chpater 3 Understanding cultural difference

Social attitudes as expressions of basic values
Human Basically Evil Nature Mixture of Good Basically Good and Evil
Expect to find evil and fight against it Punish bad behavior
2)Contrasting Cultural Differences at the Level of Value 3)Contrasting Cultural Differences at the Level of Behavior
Contents
1.Normal Distribution of Cultural Characteristics 2. Understand Cultural Differences at the Level of Values
Understanding Cultural Differences
Comparing Cultures as Overlapping Normal Distribuce
Culture difference
Contents
1. Normal Distribution of Cultural Characteristics 2. Understand Cultural Differences at the Level of Values
1. individualism versus collectivism
Save people from their evil nature “法治”
Separate good from evil
Protect people’s virtue
Identify Reward good strengths and behavior weaknesses Reward the good in people and punish the bad Find the most virtuous people “德治”
Accept your fate
Man the Master of Nature
Live Make life according comfortable and to the convenient rhythms of nature Problems can be solved once we know the facts
Views of politics Conceptions Basic roles Standard forms of speech General norms
Han culture
Understanding Cultural Differences

Subcultures/co-cultures
c. Sense Past of Time
Present
Future
重年龄、重资 历、敬老、
d. Activity
当前利益 目标/变化 不循规蹈矩
Growing Doing
Being
做人 静 修身养性 无为而治
e. Social Hierarchy Relation ship
理想状态 做事
动 进取/冒险 求变
ethnic regional
Gender-related religious
economical occupational
Understanding Cultural Differences
人数
Dominant Culture
Sub-culture/ Co-culture
文化 维度
The Normal Distributions of Cultural Characteristics
Oriented Being
Present/future Oriented Doing
Social Relationshi ps
Hierarchy/Group Oriented
Individualistic
（2）Hofstede’s National Cultures




Geert Hofstede（1928）,是荷兰的Maastricht大学 (University of Maastricht)的名誉教授，从事组织机构人类学 和国际管理(Organizational Anthropology and Internataional Management)。 文化维度理论是跨文化理论中至今最具影响力的一个理论， 由荷兰管理学者郝夫斯特(Hofstede，1980，1991)提出。 该理论是实际调查的产物，起初并无理论构架。 20世纪70年代末，郝夫斯特有机会对分布在40个国家和地区 的11.6万名IBM员工进行文化价值观调查。那时，IBM大概 是惟一一家全球公司。郝夫斯特的逻辑是，在IBM工作的员 工大都有相似的教育背景和智力水平，个性特征也会比较相 似。因此，他们对同一问题做出不同的答案反映的不应是其 他方面的差异，而更多的是文化对他们产生的影响。 通过对各国IBM员工对于大量问题的回答进行因素分析，郝 夫斯特发现有四大因素可以帮助我们区分民族文化对雇员的 工作价值观和工作态度的影响。
Understanding Cultural Differences
culture forms
Dominant culture
Co-culture subculture
Understanding Cultural Differences Dominant cultures is the mainstream culture of a society.
Thinking Question
Is
there cultural difference?
There Are Differences Among Cultures.
By the evolution of human being, the world culture is always full of colors and variety. By the nature of nationality, a nation will not be a nation without its own special culture. In reality, we don’t see the homogenous world culture. From the integrated characteristic of culture, cultures can be different.
不同文化对人性的看法有很大差异。
a. Human nature
(1) (2) (3) is evil but perfectible is a mixture of good and evil good but corruptible good but corruptible
is evil but perfectible
任何一种管理理论方法或实践均以一定的人性假设为基础.
Discussion on Human Nature
Good? Human nature Evil? mixture of good and evil
Influences of Different Human Nature Orientations on HRM
Understanding Cultural Differences
文化曲线的陡峭和扁平程度（及数据的集中程度）表现出一种 文化理念被一个社会所共同认可的程度。 曲线越扁平，认同程度越低。
Culture B
Chinese Culture
Culture A
Japanese Culture
Factors: Stability of social consciousness Homogeneous population Density of population
b. Relationship to nature
中药材，风水
(1) harmony with nature (2) mastery with nature (3) subjugation to nature
印尼海啸
Relation ship of Humanki nd to Nature
Man Man in subjugated Harmony by with Nature Nature
Understanding Cultural Differences
讨论文化差异时指的是国家或民族总体样本的平均水平的差异， 而非个体水平的差异。 American Culture
Culture A Culture B
Chinese Culture
个体主义 Individualism
集体主义 Collectivism
GroupOriented Individualistic
社会等级森严 集体取向
个人取向
Orientation
Chinese values
Western values
Human Nature
Basically Good
Good and Evil
Relationshi People in Harmony People are the p of with Nature Master of Nature Humankind to Nature Sense Time Activity of Past/present

Chapter 3
Understanding Cultural Differences
Ways to Understanding and Comparing Cultural Differences 1)Normal Distribution of Cultural Characteristics
Life is outside Everything the has individual’s its own control character
Be humble 印尼海啸：得 罪老天
Be balanced Be objective 中国的“风水”
Do You Know So?


美国是科幻小说大国，科幻电影大国，关于未来外星人的入 侵，机器人对世界的占领和威胁，星球大战的爆发，地球生 态的哗变，如此种种，大多是美国文化的产物。近年来美国 流行幻想世界的末日到来会是怎么一种情形，当整个世界只 剩下一个人(如电影《I am Legend》)，或者人类灭亡消失之 后的地球会是什么模样(如畅销书《The Earth without Us》)。 中国至今没有拍过一部类似的影片。相反，看中国的电视频 道，十有七八放着古装电影、戏剧或电视连续剧，唐代的、 宋代的、清朝的……一部接一部，乐此不疲。据统计，自 1990年以来，具有这种内容的影视作品已经超过1000部！
（ 1 ） Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations （2）Hofstede’s National Cultures
（ 1 ） Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientations What is the character of human nature? What is the relation of humankind to nature? What is the relationship of people to each other? What is the orientation toward time? What is the value placed on activity?
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
a.
b. c. d. e.
Individualism versus collectivism Masculinity versus femininity Uncertainty avoidance Power distance Long-term versus short-term