Genetic modification on the other hand
基因的分子生物学英文版答案molecular chapter3
Chapter 3 Answers1. Because secondary bonds are significantly weaker than covalent bonds, you could distinguish between these possibilities by assessing the overall stability of the protein or protein complex. Heating the enzyme, for example, would likely be sufficient to separate distinct polypeptide chains, but would not be enough to break apart a single chain.2. Because covalent bonds are stronger, the length of the bonds is much shorter than it is with weak bonds. Also, covalent bonds are more constrained than weak bonds in several respects. For example, covalent bonds involving a double or triple bond have no freedom of rotation, in contrast with weak bonds, which are not limited by their relative orientation. In addition, the angle between any two covalent bonds is fixed, in contrast to the angle between any two weak bonds. Finally, a given atom can only bond with a very small number of other atoms (determined by its valence), whereas a weak bond has more flexibility in this regard.Because secondary bonds are generally too weak to support a stable interaction between molecules by themselves, stability must come from a collection of multiple weak bonds acting together. The flexibility of weak bonds can help in this regard, because it facilitates the formation of these multiple weak interactions. For example, when two proteins bind to each other, numerous secondary bonds are formed between the exposed molecular groups of each of the proteins. If each of these bonds were subject to the same rigid constraints of covalent bonds, the number of possible weak interactions would be limited, and the demands placed on the precise structure of each protein would be that much greater.3. Beyond the obvious importance of strong (covalent) bonds in maintaining the primary structure of polymerase, other enzymes involved in DNA replication, and the DNA strands themselves, strong bonds are also important for providing the energy required for replication. For example, the hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for replication to proceed. Weak bonds also play a critical role in replication. For example, the hydrogen bonds formed between base pairs help ensure the accurate incorporation of nucleotides into the growing polynucleotide chain. Also, the multiple interactions between the various proteins involved in replication, as well as between the proteins and the DNA, all depend on weak bonds and are essential parts of the replication process.4. The hybridization of the two strands of DNA would involve the greatest loss of free energy. Enzyme-substrate interactions involve many fewer weak bonds, which makes sense because this interaction is transitory by nature. Antibody-antigen interactions are typically more extensive, and thus stronger, but still involve only a handful of specific interactions. Hybridization of two DNA molecules yields the most free energy, as energy is provided by at least two hydrogen bonds formed per base pair as well as by the stacking interactions between adjacent bases.5. During a spontaneous reaction, the level of free energy drops. The free energy can be lost as heat or as an increase in entropy. When a collection of atoms reaches its lowest state, it is in a state of equilibrium.6. To calculate the K eq based on a given∆G, we use the formula: K eq = e-∆G/RT. If R = 1.987 cal/deg-mol, and T = 298, then using this formula, we find that the K eq is e-(-2000cal/mol)/(1.987cal/deg-mol)(298 deg), or 29.3.This K eq means that at equilibrium, the ratio of the bound proteins to the unbound proteins is nearly 30:1, meaning that virtually all of the proteins will bind to each other if present at molar concentrations.7. Van der Waals forces are produced from random fluctuations in the distribution of electrons within molecules. Because of these fluctuations, individual atoms experience temporary partial charges, and these partial charges can induce an opposite charge in neighboring atoms. These opposite charges then cause the atoms to be somewhat attracted to each other. Van der Waals attractions are very weak, typically about 1 kcal/mol, which is just slightly greater than the average thermal energy of molecules at room temperature. Van der Waals forces usually involve nonpolar atoms and can only work over a very small range of distances, as the atoms strongly repel each other if too close and the van der Waals attractions rapidly fall to insignificant levels with increasing distance.Hydrogen bonds involve an interaction between a hydrogen with a partial positive charge and a nearby, negatively-charged atom. Such bonds typically arise where a hydrogen is covalently bound to a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, and thus acquires a partial positive charge. Such partially charged hydrogens can then interact with neighboring groups with a negative charge, such as an oxygen or nitrogen that is covalently bound to—and which has obtained a partial negative charge from—a less electronegativeatom such as hydrogen or carbon. Hydrogen bonds are stronger than van der Waals forces, on the order of 3 to 7 kcal/mol.Ionic bonds can form between any two adjacent atoms having opposite charges of at least one unit. Sometimes, such bonds can involve hydrogen bonds, such as an interaction between a negatively charged oxygen within a COO- group and a positively-charged hydrogen within an NH3+ group. Ionic bonds are relatively strong, with energies of about 5 kcal/mol.8. Van der Waals interactions can only occur over a very narrow distance range. The forces are relatively weak to begin with and are inversely proportional to the sixth power of distance, so they rapidly become insignificant as the atoms move apart. Also, if the atoms are too close, strong repressive forces drive them apart, placing a strong limit on their spatial relationship in this sense as well.Because a single van der Waals interaction can only contribute a relatively small amount of energy, molecules relying on such interactions for their binding must use a number of them (and other weak bonds) to achieve a sufficient binding strength. The fact that such interactions can only occur over a relatively limited distance range, then, requires that any two interacting molecules must have complementary surfaces so that the two molecules can fit together in a way that allows multiple van der Waals interactions to take place with appropriate spacing.9. Hydrophobic bonds obtain energy from van der Waals interactions and from the exclusion of water from the site of interaction.Van der Waals bonds result from the fluctuating energy distribution within neighboring (usually nonpolar) atoms, which creates a weak attractive force between them over a narrow distance. Van der Waals forces contribute a small amount of energy to hydrophobic bonds, about 1 kcal/mol.Hydrophobic bonds are often much stronger than what would be predicted by the energetic contribution of van der Waals forces alone. The difference can be explained by entropic effects associated with the exclusion of water from the site of hydrophobic interaction. Specifically, when a nonpolar group is present in an aqueous solution, it disrupts the water matrix, which is very energetically costly. By having nonpolar groups interact only with each other rather than with water, these costly interactions are avoided, greatly contributing to the favorable energetics of the hydrophobic bond.10.a. 50 to 100 kcal/molb. 3 to 7 kcal/molc. 3 to 7 kcal/mold. 1 to 2 kcal/mole. 0.6 kcal/mol11.The energy of weak bonds is higher than that of the average thermal energy of molecules, but not by very much. This means that the random collisions of molecules in solution will often be sufficient to break weak bonds. As a result, molecular interactions depending on weak bonds for their stability must rely on a relatively large number of these bonds, which, together, provide enough energy to withstand the structural threat provided by these random collisions.12. The less symmetrical the distribution of electrons in a covalent bond is (that is, the more polar), the stronger it is. The stronger a bond is, the shorter it is, and the less energy it contains (it already gave up a great amount of energy upon formation).13. In its liquid state, water forms a lattice, with each molecule surrounded by four nearest neighbors (see Figure 3-10). Because water is polar, each oxygen atom has a net negative charge, and each hydrogen has a net positive charge. This allows each oxygen to form a hydrogen bond with two nearby hydrogens and each hydrogen to interact with a single neighboring oxygen. Water is able to do this because it is symmetrical, small, and has a simple dipole spanning the entire molecule.14. Water plays a key role in promoting secondary bonds because of its strong tendency to form hydrogen bonds with itself. This makes any disruption of the lattice formed between water molecules energetically costly. While this is not necessarily so significant for polar regions of a molecule, as these polar regions can themselves form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules (and thereby recover some of the energy lost by the disruption of the water matrix), it is quite costly for nonpolar groups. Nonpolar parts of the molecule cannot form secondary bonds with water, and so the energy lost by the disruption of the water matrix cannot be recovered. On the other hand, nonpolar groups can form secondary bonds withother nonpolar molecules, which drives the nonpolar regions of molecules (such as internal regions of a protein) to interact with each other by forming secondary bonds (van der Waals interactions).Water also promotes the formation of weak bonds because of the fluidity of aqueous solutions. This fluidity, and the heat that constantly alters the relative configurations of molecules in the solution, allows molecules to test their interactions with a large number of other molecules, ultimately finding the energetically most favorable configuration involving the ideal combination of weak bonds.15. Weak bonds are a good choice for maintaining macromolecular structure because they are strong enough to ensure the stability of molecules at physiological temperatures, yet not so strong that they prevent any movement or flexibility within the molecules. This is important, because movement and flexibility within macromolecules can be critical for their function and their regulation. For example, many proteins are subject to allosteric regulation, where a chemical modification or binding event changes the overall shape of the protein, thereby altering its activity. Also, consider the dynamics of DNA within the cell: neither DNA replication nor transcription could occur without locally unwinding the double helix, and this depends entirely on the presence of breakable hydrogen bonds between the strands. If all of the bonds holding macromolecules together in a cell were covalent, then the molecules would be inert, fixed entities, incapable of carrying out the many dynamic functions of the cell.。
