2004年约克安特卫普规则中英版
约克-安特卫普规则
约克-安特卫普规则求助编辑2004年5月31日至6月4日，国际海事委员会在加拿大温哥华举行第38届大会，对《一九九四年约克―安特卫普规则》进行修改，修改后的规则称为《二○○四年约克―安特卫普规则》，该规则将于今年12月31日后尽快适用。
如果新规则被采用，由于扩大了船方的赔偿额，减少了货方的共同海损分摊，船舶保险人将要求增加、而货一九九四年约克-安特卫普规则物保险人则可能降低保险费。
这样，在船方和货方及其保险人之间将发生费用的转移。
此外，新规则如果能普遍适用，则会影响到运输和保险合同的条款，保险法规和海商法也可能需要做相应的修改。
这次对规则的修改主要有如下几个方面：一、规则六将大部分救助报酬排除在共同海损之外原来规则六（1）规定：“航程中各有关方支付的救助费用，不论救助是否根据合同进行，都应认入共同海损，但以使在同一航程中的财产脱离危险而进行的救助为限。
”修改后的规则对此规定如下：“救助款项，包括所生利息和相关的法律费用，应由付款方自行承担而不得认入共同海损，除非与救助有关的一方已支付应由另一方承担的（根据获救价值而不是按共同海损分摊价值计算的）全部或部分救助费用（包括利息和法律费用）。
在理算中，应由另一方支付但该方未付的救助费用应贷记付款方，借记由他方代其付款的一方。
”二、规则十一规定船舶在避难港停留期间的船员工资和给养不得确认为共同海损根据以前的规定，如果为了共同安全或为了安全完成航程进行修理，船舶进入和停留在避难港以及其后驶离该地期间的船员工资和给养、船舶消耗的燃料和物料均可作为共同海损。
现修改成船舶在避难港额外停留期间的船员工资和给养不得认入共同海损，但船舶消耗的燃料和物料却可以受偿。
驶入和驶离避难港期间所产生的所有费用，则和过去一样处理。
新规则的规则十一（3）（i）规定如下：“由于意外事故、牺牲或其他特殊情况，船舶驶入或停留在任何港口和地点，如果是为了共同安全的需要，或是为了船舶因牺牲或意外事故所造成的损坏得以修理，且此项修理是安全完成航程所必需的，则在此港口或地点额外停留期间，直至该船舶完成或应完成继续航行的准备工作之时止所消耗的燃料和物料，应作为共同海损，但为进行不属于共同海损的修理所消耗的燃料和物料除外。
约克安特卫普理算规则
约克·安特卫普规则要点分析《1974年约克·安特卫普规则》（The York Antwerp Rules1974）是由国际海事委员会（International Maritime Committee）1974年5月修订的、并从同年7月1日起生效。
规则共30条，分为3组。
第一组称为解释规则，对规则的适用范围作了规定。
第二组对共同海损的定义、范围、补偿和分摊作了规定。
由于它是按英文字母排列，从A至G共7条，故又称为字母规则。
第三组对处理共同海损理算的一些手续和计算方法作了规定。
该规则属于一种国际贸易的惯例规则，适用范围较广。
运载国际贸易商品的海轮发生共同海损事故，大多数都按该规则进行理算。
中国国际经济贸易促进委员会海事仲裁委员会进行海损理算时，除使用《北京理算规则》外，也可使用该规则。
2介绍《约克·安特卫普规则》是一个国际上广泛采用的共同海损理算规则，该规则最初是由英、美和一些欧洲大陆国家的理算、海运、贸易和保险等方面的代表于1860年在英国格拉斯哥召开会议共同制订的，称为格拉斯哥决议。
这个决议在1864年英国约克城召开的会议上和1877年比利时安特卫普召开的会议上两次进行重大修改和补充，并于1877年正式定名为《约克·安特卫普规则》。
此后，这项规则又经过多次修改，但仍保留原名称，只是在规则名称前冠以修改的年份，由于每次修改都不废止旧规则，如1890年、1924年、1950年和1974年的规则并存，供有关方面选择使用，但在实际业务中，在1994年前各国几乎都采用《1974年约克·安特卫普规则》共同海损共同海损是指载货船舶在航行中遇到危难，船方为了维护船舶和所有货物的共同安全或使航程得以继续完成，有意并且会理地做出某些特殊牺牲或支付一定的特殊费用。
例如，载货船舶因狂风巨浪搁浅在哨礁上，船货仍在狂风巨浪威胁下处于危难之时，船长为了使船、货脱险，.指挥将船上一部分货物抛入海中，以减轻船的负荷，从而转危为安，这批货物损失就是共同海损。
WTO规则中英文教程第三章 WTO的基本原则
一、最惠国待遇原则（Principles of MostFavoured-Nation Treatment, MFN） (一)最惠国待遇原则的内涵 • The definition of MFN is that, in such matters as customs duties and charges, the method of levying such duties and charges, all rules and formalities, internal taxes or other internal charges and all laws, regulations and requirements, any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any member to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other md are: • (a) Export prohibitions or restrictions temporarily applied to prevent or relieve critical shortages of foodstuffs or other essential products; • (b) Import and export prohibitions or restrictions necessary to the application of standards or regulations for the classification, grading or marketing of commodities in international trade; and • (c) Import restrictions on any agricultural or fisheries product，which aim to restrict the quantities or remove a temporary surplus of the like domestic product, etc.
约克安特卫普规则
2004年5月31日至6月4日，国际海事委员会在加拿大温哥华举行了第三十八届大会，对《1994年约克--安特卫普规则》进行了修改，修改后的规则称为《2004年约克--安特卫普规则》，该规则已于2005年1月1日后开始适用。
《1994年规则》通过后不久，国际海上保险联盟（IUMI）就对其表示不满，认为共同海损理算所花时间很长，费用又很昂贵。
根据1994年规则，共同海损的范围太广，结果是损失大部分落在货物保险人身上，只有一小部分由船舶保险人分摊。
他们提出应当对规则进行彻底修改。
1998年国际海上保险联盟在柏林开会，工作组向大会提交了一份名为《共同海损-应当如何修改》的文件。
次年，该组织致函国际海事委员会，正式要求修改《1994年规则》。
国际海事委员会于2000年和2001年分别在西班牙的托莱多和新加坡举行会议讨论这一问题。
会议成立了一个专门工作组，对此问题进一步的研究和考虑。
工作组于2003年3月7日提交一份报告，并于2003年6月在法国的波尔多举行会议进行修改，然后提交国际海事委员会第三十八届大会讨论。
该次会议对《1994年规则》进行部分修改，新的《2004年约克-安特卫普规则》获得通过。
2004年规则的出台证明共同海损分摊制度在目前和今后一段时间内仍不可能彻底废除，而是沿着改革简化的方向发展。
这次修改主要有以下几个方面：第一，规则六规定将大部分救助报酬排除在共同海损之外；第二，规则十一规定船舶在避难港停留期间的船员工资和给养不得列入共同海损；第三，规则十四规定临时修理费用认入共同海损应减除船方的节省；第四，规则二十规定共同海损费用不给予手续费；第五，规则二十一规定采用浮动年利率计算利息；第六，规则二十三增加索赔共同海损分摊请求权的时效规定。
这次规则的修改对船方不利，但船东增加承担的费用数额并不是很大，在营运成本中所占比例较小，故对运价不会有太大的影响。
如果该规则被普遍接受和适用，则运输和保险合同条款、保险法规和海商法可能需要作相应的修改。
约克安特卫普规则(中英对照)
约克安特卫普规则1994（YORK-ANTWERP RULES, 1994）In the adjustment of general average the following Rules shall apply to the exclusion of any Law and Practice inconsistent therewith.共同海损理算，适用下列规则，凡与这些规则相抵触的法律和惯例都不适用。
Except as provided by the Rule Paramount and the numbered Rules, general average shall be adjusted according to the lettered Rules.除首要规则和数字规则已有规定者外，共同海损应按字母规则理算。
RULE PARAMOUNT首要规则In no case shall there be any allowance for sacrifice or expenditure unless reasonably made or incurred. 牺牲或费用，除合理做出或支付者外，不得受到补偿。
RULE A规则AThere is a general average act when, and only when, any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure.只有在为了共同安全，使同一航程中的财产脱离危险，有意而合理地做出特殊牺牲或支付特殊费用时，才能构成共同海损行为。
2004年约克安特卫普规则 修改4救助报酬.
b This Rule shall not apply as between the parties to the general average and their respective insurers.
