2013FRM二级 Current Issus 翻译 第一篇
财务管理专业英语 句子及单词翻译
Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity.财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程。
Decisions involving a firm’s short-term assets and liabilities refer to working capital management.决断涉及一个公司的短期的资产和负债提到营运资金管理The firm’s long-term financing decisions concern the right-hand side of the balance sheet.该公司的长期融资决断股份资产负债表的右边。
This is an important decision as the legal structure affects the financial risk faced by the owners of the company.这是一个重要的决定作为法律结构影响金融风险面对附近的的业主的公司。
The board includes some members of top management(executive directors), but should also include individuals from outside the company(non-executive directors).董事会包括有些隶属于高层管理人员(执行董事)，但将也包括个体从外公司(非执行董事)。
Maximization of shareholder wealth focuses only on stockholders whereas maximization of firm value encompasses all financial claimholders including common stockholders, debt holders, and preferred stockholders.股东财富最大化只集中于股东，而企业价值最大化包含所有的财务债券持有者，包括普通股股东，债权人和优先股股东。
2013年二级真题
FRM二级真题1.Suppose an investor has a mortgage-backed security (MBS) with an average life of 12 years and a monthlymortgage yield of 0.6%. If a 12-year Treasury bond has a yield of 5.2%, the nominal spread for this MBS is: a．0.22%．b．1.72%．c．2.11%．d．2.24%．2.Jared Jones is trying to esrimate the impact in bond price from a one basis poinr change in credirworthiness.Currenr bond price is 91, yield to maturity (YTM) =5%, i-spread -. 5.2%, and z-spread = 300 basis points.Based on this informarion, whichof the following statements is(are) correct?Ⅰ. To measure the sensitivity to a change in credit quality the dollar value of a basis point (DV01) shoujd be compured.Ⅱ. The esrimared price change will use 3.005% and 2.995% as shocks.a Ⅰonly.b. Ⅱonly.c. BothⅠ and Ⅱ.d. NeitherⅠ nor Ⅱ.3 . It is not always apparenr how risk should be quantified for a given bank when chere are many different possible risk measures to consider. Prior to defining specific measures, one should be aware of the general characteristics ofideal risk measures. Such measures should be intuitive, stable, easy to . understand, coherent, and interprerable in economic terms.In addition, the risk decomposition process must be simple and meaningful for a given risk measure. Standard deviation, value at risk (VaR), expected shortfall (ES), and specrraJand distorted risk measures are commonly used measures to calculate economic capital. However, it is not easy to select a risk measure to calculate economic capital, as each measure has JtS respective pros and cons. Which of the following statements pertaining ro the pros and cons of these risk measures is not accurate?a. Standard deviation does nor have the property of monotoniciry, and therefore, it is not coherent.b. VaR does not have the property of subaddirivity, and therefore, it is not coherent.c. ES is not stable regardless of the Joss distribution.d. Spearal and distorted risk measures are neirher intuitive nor commonly used in practice.4 . Gail Gordon has been discussing the causes of the recent financial crisis with her colleagues. During the discussion, Gordon commented that three initial key conditions caused the spread of the crisis: (1) lack of adequate reserves in the banking sysrem, (2) lack of adequate capital and high leverage, and (3) lack of investor confidence in the financial sysrem. How many of the inirial key crisis conditions has Gordon correctly identified？