新理念英语学习综合教程第三册(Unit1)卷A
综合教程部分第一单元：卷A全新版第二版综合B3U1-APart IListening Comprehension( 14 minutes )Section A1．A) TB) FScript: Mr. Doherty always dreams of writing about life on the farm so he moved to a farm with his family.正确答案：B2.A) TB) FScript: Living on the farm gives them more opportunities to enjoy outdoor activities a nd get close to nature.正确答案：A3.A) TB) FScript: Mrs. Doherty has to give up writing to maintain the farm because her husband is too busy writing to make more money.正确答案：B4.A) TB) FScript: The first winter on the farm was miserable because it was cold and boring.正确答案：B5.A) TB) FScript: Mr. Doherty decided to give up his fulltime job and depend totally on freelanc e the second year on the farm because he had to spend more time on the farm.正确答案：A6.A) TB) FScript: Mr. Doherty doesnt make enough money now to maintain their living standard in the past but their life is not seriously affected.正确答案：A7.A) TB) FScript: Three parts of our lives have changed: the way we work, the way we eat, and h e way we entertain ourselves.正确答案：A8.A) TB) FScript: Todays working men and women are commuters who travel to work early and return home late.正确答案：A9.A) TB) FScript: Fast food, takeout, and heat-and-serve dishes now take up the table of most A mericanfamilies.正确答案：A10.A) TB) FScript: The Cleavers household is a fantasy both for the 1950s and now and therefore, too ideal to learn from.正确答案：BSection BStress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience, as we(11)_________________ to our changing environment. As a(12)_________________ influence, stress can help us take action. As a(13)_________________ influence, it can lead to health problems such as headache, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure and heart disease. Our goal is not to eliminate stress but to learn how to (14)_________________ it and how to use it to help us. (15)_________________ stress may make us feel bored; on the other hand, (16)_________________ stress may make us feel tied up in knots. What we need to do is to find the (17)_________________ level of stress which will(18)_________________ overwhelm us. There is no single level of stress that is optimal for all people. What is distressing to one may be a joy to another. Moreover, our (19)_________________ and the amount which we can tolerate changes with our ages. It has been revealed that most illness is related to unrelieved stress. Being aware of stress and its effect on our lives can help reduce its harmful effects. There are many sources of stress, and there are many possibilities for its management. Here are three principles as to how to manage stress:1. Become aware of your stressor and your emotional and physical reactions.2. Recognize what you can change.3. (20)_________________ of your emotional reactions to stress.Script: Stress is the "wear and tear" our bodies experience, as we adjust to our changing environment. As a positive influence, stress can help us take action. As a negative influence, it can lead to health problems such as headache, insomnia, ulcers, high blood pressure and heart disease. Our goal is not to eliminate stress but to learn how to manage it and how to use it to help us. Insufficient stress may make us feel bored; on the other hand, excessive stress may make us feel tied up in knots. What we need to do is to find the optimal level of stress which will motivate but not overwhelm us. There is no single level of stress that is optimal for all people. What is distressing to one may be a joy to another. Moreover, our personal stress requirements and the amount which we can tolerate changes with our ages. It has been revealed that most illness is related to unrelieved stress. Being aware of stress and its effect on our lives can help reduce its harmful effects. There are many sources of stress, and there are many possibilities for its management. Here are three principles as to how to manage stress: 1. Become aware of your stressor and your emotional and physical reactions. 2. Recognize what you can change. 3. Reduce the intensity of your emotional reactions to stress.正确答案：adjust正确答案：positive正确答案：negative正确答案：manage正确答案：Insufficient正确答案：excessive正确答案：optimal正确答案：motivate but not正确答案：personal stress requirements正确答案：Reduce the intensityPart IIReading Comprehension ( 25 minutes )Section AI’m not making anywhere near as much money as I did when I was employedfull time, but now we don’t need as much either. I 21 enough income to handle our $600-a-month mortgage payments plus the usual expenses for a family like ours. That includes everything from music lessons and dental bills to car repairs and college costs. When it comes to insurance, we have a poor man’s major-medical policy. We have to pay the first $500 of any medical fees for each member of the family. It 22 80% of the costs beyond that. Although we are stuck with paying minor expenses, our premium is low — only $560 a year — and we are 23 against catastrophe.24 that and the policy on our two cars at $400 a year, we have no other insurance. But we are setting aside $2,000 a year in an IRA. We’ve been able to make up the difference in income by 25 without appreciably lowering our standard of living. We continue to dine out once or twice a month, but now we patronize local restaurants 26 more expensive places in the city. We still attend the opera and ballet in Milwaukee but only a few times a year. We eat less meat, drink cheaper wine and see fewer movies. 27 Christmases are a memory, and we combine vacations with story assignments … I suspect not everyone who loves the country would be happy living the way we do. It takes a couple of special qualities. One is a 28 for solitude. Because we are so busyand on such a tight budget, we don’t entertain much. During the growing season there is no time for socializing anyway. Jim and Emily are 29 in school activities, but they too spend most of their time at home. The other requirement is energy — a lot of it. The way to make self-sufficiency work on a small scale is to resist the 30 to buy a tractor and other expensive laborsaving devices. Instead, you do the work yourself. The only machinery we own (not counting the lawn mower) is a little three-horsepower rotary cultivator and a 16-inch chain saw.A) picks upB) temptationC) givenD) generateE) involvedF) instead ofG) ExtravagantH) cutting upI) cutting backJ) enduranceK) coveredL) Aside fromM) toleranceN) exotic O) pay21. ______________________ 正确答案：D22. ______________________ 正确答案：A23. ______________________ 正确答案：K24. ______________________ 正确答案：L25. ______________________ 正确答案：I26. ______________________ 正确答案：F27. ______________________ 正确答案：G28. ______________________ 正确答案：M29. ______________________ 正确答案：E30. ______________________ 正确答案：BSection BPassage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Genetically modified foods (or GM foods) are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering techniques. GM foods were firstput on the market in the early 1990s. Typically, genetically modified foods are transgenic plant products: soybean, corn, canola, and cotton seed oil. Animal products have also been developed, although as of July 2010 none are currently on the market. Critics have objected to GM foods on several grounds, including safety issues, ecological concerns, and economic concerns. However, genetically-modified foods are here to stay. That’s not to sa y that food produced by conventional agriculture will disappear, but simply that food-buying patterns will polarize (两极分化): there will be a right market for conventional food just as there is for organic food. It may even be that GM food will become the food of preference because consumers come to appreciate the health benefits of reduced pesticide use. The reason GM food will not go away is that we need a three-fold increase in food production by the year 2050 to keep pace with the world’s pre dicted population growth to ten or eleven billion. It’s not just a question of more mouths to feed either. What is often forgotten is that all these extra people will take up space, reducing the overall land available for agriculture. "Genetic modification is analogous to nuclear power: nobody loves it, but climate change has made its adoption imperative," says economist Paul Collier of Oxford University. "Declining genetic modificationmakes a complicated issue more complex. Genetic modification offers both faster crop adaptation and a biological, rather than chemical, approach to yield increases." The world has 800 million hungry people. Until now, food supplies have been increased by improved varieties, pesticides and artificial fertilizers: the green revolution. Now we’re on the edge of a new revolution: a genetic one.It may well be that in the long term it is the developing world that benefits most from GM foods. It’s true that for the next ten years or so GM crops may be too expensive. But the lesson of personal computers is applicable here — once the technology has been developed for profitable crops, it will spread and become affordable for all. This doesn’t mean, unfortunately, that famines will disappear, but s everity and duration will be helped by an improved ability to produce and distribute food.31. The introduction of GM food will affect _____.A) food-pricing standardB) food-buying patternsC) food-supplies scaleD) food-production efficiency正确答案：B32 Consumers prefer GM food to conventional food because _____.A) GM food receives less pesticide applicationB) GM food is more nutritious than organic foodC) GM food is cheaper than conventional foodD) Conventional food is free from chemicals正确答案：A33. If the world population grows to ten or eleven billion by the year 2050,_____.A) a genetic revolution will take over the green revolutionB) the overall land available for agriculture will run outC) the number of hungry people will rise to 800 millionD) food production should be increased to three times that of today正确答案：D34. "But the lesson of personal computers is applicable here" (in the last paragraph) probably means that ______. A) once the technological innovation is in progress, its