皂剧Soap Opera分刊测试Split—run Test分销Distribution丰田TOYATA缝隙分析Gap Analysis浮动插播Floating Spot辅助回想Aided Recall付费发行量Paid Circulation复核Back Checking复核Validation富豪汽车VOLVO富可视Infocus富士胶卷FUJI FILM覆盖率Coverage盖凡尼克皮肤反应测试仪Galvanic Skin Response Meter盖洛普暨罗宾逊调查公司Gallup ＆Robinson，Inc概念测试Concept Testing高度介入产品High Invovement Procuct革新消费者Innovators葛瑞广告Grey Advertising公众调查公司Audience Research，Inc贡献Contrubution购买周期Buying Cycle孤独守巢人Empty Nesers鼓动销售Hard Sell故事板/分镜头表Storyboard故事完成法Story Completion观察调研法Obseravtion Study广告Advertising广告/销售比率Advertising/Sales Ratio广告比重Advertising Weight广告标准Advertising Standard广告调查基金会(美国）Advertising Research Foundation广告概要Advertising Brief广告口号Slogan广告目标即广告效果评测Defining Advertising Goals for Measured Advertising Results 国际商用机器公司IBM过度杀伤Overkill过滤审查Screening哈佛商学院Harvard Business School红色商品Red Goods互补品Complements花旗集团Citigroup华尔街Wall Street黄金时段Prime Time辉瑞Pfizer混合调查Omnibus Research混和调研Omnibus Research基本读者Primary Reader稽核Audit吉芬商品Giffen Goods吉列Gillette集团购买Organizational Buying集中度Affinity集中市场细分Concentrated Segmentation计算机辅助的电话采访Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing记忆测试Recall Test记忆性Memorability佳能Canan家乐福Carrefour家庭(户）House Hold家庭稽核Home Audit家庭生活周期Family Life Cycle甲壳虫Bettle价格分析Values Analysis价格敏感Price Sensitive价格歧视Price Discrimination价格战Price War间接调研Off-the-research建议价格Recommended Price箭牌口香糖Wrigley讲究派头的诉求Snob Appeal交叉销售Cross—selling交替需求Alternate Demand焦点小组(讨论) Focus group （Discussion）角色扮演Role Playing阶式渗透Cascading结构化访问Structured Interview金佰利Kimberly-Clark浸透策略Penetration Strategy精工SEIKO句子完成法Sentence Completion决策群Decision Making Unit决定性调研Conclusive Research卡通测试Cartoon Tests开放题Open—ended Question开机率Homes Using TV柯达Kodak壳牌Shell可变价格Variable Pricing可口可乐Coca-Cola可丽舒Kleenex可信度Believability克莱斯勒Chrysler克劳德·霍普金斯Claude Hopkins客观看法Outside View肯德基炸鸡Kentucky Fried Chicken口碑广告Word-of-mouth Advertising快流量消费品Fast—moving Consumer Goods 拉力Pulling Power拦截访问Intercept Interview乐观奔命者Optimistic Striver离差Deviation李奥·贝纳Leo Burnett李佛兄弟公司Lever Brothers力士Lux连带外部效应Network Externality联合调研/辛迪加Syndicated Research联合分析Conjoint Analysis联合利华公司Unilever联想Association Techniques练习性预演Dry Run两步收费Two-part Tariff量表Scale劣等商品Inferior Goods零售周期Wheel of Retailing零头定价法Odd—even Pricing漏斗深入法Funnel Approach露华浓Revlon乱数表Random—number Table罗塞·瑞夫斯Rosser Reevse罗夏测试Rorschach Test骆驼Camal马丁·迈耶Martin Mayer麦当劳McDonald’s麦肯爱里克森广告公司Mccann—Erickson麦氏威尔咖啡Maxwell House Coffee卖方市场Seller’s Market满意购买者Satisfied Buyer盲测Blind Test毛评点Gross Ratting points媒体分析Media Analysis每千人（户)成本Cost Per Thousand Figure每千人成本Cost Per Mille美孚Mobil美国报纸发行人协会American Newspaper Publisher's Association 美国电报电话公司AT＆T美国广播公司ABC美国广告代理商协会4A'sThe American Association of Advertising Agencies美国民意研究中心American Institute of Public Opinion美国营销协会American Marketing Association美国运通American Express描述性调研Descriptive Research民意测验Opinion Poll明尼苏达矿务及制造业公司3M模似Simulation姆姆巧克力M＆M耐克Nike尼尔逊公司A. C. Nielsen尼尔逊全国电视指数Nielsen National Television Index 尼尔逊受众测定器Nielsen audiometer尼尔逊指数Nielsen Index欧宝OPEL欧洲民意测验和市场调研协会ESOMAR帕累托原理Pareto Principle派生需求Derived Demand攀比效应Bandwagon Effect判断性抽样Judgement Sampling旁氏Pond’s陪伴购物Accompanied Shopping配额Quota配额抽样Quota Sampling频率分布Frequency Distribution品牌Brang品牌测试Brang Test品牌估价Brang Valuation品牌管理Brang Management品牌偏好Brang Preference品牌认知Brang Awareness品牌形象Brang Image品牌性格Brang Personalities品牌忠诚度Brang Loyalty品牌转换成本Switching Cost品质认知度Perceived Quality七喜7UP期望值Expectations期望值Expected V alue其他指导人Other—directed Person企业标志Corporate Logo企业识别Corporate Identity前导性研究Pilot Study潜意识广告Subliminal Advertising强生公司Johnson & Johnson乔治·格里宾George Gribbin情感购买者Like Friend情感象征Emotional Symbol渠道冲突Channel Conflict全国性涵盖度Blanket人口统计学特征Demographics人员推销Personal Selling认识差距Cognitive Dissonance认知Awareness认知图表Perceptual Mapping日后记忆Day-after—recall入户访问Door—to—door Interview软性促销Soft Sell萨奇公司Saatchi ＆Saatchi三维营销3-D商店稽核Store Audit社会等级Social Grading社会接受度Social Acceptability社会营销Social Marketing深度访谈Depth Interview生存者Survivor生活方式Lifestyle声音比例SOV声音份额Share of V oice施乐Xerox时代华纳Time Warner时机感Sense of Timing时间档次Time Slot时序分析Time—Series analysis识阈效应Threshold Effect使用与态度Usage and Attitude市场策略的利润效果Profit Impact of Market Strategy 市场调研Market Research市场调研/营销调研Marketing Research市场细分Market Segmentation市场占有率Market Share视听众暴露度Impession收获战略Harvesting Strategy收入效应Income Effect收视(听）率Ratings收视率Television Rating售点POP售点POS斯塔奇数字Starch Figure斯坦利·里索Stanley Resor斯沃琪Swatch四点分析SWOT Analysis随机抽样Random Sampling索尼SONY态度Attitude探索性调研Exploratory汤橱浓汤Campbell’s Soup特许经营Franchise替代品Substitutes替代效应Substitution Effect天美时Timex听众调查Audience Research通用汽车General Motor同类相食Cannibalisation投射研究Projective Research图片响应法Picture Response Techniques推拉战略Push and Pull Strategies推力Push Power完成法Completion Techniques完全竞争市场Perfectly Competitive Market 万宝路Marlboro万事达卡Master Card威廉·伯恩巴克William Bernbach威士卡VISA维持者Sustainer伟哥Viagra胃溃疡峡谷Ulcer Gulch稳定插播Anchored Spot问卷Questionnaire沃尔玛Wal-Mart Stores无品牌忠诚度No Brand Loyalty无提示认知Unaided Awareness无准备调查访问Cold Calling西门子SIEMENS习惯购买者Habitual Buyer习惯性购买Habit Buying喜力Heineken系统销售System Selling细流战Drip Campaign显著特征Salient Attribute现场调研Field Research现场督导Conductor现场督导Field Supervisor现场工作Field Work现场人员Field Force线上活动Above—the—line线下活动Below-the-line相关群体Reference Group象牙牌香皂Ivory消费者购物固定样本Consumer Purchase Panel 消费者内在需求Consumer Insight消费者偏好Consumer Preferences消费者剩余Consumer Surplus消费者形象描述Consumer Profile销售定额Sales Quota销售反馈功能Sales Response Function销售领域Sales Territory销售预测Sales Forecast销售专集Sales Literature销售组合Sales Mix小组讨论Group Discussion心理图案学Psychographics心理戏剧Motivational Theater心智索引Mindex心智占有率Share of Mind新奇士Sunkist新人训练Orientation Training形象Image虚荣效应Snob Effect选择性分销Selective Distribution雪佛兰Chevrolet雅皮YUPPY眼睛轨迹研究Eye Tracking Research扬雅广告公司Young & Rubicam样品Sample一次性购物One—stop Shopping一手资料Primary Data伊莱克斯Electrolux宜家IKEA移情作用Empathy意见领导Opinion Leader因果性调研Causal Research营销会计稽核Marketing Audit营销近视Marketing Myopia营销组合10P’s营销组合4C’s’营销组合4P's营销组合Marketing Mix营业额/到达率增长指数Turnover影响力等级Hierarchy of Effects佣金制Commission System由报纸决定（刊登位置）Run-of—paper邮购Mail Order有提示认知Aided Awareness有效贮藏期限Shelf Life诱导转向法Bait and Switch语义差异法Semantic Differential预检验Pre-testing原创性Originality原子状测试Atomistic Test岳母研究Mother-in-law Research载波技术ZAP赞助Sponsorship詹姆士·韦伯扬James Webb Young展览会Exhibition争夺经营Scrambled Merchandising正常商品Normal Goods直递Direct Mail直销Direct Marketing智威汤逊J。
考研英语翻译模拟试卷76_真题-无答案
考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷76(总分60,考试时间90分钟)2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.The technological revolutions of the last two decades have placed a severe burden on the concept of technology transfer. It is quite clear that the concept has serious limitations; with time, it is not at all clear that its methods have improved or its result progressed.【F1】The underlying assumption in "technology transfer" is that the application of new discoveries to the development of new technology through the developed countries produces results which are applicable to underdeveloped countries.Although this assumption has never really been put to a true global test, it is through now clear that this can not be the main means of technological progress in developing areas such as Africa South East Asian and Latin America, irrespective of its possible utility elsewhere.【F2】The question is whether such an outcome is inevitable and inherent in the process or whether it merely reflects the shortage of resources and improper management.It is my contention that "technology transfer" as a vehicle of progress for the developing countries is irreparably flawed and cannot succeed.【F3】The fundamental flaw is that "technology transfer" is cast in the die of a colonial process where through developed countries do things in ways that they find acceptable for their former colonies, the developing countries.Whether the development process is carried out through citizens of the recipient nation or not is irrelevant; the philosophy upon which "technology transfer" is based, beginning with training and ending with application, is composed of a set of socioculturally and economically determined values within the institutionalized fabric of science, which select the questions found to be meaningful, dictate the preferred research plans and evaluate the significance only of the results obtained.Clearly, technology based on the set of determinants is not likely to be very relevant to the vastly different economic and sociocultural conditions of developing countries. It will hardly get to the needs of the developing countries, perhaps even serving to slow progress.