词汇的理解
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张培基《新编英汉翻译教程》
根据词语的感情色彩确定词义
It was mid-August and the subject for discussion was the future of Rommel and his Africa Corps. 当时是八月中旬，他们讨论的题目是隆美尔及其非 洲军团的下场。 They predicted the youth would have a bright future。 他们预言，这个年轻人会有一个锦绣前程。
词汇的理解
请试译下列句子
1) The play is really a love story. 2) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 3) Some reporters who were not included in the meeting broke the story. 4) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV. 5) What a story! I don’t believe a word of it. 6) It is quite another story now.
根据词语的感情色彩确定词义
请试着翻译一下 “die”这个词: 亡，卒，故，逝，毙，殁，薨，崩…… 亡故，谢世，下世，辞世，过世，仙逝，作古，归西， 过去，弃养，牺牲，献身，就义，捐躯，殉职，殉难， 遇难，永别，长眠，溘逝，老了，没了，挺腿，完蛋， 毙命，殒命，死亡，阵亡，成仁，丧命，暴卒，夭折， 早逝，客死，升天，坐化，羽化，圆寂，晏驾…… 玩儿完，山陵崩…… 粉身碎骨，溘然长逝，寿终正寝，一命呜呼，跨鹤西 游，百年之后，三长两短，杀身成仁，舍生取义，以 身殉职，马革裹尸，肝脑涂地，香消玉陨，倩女离 魂……
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义
We can make out the meaning of the word from the context. 我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。 We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争 端。 It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born. 撒哈拉悲剧正是在这种情况下发生的。 We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit. 我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。
The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰一个敌特。
根据词语的感情色彩确定词义（练习）
An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.
法国崩溃之后，德国陆军大大超过英国，空军力量旗鼓相 当，海军则不幸处于劣势。
He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality（偏好，喜好） for the tavern.
英汉词语的词义对应情况
交叉对应(一词多义） 轻音乐（light=intended chiefly to entertain）； light music light loss 轻微的损失（light=not heavy）； light heart 轻松的心情（light=relaxed）； light car 轻便汽车（light=having little weight）； light step 轻快的步伐（light=gentle） ； light manners 轻浮的举止（light=frivolous）； light outfit 轻巧的设备（light=handy）； light work 轻松的工作（light=requiring little effort）；
一、Diction(词义选择）
Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. A word is capable of being used in more than five or ten senses depending on the different collocations or context.
3、词义的选择
根据词性确定词义 根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义 根据词语的感情色彩确定词义
根据词性确定词义
Your account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。 Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it. 我有优先通行权，所以那货车必须停驶或 减慢 车速 直到我走过去为止。 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案申冤。
根据词性确定词义
The rain had cleaned the air. Don‘t air your troubles too often.
A trial run is needed before the machine is put into operation. An intricate network of the computer system runs this modern petroleum factory. They are loading the run goods into the boat.
Nations sometimes exploit their colonies, taking as much wealth out of them as they can. They exploited its rich resources in oil.
4、词语翻译的灵活性 After the fall of France, Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea.
词义 Meaning of words
概念意义 Conceptual meaning
Hale Waihona Puke 词典给词下的定义关联意义 Associative meaning
词的附带意义
内涵意义 Connotative meaning
文体意义 Stylistic meaning
感情意义 Affective meaning
内涵意义
他是个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣，可是不肯用功。他老是东 借西挪，又喜欢上小酒店喝酒。
词语翻译的灵活性
…yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;… …不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽 骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母， 孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家 里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们。……
英汉词语的词义对应情况 部分对应。有许多英汉语词语在词义上只是部分 对应。它们的意义范围有广狭之分、抽象与具体 之分、一般与个别之分。 Uncle（广义）-叔叔， 叔父，伯父，姑父，姨父，舅父（狭义） milk 奶（抽象）； 人奶，牛奶，羊奶（具体）； film 胶片（一般）， 电影（个别） 概念意义上对应，内涵意义上不对应： vinegar 有“不高兴，坏脾气”的内涵意义 醋 ： 有"妒忌"的内涵意义
英汉词语的词义对应情况
无对应。由于文化差异，英语有些词语所表达的 意义在汉语中尚无确切的对应词来表达。它们主 要是一些具有文化含义的词语，翻译时多用加注 或释义。 Beefcake （肌肉发达的）健美男子 eager beaver 卖力的河狸 （急于做成某事而特别卖力，但有些 急躁的人） to wear one’s birthday suit 一丝不挂
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义（练习）
Who’s going to perform this delicate operation on the patient’s eye? She is in delicate health. He has a delicate ear for music. That’s a delicate diplomatic question. We have been working all day. We must have a break. Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.” Said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.”