cost will be reducedB) once the technology has been turned into productivity, it will become popularC) once the technology has been developed for profitable products, it will enter into our daily lifeD) once the technology has been improved to meet the demands of the developing world, it will be affordable正确答案：C35. We can infer from the passage that GM food will _____A) be too expensive to affordB) keep the world from starvationC) be well-accepted by some consumersD) eventually replace conventional food正确答案：CPassage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.The radical transformation of the Soviet society had a profound impact on women’s lives. Soviet women under Stalin were also the first generation of women able togive birth in the safety of a hospital, with access to prenatal care (产检). Marxists had traditionally believed that both capitalism and the middle-class husbands exploited women. The Russian Revolution of 1917 immediately proclaimed complete equalityof rights for women. In the 1920s divorce and abortion were made easily available,and women were urged to work outside the home and liberate themselves sexually. After Stalin came to power, sexual and familial liberation was played down, and the most lasting changes for women involved work and education. These changes were truly revolutionary. Young women were constantly told that they had to be equal to men, that they could and should do everything men could do. Peasant women in Russia had long experienced the equality of backbreaking physical labor in the countryside, and they continued to enjoy that equality on collective farms. Withthe advent of the five-year-plans, millions of women also began to toil in factories and in heavy construction, building dams, roads and steel mills in summer heat and winter frost. Most of the opportunities open to men through education were also open to women. Determined women pursued their studies and entered the ranks of thebetter-paid specialists in industry and science. Medicine practically became a woman’s profession. By 1950, 75 percent of doctors in the Soviet Union were women. Thus Stalinist society gave women great opportunities but demanded great sacrificesas well. The vast majority of women simply had to work outside the home. Wages were so low that it was almost impossible for a family or couple to live only on the husband’s earnings. Moreover, the full-time working woman had a heavy burden of household tasks in her off hours, for most Soviet men in the 1930s still considered the home and the children the woman’s responsibility. Men continued to monopolize the best jobs. Finally, rapid change and economic hardship led to many broken families, creating further physical, emotional, and mental strains for women. In any event, the often-neglected human resource of women was mobilized in Stalinist society.36. The main idea of this passage is that women in Stalinist society ________.A) had economic opportunities that had never been available beforeB) had difficulty balancing their work and family responsibilitiesC) had new opportunities but also many hardshipsD) moved quickly into the highest levels of government正确答案：C37. In the last paragraph, "monopolize" probably means _____.A) hold B) earn C) leave D) pay正确答案：A38. The author’s main purpose in writing this passage is to ________.A) compare different systems of governmentB) tell stories about women in Soviet UnionC) amuse the readerD) provide information正确答案：D39. The author’s tone in this passage can best be described as ________.A) disapproving B) emotional C) objective D) sympathetic正确答案：C40.We can conclude that the economic and social status of women in Stalinist society ________.A) had been improvedB) was worse than beforeC) had not changed muchD) was better than that in capitalistic countries正确答案：APart IIIVocabulary and Structure ( 11 minutes )41. Steam turbines (涡轮机) are used for the _____ of electricity.A) construction B) manufacturing C) change D) generation 正确答案：D42 John says that his present job doesn’t provide him with enough _____ for his organizing ability.A) scope B) opening C) capacity D) range正确答案：A43. The scientists have absolute freedom as to what research they think is best to _____.A) engage B) devote C) seek D) pursue正确答案：D44. One foolish mistake can _____ you in a good deal of trouble.A) release B) involve C) evolve D) empower正确答案：B45. The doctor suggested __________ my diet with vitamins E and A.A) supplement B) supplementing C) add D) adding正确答案：B46. ____________, this essay is quite good except for a few spelling mistakes. Which one of the following choices is NOT appropriate to fill in the blank?A) On balance B) Generally C) Generally speaking D) In balance正确答案：D47. Up the chimney roared the fire, and ______ the room with its broad blaze.A) brightened B) lingered C) furnished D) fused正确答案：A48. Now the cheers and applause _____ in a single sustained roar.A) mingled B) concentrated C) assembled D) permeated正确答案：A49. They also are looking closely at what may be two key pieces of Columbia (哥伦比亚号航天飞机) _____ —a 2-foot piece of one wing and a300-pound cover of a landing gear compartment.A) debris B) garbage C) palette D) canvas正确答案：A50. "I am afraid it will not _____ my dress," she answered, "and, besides, the Chamberlain's nephew has sent me some real jewels, and everybody knows that jewels cost far more than flowers."A) settle into B) stand out C) expose to D) go with正确答案：D51. Unable to go out because of the deep snow, she felt _____ in her own house.A) isolated B) isolating C) imprisoned D) imprisoning正确答案：C52. Nobody encourages a man to dissect his appearance, feature by feature. _____ per fection, that is considered trivial —almost unmanly.A) As for B) As of C) As from D) As by正确答案：A53. "Now that you have a job and I don't," the husband said to his wife, "our situations are _____."A) remarkable B) diverged C) transferred D) reversed正确答案：D54.The street sellers repeatedly _____ their selling cries about their goods.A) advocated B) pursued C) barked D) confirmed 正确答案：C55."We are convinced that efforts for a peaceful resolution of the situation regarding Iraq should be _____ continued," Putin told journalists after talks with Chancellor Gerhar d Schroeder in Berlin.A) genetically B) normally C) persistently D) significantly 正确答案：C56. With a tremulous whisper, he broke off in the middle of a sentence, his hands flap ping at his side in a ______ shrug.A) psychic B) helpless C) capable D) tranquil正确答案：B57. During the citywide drive, doctors will provide free consultation and blood pressu re examinations in local communities. ______, medical staff at district hospitals will r eceive special training to improve their professional skills in treating hypertension pat ients.A) As a result B) On balance C) For instance D) In addition 正确答案：D58. We can _______ with four computers at the moment, but we'll need a couple more when the new staff arrive.A) go for B) go off C) get through D) get by正确答案：D59. Teachers are on strike in protest at the pay settlement _______ by the government this year.A) added B) stressed C) forced D) imposed正确答案D60. Tim is good, smart and hardworking. __________, I can't speak too highly of him.A) As a result B) In a word C) By the way D) On the contrary 正确答案：BPart IVTranslation( 10 minutes )61. Frank made his way to the door and was about to close it ____________________ (此时他一眼看见门外放着一包奇怪的东西).正确答案：when he caught sight of a strange package lying outside the door62. Bragging and never persevering to an end while doing things, _______________ _____ (每个人都认为他终将一无所成).正确答案：he is believed that he will get nowhere / amount to nothing63. ____________________ (随着工作条件的日益改善), the factory's productivity is increasing steadily.正确答案：With the working conditions improving day by day64. ____________________ (他花了两年时间走遍全国各地寻找失踪的儿子), but in vain.正确答案：He spent two years traveling all over the country in quest of his missing son65.____________________ (现在孩子们把互联网看成是理所当然的) because they think life is not enjoyable without it.正确答案：Nowadays, children take Internet for granted。
转基因食物英语作文
Genetically Modified Foods,commonly known as GM foods,have become a topic of intense debate in recent years.The development of this technology allows scientists to modify the genetic makeup of organisms,including the plants and animals that we consume as food.Here are some key points to consider when discussing this subject in an English essay:1.Introduction to Genetic Modification:Begin by explaining what genetic modification is and how it differs from traditional breeding techniques.Mention that it involves altering the DNA of organisms to give them new characteristics,such as resistance to pests or the ability to grow in different climates.2.Advantages of GM Foods:Discuss the potential benefits of GM foods.These may include increased crop yields,which can help address food shortages and reduce the need for chemical pesticides.GM crops can also be engineered to be more nutritious, providing essential vitamins and minerals that might otherwise be lacking in certain diets.3.Health Concerns:Address the health concerns that have been raised about GM foods. Some people worry that consuming genetically modified organisms could have unforeseen effects on human health.However,it is important to note that extensive testing is conducted before GM foods are approved for consumption.4.Environmental Impact:Explore the environmental implications of GM foods.On one hand,they can reduce the need for harmful pesticides and herbicides,which is beneficial for the environment.On the other hand,there are concerns about the potential for GM crops to crossbreed with wild plants,leading to unforeseen ecological consequences.5.Ethical Considerations:Delve into the ethical questions surrounding genetic modification.Some argue that it is a form of playing God with nature,while others believe that it is a necessary step forward in feeding a growing global population.6.Economic Factors:Consider the economic impact of GM rge corporations that develop and sell GM seeds can exert significant control over the food supply,which raises concerns about the concentration of power in the agricultural industry.beling and Consumer Choice:Discuss the importance of labeling GM foods so that consumers can make informed choices about what they eat.This is a contentious issue, with some arguing that labeling is necessary for transparency,while others believe it stigmatizes GM products and could lead to unnecessary fear.8.Regulatory Framework:Examine the role of government and international bodies inregulating GM foods.Its important to have a robust framework to ensure safety and ethical considerations are taken into account.9.Future Prospects:Conclude by considering the future of GM foods.With advances in technology,its likely that genetic modification will play an increasingly important role in food production.However,its crucial to balance innovation with caution to ensure the safety and sustainability of our food supply.10.Personal Reflection:End your essay with a personal reflection on the topic.What are your thoughts on the use of GM foods?Do you believe the benefits outweigh the potential risks,or vice versa?Remember to structure your essay with a clear introduction,body paragraphs that explore each point in detail,and a conclusion that summarizes your main e evidence and examples to support your points,and consider presenting both sides of the argument to show a balanced view.。
