被动语态（讲解）

被动语态1：英语中语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。

语态的作⽤：语态是动词的⼀种形式，⽤来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。

语态的选⽤：如果主语是动作的执⾏者，谓语⽤主动语态。

例如：We clean the room every day.
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要⽤被动语态。

例如：The room is cleaned every day.
2:被动语态的各种形式
1) am/is/are +done
eg：I'm asked to take care of myself.
eg：Football is played all over the world.
2）has /have been done
eg：This book has been translated into many foreign languages.
eg：The prices of many goods have been cut again .
3）am/is /are being done
eg：A road is being built around the mountain.
eg：Many new houses are being built in this city.
4） was/were done
eg1：This house was built in 1958.
eg2：His leg was broken in an accident.
5） had been done
eg1：A new school had been set up by the end of last year.
eg2：When the anthem had been played the conference began.
6) was/were being done
eg1： meeting was being held when I was there.
eg2：We were being trained this time last year.
7) shall/will be done
eg1：More factories will be built in our city.
eg2：He will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
8) shall/will have been done
eg1：The project will have been completed before July.
eg2：Your clothes shall have been made for you soon.
9) should/would be done
eg1：He told me that his new cloths would be made by his mother.
10) should/would have been done
eg1：He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
3:主动形式表⽰被动意义
1）及物动词的不及物⽤法：主语通常是物，且有着某种内在的特点。

句⼦简短，且⼀定有付词。

eg1：Some silks wash well.
eg2：The pen writes smoothly.
eg3：The poem reads fluently（流利地）.
eg4：The shoes wear well（很耐穿）.
eg5：The paper tears easily.
2)否定句
eg1：The plays won`t act.
eg2：His novels don`t sell.
eg3：The door won`t open.
3)某些⽇常⽤语，谓语是进⾏时态
eg1：The dinner is cooking.
eg2：The cakes are baking（烘烤）.
eg3：The book is printing.
eg4：He paid all that was owing（⽋的钱他都还了）.
4）谓语是不及物动词或连系动词。

eg1：The flowers look beautiful.
eg2：what he said sounds reasonable.
eg3：The roses smell sweet.
eg4：The medicine tastes bitter.
eg5：The cloth feels soft.
eg6：The door blew open.
eg7：The road measures 50 feet across.
eg8：Sheep feed chiefly on grass.
4:练习
1).Put the following sentences into the passive voice (by phrase may be omitted)
1.People speak English in many countries.
2.We built this bridge last year.
3.The tiger in the z00 frightened the little girl.
4.Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.
5.You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
6.We shall discuss the problem at tomorrow's meeting.
7.Has anybody fed the birds?
8.People will never forget the accident.
9.You may write this letter in pencil.
10.They are repairing the car in the garage.
11.Someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
12.They have found ways to make waste water clean.
13.Someone must take care of the children when we go out.
14.They won't hold the meeting until next Friday.
15.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
16.The doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.
17.They made the young man head of the volleyball team.
18.Someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.
19.They criticized me for something wrong that I had done.
20.Someone has taken the stranger to another hospital.
21.It surprised me to hear that they wouldn't give him a holiday after his hard work.
22.People oughtn't to criticize her for this matter.
23.People will laugh at you if you wear that dress.
24.They ought to have told you how much money you needed.
25.I have told him that he didn't satisfy his examiner.
26.We must finish the work by six o'clock this afternoon.
27.Do you often clean your room?
28.They are making this type of radios in shanghai.
29.Could you carry out the plan on time?
30.We must pay attention to such problems.
31.Someone is showing them how to operate the computers.
32.You should put forward(提出)the questions at the meeting.
33.They used to practise speaking English together.
34.He is sure to finish the job by then.
35.She is going to play the match today.
36.People are talking about the incident all over the town.
37.We saw a bus running towards us at that time
38.They elected her leader of the group.
39.They had to put off the sports meet because of the rain.
40.We don't have to write it in such a hurry.　
2).Make the best choice:
窗体顶部
41.Our house_____,
A.is getting paint
B.is getting painted
C.is got painted
D.has got to paint
42.He arrived in Beijing,where he_____his friend.
A.was met by
B.was met
C.was meeting
D.met by
43.The war_____in 1937
A.was broken out
B.had been broken out
C.has broken out
D.broke out
44.The mistakes in the exercises will_____the teacher.
A.cross
B.be crossing
C.be crossed by
D.cross by
45.My brother and I have __________her birthday party.
A.been invited
B.been invited for
C.invited to
D.been invited to
46.It_______this way
A.is had to do
B.is had to be done
C.had to be done
D.has to do
47.It__this way.
　A used to do ed to be done C.is used to do D.is used to doing
48._____Chaplin.
A.The child's name was called
B.The child's name calls
C.The child calls
D.The child is named
49.The sports meeting____ .
A.is put off
B.is to put off
C.is to be put off
D.puts off
50.Mary realized she_________
A.was making fun of
B.was made fun
C.was being made fun of
D.was being made fun
51.______to say a thing in that way
A.It is considers wrong
B.It is considered wrong
C.It is considered it's wrong
D.It is consiedring wrong
52.He ordered that the books_______at once.
A.would be printed
B.would print
C.be printed
D.print
53.The story______in China.
A.was taken place
B.was happened
C.took place
D.has been taken place
54.The house_____my parents
A.is belong to
B.belong to
C.belongs to
D.is belonged to
55.He_______by his teacher.
A.happened to see
B.was happened to see
C.happened to be seen
D.was happened to be seen
56.Great changes_____in our province.Many tall buildings __________.
A.have been taken place, have been set up
B.have taken place, have been set up
C.have been taken place, have been set up
D.were taken place, were set up
57.The hall's____but it's not yet____with lamps.
A.furnished, finished
B.been finished, been furnished
C.being finished, being furnished
D.set up, full
58.The new hall is the tallest building in this town.
_____from here?
A.Can it see
B.Can it be seen
C.Can it seen
D.Can see
59.As soon as we got to the airport,we found that the plane_____.
A.had already taken off
B.already took off
C.was already taking off
D.was already taken off
60. Some of the hotels in my hometown_________.
A.have now been rebuilding
B.are now rebuilding
C.are now being rebuilt
D.are rebuilt now
(Answers to the questions: BADCD,CBDAC,BCCCC,BBBAC )
怎样学习被动语态英语动词被动语态在语法书上都有详略不同的交代，但⼤都着重它的构成形式，例证则往往不够。