(connotative meaning)
超出词的概念意义的属性。 如比喻意义，象征意义，联想意义等
Woman Gold Moon Dragon Dog…
文体意义
中性文体意义
特定文体意义 正式
非正式
标准 口语词
次标准
俚语、俗语、行业用语
感情意义
中性意义
褒义
贬义
2、英汉词语的词义对应情况
完全对应。这类英汉词语多为专有名词、术语或普通名词， 数量有限。 ICU 重症监护病房 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 sociolinguistics 社会语言学 neurosis 神经官能症 ……
词义的概念
从词义角度来看 词义如从传统的词汇学角度来讲，词义包括概念意义 和关联意义。 所谓概念意义（conceptual meaning），也叫所指意 义（referential meaning），就是词汇的最基本意义， 是语言符号所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括，常 视为词语在字典中的定义或释义。 所谓关联意义(associative meaning)，是隐含于或附 加在概念意义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使 一个词具有关联意义，有时还是很不相同的关联意义。 这种差异既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间，也 可以存在于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。
根据词语的感情色彩确定词义
It was mid-August and the subject for discussion was the future of Rommel and his Africa Corps. 当时是八月中旬，他们讨论的题目是隆美尔及其非 洲军团的下场。 They predicted the youth would have a bright future。 他们预言，这个年轻人会有一个锦绣前程。
词汇的理解
请试译下列句子
1) The play is really a love story. 2) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 3) Some reporters who were not included in the meeting broke the story. 4) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV. 5) What a story! I don’t believe a word of it. 6) It is quite another story now.
根据词语的感情色彩确定词义
请试着翻译一下 “die”这个词: 亡，卒，故，逝，毙，殁，薨，崩…… 亡故，谢世，下世，辞世，过世，仙逝，作古，归西， 过去，弃养，牺牲，献身，就义，捐躯，殉职，殉难， 遇难，永别，长眠，溘逝，老了，没了，挺腿，完蛋， 毙命，殒命，死亡，阵亡，成仁，丧命，暴卒，夭折， 早逝，客死，升天，坐化，羽化，圆寂，晏驾…… 玩儿完，山陵崩…… 粉身碎骨，溘然长逝，寿终正寝，一命呜呼，跨鹤西 游，百年之后，三长两短，杀身成仁，舍生取义，以 身殉职，马革裹尸，肝脑涂地，香消玉陨，倩女离 魂……
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义
We can make out the meaning of the word from the context. 我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。 We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争 端。 It is in this context that the tragedy of Sahara was born. 撒哈拉悲剧正是在这种情况下发生的。 We must operate within the context of the Olympian Spirit. 我们必须按照奥林匹克精神办事。
The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰一个敌特。
根据词语的感情色彩确定词义（练习）
An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. An aggressive young man can go far in this firm.
法国崩溃之后，德国陆军大大超过英国，空军力量旗鼓相 当，海军则不幸处于劣势。
He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality（偏好，喜好） for the tavern.
英汉词语的词义对应情况
交叉对应(一词多义） 轻音乐（light=intended chiefly to entertain）； light music light loss 轻微的损失（light=not heavy）； light heart 轻松的心情（light=relaxed）； light car 轻便汽车（light=having little weight）； light step 轻快的步伐（light=gentle） ； light manners 轻浮的举止（light=frivolous）； light outfit 轻巧的设备（light=handy）； light work 轻松的工作（light=requiring little effort）；
一、Diction(词义选择）
Diction means the proper choice of words and phrases in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. A word is capable of being used in more than five or ten senses depending on the different collocations or context.