英语作文基因改造实验
英语作文基因改造实验Genetic Modification Experiments。
Hey, guys! I've been reading a lot about genetic modification experiments lately. It's crazy how scientists can alter the DNA of plants and animals to make them grow faster or produce more. But I'm wondering, what are thereal implications of this?Man, I saw a video where they showed how they modified a tomato plant to be resistant to drought. That's amazing! But then I started thinking, are we playing God by doing this? Is it natural?Oh, and have you heard about those gene-edited babies in China? It blew my mind. People are now choosing their babies' traits like they choose the color of a car! I mean, is this ethical? Where do we draw the line?You know, I'm not against progress, but sometimes Ifeel like we're going too far. Like, what if we create some monster that can't be controlled? It sounds like a sci-fi movie, but who knows what could happen.On the other hand, I've read about how genetic modification can help cure diseases. It's incredible how we can now target specific genes that cause illnesses and try to fix them. But still, there'。
考研英语08答案及解析
2008考研英语真题答案详解完型填空1、答案：B解析：本题测试语义逻辑衔接。
“ selected” 意为“挑驯; “prepared”意为“准备”；“obliged”意为“迫使，责成”；“pleased”意为“高兴地，满足地”，前一句“人们不敢说”，本句中由“but ”一词可推出意思与上句相反，即“Cochran 准备说”，所以选B.2、答案：D解析：本题测试词义辨析。
“unique”意为“唯一的，独特的”；“particular”意为“特殊的，独特的”；“special”意为“特别的，特殊的”；“rare”意为“稀罕的，珍贵的”，rare bird 意为“稀有的人”，空格相关意思是“只有Cochra准备说”，而且“rare bird” 是固定搭配,所以选D3、答案：A解析：本题测试介词的语意搭配, independently of 意为“不依赖于，独立”，所以选A4、答案：C解析：本题测试词义辨析。
由“actually”推出本句是对现在和以前对疾病看法的对比，所以选C5、答案：C解析：本题测试副词的用法及语段的连贯性。
Even 做程度副词，表示递进关系，意为“即使他自己也…”.所以选C6、答案：A解析：本题测试词义搭配。
空格相关意思是“一想到他即将要做的，即使他自己也….” “At thought of ”意为“一看到…”；at sight of意为年“一看见”；at cost of 意为“以…的代价”；at risk of意为“冒着….的危险”，所以选A7、答案：B解析：本题测试动词辨析。
advice意为“建议”；suggest意为“建议，提出’”；protest“主张，断言”；object“反对”，此句指“在论文中，他建议…”，所以选B8、答案：D解析：本题测试词组搭配，in progress 意为“进行中”；in fact 意为“事实上”；in need意为“在危难中”；in question 意为“正在被讨论的”，前一句正在谈论“ group群体” ,本句衔接上一句表达“正在被讨论的这个群体”，所以选D9. 答案：B解析：本题考查动词辨析。
对gmfood的看法英语作文
转基因食品：科技进步的双刃剑In the modern era of biotechnology, genetically modified foods (GM foods) have become a subject of much debate and controversy. Proponents argue that GM foodsoffer potential benefits such as increased crop yields, reduced pesticide use, and better nutritional value. On the other hand, critics fear potential health risks, environmental impacts, and ethical concerns associated with genetic modification. In this essay, I will explore both sides of the argument and offer my own perspective on the issue.The benefits of GM foods are numerous and diverse. Firstly, genetic modification can significantly increase crop yields, thus helping to feed a growing global population. By inserting genes that confer resistance to herbicides or pests, farmers can reduce their reliance on pesticides and other chemicals, which not only saves money but also reduces environmental pollution. Additionally, GM foods can be engineered to contain higher levels of nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, thus improving their nutritional value.However, the potential risks of GM foods cannot be ignored. One of the main concerns is the potential for genetic modification to create new allergens or toxins in food. While extensive testing is conducted before GM foods are approved for human consumption, there is always a risk that unknown side effects may emerge in the long run. Furthermore, the long-term effects of genetic modification on human health are still largely unknown.Environmental impacts are another important consideration. Although GM crops can help reduce pesticide use, there is concern that they may disrupt natural ecosystems by outcompeting native species. The spread of GM genes into wild relatives of crops could also lead to the loss of genetic diversity, which is crucial for the long-term sustainability of agriculture.Ethical concerns are also raised by GM foods. Some people argue that genetic modification goes against the natural order and is therefore unethical. Others fear that GM foods may be used to create "Frankenfoods" that are unnatural and unhealthy. These ethical considerations aredeeply rooted in cultural and religious beliefs and are difficult to resolve through scientific argumentation alone. In my opinion, GM foods represent a double-edged swordof progress. On one hand, they offer the potential to address some of the most pressing challenges facing humanity, such as food security and nutritional deficiency. On the other hand, they raise important questions about the ethics and safety of genetic modification that need to be carefully considered.To address these concerns, I believe that a balanced approach is needed. We should continue to invest inresearch and development to ensure that GM foods are safe and effective. At the same time, we should also establish strict regulatory frameworks to ensure that GM foods are labeled accurately and that consumers have the right to choose whether or not to consume them.In conclusion, genetically modified foods present both opportunities and challenges for society. It is important that we approach this topic with an open mind and a willingness to consider both sides of the argument. Bydoing so, we can ensure that we make informed decisions about the role of GM foods in our future food supply.**转基因食品：科技进步的双刃剑**在现代生物技术时代，转基因食品（GM食品）已成为备受争议和热议的话题。
The Ethics of Gene Editing
The Ethics of Gene EditingGene editing has been a topic of debate for several years now, with scientists and ethicists divided on the ethical implications of this technology. The ability to manipulate genes and alter the genetic makeup of an organism has the potential to revolutionize medicine, agriculture, and even human evolution. However, it also raises several ethical concerns, including the possibility of creating a new class of genetically modified humans and the potential for unintended consequences.One of the primary ethical concerns surrounding gene editing is the potential for creating a new class of genetically modified humans. This could lead to a society that is divided based on genetic traits, with those who are genetically modified having advantages over those who are not. This could lead to discrimination and the creation of a genetic underclass, which is a violation of basic human rights. Additionally, there is the possibility that these genetic modifications could be passed down to future generations, leading to further genetic inequality.Another ethical concern is the potential for unintended consequences. Gene editing is a complex process that involves manipulating the genetic makeup of an organism. While scientists have made significant progress in this area, there is still much that is unknown about the long-term effects of these modifications. There is the possibility that these modifications could have unintended consequences, such as creating new diseases or causing existing ones to become more virulent.There is also the issue of consent. Gene editing has the potential to create a new class of humans, but it is unclear who would have access to this technology. If only the wealthy or privileged have access to gene editing, it could lead to further inequality and discrimination. Additionally, there is the issue of informed consent. It is unclear how much information individuals would need to make an informed decision about gene editing, and whether they would fully understand the risks and benefits of this technology.On the other hand, gene editing also has the potential to revolutionize medicine and agriculture. In medicine, gene editing could be used to cure genetic diseases, such as sicklecell anemia and cystic fibrosis. It could also be used to develop new treatments for cancer and other diseases. In agriculture, gene editing could be used to develop crops that are resistant to pests and disease, reducing the need for harmful pesticides and herbicides.In addition, gene editing could be used to address issues of social justice and equality. For example, it could be used to eliminate genetic diseases that disproportionately affect certain populations, such as sickle cell anemia in African Americans. It could also be used to address issues of food insecurity by developing crops that are more resilient to climate change and other environmental factors.In conclusion, the ethics of gene editing is a complex issue that requires careful consideration. While there are certainly potential benefits to this technology, there are also significant ethical concerns that must be addressed. The possibility of creating a new class of genetically modified humans, the potential for unintended consequences, and the issue of consent are just a few of the ethical concerns that must be addressed. Ultimately, it is up to society as a whole to decide whether the benefits of gene editing outweigh the ethical concerns.。
genetic modification
First of all, the passage trees are more likely to survive the difficult environment.On the other hand,the listening material suggests that this point is unconvincing,because natural trees tend to be genetically diverse, although some resist one particular condition, which cannot ensure their survival. There will be some individuals are resistent to the change of environment, and the genetically modified trees are uniform, if the climate changes or insects invade, all the trees will be wiped out.
Furthermore, the speaker agrees with the writer that the genetically modified trees can bring more economic benefits. However, she further points out that the hind cost of the genetic modification tress is higher than that of the natural trees, and they can also charge farmers more. Farmers collect seeds and according to the law，they have to pay the company every time they plant.