对救助费用修改的影响
目前世界上由船东代货方支付救助报酬的情况已不多 见.在我国,1994年中国海事仲裁委员会也已修改其救 助合同标准格式,明确船长是代表船舶、船上货物、运 费、燃料、物料和其他财产的所有人，同救助人签订 合同的。救助报酬金额应由获救财产的所有人，按照 船舶和其他财产各自的获救价值的比例承担。救助人 分别向各财产所有人收取救助报酬。依据2004年规则， 只有在由船东代其他方支付救助报酬的情况下，才需 要对救助报酬进行理算。
和分摊,则在救助结束时,就可以仅对财产的获救价值做 一个大概的估算,凭此付给救助人救助报酬,不仅能加快 解决进程,而且可以节省费用 (3)在救助当时,因对船东所支付的费用数额不详,共损 牺牲的情况也难以确定,故同时收取救助费用和分摊共 同海损费用两套担保必需的. (4)在有些国家,救助报酬全部由船东支付
新规则未提及人民币，如果以人民币作 为理算货币时，笔者认为计算共损利息 的利率应为中国人民银行一年期贷款的 年利率。
2004年约克安特卫普规则 修改6——请求权时效
旧规定：无
新规定： 这次通过的《2004年约克―安特卫普规则》，增加一条规定如下： 规则二十三共同海损分摊的时效
（１）在服从所适用的法律中任何关于时效的强制性规定的前提下： （ｉ）除非要求共同海损分摊的一方在共同海损理算书作出后一年
1994约克·安特卫普规则(e)
York Antwerp Rules 19942Rule of Interpretation3In the adjustment of general average the following Rules shall apply to the exclusion of any Law and Practice inconsistent therewith.4Except as provided by the Rule Paramount and the numbered Rules, general average shall be adjusted according to the lettered Rules.5Rule Paramount6In no case shall there be any allowance for sacrifice or expenditure unless reasonably made or incurred.7Rule A8There is a general average act when, and only when, any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure.9General average sacrifices and expenditures shall be borne by the different contributing interests on the basis hereinafter provided.10Rule B11There is a common maritime adventure when one or more vessels are towing or pushing another vessel or vessels, provided that they are all involved in commercial activities and not in a salvage operation.When measures are taken to preserve the vessels and their cargoes, if any, from a common peril, these Rules shall apply.13A vessel is not in common peril with another vessel or vessels if by simply disconnecting from the other vessel or vessels she is in safety; but if the disconnection is itself a general average act the common maritime adventure continues.14Rule C15Only such losses, damages or expenses which are the direct consequence of the general average act shall be allowed as general average.16In no case shall there be any allowance in general average for losses, damages or expenses incurred in respect of damage to the environment or in consequence of the escape or release of pollutant substances from the property involved in the common maritime adventure.17Demurrage, loss of market, and any loss or damage sustained or expense incurred by reason of delay, whether on the voyage or subsequently, and any indirect loss whatsoever, shall not be admitted as general average.18Rule D19Rights to contribution in general average shall not be affected, though the event which gave rise to the sacrifice or expenditure may have been due to the fault of one of the parties to the adventure; but this shall not prejudice any remedies or defences which may be open against or to that party in respect of such fault.20Rule EThe onus of proof is upon the party claiming in general average to show that the loss or expense claimed is properly allowable as general average.22All parties claiming in general average shall give notice in writing to the average adjuster of the loss or expense in respect of which they claim contribution within 12 months of the date of the termination of the common maritime adventure.23Failing such notification, or if within 12 months of a request for the same any of the parties shall fail to supply evidence in support of a notified claim, or particulars of value in respect of a contributory interest, the average adjuster shall be at liberty to estimate the extent of the allowance or the contributory value on the basis of the information available to him, which estimate may be challenged only on the ground that it is manifestly incorrect.24Rule F25Any additional expense incurred in place of another expense which would have been allowable as general average shall be deemed to be general average and so allowed without regard to the saving, if any, to other interests, but only up to the amount of the general average expense avoided.26Rule G27General average shall be adjusted as regards both loss and contribution upon the basis of values at the time and place when and where the adventure ends.28This rule shall not affect the determination of the place at which the average statement is to be made up.29When a ship is at any port or place in circumstances which would give rise to an allowance in general average under the provisions of Rules X and XI, and the cargo or part thereof is forwarded to destination by other means, rights and liabilities in general average shall, subject to cargo interests being notified if practicable, remain as nearly as possible the same as they would have been in the absence of such forwarding, as if the adventure had continued in the original ship for so long as justifiable under the contract of affreightment and the applicable law.30The proportion attaching to cargo of the allowances made in general average by reason of applying the third paragraph of this Rule shall not exceed the cost which would have been borne by the owners of cargo if the cargo had been forwarded at their expense.31Rule I - Jettison of Cargo32No jettison of cargo shall be made good as general average, unless such cargo is carried in accordance with the recognised custom of the trade.33Rule II - Loss or Damage by Sacrifices for the Common Safety34Loss of or damage to the property involved in the common maritime adventure by or in consequence of a sacrifice made for the common safety, and by water which goes down a ship's hatches opened or other opening made for the purpose of making a jettison for the common safety, shall be made good as general average.35Rule III - Extinguishing Fire on Shipboard36Damage done to a ship and cargo, or either of them, by water or otherwise, including damage by beaching or scuttling a burning ship, in extinguishing a fire on board the ship, shall be made good as general average, except that no compensation shall be made for damage by smoke however caused or by heat of the fire.37Rule IV - Cutting away Wreck38Loss or damage sustained by cutting away wreck or parts of the ship which have previously been carried away or are effectively lost by accident shall not be made good as general average.39Rule V - Voluntary Stranding40When a ship is intentionally run on shore for the common safety, whether or not she might have been driven on shore, the consequent loss or damage to the property involved in the common maritime adventure shall be allowed in general average.41Rule VI - Salvage Remuneration42(a) Expenditure incurred by the parties to the adventure in the nature of salvage, whether under contract or otherwise, shall be allowed in general average provided that the salvage operations were carried out for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in the common maritime adventure.43Expenditure allowed in general average shall include any salvage remuneration in which the skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimising damage to the environment such as is referred to in Article 13 paragraph 1(b) of the International convention on Salvage, 1989 have been taken into account.44(b) Special compensation payable to a salvor by the shipowner under Article 14 of the said Convention to the extent specified in paragraph 4 of that Article or under any other provision similar in substance shall not be allowed in general average.45Rule VII - Damage to Machinery and Boilers46Damage caused to any machinery and boilers of a ship which is ashore and in a position of peril, in endeavouring to refloat, shall be allowed in general average when shown to have arisen from an actual intention to float the ship for the common safety at the risk of such damage; but where a ship is afloat no loss or damage caused by working propelling machinery and boilers shall in any circumstances be made good as general average.47Rule VIII - Expenses lightening a Ship when Ashore, and Consequent Damage48When a ship is ashore and cargo and ship's fuel and stores or any of them are discharged as a general average act, the extra cost of lightening, lighter hire and reshipping (if incurred), and any loss or damage to the property involved in the common maritime adventure in consequence thereof, shall be admitted as general average.49Rule IX - Cargo, Ship's Materials and Stores used for Fuel50Cargo, ship's materials and stores, or any of them, necessarily used for fuel for the common safety at a time of peril shall be admitted as general average, but when such an allowance is made for the cost of ship's materials and stores the general average shall be credited with the estimated cost of the fuel which would otherwise have been consumed in prosecuting the intended voyage.51Rule X - Expenses of Port of Refuge, etc.52(a) When a ship shall have entered a port or place of refuge or shall have returned to her port or place of loading in consequence of accident, sacrifice or other extraordinary circumstances which render that necessary for the common safety, the expenses of entering such port or place shall be admitted as general average; and when she shall have sailed thence with her original cargo, or a part of it, thecorresponding expenses of leaving such port or place of refuge consequent uponsuch entry or return shall likewise be admitted as general average.53When a ship is at any port or place of refuge and is necessarily removed to another port or place because repairs cannot be carried out in the first port or place, the provisions of this Rule shall be applied to the second port