【F4】This situation must be replaced through a new process which might be called "basic knowledge transfer" as part of growth of a forefront science in the developing countries.This approach contains the following features:Given full access to new scientific discovery at the cutting edge of science, that is, at the region of high intensity transfer from basic to applied knowledge, the scientists of developing countries can create their own technology transfer from basic to applied. Scientists in the developing countries, in active dialogue with other elements such as government, community and industry, can identify and prioritize problems and develop a practical situation.【F5】The problem of internal "technology transfer" will require for each country or region a suitable number oftrained scientific specialists; means for maintaining **petency of these leaders will need to be developed through each nation or region.1. 【F1】2. 【F2】3. 【F3】4. 【F4】5. 【F5】【F1】When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes, success is achieved, as medical science is able to isolate the parasite, germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases, in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk, it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination, so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.【F2】The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can ward it off naturally.To accomplish this, a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment, so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease' s defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.【F3】This makes sure that, should the patient **e into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it, having already done so before.There are dangers inherent in the process, however.【F4】On occasion, even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system succumbing, and, therefore, the patient's death.【F5】Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers.Approximately 1 in 10, 000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus, if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3, 000 Americans would be left dead.Fortunately, the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970's, ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease, however, mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process, which is truly a mixed blessing, may indeed hide some hidden curses.6. 【F1】7. 【F2】8. 【F3】9. 【F4】10. 【F5】【F1】The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted.The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, **ponents of intelligence were improved far more than others.【F2】The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to thenext.It ranges from a passive free floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation, the range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels sensitivity to novelty is increased.【F3】The organism is more awake more vigilant, this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings.The processes of arousal and concentration give attention to its direction. Arousal is at first general with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in thigh these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends purposes.The elements of intelligence and **e together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.【F4】Although in both kinds of animal arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it but the animal does experience something like it.The predator is searchingly aggressive inner directed, used by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard' s instinctive snap at a passing beetle. The large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds and yesterday's unforgotten lessons. The herbivore bray is of a different mind.【F5】Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.11. 【F1】12. 【F2】13. 【F3】14. 【F4】15. 【F5】It was the biggest scientific grudge match since the space race. The Genome Wars had everything: two groups with appealing leaders ready to fight in a scientific dead heat, pushing the limits of technology and rhetoric as they battled to become the first to read every last one of the 3 billion DNA "letters" in the human body.【F1】The scientific importance of the work is unquestionable, **pleted DNA sequence is expected to give scientists unprecedented insights into the workings of the human body, revolutionizing medicine and biology.But the race itself, between the government's Human Genome Project and Rockville, Md., **pany Celera Genomics, was at least partly symbolic, the public/private conflict played out in a genetic lab.Now the race is over. After years of public attacks and several failed attempts at reconciliation, the two sides are taking a step toward a period of calm. HGP head Francis Collins(and Ari Patrinos of the Department of Energy, an important ally on the government side)and Craig Venter, the founder of Celera, agreed to hold a joint press conference in Washington this Monday to declare that the race was over(sort of), that both sides had won(kind of)and that the hostilities were resolved(for the time being).No one is exactly sure how things will be different now.【F2】Neither side will be turning off its sequencing machines any time soon—the "finish lines" each has crossed are largely arbitrary points, "firstdrafts" rather than the definitive version.【F3】And while the joint announcement brings the former Genome Warriors closer together than they've been in years, insiders say that future agreements are more likely to take the form of coordination, rather than outright collaboration.The conflict blew up this February when Britain's **e Trust, an HGP participant, released a confidential letter to Celera outlining the HGP's complaints. Venter called the move "a lowlife thing to do." But by spring, there were the first signs of a thaw. "The attacks and nastiness are bad for science and our investors," Venter told Newsweek in March, "and fighting back is probably not helpful."【F4】At a cancer meeting earlier this month, Venter and Collins praised each other's approaches, and expressed hope that all of the scientists involved in sequencing the human genome would be able to share the credit.By late last week, that hope was becoming a reality as details for Monday's joint announcement were hammered out. Scientists in both camps welcomed an end to the hostilities. "If this ends the horse race, science wins."【F5】With their difference behind them, or at least set aside, the scientists should now be able to get down to the interesting stuff: figuring how to make use of all that data.16. 【F1】17. 【F2】18. 【F3】19. 【F4】20. 【F5】。
英语作文 矛与盾
英语作文矛与盾Title: The Eternal Dance of Spear and Shield。