英语文章
Humans can be impatient sometimes. We just can't wait to see what will happen in the future, so we're constantly trying to predict it. Wouldn't you like to know what the world will be like in the year 2100? Will technology have changed people's lives for the better or worse? Who knows?NEWSCASTER:But it's fun to imagine .. We're going to look at three people from history who did just that, visionaries whose imaginations were far ahead of their time and whose predictions, although not always accurate, were certainly always interesting. Leonardo Da Vinci is most famous for works of art such as the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. However, Da Vinci wasn't just a painter, he was also an engineer, a musician, a biologist, a writer, a mathematician and an inventor. Despite living in the sixteenth century, Da Vinci was able to predict some of the twentieth century's major inventions, even though it would have been impossible, at the time, to have built them.NEWSCASTER:By studying the flight of birds, Da Vinci designed rudimentary （基本的，初步的）'flying machines'' which, in the twentieth century, would become airplanes, hang gliders（滑翔机） and helicopters（直升机）. In his efforts to help defend the cities in which he lived, he came up with the idea of a tank, a machine gun and a cannon（大炮）. Four hundred years later, as the Industrial Revolution（工业革命） completely changed the face of the western world. HG Wells had only to look around him to think of the possible implications for the future. Regarded as the Father of Science Fiction, Wells became famous for his futuristic（未来主义的）stories, such as The War of the Worlds, in which Martians attack London, or The Time Machine, about a man who time travels to the year AD 802701.NEWSCASTER:It was in his 1901 book Anticipations（预测，期待）, however, that HG Wells made his more realistic, and accurate, predictions about the future. He wrote, for example, that in the future every country in the world would have huge highways on which thousands of cars and trucks drove back and forth. This prediction has certainly come true. Another writer who predicted the impact technology would have on the world was Philip K. Dick.Since his death in 1982, Dick has become famous due to many of his stories being made into science fiction movies. In the film Blade runner, for example, robots who look just like humans, begin to learn human emotions and try to find out about the origin of their life. In Total Recall, travel companies give you an adventure holiday by implanting（移植）synthetic（人造的，合成的） memories into your brain. And, in A Scanner Darkly, the government uses state of the art surveillance （监督）equipment to monitor the lives of its people. It seems unlikely that we'll see UFO's invade（侵略，入侵） the earth, a time machine, or robots that look exactly the same as humans - at least in our lifetime - but as the drawings of Da Vinci prove, given enough time, and the right technology, even the most fantastic of ideas can come true.POLITICIAN:Around eight hundred million people on the planet don't have enough food. Every minute you listen to me speak, ten children under the age of six will die of hunger. A solution to this problem has existed since the end of the twentieth century, but the solution has been highly controversial in some parts of the world: genetically modified, or GM food. There is a solution to world hunger, but it's not GM food. To end world hunger, First World countries like America, Britain, France and Germany have to consume less, and give the surplus to Third World countries.POLITICIAN:Genetic modification on the other hand, presents so many dangers that, if we're not careful, it could destroy the world as we know it! By modifying a plant or animal's genomes, genetic engineers can increase or decrease qualities already inherent in the DNA. Crops for example can be altered to become more resistant to drought or more resistant to attack from insect thereby reducing the need for pesticides. GM crops could be useful in the fight against world hunger, but the issue is: are these 'Frankenstein foods'' safe? If you alter the genetic makeup of a plant, how do you know that it's safe to eat?POLITICIAN:There is absolutely no proof to say that genetically modified foods are dangerous. In fact, ninety per cent of soya sold in the US, for example, is genetically modified. Another issue of concern is that of the impact a genetically modified plant or animal could have on our environment. Consider this: what if the GM plant or animal - bigger and stronger than its non GM rivals - escapes into the wild? Some governments already permit GM crops to be grown and are carefully controlled and monitored, genetically modified animals or plants should therefore pose little problem.POLITICIAN:Some years ago, over a hundred thousand genetically modified salmon escaped from a fish farm in the US. Can you imagine these 'Super Salmon'? Bigger, faster, stronger, eating everything and destroying all the natural animal and plant life in the rivers .. GM technology allows us to produce cheaper and better food. Furthermore, we can produce food in greater quantities than ever before. GM foods provide us with a viable solution to deal with the demand of climate change and population growth.POLITICIAN:Tinkering with nature and unleashing super weeds and super salmon onto the planet may ultimately lead to one of the biggest man made disasters ever.ImmigrationADVENTURER:During the twentieth century, the world underwent(经验) continuous change as empires crumbled（崩溃，破碎，粉碎） and small nations asserted （宣称）their independence. In the twenty first century, however, we're faced with a different kind of change and with this change comes a difficult and controversial（有争议的） question: as our world becomes increasingly globalized can a country still maintain some kind of'national identity'? 'National identity'' can be thought of as the rituals（典礼，宗教仪式）, traditions and beliefs of the people of a nation. However, as the demographics （人口统计资料）of countries change due to immigration and emigration, the concept of national identity is itself undergoing a complex change. On the one hand, those who leave their home and move to another country have an already well established（确认）identity（身份）, based on race, language, religion, history, food, clothing and music that they bring to their new country.ADVENTURER:On the other hand, residents（居民） of a country feel their nation's identity changing due to the different customs and beliefs of immigrants. This mixing up of different kinds of people living in the same country is called 'multiculturalism'. And the topic of debate in many multicultural societies is that of national identity when so many cultures do exist side by side. What is it that really defines our national identity? Think of the country where you live or in which you were born.ADVENTURER:What would you say were the things that define it, define you? Language, food, tradition? Yet, is there anything deeper than these factors that could bring people together? Is there a way of looking at different cultures, different kinds of people, and seeing the similarities, instead of the differences? The French national flag is made up of red, white and blue, colors which represent the values 'liberty', 'equality'' and 'fraternity'.ADVENTURER:If these are truly taken to heart then we can see how different people with different lifestyles, behaviors can begin to coexist（共存，和平共处）. Think about the nation where you live or in which you were born. What are the values that bind everyone together? Are they changing? What values would you like your new, 21st century national identity to include?PROFESSOR:Confucius a man known around the world for his philosophies and teachings may also be credited with how countries around the world operate. The Confucian attitude towards education was that there were no class distinctions - education was for all. This fundamental belief of fairness for all paved the way for the revolutionary idea of meritocracy. In Ancient China, following periods of war, the need for governance was crucial. Thousand's of bureaucrats were needed to carry out administrative duties.PROFESSOR:It was at this point that the Imperial Exam was set up, to identify those who could read and write and carry out administrative duties and best suited to a life in the civil service. At its peak, the highest level Imperial Exam was a nine day and night ordeal, examining candidates on their understanding of the Chinese Classics, Confucian values and strict writing styles. Because of the demands of the exam, those who sat it were held in high regard and were awarded with a certain degree of power. In the reign of Emperor Kang Xi, candidates questioned the examiners'' marking methods and how impartial the examiners had been. The Emperor became dissatisfied with the Chief Examiner's methods and assigned Prince Yong Zheng to assist with remarking.PROFESSOR:This led to the reinstatement of a rigorous method insuring against favoritism. Once completed, a bureaucrat was assigned to write an ID number on the exam paper. Another was attributed with the task of sticking paper over the name. Once copied word for word in red ink, another bureaucrat had to check to see that the two exam papers were identical. Once it was certain that the papers were identical, the original copy was filed and the red ink version was passed to one of two examiners.PROFESSOR:That's quite a lot of work. The effect of the exam on Chinese society was huge, encouraging cultural conformity at many levels of society. In some cases, people re sat the exam right up into their 70's and 80's. Various countries, including Korea, Japan, England, France and the United States, adopted this system in different forms. The paperwork involved would have been inordinate.PROFESSOR:From 1646 until 1904 more than 26700 candidates sat the very highest level exam and some records show that around a million people sat the different level exams held every three years. If you multiply these numbers by the people required to administer the exam, as well as the paper work involved, the number of man hours needed for the selection of civil servants really begins to escalate. It's a matter。
转基因食品英语作文
转基因食品英语作文Genetically Modified Foods。
Genetically modified foods, also known as GM foods or biotech foods, are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. This technology allows for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over the traits already present in the organism. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food production has been a topic of much debate and controversy in recent years.The process of genetic modification involves the insertion or deletion of genes within an organism's DNA. This can be done to enhance certain desirable traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, or environmental conditions, as well as to improve nutritional content or shelf life. The most common genetically modified crops include soybeans, corn, canola, and cotton, among others.These crops are often modified to be herbicide-tolerant or insect-resistant, which can lead to increased yields and reduced pesticide use.Proponents of genetically modified foods argue that they offer numerous benefits, including increased crop yields, reduced use of chemical pesticides, and improved nutritional content. They also point to the potential for GM foods to address issues such as food security and malnutrition in developing countries. Additionally, genetic modification has the potential to create crops that are more resilient to changing environmental conditions, such as drought or extreme temperatures.On the other hand, critics of genetically modified foods raise concerns about their potential impact on human health and the environment. One of the main concerns is the potential for allergens or toxins to be introduced into the food supply through genetic modification. There are also concerns about the long-term effects of consuming GM foods, as well as the potential for genetic contamination of non-GM crops. Additionally, some critics argue that the use ofGM crops could lead to increased pesticide resistance in pests and the loss of biodiversity.In many countries, including the European Union, there are strict regulations and labeling requirements for genetically modified foods. However, in other parts of the world, such as the United States, GM foods are widely produced and consumed without mandatory labeling. This has led to ongoing debates about the right of consumers to know whether the foods they are purchasing and consuming contain genetically modified ingredients.The debate over genetically modified foods is complex and multifaceted, with scientific, ethical, and economic considerations at play. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that the use of genetic modification in food production will continue to be a topic of debate and scrutiny. It is important for consumers to stay informed about the potential benefits and risks of GM foods and to advocate for transparency and safety in the food supply. Ultimately, the future of genetically modified foods willdepend on the careful balance of innovation, regulation, and public trust.。