or place as if it were a port or place of refuge and the cost of such removal including temporary repairs and towage shall be admitted as general average. The provisions of Rule XI shall be applied to the prolongation of the voyage occasioned by such removal.54(b) The cost of handling on board or discharging cargo, fuel or stores whether at aport or place of loading, call or refuge, shall be admitted as general average, whenthe handling or discharge was necessary for the common safety or to enable damageto the ship caused by sacrifice or accident to be repaired, if the repairs werenecessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage, except in cases where the damageto the ship is discovered at a port or place of loading or call without any accident or other extraordinary circumstances connected with such damage having taken place during the voyage.55The cost of handling on board or discharging cargo, fuel or stores shall not be admissible as general average when incurred solely for the purpose of restowage due to shifting during the voyage, unless such restowage is necessary for the common safety.56(c) Whenever the cost of handling or discharging cargo, fuel or stores is admissibleas general average, the costs of storage, including insurance if reasonably incurred, reloading and stowing of such cargo, fuel or stores shall likewise be admitted as general average. The provisions of Rule XI shall be applied to the extra period of detention occasioned by such reloading or restowing.57But when the ship is condemned or does not proceed on her original voyage, storage expenses shall be admitted as general average only up to the date of the ship's condemnation or of the abandonment of the voyage or up to the date of completion of discharge of cargo if the condemnation or abandonment takes place before that date.58Rule XI - Wages and Maintenance of Crew and other expenses bearing upfor and in a port of refuge, etc.59(a) Wages and maintenance of master, officers and crew reasonably incurred andfuel and stores consumed during the prolongation of the voyage occasioned by aship entering a port or place of refuge or returning to her port or place of loadingshall be admitted as general average when the expenses of entering such port orplace are allowable in general average in accordance with Rule X(a).60(b) When a ship shall have entered or been detained in any port or place in consequence of accident, sacrifice or other extraordinary circumstances whichrender that necessary for the common safety, or to enable damage to the ship causedby sacrifice or accident to be repaired, if the repairs were necessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage, the wages and maintenance of the master, officers andcrew reasonably incurred during the extra period of detention in such port or placeuntil the ship shall or should have been ready to proceed upon her voyage, shall be admitted in general average.61Fuel and stores consumed during the extra period of detention shall be admitted as general average, except such fuel and stores as are consumed in effecting repairs not allowable in general average.62Port charges incurred during the extra period of detention shall likewise be admitted as general average except such charges as are incurred solely by reason of repairs not allowable in general average.63Provided that when damage to the ship is discovered at a port or place of loading or call without any accident or other extraordinary circumstance connected with such damage having taken place during the voyage, then the wages and maintenance of master, officers and crew and fuel and stores consumed and port charges incurred during the extra detention for repairs to damages so discovered shall not be admissibleas general average, even if the repairs are necessary for the safe prosecution of the voyage.64When the ship is condemned or does not proceed on her original voyage, the wagesand maintenance of the master, officers and crew and fuel and stores consumed and port charges shall be admitted as general average only up to the date of the ship's condemnation or of the abandonment of the voyage or up to the date of completion of discharge of cargo if the condemnation or abandonment takes place before that date.65(c) For the purpose of this and the other Rules wages shall include all paymentsmade to or for the benefit of the master, officers and crew whether such payments be imposed by law upon the shipowners or be made under the terms of articles of employment.66(d) The cost of measures undertaken to prevent or minimise damage to theenvironment shall be allowed in general average when incurred in any or all of the following circumstances:67(i) as part of an operation performed for the common safety which, had it beenundertaken by a party outside the common maritime adventure, would have entitled such party to a salvage reward;68(ii) as a condition of entry into or departure from any port or place in thecircumstances prescribed in Rule X(a);69(iii) as a condition of remaining at any port or place in the circumstances prescribed in Rule X(a), provided that when there is an actual escape or release of pollutantsubstances the cost of any additional measures required on that account to prevent or minimise pollution or environmental damage shall not be allowed as general average;70(iv) necessarily in connection with the discharging, storing or reloading of cargowhenever the cost of those operations is admissible as general average.71Rule XII - Damage to Cargo in Discharging, etc.72Damage to or loss of cargo, fuel or stores sustained in consequence of their handling, discharging, storing, reloading and stowing shall be made good as general average, when and only when the cost of those measures respectively is admitted as general average.73Rule XIII - Deduction from Cost of Repairs74Repairs to be allowed in general average shall not be subject to deductions in respect of "new or old" where old material or parts are replaced by new unless the ship is over fifteen years old in which case there shall be a deduction of one third. The deductions shall be regulated by the age of the ship from the 31st December of the year of completion of the construction to the date of the general average act, except for insulation, life and similar boats, communications and navigational apparatus and equipment, machinery and boilers for which the deductions shall be regulatedby the age of the particular parts to which they apply.75The deductions shall be made only from the cost of the new material or parts when finished and ready to be installed in the ship.76No deductions shall be made in respect of provisions, stores, anchors and chain cables.77Drydock and slipway dues and costs of shifting the ship shall be allowed in full.78The costs of cleaning, painting or coating of bottom shall not be allowed in general average unless the bottom has been painted or coated within the twelve months preceding the date of the general average act in which case one half of such costs shall be allowed.79Rule XIV - Temporary Repairs80Where temporary repairs are effected to a ship at a port of loading, call or refuge, for the common safety, or of damage caused by general average sacrifice, the cost of such repairs shall be admitted as general average.81Where temporary repairs of accidental damage are effected in order to enable the adventure to be completed, the cost of such repairs shall be admitted as general average without regard to the saving, if any, to other interests, but only up to the saving in expense which would have been incurred and allowed in general average if such repairs had not been effected there.82No deductions "new for old" shall be made from the cost of temporary repairs allowable as general average.83Rule XV - Loss of Freight84Loss of freight arising from damage to or loss of cargo shall be made good as general average, either when caused by a general average act, or when the damage to or loss of cargo is so made good.85Deduction shall be made from the amount of gross freight lost, of the charges which the owner thereof would have incurred to earn such freight, but has, in consequence of the sacrifice, not incurred.86Rule XVI - Amount to be made good for Cargo Lost or Damaged by Sacrifice87The amount to be made good as general average for damage to or loss of cargo sacrificed shall be the loss which has been sustained thereby based on the value atthe time of discharge, ascertained from the commercial invoice rendered to the receiver or if there is no such invoice from the shipped value. The value at the time of discharge shall include the cost of insurance and freight except insofar as such fright is at the risk of interests other than the cargo.88When cargo so damaged is sold and the amount of the damage has not been otherwise agreed, the loss to be made good in general average shall be the difference between the net proceeds of sale and the net sound value as computed in the first paragraph of this Rule.89Rule XVII - Contributory Values90The contribution to a general average shall be made upon the actual net values of the property at the termination of the adventure except that the value of cargo shall be the value at the time of discharge, ascertained from the commercial invoice rendered to the receiver or if there is no such invoice from the shipped value. The value of the cargo shall include the cost of insurance and freight unless and insofar as such freight is at the risk of