这种语态似乎在英语句⼦中⽐在汉语句⼦中更多出现，这点是我国初学者所经常忽略的。

在某些句⼦中，英语总是⽤被动语态、⽽汉语则绝不能⽤，如：
Shakespeare was born in 1564．/Moliere was born in Paris．
初学英语的⼈接触到这样被动语态的句⼦恐不免感到奇怪，因为我们在汉语中惯于说"⽣于某某年"或"某某年⽣"，"⽣于
巴黎"或"在巴黎出⽣"，从来不说⼀个⼈"被⽣出"。

在另⼀些句⼦中，英语可⽤主动及被动两种语态，汉语则倾向于⽤主动，如：
Everybody likes him．/He is liked by everybody．
汉语"⼈⼈喜欢他"看来⽐"他被⼈⼈喜欢"更现成和⾃然。

有⼈以为这有⼀个强调的问题，⽤作主语的词是加以强调的。

即
令如此，按照英语结构写成的"他被⼤家喜欢"这样的句⼦，总是别扭。

下⾯就⼗个类别，举出⼀些句⼦，说明英语某些动词⽤于某⼀意义或在某⼀场合中常作被动语态。

类别当然不能只是⼗个，这⼉仅举常见的。

每个类别下也只举五个句⼦，句⼦中的动词彼此不⼀样。

为⽅便起见，句⼦⾸先采⽤⼤家熟知的 The Advanced
Learner's Dictionary of Current English（ALD），其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English（LDCE），必要时从其他英美书刊补充少数句⼦，但不注明出处。

1．关于⽣病
The left lung is affected． _____ALD
He is confined to the house by illness． ____ ALD
He was seized with sudden chest pains． ____LDCE
He's been troubled with a bad back since he was a child． ____LDCE
John was Invalided out of the army．
上⾯这些句⼦中被动语态在英语中很习惯化，如将动词改为主动语态，有不同程度的不顺。

⽤汉语表达这些句⼦中的同样的概念，就可以不⼀定⽤被动语态。

2．关于疲倦困乏
He was doneup afterthe long ride． ALD
He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb． _____ ALD
He was almost fagged out． ______ ALD
I'm completely exhausted．____LDCE
I was spent with the fatigue of the voyage．
汉语说"累了"、"累垮了"极普通。

如说由于某种原因⽽"累了"、"累垮了"，⾄少在结构上不⽤被动语态。

这和第⼀类的例⼦是⼀致的。

3．关于喜悦、⾼兴
I was delighted to hear the news of your success．_____ALD
We're very pleased to see you here．_____ALD
On hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy．_____ALD
She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her． _____ALD
The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows．_____ ALD
汉语如说"被⾼兴"，将不成⽂理，说"使……⾼兴"或"为……⾼兴"，那也不能照英语被动语态去处理。

事实上这头⼀句
话照汉语是"我⾼兴地听到……"这虽带点欧化，但⽬前也通⾏了。

最常见的恐怕还是"听到……我⾼兴"。

⽆论如何。

汉语说"⾼兴"，不能如英语那样⽤被动语态。

4．关于阻塞、拖延：
We're been held up by fog． _____ ALD
The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock．_____ALD
The train was delayed two hours． _____ALD
I was hindered from getting here．____ALD
The harbour was blocked by ice．_____ALD
这第⼆句ALD英汉双解本译成"⼭路被落下⽯头所阻塞"。