In the vast arena of human conflict, the interplay between spear and shield has been a timeless motif, embodying the essence of offense and defense. This eternal dance between aggression and protection encapsulates the dynamic nature of conflict, whether it be on thebattlefield or in the arena of ideas.The spear, with its pointed tip and swift thrust, represents the aggressive force seeking to penetrate defenses and assert dominance. It symbolizes the proactive approach to conflict, where offense is often considered the best defense. Throughout history, the spear has been wielded by conquerors and warriors alike, driven by the desire to conquer new territories, overthrow established orders, or simply defend against encroaching threats.On the other hand, the shield stands as a stalwartguardian, a bastion of defense against the onslaught of the spear. Crafted from sturdy materials and held with unwavering resolve, the shield embodies resilience and fortitude. Its primary objective is to deflect, parry, or absorb the blows directed by the spear, thereby safeguarding its wielder and maintaining the status quo. The shield represents the reactive approach to conflict, where defense is prioritized over offense, often with the aim of preserving stability and security.However, the relationship between spear and shield is not merely one of opposition but of interdependence. Just as the spear relies on the shield to test its mettle and refine its tactics, the shield depends on the spear to stimulate its vigilance and readiness. In this symbiotic dynamic, each component drives the evolution of the other, leading to the continuous adaptation and innovation essential for survival in an ever-changing environment.Beyond the realm of physical combat, the metaphor of spear and shield finds resonance in various aspects of human interaction. In the arena of politics, for instance,ideological movements and opposing parties engage in a perpetual struggle for power and influence. Here, the spear manifests as rhetoric, propaganda, or legislative action aimed at advancing agendas, while the shield takes the form of institutional safeguards, checks and balances, or grassroots resistance.Similarly, in the realm of intellectual discourse, the clash between conflicting ideas mirrors the eternal dance of spear and shield. Scholars and thinkers wield their intellectual spears through debates, publications, and academic discourse, seeking to challenge established dogmas or defend cherished beliefs. Meanwhile, the shield of critical thinking, skepticism, and peer review serves to scrutinize, evaluate, and refine these ideas, ensuring that only the most robust and well-founded arguments prevail.In essence, the metaphor of spear and shield embodies the dialectical nature of conflict, wherein opposing forces engage in a perpetual struggle for supremacy. Whether on the battlefield of war, the arena of politics, or the battleground of ideas, the interplay between offense anddefense shapes the course of human history and defines the evolution of societies. And just as the dance of spear and shield has endured throughout the ages, so too shall the eternal struggle between aggression and protection continue to shape the destiny of humanity.。
OrganizationBehavior组织行为学
OrganizationBehavior组织⾏为学Organization BehaviorChapter1/doc/ad25610c4a7302768e9939d1.html anizational behavior (OB)：A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organization, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness2. Managers doManagement functionPlanningA process that includes defining goals, establishingstrategy(策略), and developing plans to coordinate（调整）activitiesControllingMonitoring activities to ensure they are beingaccomplished as planned and correcting anysignificant deviations（背离）.OrganizingDetermining what tasks are to be done, who is todo them, how the tasks are to be grouped, whoreports to whom, and where decisions are to bemade.LeadingA function that includes motivating employees,directing others, selecting the most effectivecommunication channels, and resolving conflictsManagement role: 1) interpersonal(⼈际⾓⾊)Figurehead(头⾯⼈物) Leader(领导者) Liaison(联络⼈)2) informational(信息传递者)Monitor(监控者) Disseminator(传递者) Spokesperson(发⾔⼈)3) Decisional(决策⾓⾊)Entrepreneur(创业者) Disturbance handler(混乱处理者)Resource allocator(资源分配者) Negotiator(谈判者)Management skills: 1) Technical skillsThe ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise（专门技术）.2) Human skillsThe ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups.3) Conceptual skillsThe mental ability to analyze and diagnose(诊断) complex situations. 3. Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 1) Traditional managementDecision making, planning, and controlling2) CommunicationExchanging routine(例⾏的) information and processing paperwork3) Human resource managementMotivating, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing(⼈员指挥), and training4) NetworkingSocializing, politicking(政治活动), and interacting(相互影响) with others4. Challenges and Opportunities for OB1) Responding to GlobalizationIncreased foreign assignmentsWorking with people from different culturesOverseeing movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labor2) Managing Workforce Diversity(差异，多样性)Embracing diversityChanging demographics（⼈⼝）Implications for managersRecognizing and responding to differences3) Improving Quality and ProductivityQuality management (QM)Process reengineering4) Responding to the Labor ShortageChanging work force demographicsFewer skilled laborersEarly retirements and older workers5) Improving Customer ServiceIncreased expectation of service qualityCustomer-responsive cultures6) Improving People Skills7) Empowering(授权) People8) Stimulating(刺激) Innovation(改⾰) and Change9) Coping with “Temporariness(临时性)”10) Working in Networked Organizations11) Helping Employees Balance Work/Life Conflicts12) Improving Ethical(伦理的) Behavior5. Independent and dependent variables1) individual-level variables个体⽔平变量⼈们带着不同的特点进⼊组织，这些特点将影响到他们在⼯作中的⾏为。
消费者行为学中英基本概念
消费者行为学核心概念的中英文对照表1.差别阈限differential threshold2.最小可觉察差别just noticeable difference3.韦伯定律Weber’s Law4.阈下知觉Subliminal perception5.知觉警惕perceptual vigilance6.知觉防御perceptual defense7.知觉地图perceptual map8.消费者行为学consumer behavior9.Role theory 角色理论10.重度使用者(频繁使用者) heavy user11.关系营销relationship marketing12.Global consumer culture 全球营销文化13.经典性条件反射classical conditioning14.非条件刺激Unconditional stimulus15.正强化positive reinforcement16.光环效应halo effect17.刺激泛化stimulus generalization18.操作性条件反射instrumental conditioning19.条件刺激Conditional stimulus20.负强化Negative reinforcement21.Masked branding 品牌伪装22.刺激甄别Stimulus discrimination23.复兴品牌retro brand 24.心理需要psychogenic needs25.Utilitarian needs 功利需要26.Expectancy theory 期望理论27.Approach-approach conflict 双趋冲突28.终极价值观terminal values29.Consumption-specific values 消费特定价值观30.价值观列表list of values31.产品介入product involvement32.Approach-avoidance conflict 趋避冲突33.工具性价值观instrumental values34.Product-specific values 产品特定价值观35.绿色消费green consumption36.Avoidance-avoidance conflict 双避冲突37.大规模定制mass customization38.崇拜式产品cult product39.互动式营销interactive mobile marketing40.Cultural values 文化价值观41.Consumption microcultures 消费微文化42.Means-end chain model 手段目的链模型43.自我概念self-concept44.身份营销identity marketing45.Self-esteem 自尊46.延伸自我extended self47.自我意识self-consciousness48.自我意象一致模型self-image congruence models49.Gender socialization 性别社会化50.形体意象body image51.品牌个性brand personality52.品牌资本brand capital53.Brand equity 品牌资产54.价值观与生活方式系统values and lifestyle system55.生活方式lifestyle56.生活方式营销观点lifestyle marketing perspective57.身份文化status culture58.Symbolic community 象征性团体59.消费者群体consumer group60.联合品牌策略co-branding strategies61.认知一致性原理principle of cognitive consistency62.自我知觉理论self-perception theory63.社会判断理论Social judgment theory64.认知失调理论theory of dissonance65.得寸进尺技术foot-in-the-door technique66.多属性态度模型Multiattribute attitude models67.态度功能理论functional theory of attitudes68.Attitude toward to the advertisement 对广告的态度69.态度追踪attitude tracking70.按次计费pay-per-view71.Fake blogs 假博客72.Theory of trying 尝试理论73.Sleeper effect 睡眠效应74.Permission marketing 许可营销75.信息源可信性source credibility76.source attractiveness 信息源吸引力77.平衡理论balance theory78.双因素理论two-factor theory79.非真人的代言人——Nonhuman Endorsers80.文化含义cultural meaning81.Match-up hypothesis 匹配假说82.知识偏见knowledge bias83.Reporting bias 报告偏见84.Halo effect 晕轮效应85.广告疲劳advertising wear-out86.双因素理论two-factor theory87.支持性论述supportive arguments88.Refutational arguments 反驳性论述89.比较式广告comparative advertising90.精细加工可能性模型elaboration likelihood model91.Peripheral route 外围路线。
新应用大学英语第1册三习题库
新应用大学英语综合教程第一册三习题库大学英语系2015-2016-1ContentsUnit 1 (1)Unit 2 (6)Unit 3 (10)Unit 4 (17)Unit 5 (22)Unit 6 (29)Unit 7 (36)Unit 8 (42)Keys to Unit 1 (48)Keys to Unit 2 (50)Keys to Unit 3 (52)Keys to Unit 4 (55)Keys to Unit 5 (57)Keys to Unit 6 (61)Keys to Unit 7 (66)Keys to Unit 8 (69)Unit 1 Campus预习题Section One: Before ReadingIN-Depth Reading : What I Wish Someone Had Told Me1. Oral practice :Lead-in questions:①What are the differences between college life and middle school life?②Were you accustomed to college life in the first month after you entered the college? How did you feel then?③Does College Life Meet Your Expectations?3．Language Points1) figure out:弄懂，弄清楚；计算（数量或成本）Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?T___________________________________________________________________你能搞清楚王菲，周迅，李亚鹏，谢霆锋等人之间的关系吗？T___________________________________________________________________2) now that表示“既然，由于”的意思，后面接that引导的句子，that可以省略。