interests other than the cargo, deducting therefrom any loss or damage suffered by the cargo prior to or at the time of discharge. The value of the ship shall be assessed without taking into account the beneficial or detrimental effect of any demise or time charterparty to which the ship may be committed.91To these values shall be added the amount made good as general average for property sacrificed, if not already included, deduction being made from the freight and passage money at risk of such charges and crew's wages as would not have been incurred in earning the freight had the ship and cargo been totally lost at the date of the general average act and have not been allowed as general average; deduction being also made from the value of the property of all extra charges incurred in respect thereof subsequently to the general average act, except such charges as are allowed in general average or fall upon the ship by virtue of an award for specialcompensation under Article 14 of the International Convention on Salvage, 1989 or under any other provision similar in substance.92In the circumstances envisaged in the third paragraph of Rule G, the cargo and other property shall contribute on the basis of its value upon delivery at originaldestination unless sold or otherwise disposed of short of that destination, and theship shall contribute upon its actual net value at the time of completion of dischargeof cargo.93Where cargo is sold short of destination, however, it shall contribute upon the actualnet proceeds of sale, with the addition of any amount made good as general average.94Mails, passenger's luggage, personal effects and accompanied private motor vehicles shall not contribute in general average.95Rule XVIII - Damage to Ship96The amount to be allowed as general average for damage or loss to the ship, her machinery and/ or gear caused by a general average act shall be as follows:97(a) When repaired or replaced,98The actual reasonable cost of repairing or replacing such damage or loss, subject to deductions in accordance with Rule XIII;99(b) When not repaired or replaced,100The reasonable depreciation arising from such damage or loss, but not exceeding the estimated cost of repairs. But where the ship is an actual total loss or when the cost of repairs of the damage would exceed the value of the ship when repaired, the amount to be allowed as general average shall be the difference between the estimated sound value of the ship after deducting therefrom the estimated cost of repairing damagewhich is not general average and the value of the ship in her damaged state which may be measured by the net proceeds of sale, if any.101Rule XIX - Undeclared or Wrongfully Declared Cargo102Damage or loss caused to goods loaded without the knowledge of the shipowner orhis agent or to goods wilfully misdescribed at time of shipment shall not be allowedas general average, but such goods shall remain liable to contribute, if saved.103Damage or loss caused to goods which have been wrongfully declared on shipmentat a value which is lower than their real value shall be contributed for at the declared value, but such goods shall contribute upon their actual value.104Rule XX - Provision of Funds105A commission of 2 per cent. on general average disbursements, other than the wages and maintenance of masters, officers and crew and fuel and stores not replacedduring the voyage, shall be allowed in general average.106The capital loss sustained by the owners of goods sold for the purpose of raisingfunds to defray general average disbursements shall be allowed in general average.107The cost of insuring general average disbursements shall also be admitted in general average.108Rule XXI - Interest on Losses made good in General Average109Interest shall be allowed on expenditure, sacrifices and allowances in generalaverage at the rate of 7 per cent. per annum, until three months after the date of issueof the general average adjustment, due allowance being made for any payment on account by the contributory interests or from the general average deposit fund.110Rule XXII - Treatment of Cash Deposits111Where cash deposits have been collected in respect of cargo's liability for general average, salvage or special charges, such deposits shall be paid without any delay into a special account in the joint names of a representative nominated on behalf of the shipowner and a representative nominated on behalf of the depositors in a bank to be approved by both.112The sum so deposited, together with accrued interest, if any, shall be held as security for payment to the parties entitled thereto of the general average, salvage or special charges payable by cargo in respect to which the deposits have been collected. Payments on account or refunds of deposits may be made if certified to in writing by the average adjuster. Such deposits and payments or refunds shall be without prejudice to the ultimate liability of the parties.。
约克安特卫普规则2004(中英文)
约克安特卫普规则20044（（YO R K-A N T W ER P RU L E S,20044））RULE OF INTERPRETATION解释规则In the adjustment of general average the following Rules shall apply to the exclusion of any Law and Practice inconsistent therewith.共同海损理算，适用下列规则，凡与这些规则相抵触的法律和惯例都不适用。
Except as provided by the Rule Paramount and the numbered Rules,general average shall be adjusted according to the lettered Rules.除首要规则和数字规则已有规定者外，共同海损应按字母规则理算。
RULE PARAMOUNT首要规则In no case shall there be any allowance for sacrifice or expenditure unless reasonably made or incurred.牺牲或费用，除合理做出或支付者外，不得受到补偿。
RULE A规则A1)There is a general average act when,and only when,any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure.1)只有在为了共同安全，使同一航程中的财产脱离危险，有意而合理地做出特殊牺牲或支付特殊费用时，才能构成共同海损行为。
6.海商法：共同海损
§6.第六章共同海损§6.1共同海损概述一、共同海损概念☐海损(Average):在海上运输过程或其他海上活动中，船舶、货物等遭受海上风险或事故（仅指部分损伤）而造成的损失，海上人员的伤亡等。
*就财产性质的海损，根据损失的原因分为：1、单独海损（Particular Average-P.A.):在海上航程中，因自然灾害、意外事故或其他特别情况而直接引起船舶、货物以及船上其他财产的损失。
2、共同海损（General Average-G.A.),则是在上述遭遇自然灾害、意外事故或其他特别情况而面临共同危险时，为了摆脱船货的共同危险而有意采取合理的措施，因而对船舶和货物以及船上其他财产造成的损失或进一步损失或因此而支付的费用。
救险措施造成的损害或产生的费用为共同海损，船长所采取的上述措施称为共同海损措施或共同海损行为。
【单独海损和共同海损的区分】——都是部分损失，海上货物运输保险承保范围有关☐ 1.某船在航行时因受恶劣天气的影响驾驶员偏离了航线，致使船舶搁浅，船底破裂。
（单独海损）☐ 2.某船航行中遇到强风，因风力过大驾驶台玻璃吹破，船舶有倾覆的危险，驾驶员将船驶往附近的浅滩搁浅，以致船底破裂。
（共同海损，人所为的行为）【P. A. 和G.A的区别】：☐ 1.发生损失的原因不同：P.A.:海上危险造成的直接损失；G.A.:海上危险发生后为共同安全，（人）采取措施而造成的损失和费用；☐ 2.补偿损失的处理方法不同：P.A.:根据“天灾自负原则”损失由受害人自负；对造成损失有相应责任人的，受害人可向责任人请求赔偿。
G.A.:共同海损由共同海损行为的所有受益方按照各自获救的财产价值比例分摊的原则☐MC199：“共同海损应当由受益方按自己的分摊价值的比例分摊。
”1.狭义的共同海损，即共同海损损失（牺牲sacrifice费用）2.广义的共同海损，即共同海损法律制度，由共同海损行为、共同海损损失、共同海损分摊等内容所构成的海商法所特有的损害负担法律制度。
2004年约克安特卫普规则中英版
《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》概述中文名《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》中文简称英文名The York Antwerp，2004 英文简称原文生效时间中国签署时间修改历史1950年约克·安特卫普规则的基础上，国际海事委员会于1974年在汉堡召开的会议上通过《1974年约克·安特卫普规则》《1994年约克·安特卫普规则》是在国际海事委员会于1994年10月在澳大利亚悉尼召开的第35届大会在《1974年约克·安特卫普规则》的基础上修改通过2003年5月31日至6月4日的国际海事委员会第38届大会通过了《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》本协议当前有效《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》（The York Antwerp，2004），最近的一次修订是国际海上保险联盟（货物保险人）对《1994年约克·安特卫普规则》不满，认为共同海损范围太广，理算过于烦琐，于1999年正式向国际海事委员会（CMI）提出要求修改规则，但船东和理算师反对。
国际海事委员会（CMI）成立专门工作组再次修改该规则。
在2003年5月31日至6月4日的国际海事委员会第38届大会通过了《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》。
《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》由四组不同性质的条文组成，全文共32条，扩大了船方的赔偿额，减少了货方的共同海损分摊。
修改主要有如下几个方面：（1）规则六将大部分救助报酬排除在共同海损之外；（2）规则十一规定船舶在避难港停留期间的船员工资和给养不得确认为共同海损；（3）规则十四将临时修理费用确认为共同海损，应减除船方的节省；（4）规则二十规定共同海损费用不给予手续费；(5)规则二十一规定采用浮动年利率计算利息；（6）规则二十三增加了索赔共同海损分摊请求权的时效规定。
《约克·安特卫普规则》不是强制性的，它只有在合同规定时才适用。
约克安特卫普规则(英
THE YORK-ANTWERP RULES,1974Rule of interpretationIn the adjustment of general Average the following lettered and numbered Rules shall apply to the exclusion of any Law and Practice inconsistent therewith.Except as provided by the numbered Rules, general average shall be adjusted according to the lettered Rules.Rule A.There is a general average act when, and only when, any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure.Rule B.General average sacrifices and expenses shall be borne by the different contributing interests on the basis hereinafter provided.Rule C.Only such losses, damages or expenses which are the directconsequence of the general average act shall be allowed as general average.Loss or damage sustained by the ship or cargo through delay, whether on the voyage or subsequently, such as demurrage, and any indirect loss whatsoever, such as loss of market, shall not be admitted as general average.Rule D.Rights to contribution in general average shall not be affected, though the event which gave rise to the sacrifice or expenditure may have been due to the fault of one of the parties to the adventure, but this shall not prejudice any remedies or defences which may be open against or to that party respect of such fault.Rule E.The onus of proof is upon the party claiming in general average to show that the loss or expense claimed is properly allowable as general average.Rule F.Any extra expense incurred in place of another expense whichwould have been allowable as general average shall be deemed to be general average and so allowed without regard to the saving, if any, to other interests, but only up to the amount of the general average expense avoided.Rule G.General average shall be adjusted as regards both loss and contribution upon the basis of values at the time and place when and where the adventure ends.This rule shall not affect the determination of the place at which the average statement is to be made up.Rule I. Jettison of CargoNo jettison of cargo shall be made good as general average, unless such cargo is carried in accordance with the recognized custom of the trade.Rule II. Damage by Jettison and Sacrifice for the Common SafetyDamage done to a ship and cargo, or either of them, by or in consequence of a sacrifice made for the common safety, and by water which goes down a ship’ s hatches opened or other opening made for the。
