语言学导论-第3章Morphology
合集下载
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
(Note: receive, submit, permit, … one morpheme)
Free Morpheme 自由词素
Definition: can occur by itself, not attached to other morphemes
E.g.: girl, teach, book, class, the, of, etc.
feature: new examples are rarely added (but not impossible Open classto add) Closed class e.g.: Pro, (function words) 开放性词类 Prep, Conj, Art.封闭性词类
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
Those socks are inexpensive. The strongest rower continued. The pitbull has bitten the cyclist. She quickly closed the book. The alphabetization went well. Jim needs the newer copy.
e.g. brunch breakfast+ lunch smog smoke+ fog motel motor+ hotel
newscast
news + broadcast
telex
teleprinter + exchange
bit
binary + digit
Reaganomics
Connection: Sound & Meaning
A phoneme sometimes has more than one sound form, while being the same abstract unit /p/ phoneme
[p] [ph] allophones
Morphemes
Example: English plural
Also
Regular
moose: moose-Ø ox: ox-en
Irregular
Bound & Free morpheme
Morpheme: „minimal unit of sound and meaning‟ A further division: whether they can occur on their own or not: Bound morpheme 黏着词素 No: -s in dog-s; -ed in kick-ed; cran- in cran-berry Free morpheme 自由词素 Yes: dog, kick, berry
so-so zigzag bye-bye dilly-dally hotchpotch mishmash … 人人,天天,一点点, 冷冰冰, 来来往往,点点滴滴,……
பைடு நூலகம் 4. Blending 拼缀法
similar to compounding, but some parts of the free morphemes involved are lost 1st part of 1st word + end of 2nd word
go, goes, going, gone discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability lovely, lovelier, loveliest inventor, inventor‟s, inventors, inventors‟
Root & Affix
Root (stem, base) 词根: free E.g. teacher, dresses, unkind bound E.g. inept, unkempt, repeat
Affix 词缀: Prefix 前缀: unhappy
Infix 中缀: absogoddamlutely (俚语 slangs) Suffix 后缀: happiness
语言学导论第3章morphologymorphology语言学语言学导论认知语言学导论英语语言学导论文化语言学导论现代语言学导论心理语言学导论当代语言学导论语料库语言学导论
Word Structure: Morphology
Morphology 形态学
The part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.
A. Derivational morpheme 派生词素
- to form new (different) words - may change syntactic class
E.g.: -able, -ex, un-, re-, -ness, etc.
B. Inflectional morpheme 屈折词素
e.g.
prof. math gas lab dorm ad bike flu Liz Kathy
professor mathematics gasoline laboratory dormitory advertisement bicycle influenza Elizabeth Catherine
? Allomorphs
Morpheme & Allomorphs
In phonology
allophones: the same phoneme,
in particular contexts.
In morphology
allomorphs: the same morpheme, in particular contexts (what it is attached to)
Definition: must be attached to another morpheme
Boy Boys Boy Boy‟s Beauty Beautiful Expensive Inexpensive
New word???
Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
2. Compounding 合成法
Complex words: rainy rain -y root + affix
rainbow
rain bow root + root
Derivation
Compounding
3.Reduplication 重叠词
full or partial repetition of a free morpheme; sometimes with variation
Reagan + economics
fantabulous
fantastic + fabulous
5. Clipping 截短法
part of a free morpheme is cut off,
i.e., shortening a polysyllabic word;
often in casual speech
• able • -able (adj. in “I‟m able to do it”) (e.g., “enjoyable”)
able lexical (free) morpheme -able derivational morpheme
Word formation
Derivation 派生法 Compounding 合成法 Blending 拼缀法 Clipping 截短法 Acronyms 首字母缩略法 Onomatopoeia 拟声 Back formation 逆成法 Borrowing 借用 Coining 新造 ……
A. lexical morpheme (open class)
feature: has lexical meaning; new examples can be freely added e.g.: N, Verb, Adj, Adv (content words)
B. functional morpheme (closed class)
Classification of Morphemes
lexical free
(open classes)
Morphemes bound
functional
(closed classes)
derivational inflectional
What‟s the difference between “able” and “-able”?
- no new word added - not change syntactic class - to indicate the grammatical function
E.g.: Only 8 kinds in English: N.: -’s, -s (plural nouns), V.: -ing, -ed/-en, -s (S-V agreement) Adj./Adv.: -est, -er.
democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize
Exercises:
How are these forms related - Inflection or Derivation?
The farmer’s cows escaped.
It was raining.
Root & Affix 词根&词缀
In a complex word (two or more morphemes): teacher
teach root -er affix
Root (stem, base): the basic or core morpheme. 词干 词基 Affix: the things added to the root.
Basic Units
Phonology: phoneme
Morphology: morpheme 词素 Basic definition: A morpheme is a minimal unit of sound and meaning
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning (maybe a word or not a word) A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function
Are words the smallest units?
Many words can be divided into smaller parts, E.g.: dogs walking blackens player dog-s walk-ing black-en-s play-er
the parts also occur in other words:
Exercises:
WORD prettier Simple/Complex √ √ √ √ √ Infl/Deriv √ √
stringy
delight reuse triumphed fastest mistreat
√ √
√
√ √ √
Exercises: p41
How are these forms related - Inflection or Derivation?
Compare: cat-s; runn-ing; dark-en-s; eat-er
These smaller parts occur consistently with many words:
-s: dogs, cats, … —the plural consistently -ing: walking, running, … —a noun from a verb -en: blacken, darken, … —a verb meaning „become ADJ‟ from an adjective ADJ -er: player, eater,… —an agentive nominal from a verb, a person or thing who does that activity