管理学常用英文单词
Aaccess discrimination 进入歧视action research 动作研究adjourning 解散adhocracy 特别结构administrative principle 管理原则artifacts 人工环境artificial intelligence 人工智能工巧匠avoiding learning 规避性学习ambidextrous approach 双管齐下策略Bbalance sheet 资产负债表BCG matrix 波士顿咨询集团矩阵bona fide occupation qualifications 善意职业资格审查bounded rationality 有限理性bureaucracy 官僚机构benchmarking 标杆瞄准bounded rationality perspective 有限理性方法boundary-spanning roles 跨超边界作用CComputer—aided design and computer-automated manufacturing（CAD/CAM) 计算机辅助设计与计算机自动生产confrontation 对话consortia 企业联合change agent 变革促进者chaos theory 混沌理论charismatic leaders 魅力型领导者charity principle 博爱原则coercive power 强制权cohesiveness 凝聚力collaborative management 合作型管理comparable worth 可比较价值competitive benchmarking 竞争性基准confrontation meeting 碰头会constancy of purpose 永久性目标contingency approach 权变理论corporate social performance 公司社会表现corporate social responsibility公司社会责任corporate social responsiveness公司社会反应critical incident 关键事件current assets 流动资产current liabilities 流动负债culture strength 文化强度creative department 创造性部门craft technology 技艺性技术contextual dimension 关联性维度continuous process production 连续加工生产collectivity stage 集体化阶段clan control 小团体控制clan culture 小团体文化coalition 联合团体collaborative 协作网络centrality 集中性centraliazation 集权化charismatic authority 竭尽忠诚的权力Ddecentralization 分权democracy management 民主管理departmentalization 部门化differential rate system 差别报酬系统dialectical inquiry methods 辩证探求法division of labor 劳动分工downward mobility 降职流动dynamic engagement 动态融合dynamic network 动态网络domain 领域direct interlock 直接交叉divisional form 事业部模式differentiation strategy 差别化战略decision premise 决策前提dual-core approach 二元核心模式Eelectronic data-processing(EDP) 电子数据处理employee—oriented style 员工导向型风格empowerment 授权encoding 解码end-user computing 终端用户计算系统entrepreneurship 企业家精神equity 净资产equity theory 公平理论espoused value 信仰价值ethnocentric manager 种族主义的管理者expectancy theory 期望理论expense budget 支出预算expense center 费用中心external audit 外部审计external stakeholders 外部利益相关者extrinsic rewards 外部奖励ethic ombudsperson 伦理巡视官external adaption 外部适应性elaboration stage 精细阶段entrepreneurial stage 创业阶段escalating commitment 顽固认同Ffamily group 家庭集团financial statement 财务报表flat hierarchies 扁平型结构flexible budget 弹性预算force—field theory 场力理论formal authority 合法权力formal systematic appraisal 正式的系统评估franchise 特许经营权formalization stage 规范化阶段functional grouping 职能组合formal channel of communication 正式沟通渠道Ggame theory 博弈论general financial condition 一般财务状况geocentric manager 全球化管理者general manager 总经理globalization 全球化gossip chain 传言链grapevine 传言网global strategic partnership 全球战略伙伴关系general environment 一般环境generalist 全面战略geographic grouping 区域组合global company 全球公司global geographic structure 全球区域结构HHawthorne effect 霍桑效应heuristic principles 启发性原理hierarchy 科层制度hiring specification 招聘细则horizontal linkage model 横向联系模型hybrid structure 混合结构high tech 高接触high—velocity environments 高倍速环境Iimpoverished management 放任式管理Iincome statement 损益表information transformation 信息转换infrastructure 基础设施integrative process 整合过程intelligent enterprises 智力企业internal audit 内部审计internal stakeholder 内部相关者internship 实习intrapreneurship 内部企业家精神intrinsic reward 内在报酬inventory 库存，存货internal integration 内部整合interorganization relationship 组织间的关系intergroup conflict 团体间冲突interlocking directorate 交叉董事会institutional perspective 机构的观点intuitive decision making 直觉决策idea champion 构思倡导者incremental change 渐进式变革informal organizational structure 非正式组织结构informal performance appraisal 非正式业绩评价Jjob description 职务描述job design 职务设计job enlargement 职务扩大化job enrichment 职务丰富化job rotation 职务轮换job specialization 职务专业化Kkey performance areas 关键业务区key result areas 关键绩效区Llabor productivity index 劳动生产力指数laissez management 自由化管理large batch production 大批量生产lateral communication 横向沟通leadership style 领导风格least preferred co—worker（LPC）最不喜欢的同事legitimate power 合法权力liability 负债liaison 联络者line authority 直线职权liquidity 流动性liaison role 联络员角色long-linked technology 纵向关联技术losses from conflict 冲突带来的损失low-cost leadership 低成本领先Mmanagement by objective 目标管理Managerial Grid 管理方格matrix bosses 矩阵主管management champion 管理倡导者materials—requirements planning（MRP）物料需求计划Mslow,s hierarchy of needs 马斯洛需求层次论marketing argument 管理文化多元化营销观multiculturalism 文化多元主义multidivisional firm 多部门公司moral rules 道德准则management by walking around（MBWA）走动式管理matrix structure 矩阵结构multinational enterprise（MNE）跨国公司moral relativism 道德相对主义mechanistic system 机械式组织middle—of-the—road management 中庸式管理meso theory 常态理论multidomestic strategy 多国化战略mediating technology 调停技术Nnaïve relativism 朴素相对主义need-achievement 成就需要norming 规范化norms 规范nonprogrammed decisions 非程序化决策nonsubstitutability 非替代性nonroutine technology 非例行技术niche 领地Ooff-the-job training 脱产培训on-the-job training 在职培训operational budget 运营预算order backlog 订单储备organic system 有机系统organizational development(OD）组织发展orientation 定位outcome interdependence 结果的相互依赖性outplacement services 外延服务organization ecosystem 组织生态系统Pparadox of authority 权威的矛盾paradox of creativity 创造力的矛盾paradox of disclosure 开放的矛盾paradox of identify 身份的矛盾paradox of individuality 个性的矛盾paradox of regression 回归的矛盾partial productivity 部分生产率participative management 参与式管理path—goal model 路径目标模型peer recruiter 同级招聘political action committees(PACs) 政治活动委员会polycentric manager 多中心管理者portfolio framework 业务组合框架portfolio investment 资产组合投资positive reinforcement 正强化production flexibility 生产柔性profitability 收益率programmed decisions 程序化决策psychoanalytic view 精神分析法paradigm 范式personal ratios 人员比例pooled dependence 集合性依存professional bureaucracy 专业官僚机构problem identification 问题识别problemistic search 问题搜寻population ecology model 种群生态模型Qquality 质量quality circle 质量圈question mark 问题类市场quid pro quo 交换物Rrational model of decision making 理性决策模式realistic job preview(RJP）实际工作预览reciprocal interdependence 相互依存性resource dependence 资源依赖理论routine technology 例行技术retention 保留rational approach 理性方法rational model 理性模型rational—legal authority 理性—合法权威Ssemivariable cost 准可变成本sense of potency 力量感sensitivity training 敏感性训练sexual harassment 性骚扰short-run capacity changes 短期生产能力变化single-strand chain 单向传言链situational approach 情境方法situational force 情境力量situational leadership theory 情境领导理论sliding—scale budget 移动规模预算small-batch production 小规模生产sociotechnical approaches 社会科技方法span of management 管理幅度staff authority 参谋职权standing plan 长设计划step budget 分步预算stewardship principle 管家原则stimulus 刺激storming 调整阶段strategic management 战略管理strategic partnering 战略伙伴关系strategy formulation 战略制定strategy implementation 战略实施strategic control 战略控制strategic contingencies 战略权变satisficing 满意度subsystems 子系统subunits 子单位synergy 协同system boundary 系统边界structure dimension 结构性维度sequential interdependence 序列性依存self-directed team 自我管理型团队specialist 专门战略strategy and structure changes 战略与结构变革symptoms of structural deficiency 结构无效的特征Ttall hierarchies 高长型科层结构task force or project team 任务小组或项目团队task independence 任务的内部依赖性task management 任务型管理task—oriented style 任务导向型管理风格total productivity 全部生产率Total Quality Management 全面质量管理training positions 挂职培训training program 培训程序transactional leaders 交易型领导transformational leaders 变革型领导treatment discrimination 歧视待遇two—factory theory 双因素理论two-boss employees 双重主管员工technical or product champion 技术或产品的倡导者Uunfreezing 解冻unit production 单位产品Vvariation 变种子variety 变量valence 效价variable costs 可变成本vertical communication 纵向沟通vertical integration 纵向一体化vestibule training 仿真培训volume flexibility 产量的可伸缩性vertical linkage 纵向连接venture team 风险团队value based leadership 基于价值的领导Wwin—lose situation 输赢情境win—win situation 双赢情境workforce literacy 员工的读写能力work in progress 在制品work flow redesign 工作流程再造成work flow automation 工作流程自动化whistle blowing 揭发Zzero-sum 零---和zone of indifference（area of acceptance）无差异区域（可接受区域)。
人物分析英语作文