EN50308
欧洲人标准NORME EUROP é ENNEEUROP?ISCHE 基准集成电路 27.180英国人版本N 字 503082004 年七月合并勘误表 2005 年二月用来发电的风车 -给予保护的措施 -设计、操作和维护的需求é rog é n é rateurs- Mesures de 保护 - Exigences 流出 la 怀孕,le fonctionnement et la 维护Windenergieanlagen-Schutzma?nahmen-Anforderungen f ü r Konstruktion,Betrieb und Wartung这欧洲人标准是经核准被 CENELEC 在 2004-03-01之上. CENELEC 成员约束到遵从 CEN/CENELEC 规定给这的情况的内在的规则欧洲人标准状态国民标准没有任何的变更。
最新目录和书籍解题的叁考关于如此国家的标准可能是获得在中央的书记申请或至任何的 CENELEC 成员。
这一欧洲人标准存在三官员版本.(英国人, 法国人, 德国人) 一个版本在任何的其他的语言是进入它自己的语言之内在 CENELEC 成员的职责之下根据翻译制造和跟中央的书记通知有与官员版本相同的状态。
CENELEC 成员是奥地利、比利时的国民电工技术的委员会、赛普勒斯, 捷克人共和国、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利，拉脱维亚,立陶宛、卢森堡、马尔他、荷兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙，瑞典,瑞士和英国。
CENELEC欧洲人委员会为电工技术的标准化Comit é Europ é N 字 de 常态化 ElectrotechniqueEurop?isches Komitee f ü r Elektrotechnische Normung中央的书记: 懊悔 de Stassart 35, B- 1050 布鲁塞尔2004 CENELEC- 好开发在任何的形式和被任何的方法沉默寡言的全世界的为 CENELEC 成员。
约克安特卫普规则1994中文
1994年－安特卫普规则解释规则共同海损的理算，适用下列字母规则和数字规则，凡与这些规则相抵触的法律和惯例都不适用。
除首要规则和数字规则已有规定者外，共同海损应按字母规则理算。
首要规则牺牲或费用，除合理作出或支付者外，不得受到补偿。
规则A只有在为了共同安全，使同一航程中的财产脱离危险，有意而合理地作出特殊牺牲或支付特殊费用时，才能构成共同海损行为。
共同海损牺牲笔费用，应按下列规定，由各分摊方分摊。
规则B如果船舶拖带或顶推其他船舶而它们都从事商业活动而不是救助作业，则处于同一航程之中。
如果所采取的措施是为了使这些船舶及其货物（如果有）脱离共同危险，则应适用本规则。
如果一艘船舶只要脱离其他船舶便能获得安全，则同其他船舶不处于共同的危险之中，但如果脱离本身是共同海损行为，则共同航程继续存在。
规则C只有属于共同海损行为直接后果的损失或费用，才应作为共同海损。
环境损害或因同一航程中的财产漏出或排放污染物所引起的损失或费用不得认作共同海损。
不论是在航程中或其后发生的滞期损失、行市损失和任何因迟延所遭受的损失或支付的费用以及任何间接损失都不得认作共同海损。
规则D即使引起牺牲或费用的事故，可能是由于航程中一方的过失所造成的，也不影响要求分摊共同海损的权利，但这不妨碍非过失方与过失方之间就此项过失可能提出的任何索赔或抗辩。
规则E提出共同海损索赔的一方应负举证责任，证明所索赔的损失或费用应作为共同海损。
所有提出共同海损索赔的关系方应于共同航程终止后12个月内将要求分摊的损失或费用书面通知海损理算师。
如不通知或经要求后12个月内不提供证据支持所通知的索赔或关于分摊方的价值的详细材料，则海损理算师可以根据他所掌握的材料估算补偿数额或分摊价值。
除非估算明显不正确，否则不得提出异议。
规则F凡为代替本可作为共同海损的费用而支付的额外费用，可作为共同海损并受到补偿，无需考虑对于其他有关方有无节省，但其数额不得超过被代替的共同海损费用。
保险术语(中英日)
一切（危）险 一揽子保单 人寿保险 工程保险 已灭失或未灭失 已赚保费 无效果，无报酬 无赔款折扣 开口保险单 不计免赔额 不可抗力 不定值保单 水险 内在缺陷 内陆运输保单 从属损失 仓至仓条款 公众责任保险 公估人 风险 分出公司 毛保费 反担保 水渍险 平安险 未决赔款 分摊 未能送达 可预期的最大损失 出面公司 申报保险单 代位求偿 代理人 汉堡规则 加保 加保费 协议全损 （通融全损） 协会条款 再保险 再保险集团 共同保险 共同海损 共同海损理算 成本加运费价格 成本加保险费 扣船 优先再保险 仲裁 延带费 自负额 自留额 合同 合同再保险 自愿保险 产品责任 冰雹 安装工程一切险
日本語 オールリスク 総合保険証券、パッケージ保険証券 生命保険 工事保険 滅失と否とを問わず 既経過保険料 不成功無報酬 無事故戻し 包括予定保険証券 免責歩合に拘らず 不可抗力 評価未済保険証券 海上保険 固有の欠陥 運送保険 間接損害 倉庫間約款 施設賠償責任保険 評価人 危険 出再保険会社 総保険料 裏保証 分損担保 分損不担保 未払保険金 分担 不着 P.M.L. フロンティング会社 通知保険 代位求償 代理人、代理店 ハンブルグ ルール （保険金額の）増額 追加保険料 協定全損
额外费用 履约保证 默示保证 爆炸 潜在缺点
法律上的义务支付 法律上的赔偿责任
保险 保险委付
insurer certificate of insurance subject-matter of insurance recovery sue and labor charges to cancel excluded liability claim breakage lien total loss of part FOB Hague-Visby rules sea protest pirates floating policy open cover settlement of claims claim settling agent adjuster survey business interruption insurance aflatoxin constructive total loss third party liability insurance T.P.N.D deviation protection and indemnity association classification of ships marine hull insurance commodity inspection bill of lading stranding loss ratio indemnity loss,claim utmost good faith rust voyage charter shortage container ship employer's liability compulsory insurance negligence embargo collision accident insurance casualty insurance extra charges performance bond implied warranty explosion latent defect
1974年约克(中)
1974 年约克─安特卫普规则
解释规则 在共同海损理算中，适用下列字母规则和数字规则。凡与这些规则相抵触的
法律和惯例，均不适用。 除数字规则已有规定外，共同海损应按字母规则理算。 规则 A 共同海损行为，是在，并且只有在为了安全，使同一海上航程中涉及的财产
脱离危险，有意而合量地作出任何特殊牺牲或支付任何特殊费用时，才能存在。 规则 B
规则Ⅰ 抛弃货物 抛弃的货物，除系按照公认的贸易习惯被运送者外，不得作为共同海损受到 补偿。
规则Ⅱ 为共同安全的抛弃和牺牲所造成的损害 由于为共同安全所作牺牲或其后果，以及为共同安全采取抛弃措施而造成水 进入所开舱口或其他正在开启舱口，导致船舶和货物，或其中之一的损害，应作 为共同海损受到补偿。
规则Ⅲ 扑灭船上火灾 在扑灭船上火灾过程中，由于水或其他原因，包括将着火船舶搁浅或凿沉， 致使船舶和货物或其中之一遭受损害，应作为共同海损受到补偿，但对烟熏和受 登记条件。
规则 E 提出共同海损索赔的一方应负举证责任，表明其索赔的灭失或费用应作为共 同海损。
规则 F 为代替一项原可作为共同海损费用而发生的任何额外费用，应视为并列入共 同海损，而无须考虑为其他关系方节省开支的情况，但仅以所避免的共同海损费 用的数额为限。
规则 G 共同海损的灭失和分摊，均应以航程终止时、终止地的价值为基础进行理 算。 本条规则不影响海损理算书编制地点的确定。
第 13 条 本公约应对出席第十二届海洋法外交会议的各国开放供签字。
第 14 条
本公约须经批准。批准书应交存比利时政府。
第 15 条 1．本公约自第五份批准书交存之日起三个月后生效。 2．对于在第五份批准书交存之后批准本公约的每一签字国，本公约在其批准 书交存之日起三个月后生效。
约克·安特卫普规则
一九七四年约克·安特卫普规则规则说明共同海损的理算，应当采用下列以文字和数字编排的规则。
凡是同这些规则内容相抵触的任何法律和惯例，都不适用。
共同海损的理算，除以数字编排的规则中已有规定的以外，应按以文字编排的规则办理。
规则Ａ共同海损行为，是在，而且仅仅是在，共同航海事业中，为了共同安全，使有关财物得免于难，而有意并合理作出任何特殊牺牲或支付任何特殊费用时，才能存在。
规则Ｂ共同海损牺牲和费用，应由各关系方按下述方式分摊。
规则Ｃ只有属于共同海损行为直接后果的灭失、损害或费用，才能按共同海损处理。
由于船舶在航行中或在其后发生的延误而使船舶或货物蒙受的灭失或损害，例如船期延滞，以及任何间接损失，例如市场损失，都不得列为共同海损。
规则Ｄ尽管引起牺牲或费用的事故可能是由于航海事业中一方的过失所造成，亦不得影响其在共同海损中进行分摊的权利。
但这并不应对于就此项过失而得向该方提出的任何赔偿要求，或该方得就此而进行的抗辩有妨碍。
规则Ｅ在共同海损案件中，要求赔偿的一方，应当负责举证，表明其所提出的灭失或费用，依理应当列为共同海损。
规则Ｆ凡是代替另一项本可列为共同海损费用而发生的任何额外费用，都应视为并列入共同海损，而无须考虑其为其他关系方节省开支的情况（如有）。
但这仅以所避免的共同海损费用的数额为限。
规则Ｇ对于共同海损的灭失和分摊的理算，应以航行终了时和终了地的价值为准。
这一规则不得影响对编制海损理算书地点的规定。
规则１抛弃货物货物的抛弃，除该货系按公认货运习惯运输者外，不得作为共同海损受偿。
规则２抛弃货物的损害和为共同安全所作的牺牲由于为共同安全所作牺牲或其后果所造成的，以及为共同安全抛弃货物而进入所开舱口或其它开口的水所造成的船舶和货物或其中之一的损害，应当作为共同海损受偿。
规则３扑灭船上火灾在扑灭船上火灾时，由于水或其他原因，包括使失火船舶搁浅或将其凿沉，致使船舶和货物或其中之一遭受的损害，应作为共同海损受偿。
《FCPA法案》word版
July 22, 2004]Anti-Bribery and Books & Records Provisions ofThe Foreign Corrupt Practices ActCurrent through Pub. L. 105-366 (November 10, 1998)UNITED STATES CODETITLE 15. COMMERCE AND TRADECHAPTER 2B--SECURITIES EXCHANGES§ 78m. Periodical and other reports(a) Reports by issuer of security; contentsEvery issuer of a security registered pursuant to section 78l of this title shall file with the Commission, in accordance with such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appropriate for the proper protection of investors and to insure fair dealing in the security--实用文档(1) such information and documents (and such copies thereof) as the Commission shall require to keep reasonably current the information and documents required to be included in or filed with an application or registration statement filed pursuant to section 78l of this title, except that the Commission may not require the filing of any material contract wholly executed before July 1, 1962.(2) such annual reports (and such copies thereof), certified if required by the rules and regulations of the Commission by independent public accountants, and such quarterly reports (and such copies thereof), as the Commission may prescribe.Every issuer of a security registered on a national securities exchange shall also file a duplicate original of such information, documents, and reports with the exchange.(b) Form of report; books, records, and internal accounting; directives* * *实用文档(2) Every issuer which has a class of securities registered pursuant to section 78l of this title and every issuer which is required to file reports pursuant to section 78o(d) of this title shall--(A) make and keep books, records, and accounts, which, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the issuer; and(B) devise and maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to provide reasonable assurances that--(i) transactions are executed in accordance with management's general or specific authorization;(ii) transactions are recorded as necessary (I) to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles or any other criteria applicable to such statements, and (II) to maintain accountability for assets;(iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with management's general or specific authorization; and实用文档(iv) the recorded accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.(3)(A) With respect to matters concerning the national security of theUnited States, no duty or liability under paragraph (2) of this subsection shall be imposed upon any person acting in cooperation with the head of any Federal department or agency responsible for such matters ifsuch act in cooperation with such head of a department or agency was done upon the specific, written directive of the head of suchdepartment or agency pursuant to Presidential authority to issue suchdirectives. Each directive issued under this paragraph shall set forth the specific facts and circumstances with respect to which the provisions of this paragraph are to be invoked. Each such directive shall, unlessrenewed in writing, expire one year after the date of issuance.(B) Each head of a Federal department or agency of the United Stateswho issues such a directive pursuant to this paragraph shall maintain a complete file of all such directives and shall, on October 1 of each year,实用文档transmit a summary of matters covered by such directives in force atany time during the previous year to the Permanent Select Committeeon Intelligence of the House of Representatives and the SelectCommittee on Intelligence of the Senate.(4) No criminal liability shall be imposed for failing to comply with the requirements of paragraph (2) of this subsection except as provided in paragraph (5) of this subsection.(5) No person shall knowingly circumvent or knowingly fail to implement a system of internal accounting controls or knowingly falsify any book, record, or account described in paragraph (2).