谈谈个人对转基因的看法的英语作文
谈谈个人对转基因的看法的英语作文英文回答：Genetic modification is a transformative technologythat has the potential to revolutionize agriculture, medicine, and other fields. However, concerns over its safety and ethical implications have sparked ongoing debates.Proponents of genetic modification emphasize its benefits. It can increase crop yields, making food production more efficient and sustainable. It can also improve the nutritional value of food, helping to address malnutrition and disease. In medicine, genetic modification offers promising treatments for genetic disorders and chronic diseases, such as cancer.Opponents of genetic modification, on the other hand, raise concerns about its potential risks. They argue that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) could have unintendedconsequences on the environment, such as altering ecosystems or creating new superweeds. There are also concerns about the potential health effects of consuming GMOs, although scientific evidence to date has not found conclusive evidence of harm.Ethical considerations also factor into the debate. Some argue that genetic modification crosses a line into altering the natural world, and that it raises questions about our role as stewards of the environment. Others believe that genetic modification is a tool that can be used responsibly to improve human well-being.Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to support genetic modification is a complex one that requires a balancing of potential benefits and risks. It is important to engage in informed discussions based on scientific evidence and ethical considerations.中文回答：转基因技术是一种变革性的技术，它具有改变农业、医学和其他领域的潜力。
英语答案
11。 W： I think I‘ll have lunch in the cafeteria。 I like their mushroom and cheese。
M： The chicken salad is good but there‘s nothing like home cooking。
10。safety and environmental impacts
【定位】由题干中的Friends of the Earth定位到文章末段末句。。。Friends of the Earth who demand required labeling of these food products and independent testing for safety and environmental impacts。
3。 B）。【定位】由题干中的genetically modified animals定位到Better Quality Foods这一部分的第一段。
【精析】段首设题。由首句"Even animals can be genetically modified to be leaner， grow faster， and need less food。"知A）、C）两项的陈述与原文陈述相悖，由本段最后一句"Modified crops could perhaps prevent outbreaks such as foot and mouth disease。。。"知D）项陈述专指转基因食物可以防止口蹄疫，D）项陈述也不符合原文;B）项认为这类动物可以提高产量，即本段第三句"These modifications again lead to improved productivity for farmers"，故B）项为正确答案。
Genetically modified food
Genetically modified foodFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchGenetically modified foods are foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering techniques. These techniques are much more precise[1] than mutagenesis (mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change. Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms include selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal breeding, and somaclonal variation.Genetically Modified foods (GM foods) were first put on the market in 1996. Typically, genetically modified foods are transgenic plant products: soybean, corn, canola, rice, and cotton seed oil. Animal products have also been developed, although as of July 2010 none are currently on the market.[2] In 2006 a pig was[3][4] engineered to produce omega-3 fatty acids through the expression of a roundworm gene.[5] Researchers have also developed a genetically-modified breed of pigs that are able to absorb plant phosphorus more efficiently, and as a consequence the phosphorus content of their manure is reduced by as much as 60%.[6]Critics have objected to GM foods on several grounds, including safety issues,[7] ecological concerns, and economic concerns raised by the fact these organisms are subject to intellectual property law.Legal issues in the US[edit] AlfalfaIn 2005, after completing a 28-page Environmental Assessment (EA)[36] the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) granted Roundup Ready Alfalfa (RRA) nonregulated status.[37] In 2006, the Center for Food Safety (and others) challenged this deregulation in the California Northern District Court[38] The District Court ruled that the USDA's EA did not address two issues concerning RRA's effect on the environment [39] and in 2007, required the USDA to complete a much more extensive Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Until the EIS was completed, they banned further planting of RRA.[40] The USDA proposed a partial deregulation of RRA but this was also rejected by the District Court.[38] Planting of RRA was halted. Monsanto (and others) appealed in 2010 to the US Supreme Court. In June 2010, the Supreme Court upheld the ruling of the District Court that the USDA was required to complete an EIS before deregulating RRA. However the Supreme Court overturned the District Court decision to ban planting RRA nationwide as there was no evidence of irreparable injury. They ruled that the USDA could partially deregulate RRA before an EIS was completed.[38] The USDA chose not to allow partialderegulation as the EIS was almost complete. Their 2,300 page EIS was published in December 2010.[41] It concluded that RRA would not affect the environment. After a comment period the USDA deregulated RRA in January 2011 and planting resumed.[42] A new lawsuit by the Center for Food Safety (and others) to stop further development of Roundup Ready alfalfa was filed against USDA in March 2011.[43][edit] Sugar beetsBetween 2009 and 2011, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California considered the case involving the planting of genetically modified sugar beets.[44] This case involves Monsanto's breed of pesticide-resistant sugar beets.[45] Earlier in 2010, Judge Jeffrey S. White allowed the planting of GM sugar beets to continue, but he also warned that this may be blocked in the future while an environmental review was taking place. On 13 August 2010, Judge White ordered a halt to the planting of the genetically modified sugar beets in the US. He indicated that "the Agriculture Department had not adequately assessed the environmental consequences before approving them for commercial cultivation." The decision was the result of a lawsuit organised by the Center for Food Safety, a US non-governmental organization that is a critic of biotech crops.[46] On the 25th February 2011, a federal appeals court for the Northern district of California in San Francisco overturned a previous ruling by Judge Jeffrey S. White to destroy juvenile GM sugar beets, ruling in favor of Monsanto, the Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and four seed companies. The court concluded that " The Plaintiffs have failed to show a likelihood of irreparable injury. Biology, geography, field experience, and permit restrictions make irreparable injury unlikely." [47] In February 2011, The USDA allowed commercial planting of GM sugar beet under closely controlled conditions。
转基因技术的利与弊英语作文
转基因技术的利与弊英语作文English: Transgenic technology, also known as genetic modification, has both advantages and disadvantages. On one hand, transgenic technology has greatly increased agricultural productivity by creating crops with pest resistance, herbicide resistance, and improved nutritional value. This has helped to increase food security, reduce the use of chemical pesticides, and improve the overall quality of crops. Additionally, transgenic technology has played a crucial role in medical research and the production of pharmaceuticals, such as insulin and vaccines. On the other hand, there are concerns regarding the environmental impact of transgenic technology, such as the potential for genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to crossbreed with native species and disrupt ecosystems. There are also ethical considerations surrounding the manipulation of genes in living organisms and the potential long-term health effects of consuming GMOs. It is important for regulatory agencies to carefully consider these pros and cons when assessing the use of transgenic technology.中文翻译: 转基因技术，也称为基因改造，具有优缺点。
转基因食品利弊作文英语
转基因食品利弊作文英语下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!Genetically modified foods, or GMOs, have been a topic of debate for quite some time. On one hand, proponents argue that GMOs have the potential to increase crop yields and reduce the use of pesticides. On the other hand,critics worry about the long-term effects of consuming genetically modified organisms. So, what are the pros and cons of GMOs?Let's start with the benefits. GMOs have the potential to create crops that are resistant to pests and diseases. This means that farmers can grow more food with fewer losses due to pests and diseases. Additionally, genetically modified crops can be engineered to have a longer shelf life, reducing food waste. These traits can be especially beneficial in developing countries where food security is a major concern.Furthermore, GMOs can help address nutritional deficiencies. For example, scientists have developedgenetically modified rice that contains higher levels of vitamin A, which can help combat vitamin A deficiency in regions where rice is a staple food. This could have a significant impact on public health, especially in areas where access to diverse and nutritious foods is limited.However, there are also concerns surrounding GMOs. One major concern is the potential for unintended consequences. Genetic modification involves altering the DNA of an organism, and there is a possibility that these changes could have unforeseen effects on the environment or human health. Critics argue that more research is needed to fully understand the long-term impacts of GMOs.Another issue is the control of seed supply. Many genetically modified crops are patented by biotechnology companies, which means that farmers need to purchase new seeds each year. This can be a financial burden for small-scale farmers and can lead to a loss of traditional seed varieties. Additionally, there are concerns about the consolidation of power in the hands of a few large corporations, which could have negative implications forbiodiversity and food security.In conclusion, the debate over genetically modified foods is complex and multifaceted. While there arepotential benefits, such as increased crop yields and improved nutritional content, there are also concerns about unintended consequences and the control of seed supply. Ultimately, it is important to continue researching and evaluating the impacts of GMOs to make informed decisions about their use.。