人物分析英语作文The human experience is a complex tapestry woven with the threads of diverse personalities and characters. As we navigate the intricate landscapes of our lives, we encounter a myriad of individuals, each with their own unique set of traits, motivations, and idiosyncrasies. The art of character analysis allows us to delve into the depths of these complex beings, shedding light on the nuances that shape their actions, thoughts, and interactions.At the heart of any compelling narrative, whether it be a novel, a film, or a play, lies the characters that drive the story forward. These characters, like the people we encounter in our daily lives, are not mere plot devices but rather living, breathing entities that possess their own agency and depth. Through the process of character analysis, we can unravel the layers of their personalities, gaining a deeper understanding of their motivations, fears, and the experiences that have molded them into the individuals they have become.One of the key aspects of character analysis is the examination of acharacter's physical and psychological traits. The way a character presents themselves physically, from their appearance to their mannerisms, can provide valuable insights into their inner world. Is the character tall or short, slender or stocky, well-groomed or disheveled? These physical attributes can convey information about a character's social status, profession, or even their emotional state. Similarly, a character's psychological traits, such as their temperament, values, and decision-making processes, can shed light on the driving forces behind their behavior.Another important element of character analysis is the exploration of a character's relationships and interactions with others. The way a character responds to and engages with the people in their life can reveal a great deal about their personality. Do they exhibit empathy and compassion, or are they more aloof and detached? How do they handle conflict and navigate the complexities of interpersonal dynamics? By examining these relational aspects, we can gain a deeper understanding of the character's emotional intelligence, their capacity for growth and change, and the ways in which they are shaped by the people around them.Furthermore, the analysis of a character's arc, or the evolution of their personality and choices throughout a narrative, can provide valuable insights into the human condition. As characters face challenges, overcome obstacles, or succumb to their own flaws, wewitness the dynamic nature of the human experience. We see how external circumstances and internal struggles can transform a character, sometimes in unexpected ways, and how these transformations can mirror our own personal journeys.Through the process of character analysis, we can not only appreciate the richness and complexity of fictional characters but also gain a deeper understanding of the human experience itself. By delving into the motivations, desires, and struggles of these carefully crafted individuals, we can uncover universal truths about the human condition and the myriad ways in which we navigate the complexities of our lives.In conclusion, the art of character analysis is a powerful tool that allows us to explore the depths of the human experience. By examining the physical, psychological, and relational aspects of characters, as well as their narrative arcs, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the nuances that shape the individuals we encounter, both in fiction and in our own lives. Through this process, we can not only enhance our understanding of the characters we encounter but also deepen our own self-awareness and empathy, ultimately enriching our own journeys through the tapestry of human existence.。
心理应激与心身疾病及医患关系双语
朱熊兆
教授
中南大学医学心理研究所 湘雅二医院医)
★ What is psychosociological factors
Diseases causes: Biological and abiological factors Abiological factors: psychosociological factors include psychological and social factors
it is defense responses ， responses may include physiological, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral changes
“fight—flight” (战斗与逃跑)
stress
3．Perceived threaten（应激是一种觉察到的威胁）
Stress reaction（应激反应）
Psychological reaction（心理反应） emotional and behavior Somatic or physical（躯体反应）
Psychological reaction
1.Emotional reaction（情绪反应） anxiety fear depression anger
2．Resistance(抵抗期) 应激持续存在,或过强，第一阶段不能恢复， 进入第二阶段。 Psychosomatic disorder
3 ． Exhaustion( 衰竭期 ) ：生理、心理能 量被耗竭
selfmanagement英语作文
selfmanagement英语作文Self-Management: The Key to Unlocking Your PotentialEffective self-management is the cornerstone of personal and professional success. It encompasses a range of strategies and techniques that empower individuals to take control of their time, energy, and resources, enabling them to achieve their goals and maximize their potential. In today's fast-paced and ever-changing world, the ability to manage oneself efficiently is more crucial than ever before.At the heart of self-management lies the fundamental principle of self-awareness. Understanding one's own strengths, weaknesses, preferences, and habits is the first step towards cultivating a proactive approach to life. By taking the time to reflect on their values, priorities, and long-term aspirations, individuals can develop a clear vision for their personal and professional development. This self-awareness serves as a guiding light, helping them navigate the complexities of daily life and make informed decisions that align with their desired outcomes.One of the key components of self-management is timemanagement. Effective time management involves the ability to prioritize tasks, minimize distractions, and allocate resources in a way that maximizes productivity. This can be achieved through the implementation of various techniques, such as the Pomodoro method, which encourages focused work intervals followed by short breaks, or the use of task-tracking tools and apps to maintain a clear overview of one's responsibilities.In addition to time management, self-management also encompasses the ability to manage one's energy levels. Recognizing and addressing factors that contribute to physical and mental fatigue is crucial for maintaining high levels of performance and well-being. This may involve developing healthy habits, such as regular exercise, adequate sleep, and mindful breaks, as well as learning to manage stress and cultivate a positive mindset.Another important aspect of self-management is the ability to set and achieve goals. By breaking down larger objectives into smaller, actionable steps, individuals can create a roadmap for success and track their progress along the way. The use of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound) goal-setting principles can help ensure that goals are well-defined and aligned with one's overall vision.Effective self-management also requires the development of strongdecision-making skills. In the face of complex situations or competing priorities, individuals must be able to analyze information, weigh the potential consequences of their choices, and make informed decisions that align with their values and long-term goals. This can be supported by the implementation of structured decision-making frameworks, such as the pros and cons list or the decision matrix.Self-management is not just about individual success; it also has a profound impact on one's relationships and interactions with others. By developing strong self-awareness and self-regulation skills, individuals can cultivate more effective communication, collaboration, and conflict resolution strategies. This, in turn, can lead to stronger interpersonal relationships, both in the personal and professional spheres.Furthermore, self-management is closely linked to the concept of self-leadership. By taking responsibility for their own growth and development, individuals can become more proactive, resilient, and adaptable in the face of challenges. This self-directed approach to personal and professional development can unlock new opportunities and open doors to greater success and fulfillment.In conclusion, self-management is a powerful tool that can transform the way individuals approach their lives. By cultivating self-awareness,effective time and energy management, goal-setting, and decision-making skills, individuals can unlock their full potential and achieve remarkable personal and professional growth. As the world continues to evolve, the ability to manage oneself effectively will only become more crucial, making self-management a vital skill for success in the 21st century.。