(6) Where an issuer which has a class of securities registered pursuant to section 78l of this title or an issuer which is required to file reports pursuant to section 78o(d) of this title holds 50 per centum or less of the voting power with respect to a domestic or foreign firm, the provisions of paragraph (2) require only that the issuer proceed in good faith to use its influence, to the extent reasonable under the issuer's circumstances, to cause such domestic or foreign firm to devise and maintain a system of internal accounting controls consistent 实用文档with paragraph (2). Such circumstances include the relative degree of theissuer's ownership of the domestic or foreign firm and the laws and practices governing the business operations of the country in which such firm is located. An issuer which demonstrates good faith efforts to use such influence shall be conclusively presumed to have complied with the requirements of paragraph (2).(7) For the purpose of paragraph (2) of this subsection, the terms "reasonable assurances" and "reasonable detail" mean such level of detail and degree of assurance as would satisfy prudent officials in the conduct of their own affairs.-top-* * *§ 78dd-1 [Section 30A of the Securities & Exchange Act of 1934]. Prohibited foreign trade practices by issuers(a) ProhibitionIt shall be unlawful for any issuer which has a class of securities registeredpursuant to section 78l of this title or which is required to file reports under实用文档section 78o(d) of this title, or for any officer, director, employee, or agent of such issuer or any stockholder thereof acting on behalf of such issuer, to make use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization of the payment of any money, or offer, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to--(1) any foreign official for purposes of--(A) (i) influencing any act or decision of such foreign official in his official capacity, (ii) inducing such foreign official to do or omit to do any act in violation of the lawful duty of such official, or (iii) securing any improper advantage; or(B) inducing such foreign official to use his influence with a foreign government or instrumentality thereof to affect or influence any act or decision of such government or instrumentality,in order to assist such issuer in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person;实用文档(2) any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office for purposes of--(A) (i) influencing any act or decision of such party, official, or candidate in its or his official capacity, (ii) inducing such party, official, or candidate to do or omit to do an act in violation of the lawful duty of such party, official, or candidate, or (iii) securing any improper advantage; or(B) inducing such party, official, or candidate to use its or his influence with a foreign government or instrumentality thereof to affect or influence any act or decision of such government or instrumentality.in order to assist such issuer in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person; or(3) any person, while knowing that all or a portion of such money or thing of value will be offered, given, or promised, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, to any foreign political party or official thereof, or to any candidate for foreign political office, for purposes of--实用文档(A) (i) influencing any act or decision of such foreign official, political party, party official, or candidate in his or its official capacity, (ii) inducing such foreign official, political party, party official, or candidate to do or omit to do any act in violation of the lawful duty of such foreign official, political party, party official, or candidate, or (iii) securing any improper advantage; or(B) inducing such foreign official, political party, party official, or candidate to use his or its influence with a foreign government or instrumentality thereof to affect or influence any act or decision of such government or instrumentality, in order to assist such issuer in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person.(b) Exception for routine governmental actionSubsections (a) and (g) of this section shall not apply to any facilitating or expediting payment to a foreign official, political party, or party official the purpose of which is to expedite or to secure the performance of a routine governmental action by a foreign official, political party, or party official. (c) Affirmative defenses实用文档It shall be an affirmative defense to actions under subsection (a) or (g) of this section that--(1) the payment, gift, offer, or promise of anything of value that was made, was lawful under the written la ws and regulations of the foreign official’s, political party’s, party official’s, or candidate’s country; or(2) the payment, gift, offer, or promise of anything of value that was made, wasa reasonable and bona fide expenditure, such as travel and lodging expenses, incurred by or on behalf of a foreign official, party, party official, or candidate and was directly related to--(A) the promotion, demonstration, or explanation of products or services; or(B) the execution or performance of a contract with a foreign government or agency thereof.(d) Guidelines by Attorney GeneralNot later than one year after August 23, 1988, the Attorney General, after consultation with the Commission, the Secretary of Commerce, the United States Trade Representative, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of the实用文档Treasury, and after obtaining the views of all interested persons through public notice and comment procedures, shall determine to what extent compliance with this section would be enhanced and the business community would be assisted by further clarification of the preceding provisions of this section and may, based on such determination and to the extent necessary and appropriate, issue--(1) guidelines describing specific types of conduct, associated with common types of export sales arrangements and business contracts, which for purposes of the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy, the Attorney General determines would be in conformance with the preceding provisions of this section; and(2) general precautionary procedures which issuers may use on a voluntary basis to conform their conduct to the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy regarding the preceding provisions of this section.The Attorney General shall issue the guidelines and procedures referred to in the preceding sentence in accordance with the provisions of subchapter II of实用文档chapter 5 of Title 5 and those guidelines and procedures shall be subject to the provisions of chapter 7 of that title.-top-(e) Opinions of Attorney General(1) The Attorney General, after consultation with appropriate departments and agencies of the United States and after obtaining the views of all interested persons through public notice and comment procedures, shall establish a procedure to provide responses to specific inquiries by issuers concerning conformance of their conduct with the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy regarding the preceding provisions of this section. The Attorney General shall, within 30 days after receiving such a request, issue an opinion in response to that request. The opinion shall state whether or not certain specified prospective conduct would, for purposes of the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy, violate the preceding provisions of this section. Additional requests for opinions may be filed with the Attorney General regarding other specified prospective conduct that is beyond the scope of conduct specified in previous requests. In any action brought under the实用文档applicable provisions of this section, there shall be a rebuttable presumption that conduct, which is specified in a request by an issuer and for which the Attorney General has issued an opinion that such conduct is in conformity with the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy, is in compliance with the preceding provisions of this section. Such a presumption may be rebutted by a preponderance of the evidence. In considering the presumption for purposes of this paragraph, a court shall weight all relevant factors, including but not limited to whether the information submitted to the Attorney General was accurate and complete and whether it was within the scope of the conduct specified in any request received by the Attorney General. The Attorney General shall establish the procedure required by this paragraph in accordance with the provisions of subchapter II of chapter 5 of Title 5 and that procedure shall be subject to the provisions of chapter 7 of that title.(2) Any document or other material which is provided to, received by, or prepared in the Department of Justice or any other department or agency of the United States in connection with a request by an issuer under the procedure established under paragraph (1), shall be exempt from disclosure under section 552 of Title 5 and shall not, except with the consent of the issuer, be made实用文档publicly available, regardless of whether the Attorney General responds to sucha request or the issuer withdraws such request before receiving a response.(3) Any issuer who has made a request to the Attorney General under paragraph (1) may withdraw such request prior to the time the Attorney General issues an opinion in response to such request. Any request so withdrawn shall have no force or effect.