转基因技术及其在生活中的应用的英文作文
转基因技术及其在生活中的应用的英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification or transgenic technology, is a powerful tool that has revolutionized the field of biology and agriculture. It involves the transfer of genes from one organism to another in order to introduce new traits or enhance existing ones. This technology has tremendous potential for improving crop yields, enhancing nutritional value, and even curing genetic diseases.One of the most common applications of genetic engineering is in agriculture. By introducing genes that confer resistance to pests, diseases, and herbicides, scientists have been able to develop genetically modified (GM) crops that are more resilient and productive than their conventional counterparts. For example, GM corn and soybeans have been modified to produce toxic proteins that kill insect pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. This not only benefits farmers by increasing crop yields and reducing costs, but also reduces environmental damage caused by excessive pesticide use.Genetic engineering has also been used to improve the nutritional quality of crops. Golden rice, for instance, has been engineered to produce beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. This biofortified crop has the potential to reduce vitamin A deficiency, a serious health problem in many developing countries. Similarly, GM soybeans have been modified to produce higher levels of healthy omega-3 fatty acids, which can help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.In addition to agriculture, genetic engineering has a wide range of applications in medicine and biotechnology. For example, insulin, a hormone used to treat diabetes, is now produced by genetically engineered bacteria and yeast, making it more affordable and widely available. Similarly, genetically modified bacteria and fungi have been used to produce enzymes, antibiotics, and vaccines, revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry.Genetic engineering has also been used to develop genetically modified animals for research purposes. These animals, such as transgenic mice, rats, and pigs, are valuable tools for studying human diseases and testing new drugs. In addition, genetic engineering has the potential to cure genetic diseases by replacing defective genes with functional ones. Forexample, gene therapy has been used to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and certain types of cancer.Despite the numerous benefits of genetic engineering, there are also concerns about its potential risks and ethical implications. Critics argue that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) may have unintended consequences on human health and the environment. For example, there is a fear that GM crops could trigger allergic reactions in some individuals or lead to the emergence of superweeds and superbugs resistant to pesticides. There are also concerns about the monopolization of the seed market by large biotech companies and the loss of biodiversity.In conclusion, genetic engineering is a powerful technology with the potential to revolutionize agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology. By harnessing the genetic diversity of living organisms, scientists are able to develop new and improved products that benefit society. However, it is important to proceed with caution and carefully consider the potential risks and ethical implications of genetic engineering. Only through responsible and transparent research and regulation can we ensure that this technology is used for the greater good of humanity.篇2Transgenic technology, also known as genetic engineering or genetic modification, is the process of manipulating an organism's genes to incorporate specific traits or characteristics. This technique has revolutionized various aspects of our lives and has found widespread applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, and environmental conservation.In agriculture, transgenic technology has been extensively used to engineer crops that are more resilient to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. For example, genetically modified (GM) crops such as Bt cotton and Bt corn contain genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, which produce proteins toxic to certain insect pests. This reduces the need for chemical pesticides and promotes sustainable agriculture practices. GM crops can also be engineered to have higher yields, improved nutritional content, and enhanced resistance to herbicides.Furthermore, transgenic technology has enabled the development of genetically modified animals for agricultural purposes. For instance, pigs have been modified to produce healthier meat with lower fat content, while dairy cows have been engineered to produce milk with higher protein content. These genetically modified animals offer benefits such asimproved productivity, enhanced quality of products, and reduced environmental impact.In the field of medicine, transgenic technology has paved the way for the development of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and gene therapies. For example, insulin, a life-saving hormone for individuals with diabetes, is produced by genetically modified bacteria and yeast. Similarly, genetically modified plants are used to produce vaccines against diseases such as hepatitis B and cholera. Gene therapy, on the other hand, involves introducing healthy genes into a patient's cells to treat genetic disorders.In addition, transgenic technology has applications in industry, where genetically modified microorganisms are utilized to produce enzymes, biofuels, and other biochemicals. For instance, genetically engineered bacteria are used in the production of enzymes for laundry detergents, while genetically modified yeast is employed in the manufacturing of bioethanol. These processes are more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly compared to traditional methods.Moreover, transgenic technology plays a crucial role in environmental conservation by aiding in the restoration and protection of endangered species and ecosystems. For instance, genetically modified mosquitoes have been developed tocombat the spread of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. These engineered mosquitoes carry genes that reduce their ability to transmit pathogens, helping to control disease outbreaks and protect human populations.Despite its numerous benefits, transgenic technology also raises ethical, social, and environmental concerns. Critics argue that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) may have unknown long-term effects on human health and the environment. There are also concerns about the potential for genetic contamination of wild species and the loss of biodiversity. Additionally, there are socio-economic issues related to the control and ownership of transgenic technologies by a few multinational corporations.In conclusion, transgenic technology has revolutionized various aspects of our lives and has vast applications in agriculture, medicine, industry, and environmental conservation. By harnessing the power of genetic engineering, we can address global challenges such as food insecurity, disease prevention, and environmental sustainability. However, it is essential to proceed with caution, considering the ethical, social, and environmental implications of transgenic technology. Only through responsible research, regulation, and publicengagement can we fully realize the potential benefits of genetic engineering in improving our quality of life.篇3Transgenic technology, also known as genetic modification, is a powerful tool that allows scientists to transfer genes from one organism to another. This technology has revolutionized many aspects of our lives, from agriculture to medicine. In this essay, we will explore the origins of transgenic technology, its applications in various fields, and its impact on society.Transgenic technology was first developed in the 1970s, when scientists discovered that genes could be isolated and transferred between different organisms. This breakthrough paved the way for the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which have since become a common feature in modern agriculture. By inserting genes that confer desirable traits, such as pest resistance or improved yield, into crops, scientists have been able to produce varieties that are more resilient and productive.In agriculture, transgenic technology has been used to create crops that are resistant to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. For example, genetically modified cornand soybeans have been developed to produce their own insecticides, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Similarly, transgenic rice has been engineered to tolerate flooding, a common problem in many rice-growing regions. These advances have not only increased crop yields but also reduced the use of harmful chemicals, benefiting both farmers and the environment.In addition to agriculture, transgenic technology has also found applications in medicine. One of the most well-known examples is the production of insulin using genetically modified bacteria. By inserting the human insulin gene into bacteria, scientists have been able to create a cheap and abundant source of this life-saving hormone. Similarly, transgenic animals have been engineered to produce pharmaceutical proteins, such as clotting factors and growth hormones, for the treatment of various diseases.Despite its many benefits, transgenic technology has also raised concerns about its safety and ethical implications. Critics argue that GM crops could have unintended environmental impacts, such as the spread of transgenes to wild species or the development of resistant pests. There are also concerns about the long-term effects of consuming genetically modified foodson human health. These issues have led to heated debates and regulatory restrictions on the use of transgenic technology in some countries.In conclusion, transgenic technology has had a profound impact on society, transforming agriculture, medicine, and many other fields. While the technology holds great promise for addressing pressing challenges, such as food security and healthcare, it also raises important ethical and safety considerations. As we continue to develop and use transgenic technology, it is essential to weigh its benefits against its risks and to ensure that it is used responsibly and ethically. Only then can we fully harness the potential of this powerful tool to improve our lives and the world around us.。
转基因食品蔬菜英语作文
转基因食品蔬菜英语作文英文：As for genetically modified vegetables, I have mixed feelings about them. On one hand, they can potentially help to address issues such as food shortages and malnutrition. For example, genetically modified golden rice has been developed to contain higher levels of vitamin A, which can help combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. This is definitely a positive aspect of GMO vegetables.On the other hand, there are concerns about the long-term health and environmental effects of consuming genetically modified vegetables. Some people worry about the potential risks of consuming these foods, as the long-term effects of genetic modification are still not fully understood. Additionally, there are worries about the impact of genetically modified crops on biodiversity and the environment.中文：说到转基因蔬菜，我对它们有着复杂的感受。
有机种植和无机种植的区别英语作文