征求对方的意见英语作文
征求对方的意见英语作文英文回答：When it comes to seeking opinions, there are two main approaches: direct and indirect.Direct approach:Ask directly for feedback, suggestions, or advice.Use clear and specific language.For example, "I'm working on a project and would appreciate your thoughts on it."Indirect approach:Subtly hint that you're open to input.Use phrases like "I'm always looking for ways toimprove" or "I'm curious to hear your take on this."For example, "I've been considering a new marketing strategy. Do you have any experience in that area?"Both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. The direct approach is more assertive and can elicit more immediate feedback. However, it can also be perceived as more confrontational or pushy. The indirect approach ismore subtle and can make the other person feel less pressured to give an opinion. However, it can also be less effective in getting the feedback you need.The best approach to seeking opinions depends on the situation and the relationship you have with the personyou're asking. If you have a strong relationship and feel comfortable being direct, then a direct approach may bemore effective. If you're not as close to the person orwant to avoid confrontation, then an indirect approach may be a better choice.Here are some additional tips for seeking opinions:Be specific about what you want feedback on.Give context and background information.Be open to both positive and negative feedback.Thank the person for their input, even if you don't agree with it.中文回答：徵求意見的方式主要分為兩種，直接和間接。
同学们的改变英语作文
In recent years,there has been a significant transformation in the way students approach their English learning.This essay will explore the various changes that have taken place among students and the reasons behind these shifts.1.Adoption of Technology:The most notable change is the widespread use of technology in learning English. Students now have access to a plethora of online resources,including educational apps, websites,and platforms that offer interactive learning experiences.This has made learning more engaging and personalized,catering to individual learning styles and paces.2.Focus on Communication Skills:Traditionally,English learning was heavily focused on grammar and vocabulary. However,there has been a paradigm shift towards developing communication skills. Students are now encouraged to practice speaking and listening more actively,which has led to an increase in confidence and fluency.3.Cultural Exchange:With globalization,there is a greater emphasis on understanding Englishspeaking cultures.Students are not only learning the language but also gaining insights into the customs,traditions,and values of Englishspeaking countries.This cultural exchange enriches their learning experience and fosters a deeper appreciation for diversity.4.PeertoPeer Learning:The collaborative approach to learning has gained momentum.Students are encouraged to learn from one another through group discussions,debates,and projects.This method not only enhances language skills but also develops teamwork and critical thinking abilities.5.SelfDirected Learning:Students are taking more control over their learning process.With the availability of various resources,they can now set their own pace and choose the content that interests them.This selfdirected approach has empowered students to become more responsible and proactive in their education.6.Integration of Multimedia:The use of multimedia in English learning has become more prevalent.Videos,podcasts, and interactive games are now common tools that help students understand the language in a more dynamic and enjoyable way.This integration of multimedia makes learning more accessible and entertaining.7.Emphasis on Practical Usage:There is a growing focus on the practical application of English.Students are encouraged to use the language in reallife situations,such as ordering food in a restaurant,making travel arrangements,or participating in international conferences.This practical approach helps students to see the relevance of their learning and motivates them to improve.8.Recognition of Different English Varieties:Students are now more aware of the various dialects and accents within the Englishspeaking world.They understand that English is not a monolithic language and appreciate the nuances of different English varieties,which broadens their linguistic horizons.9.Increased Opportunities for Global Interaction:With the rise of social media and online platforms,students have more opportunities to interact with native speakers and other learners from around the world.This exposure helps them to improve their language skills and learn about different perspectives.10.Continuous Learning Mindset:Lastly,there is a shift towards a continuous learning mindset.Students recognize that language learning is a lifelong journey and are more willing to embrace challenges and adapt to new learning methods.In conclusion,the changes among students learning English are reflective of a more holistic and inclusive approach to education.These changes not only enhance their language proficiency but also prepare them to be global citizens in an increasingly interconnected world.。
福建省师范大学网络教育英语学位考试真题
福建省师范大学网络教育英语学位考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Fujian Normal University (FNU) Online Education English Degree Exam QuestionsIntroduction:Fujian Normal University, located in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China, offers online education programs for students who wish to obtain English degrees. The university conducts a comprehensive examination to evaluate the English proficiency of its students. This article provides a sample of the exam questions to give an idea of the test format and content.Exam Format:The exam consists of four sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. Each section evaluates different language skills and assesses the students' proficiency in English. The exam duration is 3 hours, and students must complete all sections within the allocated time.Sample Questions:Listening Section:1. Listen to the audio clip and answer the following question: What is the main topic of the conversation?A. Traveling in EuropeB. Shopping for souvenirsC. Planning a vacationD. Visiting historical sites2. Listen to the dialogue and complete the sentence:The woman is going to buy a ____________.Reading Section:3. Read the passage and answer the question:What is the author's main argument in the passage?A. Technology has improved communication.B. Social media impacts human relationships negatively.C. People should spend less time on their phones.D. Virtual reality will replace face-to-face interactions. Writing Section:4. Write an essay of at least 300 words on the following topic:"Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of studying abroad."Speaking Section:5. Give a two-minute presentation on the topic:"Describe your favorite travel destination and explain why you enjoy visiting it."Conclusion:The Fujian Normal University Online Education English Degree Exam evaluates students' language skills and proficiency in English. The exam questions cover various aspects of the language, including listening, reading, writing, and speaking. Students are required to demonstrate their English proficiency through the exam to obtain their English degrees from the university.