(4) The Attorney General shall, to the maximum extent practicable, provide timely guidance concerning the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy with respect to the preceding provisions of this section to potential exporters and small businesses that are unable to obtain specialized counsel on issues pertaining to such provisions. Such guidance shall be limited to responses to requests under paragraph (1) concerning conformity of specified prospective conduct with the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy regarding the preceding provisions of this section and general explanations of compliance responsibilities and of potential liabilities under the preceding provisions of this section.(f) Definitions实用文档For purposes of this section:(1)A) The term “foreign official” means any officer or employee of a foreigngovernment or any department, agency, or instrumentality thereof, or of a public international organization, or any person acting in an officialcapacity for or on behalf of any such government or department, agency, or instrumentality, or for or on behalf of any such public internationalorganization.(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “public internationalorganization” mea ns--(i)an organization that is designated by Executive Order pursuant tosection 1 of the International Organizations Immunities Act (22U.S.C. § 288); or(ii)any other international organization that is designated by the President by Executive order for the purposes of this section,effective as of the date of publication of such order in the FederalRegister.(2)(A) A person’s state of mind is “knowing” with respect to conduct, a实用文档circumstance, or a result if--(i)such person is aware that such person is engaging in such conduct,that such circumstance exists, or that such result is substantiallycertain to occur; orsuch person has a firm belief that such circumstance exists or that (ii)such result is substantially certain to occur.(B) When knowledge of the existence of a particular circumstance is required for an offense, such knowledge is established if a person is aware of a high probability of the existence of such circumstance, unless the person actually believes that such circumstance does not exist.(3)(A) The term “routine governmental action” means only an action whichis ordinarily and commonly performed by a foreign official in--(i) obtaining permits, licenses, or other official documents to qualify a person to do business in a foreign country;(ii) processing governmental papers, such as visas and work orders;实用文档(iii) providing police protection, mail pick-up and delivery, or scheduling inspections associated with contract performance or inspections related to transit of goods across country;(iv) providing phone service, power and water supply, loading and unloading cargo, or protecting perishable products or commodities from deterioration; or (v) actions of a similar nature.(B) The term “routine governmental action” doe s not include any decision by a foreign official whether, or on what terms, to award new business to or to continue business with a particular party, or any action taken by a foreign official involved in the decision-making process to encourage a decision to award new business to or continue business with a particular party.-top-(g) Alternative Jurisdiction(1) It shall also be unlawful for any issuer organized under the laws of the United States, or a State, territory, possession, or commonwealth of the United States or a political subdivision thereof and which has a class of securities实用文档registered pursuant to section 12 of this title or which is required to file reports under section 15(d) of this title, or for any United States person that is an officer, director, employee, or agent of such issuer or a stockholder thereof acting on behalf of such issuer, to corruptly do any act outside the United States in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization of the payment of any money, or offer, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to any of the persons or entities set forth in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of this subsection (a) of this section for the purposes set forth therein, irrespective of whether such issuer or such officer, director, employee, agent, or stockholder makes use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce in furtherance of such offer, gift, payment, promise, or authorization.(2) As used in this subsection, the term “United States person” means a national of the United States (as defined in section 101 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. § 1101)) or any corporation, partnership, association, joint-stock company, business trust, unincorporated organization, or sole proprietorship organized under the laws of the United States or any State,实用文档territory, possession, or commonwealth of the United States, or any political subdivision thereof.§ 78dd-2. Prohibited foreign trade practices by domestic concerns(a) ProhibitionIt shall be unlawful for any domestic concern, other than an issuer which is subject to section 78dd-1 of this title, or for any officer, director, employee, or agent of such domestic concern or any stockholder thereof acting on behalf of such domestic concern, to make use of the mails or any means or instrumentality of interstate commerce corruptly in furtherance of an offer, payment, promise to pay, or authorization of the payment of any money, or offer, gift, promise to give, or authorization of the giving of anything of value to--(1) any foreign official for purposes of--(A) (i) influencing any act or decision of such foreign official in his official capacity, (ii) inducing such foreign official to do or omit to do any act in实用文档violation of the lawful duty of such official, or (iii) securing any improper advantage; or(B) inducing such foreign official to use his influence with a foreign government or instrumentality thereof to affect or influence any act or decision of such government or instrumentality,in order to assist such domestic concern in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person;(2) any foreign political party or official thereof or any candidate for foreign political office for purposes of--(A) (i) influencing any act or decision of such party, official, or candidate in its or his official capacity, (ii) inducing such party, official, or candidate to do or omit to do an act in violation of the lawful duty of such party, official, or candidate, or (iii) securing any improper advantage; or(B) inducing such party, official, or candidate to use its or his influence with a foreign government or instrumentality thereof to affect or influence any act or decision of such government or instrumentality,实用文档in order to assist such domestic concern in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person;(3) any person, while knowing that all or a portion of such money or thing of value will be offered, given, or promised, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, to any foreign political party or official thereof, or to any candidate for foreign political office, for purposes of--(A) (i) influencing any act or decision of such foreign official, political party, party official, or candidate in his or its official capacity, (ii) inducing such foreign official, political party, party official, or candidate to do or omit to do any act in violation of the lawful duty of such foreign official, political party, party official, or candidate, or (iii) securing any improper advantage; or(B) inducing such foreign official, political party, party official, or candidate to use his or its influence with a foreign government or instrumentality thereof to affect or influence any act or decision of such government or instrumentality, in order to assist such domestic concern in obtaining or retaining business for or with, or directing business to, any person.实用文档(b) Exception for routine governmental actionSubsections (a) and (i) of this section shall not apply to any facilitating or expediting payment to a foreign official, political party, or party official the purpose of which is to expedite or to secure the performance of a routine governmental action by a foreign official, political party, or party official. (c) Affirmative defensesIt shall be an affirmative defense to actions under subsection (a) or (i) of this section that--(1) the payment, gift, offer, or promise of anything of value that was made, was lawful under the written laws and regulations of the foreign official’s, political party’s, party official’s, or candidate’s country; or(2) the payment, gift, offer, or promise of anything of value that was made, wasa reasonable and bona fide expenditure, such as travel and lodging expenses, incurred by or on behalf of a foreign official, party, party official, or candidate and was directly related to--(A) the promotion, demonstration, or explanation of products or services; or实用文档(B) the execution or performance of a contract with a foreign government or agency thereof.-top-(d) Injunctive relief(1) When it appears to the Attorney General that any domestic concern to which this section applies, or officer, director, employee, agent, or stockholder thereof, is engaged, or about to engage, in any act or practice constituting a violation of subsection (a) or (i) of this section, the Attorney General may, in his discretion, bring a civil action in an appropriate district court of the United States to enjoin such act or practice, and upon a proper showing, a permanent injunction or a temporary restraining order shall be granted without bond. (2) For the purpose of any civil investigation which, in the opinion of the Attorney General, is necessary and proper to enforce this section, the Attorney General or his designee are empowered to administer oaths and affirmations, subpoena witnesses, take evidence, and require the production of any books, papers, or other documents which the Attorney General deems relevant or material to such investigation. The attendance of witnesses and the production 实用文档of documentary evidence may be required from any place in the United States, or any territory, possession, or commonwealth of the United States, at any designated place of hearing.