3、词义的选择
根据词性确定词义 根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义 根据词语的感情色彩确定词义
根据词性确定词义
Your account of what happened is not quite right. 你对于发生的事情的叙述不太正确。 Go right on until you reach the church. 一直往前走，直到你到达教堂为止。 It’s my right of way, so that lorry must stop or slow down until I’ve passed it. 我有优先通行权，所以那货车必须停驶或 减慢 车速 直到我走过去为止。 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. 她尽力为她丈夫被控抢劫一案申冤。
根据词性确定词义
The rain had cleaned the air. Don‘t air your troubles too often.
A trial run is needed before the machine is put into operation. An intricate network of the computer system runs this modern petroleum factory. They are loading the run goods into the boat.
Nations sometimes exploit their colonies, taking as much wealth out of them as they can. They exploited its rich resources in oil.
4、词语翻译的灵活性 After the fall of France, Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea.
词义 Meaning of words
概念意义 Conceptual meaning
Hale Waihona Puke 词典给词下的定义关联意义 Associative meaning
词的附带意义
内涵意义 Connotative meaning
文体意义 Stylistic meaning
感情意义 Affective meaning
内涵意义
他是个聪明人，谈吐非常风趣，可是不肯用功。他老是东 借西挪，又喜欢上小酒店喝酒。
词语翻译的灵活性
…yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, a good child, a good wife or a good husband; who actually does have a disconsolate family to mourn his loss;… …不过偶尔也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽 骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的父母， 孝顺的儿女，贤良的妻子，尽职的丈夫，他们家 里的人也的确哀思绵绵的追悼他们。……
英汉词语的词义对应情况 部分对应。有许多英汉语词语在词义上只是部分 对应。它们的意义范围有广狭之分、抽象与具体 之分、一般与个别之分。 Uncle（广义）-叔叔， 叔父，伯父，姑父，姨父，舅父（狭义） milk 奶（抽象）； 人奶，牛奶，羊奶（具体）； film 胶片（一般）， 电影（个别） 概念意义上对应，内涵意义上不对应： vinegar 有“不高兴，坏脾气”的内涵意义 醋 ： 有"妒忌"的内涵意义
英汉词语的词义对应情况
无对应。由于文化差异，英语有些词语所表达的 意义在汉语中尚无确切的对应词来表达。它们主 要是一些具有文化含义的词语，翻译时多用加注 或释义。 Beefcake （肌肉发达的）健美男子 eager beaver 卖力的河狸 （急于做成某事而特别卖力，但有些 急躁的人） to wear one’s birthday suit 一丝不挂
根据上下文及逻辑关系确定词义（练习）
Who’s going to perform this delicate operation on the patient’s eye? She is in delicate health. He has a delicate ear for music. That’s a delicate diplomatic question. We have been working all day. We must have a break. Suddenly the line went limp. “I am going back.” Said Smith. “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I’ll be back in five minutes.”
(connotative meaning)
超出词的概念意义的属性。 如比喻意义，象征意义，联想意义等
Woman Gold Moon Dragon Dog…
文体意义
中性文体意义
特定文体意义 正式
非正式
标准 口语词
次标准
俚语、俗语、行业用语
感情意义
中性意义
褒义
贬义
2、英汉词语的词义对应情况
完全对应。这类英汉词语多为专有名词、术语或普通名词， 数量有限。 ICU 重症监护病房 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 sociolinguistics 社会语言学 neurosis 神经官能症 ……
词义的概念
从词义角度来看 词义如从传统的词汇学角度来讲，词义包括概念意义 和关联意义。 所谓概念意义（conceptual meaning），也叫所指意 义（referential meaning），就是词汇的最基本意义， 是语言符号所代表的事物的基本特征的抽象概括，常 视为词语在字典中的定义或释义。 所谓关联意义(associative meaning)，是隐含于或附 加在概念意义上的意义。社会、群体或个人都可以使 一个词具有关联意义，有时还是很不相同的关联意义。 这种差异既可以存在于两种语言、两种文化之间，也 可以存在于一种语言和一种文化的亚文化之间。