篇2Fujian Normal University Online Education English Degree Examination QuestionsPart I Reading Comprehension Passage OneThe human brain is amazing. It processes large amounts of information every second, allowing us to think, learn, and remember. But how does the brain organize and store all this information? One theory is that the brain forms networks of connected neurons that work together to process and store information. These networks form when we learn new information, linking together different parts of the brain that are involved in processing that information. Over time, these networks become stronger and more efficient, making it easier for us to remember and retrieve that information.Understanding how these networks form and change over time is essential for improving our ability to learn and remember information. Recent research has shown that the brain's ability to form new networks and change existing ones is known as neuroplasticity. This means that the brain can adapt and change in response to new information and experiences. By engaging in activities that challenge our brains, such as learning a new language or playing a musical instrument, we can enhance our neuroplasticity and improve our cognitive abilities.In conclusion, the human brain is capable of remarkable feats of learning and memory. By understanding how the brain forms and changes networks of neurons, we can enhance ourability to learn and remember information. Engaging in activities that challenge our brains can improve our neuroplasticity and cognitive abilities, ultimately leading to a sharper mind and better memory.Questions:1. What is one theory about how the brain organizes and stores information?2. What is neuroplasticity, and why is it important for learning and memory?3. How can engaging in challenging activities improve cognitive abilities?4. What is the main idea of the passage?Part II Vocabulary and Grammar1. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence:a) The ________ of the new technology has revolutionized the way we communicate.1. advent2. concept3. trend4. approachb) I had to ________ my meeting with the client because of a scheduling conflict.1. postpone2. reschedule3. delay4. cancelc) The teacher ________ the students to work together on the group project.1. encouraged2. advised3. directed4. suggested2. Choose the correct form of the verb:a) He ________ (drive) to work every day.b) They ________ (study) for the exam last night.c) She ________ (play) the piano when I arrived.3. Choose the correct preposition to complete the sentence:a) She is allergic ________ cats.1. on2. to3. with4. aboutb) We need to talk ________ our plans for the weekend.1. about2. with3. to4. onc) I'm interested ________ learning about different cultures.1. on2. in3. for4. aboutPart III WritingWrite an essay discussing the benefits of online education. Include reasons why online education is becoming increasingly popular, how it can be more convenient for students, and what challenges may arise in online learning. Conclude with your thoughts on the future of online education and how it will continue to shape the way we learn.In conclusion, the Fujian Normal University Online Education English Degree Examination covers a range of topics, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, and writing. By successfully completing this exam, students demonstrate their proficiency in English language skills and their ability to think critically and communicate effectively. Studying for and passing this exam is a valuable achievement and opens up opportunities for further study and career advancement.篇3Fujian Normal University Network Education English Degree ExamFujian Normal University is known for its high-quality education, and its network education program is no exception. Students who are interested in pursuing an English degree through the network education platform are required to take anexam to test their English language proficiency. The exam consists of various sections that assess the students' listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the exam structure and some sample questions to give prospective test-takers an idea of what to expect.Listening Section:The listening section of the exam usually consists of multiple choice questions based on audio recordings. Students will listen to various conversations, lectures, and speeches and answer questions based on the information they hear. Sample questions may include:1. What is the main topic of the conversation?A. TravelingB. ShoppingC. FoodD. Work2. What is the speaker's opinion about the new policy?A. PositiveB. NegativeC. NeutralD. UncertainReading Section:The reading section of the exam assesses students' reading comprehension skills. Students will be given passages to read and answer questions based on the information in the text. Sample questions may include:3. According to the passage, what is the main cause of climate change?A. DeforestationB. PollutionC. Carbon emissionsD. Natural disasters4. What is the author's tone in the last paragraph?A. EncouragingB. CriticalC. NeutralD. InformativeWriting Section:The writing section of the exam requires students to write essays or short responses on various topics. Students will be assessed on their ability to organize their thoughts, express their ideas clearly, and use appropriate grammar and vocabulary. Sample prompts may include:5. Write an essay discussing the advantages and disadvantages of technology in education.6. Describe a memorable experience you had while traveling and explain why it was significant to you.Speaking Section:The speaking section of the exam assesses students' oral communication skills. Students will be asked to respond to prompts, engage in conversations, and give presentations on various topics. Sample tasks may include:7. Give a presentation on your favorite hobby and explain why you enjoy it.8. Discuss a current event that has caught your attention and explain its significance.Overall, the Fujian Normal University network education English degree exam is designed to test students' English language proficiency in all aspects – listening, reading, writing, and speaking. By preparing for the exam with sample questions like those provided above, test-takers can improve their chances of success and demonstrate their proficiency in the English language. Good luck to all prospective test-takers!。
赤诚之心黑布林读后感中英文
赤诚之心黑布林读后感中英文Sincerity of the Heart: A Reflection on "Black Panther"The Marvel Cinematic Universe has captivated audiences worldwide with its diverse array of superhero stories, each one offering a unique perspective on the human experience. Among the most recent and groundbreaking additions to this cinematic tapestry is the 2018 film "Black Panther," directed by Ryan Coogler. This cinematic masterpiece not only entertains with its thrilling action sequences and visual splendor but also delves deep into the complex themes of identity, responsibility, and the pursuit of justice.At the heart of "Black Panther" lies the story of T'Challa, the king of the technologically advanced and reclusive nation of Wakanda. As he ascends to the throne, T'Challa is faced with the daunting task of navigating the delicate balance between his duty to his people and the moral imperative to use Wakanda's vast resources to help those in need across the globe. This inner conflict is further exacerbated by the arrival of Erik Killmonger, a charismatic and complex antagonist who challenges T'Challa's worldview and forces him to confront the dark legacy of Wakanda's isolationist policies.One of the most striking aspects of "Black Panther" is its exploration of the concept of sincerity. Throughout the film, the characters grapple with the notion of what it means to be true to oneself and to one's principles. T'Challa, for instance, must reconcile his desire to maintain Wakanda's secrecy with his growing awareness of the suffering experienced by oppressed people around the world. Killmonger, on the other hand, represents a more radical and uncompromising approach, driven by a sincere belief in the need for immediate and decisive action to address the injustices of the past.The tension between these two perspectives