(3) In case of contumacy by, or refusal to obey a subpoena issued to, any person, the Attorney General may invoke the aid of any court of the United States within the jurisdiction of which such investigation or proceeding is carried on, or where such person resides or carries on business, in requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of books, papers, or other documents. Any such court may issue an order requiring such person to appear before the Attorney General or his designee, there to produce records, if so ordered, or to give testimony touching the matter under investigation. Any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.All process in any such case may be served in the judicial district in which such person resides or may be found. The Attorney General may make such rules relating to civil investigations as may be necessary or appropriate to implement the provisions of this subsection.实用文档(e) Guidelines by Attorney GeneralNot later than 6 months after August 23, 1988, the Attorney General, after consultation with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Secretary of Commerce, the United States Trade Representative, the Secretary of State, and the Secretary of the Treasury, and after obtaining the views of all interested persons through public notice and comment procedures, shall determine to what extent compliance with this section would be enhanced and the business community would be assisted by further clarification of the preceding provisions of this section and may, based on such determination and to the extent necessary and appropriate, issue--(1) guidelines describing specific types of conduct, associated with common types of export sales arrangements and business contracts, which for purposes of the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy, the Attorney General determines would be in conformance with the preceding provisions of this section; and实用文档(2) general precautionary procedures which domestic concerns may use on a voluntary basis to conform their conduct to the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy regarding the preceding provisions of this section. The Attorney General shall issue the guidelines and procedures referred to in the preceding sentence in accordance with the provisions of subchapter II of chapter 5 of Title 5 and those guidelines and procedures shall be subject to the provisions of chapter 7 of that title.(f) Opinions of Attorney General(1) The Attorney General, after consultation with appropriate departments and agencies of the United States and after obtaining the views of all interested persons through public notice and comment procedures, shall establish a procedure to provide responses to specific inquiries by domestic concerns concerning conformance of their conduct with the Department of Justice’s present enforcement policy regarding the preceding provisions of this section. The Attorney General shall, within 30 days after receiving such a request, issue an opinion in response to that request. The opinion shall state whether or not certain specified prospective conduct would, for purposes of the Department of 实用文档。
NYPE中文版
NYPE中文版租约代号：“NYPE 93”波罗的海国际航运公会推荐美国国家船舶经纪人与代理人协会联合会定期租船合同纽约土产交易所格式美国船舶经纪人与代理人协会发行1913年11月6日制定，经1921年10月20日，1931年8月6日，1946年10月3日，1981年6月12日，1993年9月14日修订本租船合同于-----------年--------月--------日由下述------------船舶的所有人---------与承租人-----------签订。
船舶说明船名：-----------；船旗：-------------；于------------年建造；登记港---------；登记号--------；船舶在---------入级，船级为---------；按夏季干舷高度，船舶海水吃水为---------，载重量（货物和燃料，包括不超过-----------长吨*/公吨*的淡水和物料）为-----------长吨*/公吨*；散装容积为--------------立方英尺；包装容积为---------------立方英尺；船舶吨位为---------- 总吨/总登记吨；在良好天气条件下，风力达到包括最大风力蒲福----------级，船舶满载航行时船速大约-----------节，消耗大约-----------长吨*/公吨*的--------（燃油）。
*适当地删除。
1．租期上述出租人同意出租，上述承租人同意租用上述船舶，从交船时起算，租期为-------，并在下述航行区域内使用船舶。
2．交船船舶在--------（地点）置于承租人控制之下。
在交船时，船舶应作好接受货物的准备，货舱须打扫干净，船体紧密，坚实，牢固，并在各个方面适合于普通货物的运输。
船舶应装备有压载水舱，同时具有启动所有装货设备的足够的动力。
出租人应在---------天之前向承租人递交预计交付船舶的日期的通知。
3．交船/还船检验除另有约定外，在交船和还船前，双方当事人应自负费用指定各自的验船师，分别在船舶到达第一个装货港/最后一个卸货港之前进行交船/还船联合检验，以确定船上所存的燃油量和船舶状态。
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《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》概述中文名《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》中文简称英文名The York Antwerp，2004 英文简称原文生效时间中国签署时间修改历史1950年约克·安特卫普规则的基础上，国际海事委员会于1974年在汉堡召开的会议上通过《1974年约克·安特卫普规则》《1994年约克·安特卫普规则》是在国际海事委员会于1994年10月在澳大利亚悉尼召开的第35届大会在《1974年约克·安特卫普规则》的基础上修改通过2003年5月31日至6月4日的国际海事委员会第38届大会通过了《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》本协议当前有效《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》（The York Antwerp，2004），最近的一次修订是国际海上保险联盟（货物保险人）对《1994年约克·安特卫普规则》不满，认为共同海损范围太广，理算过于烦琐，于1999年正式向国际海事委员会（CMI）提出要求修改规则，但船东和理算师反对。
国际海事委员会（CMI）成立专门工作组再次修改该规则。
在2003年5月31日至6月4日的国际海事委员会第38届大会通过了《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》。
《2004年约克·安特卫普规则》由四组不同性质的条文组成，全文共32条，扩大了船方的赔偿额，减少了货方的共同海损分摊。
修改主要有如下几个方面：（1）规则六将大部分救助报酬排除在共同海损之外；（2）规则十一规定船舶在避难港停留期间的船员工资和给养不得确认为共同海损；（3）规则十四将临时修理费用确认为共同海损，应减除船方的节省；（4）规则二十规定共同海损费用不给予手续费；(5)规则二十一规定采用浮动年利率计算利息；（6）规则二十三增加了索赔共同海损分摊请求权的时效规定。
《约克·安特卫普规则》不是强制性的，它只有在合同规定时才适用。
该规则每次修改都不废止旧规则，有关方面可在1974年、1994年和2004年《约克·安特卫普规则》三者中选择使用。
《约克·安特卫普规则》不是国际公约，而只是一种国际贸易惯例规则，但由于它在很多问题上基本统一了欧美各国海损理算的做法，并曾取得国际法协会的认可，因此已被国际海运、贸易和保险界所接受，在海洋运输提单、租船合同和保险契约中约定采用，目前，它的适用范围比较广泛，国际上凡是载运国际贸易商品的海轮发生共同海损事故，一般都按照《约克·安特卫普规则》进行理算。
RULE OF INTERPRETATIONIn the adjustment of general average the following Rules shall apply to the exclusion of any Law and Practice inconsistent therewith.Except as provided by the Rule Paramount and the numbered Rules, general average shall be adjusted according to the lettered Rules.解释规则共同海损理算，适用下列规则，凡与这些规则相抵触的法律和惯例都不适用。
除首要规则和数字规则已有规定者外，共同海损应按字母规则理算。
RULE PARAMOUNTIn no case shall there be any allowance for sacrifice or expenditure unless reasonably made or incurred.首要规则牺牲或费用，除合理做出或支付者外，不得受到补偿。
RULE AThere is a general average act when, and only when, any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in a common maritime adventure.General average sacrifices and expenditures shall be borne by the different contributing interests on the basis hereinafter provided.规则A1) 只有在为了共同安全，使同一航程中的财产脱离危险，有意而合理地做出特殊牺牲或支付特殊费用时，才能构成共同海损行为。
2)共同海损牺牲和费用，应按下列规定，由各分摊方分摊。
RULE BThere is a common maritime adventure when one or more vessels are towing or pushing another vessel or vessels, provided that they are all involved in commercial activities and not in a salvage operation.When measures are taken to preserve the vessels and their cargoes, if any, from a common peril, these Rules shall apply.A vessel is not in common peril with another vessel or vessels if by simply disconnecting from the other vessel or vessels she is in safety; but if the disconnection is itself a general average act the common maritime adventure continues.规则B1)如果船舶拖带或顶推其他船舶而它们都从事商业活动而不是救助作业，则处于同一航程之中。
如果所采取的措施是为了使这些船舶及其货物（如果有）脱离共同危险，则应适用本规则。
2)如果一艘船舶只要脱离其他船舶便能获得安全，则同其他船舶不处于共同的危险之中，但如果脱离本身是共同海损行为，则共同航程继续存在。
RULE COnly such losses, damages or expenses which are the direct consequence of the general average act shall be allowed as general average.In no case shall there be any allowance in general average for losses, damages or expenses incurred in respect of damage to the environment or in consequence of the escape or release of pollutant substances from the property involved in the common maritime adventure. Demurrage, loss of market, and any loss or damage sustained or expense incurred by reason of delay, whether on the voyage or subsequently, and any indirect loss whatsoever, shall not be allowed as general average.规则C1)只有属于共同海损行为直接后果的损失或费用，才应作为共同海损。
2)环境损害或因同一航程中的财产漏出或排放污染物所引起的损失或费用不得认作共同海损。
3)不论是在航程中或其后发生的滞期损失、行市损失和任何因迟延所遭受的损失或支付的费用以及任何间接损失都不得认作共同海损。
RULE DRights to contribution in general average shall not be affected, though the event which gave rise to the sacrifice or expenditure may have been due to the fault of one of the parties to theadventure, but this shall not prejudice any remedies or defences which may be open against or to that party in respect of such fault.规则D即使引起牺牲或费用的事故，可能是由于航程中某一方的过失所造成的，也不影响要求分摊共同海损的权利，但这不妨碍非过失方与过失方之间就此项过失可能提出的任何索赔或抗辩。
RULE EThe onus of proof is upon the party claiming in general average to show that the loss or expense claimed is properly allowable as general average.All parties claiming in general average shall give notice in writing to the average adjuster of the loss or expense in respect of which they claim contribution within 12 months of the date of the termination of the common maritime adventure.Failing such notification, or if within 12 months of a request for the same any of the parties shall fail to supply evidence in support of a notified claim, or particulars of value in respect of a contributory interest, the average adjuster shall be at liberty to estimate the extent of the allowance or the contributory value on the basis of the information available to him, which estimate may be challenged only on the ground that it is manifestly incorrect.规则E1)提出共同海损索赔的一方应负举证责任，证明所索赔的损失或费用应作为共同海损。