严格地说这句译⽂似乎⽋流畅，尤其不能⽤于⼝语。

当然，凡是阻⼒，总是外来的阻⼒，施于受事的主语，主语处于被动地位，但汉语不能采取英语的被动语态形式⽽完全不加变动。

5、关于习惯
He is quite used to hard work．____ALD
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to． _____ALD
He is addicted to smoking． _____ALD
The old soldier was inured to danger． ____LDCE
He is given to long walks． _____LDCE
英语中有些动词，由于常⽤于被动语态，词典中对它们的分词（participle）形式另⽴专条著录，成为独⽴的词，其功能相当于形容词。

以上例句中的动词就是典型的例⼦。

例如，词典⼀般既有use这⼀专条（不定式动词），⼜有 used；既有accustom，⼜有 accustomed；既有give，⼜有given。

但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只注明"常⽤于被动"（usu．passive），尚未另⽴inured和 addicted专条，其他词典也⼤体是这样，虽然addicted还可以作为形容词，看成是独⽴的词条。

然⽽不管这些词是否带有形容词的性质，在上⾯的句⼦中却具有被动语态的作⽤。

6．关于苦恼、⼼烦意乱
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed．____ALD
She is easily upset emotionally．____ALD
He was vexed at his failure． ____ ALD
He was disturbed to hear of your illness．______ALD
I felt harassed by all the work of the office．_____LDCE
苦恼等情绪当然是引起的，因此英语中的被动语态似乎说明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第⼀句She is easily upset emotionally．不必指出原因。

7．关于惊讶或震惊
I was astonished to see him there． ____ALD
I'm surprised he didn't come．_____ALD
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing． _____ALD
He was startled to see him looking so ill．_____ALD
He was astounded when he heard he had won．_____ALD
⼀个正常的⼈⽆故不会⼤惊⼩怪。

但是我们说"吃惊"、"⼤吃⼀惊"或"使……吃惊"和"使……⼤吃⼀惊"等也就够了，不
同于英语的被动表现形式。

8．关于围绕、包围
His land is fenced with barbed wire．____ALD
Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years．_____ALD
The troops were surrounded．_____ALD
The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed．_____LDCE
Japan is compassed about by the ocean．____LDCE
对于以上第⼆句，第三句及第五句，汉语是可以⽤"被包围"这类说法的，但对第⼀句的"is fenced with，"如说"有篱笆围住"就⾏了，不⼀定要说"被⽤篱笆围住"。

⾄于第四句中"should be railed"，英语的被动语态在汉语中也难以表达。

我们通常说：应该⽤栏杆围起来"，或"应该把它⽤栏杆围起来"，⽽不是"应该被⽤栏杆围起来"。

9．关于玷污、污染
His reputation is tarnished．_____ALD
My car was mired． ____ ALD
The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE
Your fingers are stained with ink．
That cheese is mildewed．
和第三句的contaminated意义近似的动词如pollute及 defile等，也常⽤于被动语态。

我们说，"出污泥⽽不染"，不是"……⽽不被染"。

10．关于惶惑、慌乱
I was confounded to hear that． ____ALD
They sked so many questions that I got confused． _____ALD
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions．____ALD
He was puzzled what to do next． ____ ALD
The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed as to what to do．
以上可和第六和第七两类联系起来看。

综观以上的例⼦，我们觉得中国学⽣学英语不只是要记住动词被动语态的形式，尤其要留⼼，在什么情况下，英语⼀定⽐汉语更常⽤被动语态；要留⼼哪些动词是这样⽤的，哪些动词虽有各种不同⽤法，但专指某⼀特殊意义时⼀定⽤被动形式。

有些特殊被动语态，⼏乎习语化了，也是不可忽视的，如下⾯两个句⼦：
My hints were lost upon him．___ ALD
My advice was thrown away upon him．___ALD
下⾯这类以it开头的被动语态，初学者不会使⽤的⼤有⼈在，以致语⾔死板，并违反英语习惯。

It is observed that…
It may be observed that…
It will be observed that…
It remains to be observed that…
如此等等。

他们只知说We may observe that…之类，因为这与汉语结构接近。

短语动词的被动语态
英语中的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。

有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，因此也可构成被动语态。

短语动词被看成⼀个整体，是固定词组，所以构成被动语态时不可分开。

其被动语态构成⽅法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构
成⽅法相同。

如：
1．动词+介词
He will be operated on by the best surgeon．他将由的外科医⽣给他动⼿术。

This matter has been carefully looked into．此事已得到仔细调查。

He is often laughed at by his classmates．他经常被同学嘲笑。

2．动词 + 副词
These problems have been seriously thought over．这些问题已得到认真考虑。

The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day．每天晚上11点钟关灯。

The fire was soon put out．那场⼤⽕很快被扑灭。

3．动词+副词+介词
These privileges should be done away with．此类特权应该被取消。

Women were looked down upon in the past．妇⼥过去受到歧视。

The lost time must be made up for. 失去的时间必须补回来。

4．动词+名词+介词
The children have been taken good care of．这些孩⼦得到了很好的照料。

What they did have been paid great attention to．他们所做的⼀切已得到极⼤的关注。

Time is precious and should be made full use of. 时间宝贵，应该充分利⽤。