is not simply a conflict of ideologies but a reflection of the inherent complexities and contradictions that arise when individuals and nations are confronted with the challenges of the modern world. The film's portrayal of Wakanda, a technologically advanced and culturally rich nation that has deliberately chosen to isolate itself from the rest of the world, serves as a powerful metaphor for the ways in which even the most well-intentioned actions can have unintended consequences.At the same time, "Black Panther" also explores the importance of community and the ways in which individuals can come together to effect meaningful change. The film's depiction of the strong familial and cultural bonds within Wakanda serves as a stark contrast to the isolation and alienation experienced by those who live outside its borders. The film's diverse and richly developed supportingcharacters, such as Nakia, Shuri, and Okoye, further underscore the importance of collaboration and the power of collective action.Ultimately, "Black Panther" is a film that challenges its audience to confront the complexities of the human experience. It asks us to consider the ways in which our own sincerity and commitment to our principles can shape the world around us, and to grapple with the difficult choices that arise when our personal desires come into conflict with the greater good. Through its masterful storytelling and its stunning visual imagery, the film invites us to engage with the profound questions that lie at the heart of the human condition, and to emerge with a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world in which we live.。
关于红海行动的英语介绍
关于红海行动的英语介绍"Operation Red Sea" is a Chinese action war film based on real events. It was released in 2018 and directed by Dante Lam. The movie showcases a fictionalized account of the Chinese Navy's evacuation mission in Yemen during the Yemeni Civil War.The story revolves around a group of Chinese Navy Jiaolong Assault Team members who are sent to rescue Chinese citizens and foreign nationals trapped in a war zone in the port city of Aden. The team faces numerous challenges, including fierce battles with local militants and international terrorist organizations.The film highlights the bravery, professionalism, and sacrifice of the Chinese military as they carry out their mission. It also emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and the protection of civilians during times of conflict."Operation Red Sea" received critical acclaim for its intense and realistic action sequences, as well as its portrayal of the Chinese military. The movie was praisedfor its high production value, compelling storytelling, and the performances of its cast members.From a technical perspective, the film features impressive special effects, cinematography, and sound design, which enhance the overall viewing experience. The action scenes are meticulously choreographed, creating a sense of tension and excitement throughout the movie.In terms of its cultural significance, "Operation Red Sea" showcases the growing influence and capabilities of the Chinese film industry on the global stage. It demonstrates China's commitment to producing high-quality action films that can compete with international blockbusters.Overall, "Operation Red Sea" is an action-packed war film that provides an insight into a real-life military operation. It combines thrilling action sequences with aheartfelt portrayal of the bravery and dedication of the Chinese military. The movie serves as a reminder of the challenges faced by armed forces in conflict zones and the importance of their mission to protect and rescue civilians.。
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Graph Plan
Graphplan was developed in 1995 by Avrim Blum and Merrick Furst, at CMU. Recent implementations by other researchers have extended the capability of Graphplan to reason with temporally extended actions, metrics and non-atomic preconditions and effects.
Add Edge
carry
Delete Edge
noGarb
cleanH
• Parameterized schemas and objects are used to compactly encode actions.
9
GraphPlan Planning Problem
Action Execution at time i:
The plan graph does not eliminate all infeasible plans.
Plan generation still requires focused search.
Example: Graph and Solution
noGarb carry cleanH dolly cleanH dolly carry cleanH noGarb
GraphPlan Planning Problem
• State
• A consistent conjunction of propositions (positive literals)
• E.g., (and (cleanhands)(quiet) (dinner) (present)(noGarbage)) • Doesn’t commit to the truth of all propositions
Proposition Init State
Action Time 1
Proposition Time 1
Action Time 2
Plan graphs focus towards valid plans
Plan graphs exclude many plans that are infeasible.
Plans that do not satisfy the initial or goal state. Plans with operators that threaten each other.
Plan graphs are constructed in polynomial time and are of polynomial in size.
Actions
• E.g., (:operator carry :precondition :effect (:and (noGarbage) (not (cleanHands))) • Preconditions: propositions that must be true to apply operator. • A conjunction of propositions (no negated propositions). • Effects: Propositions that operator changes, given preconditions. • A conjunction of propositions (adds) and their negation (deletes).
A Plan in GraphPlan <Actions[iபைடு நூலகம் >
• Sets of concurrent actions performed at each time [i]
• Uses model of concurrency as interleaving. • If actions a and b occur at time i, then it must be valid to perform either a followed by b, OR b followed by a.
Example of a Complete Consistent Plan
Initial Conditions: (and (cleanHands) (quiet)) Goal: (and (noGarbage) (dinner) (present))
noGarb
cleanH cook
(noop dinner)
quiet
cook
quiet
cook dinner
quiet
dinner wrap
wrap
present 1 Prop 1 Action 2 Prop
present 2 Action 3 Prop
Outline
Introduction The Graph Plan Planning Problem Graph Construction Solution Extraction Properties Termination with failure
Creates graph encoding pairwise consistency and reachability of actions and propositions from initial state. Graph includes, as a subset, all plans that are complete and consistent.
noGarb cleanH cook
noop-dinner
carry
cleanH
quiet
wrap
dinner
noop-present
dinner
present Prop at 1 Action at 1 Prop at 2
present Prop at 2
Action at 2
A Complete Consistent Plan
• E.g., (and (noGarbage) (dinner) (present))
• The planner must put the system in a final state that satisfies the conjunction.
8
GraphPlan Planning Problem
(:operator cook :precondition (cleanHands) :effect (dinner)) cleanHands cook
dinner
(:operator carry :precondition :effect (:and (noGarbage) (not (cleanHands)))
Graph-based Planning
Brian C. Williams Sept. 25th & 30th, 2002 16.412J/6.834J
Outline
Introduction The Graph Plan Planning Problem Graph Construction Solution Extraction Properties Termination with Failure
Approach: Graph Plan
1. Constructs compact encoding of state space from operators and initial state, which prunes many invalid plans – Plan Graph. 2. Generates plan by searching for a consistent subgraph that achieves the goals.
carry
noGarb cleanH
10
GraphPlan Planning Problem
• Noops
• Every proposition has a no-op action, which maintains it from time i to i+1.
• E.g., (:operator noop-P :precondition (P) :effect (P))
Given that the initial state holds at time 0, a plan is a solution iff: • Complete: • The preconditions of every operator at time i, is satisfied by a proposition at time i. • The goal propositions all hold in the final state. • Consistent: • The operators at any time i can be executed in any order, without one of these operators undoing the: •preconditions of another operator at time i. •effects of another operator at time i.
P
Noop-P
P
11
Example: Dinner Date Problem
Initial Conditions: (and (cleanHands) (quiet)) Goal: Actions: (:operator carry :precondition :effect (and (noGarbage) (not (cleanHands))) (:operator dolly :precondition :effect (and (noGarbage) (not (quiet))) (:operator cook :precondition (cleanHands) :effect (dinner)) (:operator wrap :precondition (quiet) :effect (present)) + noops (and (noGarbage) (dinner) (present))