有机种植和无机种植的区别英语作文Organic farming and inorganic farming are two distinct approaches to growing crops. While both methods aim to produce food, they have significant differences in terms of practices, principles and outcomes.Organic farming is based on the principles of sustainable agriculture, which focuses on maintaining soil fertility and biodiversity without the use of synthetic chemicals or genetically modified organisms. Organic farmers rely on natural fertilizers (such as compost and manure) and natural pest control methods (such as crop rotation and intercropping) to enhance the health of the soil and the ecosystem. The goal of organic farming is to produce nutritious, fresh and chemical-free food while minimizing harm to the environment.On the other hand, inorganic farming, also known as conventional or industrial farming, relies on synthetic chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides to increase crop yields. Inorganic farmers often use monoculture cropping and genetically modified seeds to maximize production efficiency. While inorganic farming can achieve high yields in a short period of time, it has been criticized for its negative impacts on theenvironment, including soil degradation, water pollution and loss of biodiversity.One of the key differences between organic and inorganic farming is the use of synthetic chemicals. Organic farmers avoid using synthetic chemicals and instead focus on natural and sustainable methods to promote soil health and crop growth. Inorganic farmers, on the other hand, rely heavily on synthetic chemicals to control pests, fertilize crops and enhance yields.Another difference between organic and inorganic farming is the approach to biodiversity. Organic farming emphasizes the importance of biodiversity in maintaining a healthy ecosystem, and organic farmers often use diverse cropping systems to promote soil fertility and pest resistance. In contrast, inorganic farming tends to prioritize monoculture cropping and genetic modification to increase yields, which can lead to a loss of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience.In terms of food quality, organic farming is often associated with higher nutritional value and better taste due to the absence of synthetic chemicals and the focus on soil health. Organic crops are also believed to have lower levels of pesticide residues, which can be harmful to human health. Inorganic farming, on the other hand, has been criticized for its reliance on syntheticchemicals, which may have negative effects on food safety and environmental sustainability.Overall, organic and inorganic farming represent two different approaches to growing crops, each with its own set of practices, principles and outcomes. While inorganic farming can achieve high yields in the short term, organic farming focuses on sustainability, biodiversity and food quality in the long term. As consumers become more aware of the environmental and health impacts of their food choices, the demand for organic produce continues to grow, highlighting the importance of sustainable agriculture practices for the future of food production.。
英文bp辩论发言稿
英文bp辩论发言稿Ladies and gentlemen,Today, I stand before you to discuss the topic of whether or not genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are beneficial for our society. While some argue that GMOs can provide many advantages such as increased crop yields and improved nutritional content, others believe that they pose risks to human health and the environment.First and foremost, GMOs have the potential to address global food security concerns. With a growing population, we need more efficient and resilient crops to meet the demand for food. Genetic modification can enhance crop yield by introducing traits that protect against pests, diseases, and environmental stress. By increasing food production, GMOs can help mitigate hunger and malnutrition, particularly in developing countries.Additionally, genetically modified crops offer nutritional benefits. Scientists can modify plants to produce fortified versions that are richer in essential vitamins and minerals. This could be a significant step towards alleviating nutritional deficiencies, especially in regions with limited access to diverse and nutrient-rich food sources.Moreover, GMOs present an opportunity for sustainable agriculture. By engineering crops that require fewer pesticides and fertilizers, we can reduce chemical use and minimize pollution. This, in turn, benefits both human and environmental health. Modified crops that are tolerant to drought or extreme temperatures can also contribute to conservation efforts by reducing water consumption and enhancing crop resilience in a changing climate.On the other hand, opponents argue that GMOs may have adverse effects on human health. They fear that genetically modified foods could have long-term consequences and potentially provoke allergic reactions or other health issues. However, extensive scientific research has consistently shown that GMOs are safe for human consumption. Regulatory agencies ensure rigorous testing procedures before approving genetically modified crops for commercialization.Furthermore, critics claim that GMOs harm biodiversity by promoting monoculture and the dominance of a small number of genetically uniform plant varieties. However, it is essential to note that conventional agriculture practices, such as intensive farming and habitat destruction, have already caused significant damage to biodiversity. Geneticmodifications can actually offer solutions to restore and enhance biodiversity by producing resilient and disease-resistant plants that can thrive in various ecosystems.In conclusion, genetically modified organisms have the potential to revolutionize our agricultural practices and address critical global challenges. The benefits, including increased food production, improved nutrition, and sustainable farming, outweigh the purported risks associated with GMOs. It is crucial that we embrace science-based evidence and continue to develop and regulate genetically modified crops to ensure they are safe and beneficial for both humans and the environment.Thank you.。
有机作物和无机作物的看法英语作文
有机作物和无机作物的看法英语作文Organic farming has become increasingly popular in recent years as more and more people are becoming aware of the benefits of consuming organic produce. Organic crops are grown without the use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or genetically modified organisms (GMOs), making them a healthier and more environmentally friendly option compared to conventional crops.One of the main advantages of organic farming is that it promotes sustainable agriculture practices. By avoiding the use of synthetic chemicals, organic farmers help to protect the soil, water, and air from pollution. This not only benefits the environment but also ensures the long-term viability of the land for future generations. Additionally, organic farming methods promote biodiversity by providing a natural habitat for beneficial insects, birds, and other wildlife that help to control pests and diseases.Furthermore, organic crops are often more nutritious and flavorful compared to conventional crops. Studies have shown that organic fruits and vegetables contain higher levels of essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They also tend to have a richer taste due to the healthy soil inwhich they are grown. Organic farming methods also reduce the risk of chemical residues in food, which can have harmful effects on human health.On the other hand, conventional farming, also known as inorganic farming, relies heavily on synthetic chemicals and GMOs to maximize yields and profits. While these methods have allowed farmers to produce larger quantities of food, they come with significant environmental and health risks. The extensive use of pesticides and fertilizers can lead to soil degradation, water pollution, and harm to wildlife. Additionally, GMOs raise concerns about food safety and the long-term effects of genetic modification on ecosystems.In conclusion, the choice between organic and inorganic crops ultimately comes down to personal values and priorities. While organic farming may be more labor-intensive and expensive, it offers numerous benefits for human health, the environment, and the overall sustainability of our food system. By supporting organic farmers and choosing organic produce, we can make a positive impact on our health and the planet.。
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Genetic modification on the other hand, presents so many dangers that, if we're not careful, it could destroy the world as we know it! By modifying a plant or animal's genomes, genetic engineers can increase or decrease qualities already inherent in the DNA. Crops for example can be altered to become more resistant to drought or more resistant to attack from insect thereby reducing the need for pesticides. GM crops could be useful in the fight against world hunger, but the issue is: are these 'Frankenstein foods'' safe? If you alter the genetic makeup of a plant, how do you know that it's safe to eat?
Genetic modification on the other hand, presents so many dangers that, if we're not careful, it could destroy the world as we know it! By modifying a plant or animal's genomes, genetic engineers can increase or decrease qualities already inherent in the DNA. Crops for example can be altered to become more resistant to drought or more resistant to attack from insect thereby reducing the need for pesticides. GM crops could be useful in the fight against world hunger, but the issue is: are these 'Frankenstein foods' safe? If you alter the genetic makeup of a plant, how do you know that it's safe to eat?
POLITICIAN:
There is absolutely no proof to say that genetically modified foods
are dangerous. In fact, ninety per cent of soya sold in the US, for example, is genetically modified. Another issue of concern is that of the impact a genetically modified plant or animal could have on our environment. Consider this: what if the GM plant or animal - bigger and stronger than its non GM rivals - escapes into the wild? Some governments already permit GM crops to be grown and are carefully controlled and monitored, genetically modified animals or plants should therefore pose little problem.
There is absolutely no proof to say that genetically modified foods are dangerous. In fact, ninety per cent of soya sold in the US, for example, is genetically modified. Another issue of concern is that of the impact a genetically modified plant or animal could have on our environment. Consider this: what if the GM plant or animal - bigger and stronger than its non GM rivals - escapes into the wild? Some governments already permit GM crops to be grown and are carefully controlled and monitored, genetically modified animals or plants should therefore pose little problem.
POLITICIAN:
Some years ago, over a hundred thousand genetically modified salmon escaped from a fish farm in the US. Can you imagine these 'Super Salmon'? Bigger, faster, stronger, eating everything and destroying all the natural animal and plant life in the rivers .... GM
technology allows us to produce cheaper and better food. Furthermore, we can produce food in greater quantities than ever before. GM foods provide us with a viable solution to deal with the demand of climate change and population growth.
Some years ago, over a hundred thousand genetically modified salmon escaped from a fish farm in the US. Can you imagine these 'Super Salmon'? Bigger, faster, stronger, eating everything and destroying all the natural animal and plant life in the rivers ... GM technology allows us to produce cheaper and better food. Furthermore, we can produce food in greater quantities than ever before. GM foods provide us with a viable solution to deal with the demand of climate change and population growth. POLITICIAN:
Tinkering with nature and unleashing super weeds and super salmon onto the planet may ultimately lead to one of the biggest man made disasters ever.
修补大自然、把超级大麻和超级鲑鱼释放到这个星球上最终也许会导致史上最大的人为灾害。