a. None.b. One.c. Two.d. Three.5 . SeveraJ sreps are invojved in developing the loss distriburion approach (LDA), including derivation of frequency and severity distributions, estimation of the tail distribution, modeling correlarions, and incorporarion of insurance. Which of the following statements about LDA modeling is incorrect?a.To select the appropriate distribution of the frequency of losses (Poisson disrribu rion, binomial distriburion,or negative binomial distribution), tests for normality and serial correlations are appjied.b.Extrapolation of observed losses, in order to develop a more complere severity distribution (of losses), couldresult in overestimation of the needed capiral charge.c.To build an LDA model thar includes adequate representation in the tail, both internal and external data areused.d.The LDA typically allows for the risk reducing effect of insurance by lowering the severity of losses, bur nottheir frequency.。
国际会计科目中英文对照
国际会计科目中英文对照Account 帐户Accounting system 会计系统American Accounting Association 美国会计协会American Institute of CPAs 美国注册会计师协会Audit 审计Balance sheet 资产负债表Book keeping 簿记Cash flow prospects 现金流量预测Certificate in Internal Auditing 内部审计证书Certificate in Management Accounting 管理会计证书Certificate Public Accountant注册会计师Cost accounting 成本会计External users 外部使用者Financial accounting 财务会计Financial Accounting Standards Board 财务会计准则委员会Financial forecast 财务预测Generally accepted accounting principles 公认会计原则General-purpose information 通用目的信息Government Accounting Office 政府会计办公室Income statement 损益表Institute of Internal Auditors 内部审计师协会Institute of Management Accountants 管理会计师协会Integrity 整合性Internal auditing 内部审计Internal control structure 内部控制结构Internal Revenue Service 国内收入署Internal users 内部使用者Management accounting 管理会计Return of investment 投资回报Return on investment 投资报酬Securities and Exchange Commission 证券交易委员会Statement of cash flow 现金流量表Statement of financial position 财务状况表Tax accounting 税务会计Accounting equation 会计等式Articulation 勾稽关系Assets 资产Business entity 企业个体Capital stock 股本Corporation 公司Cost principle 成本原则Creditor 债权人Deflation 通货紧缩Disclosure 批露Expenses 费用Financial statement 财务报表Financial activities 筹资活动Going-concern assumption 持续经营假设Inflation 通货膨涨Investing activities 投资活动Liabilities 负债Negative cash flow 负现金流量Operating activities 经营活动Owners equity 所有者权益Partnership 合伙企业Positive cash flow 正现金流量Retained earning 留存利润Revenue 收入Sole proprietorship 独资企业Solvency 清偿能力Stable-dollar assumption 稳定货币假设Stockholders 股东Stockholders equity 股东权益Window dressing 门面粉饰财会名词汉英对照表（1）会计与会计理论会计accounting决策人Decision Maker投资人Investor股东Shareholder债权人Creditor财务会计Financial Accounting管理会计Management Accounting成本会计Cost Accounting私业会计Private Accounting公众会计Public Accounting注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC美国注册会计师协会AICPA财务会计准则委员会FASB管理会计协会IMA美国会计学会AAA税务稽核署IRS独资企业Proprietorship合伙人企业Partnership公司Corporation会计目标Accounting Objectives会计假设Accounting Assumptions会计要素Accounting Elements会计原则Accounting Principles会计实务过程Accounting Procedures财务报表Financial Statements财务分析Financial Analysis会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption持续经营假设Continuity（Going-concern）Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption资产Asset负债Liability业主权益Owners Equity收入Revenue费用Expense收益Income亏损Loss历史成本原则Cost Principle收入实现原则Revenue Principle配比原则Matching Principle全面披露原则Full-disclosure （Reporting）Principle 客观性原则Objective Principle一致性原则Consistent Principle可比性原则Comparability Principle重大性原则Materiality Principle稳健性原则Conservatism Principle权责发生制Accrual Basis现金收付制Cash Basis财务报告Financial Report流动资产Current assets流动负债Current Liabilities长期负债Long-term Liabilities投入资本Contributed Capital留存收益Retained Earning－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（2）会计循环会计循环Accounting Procedure/Cycle会计信息系统Accounting information System 帐户Ledger会计科目Account会计分录Journal entry原始凭证Source Document日记帐Journal总分类帐General Ledger明细分类帐Subsidiary Ledger试算平衡Trial Balance现金收款日记帐Cash receipt journal现金付款日记帐Cash disbursements journal 销售日记帐Sales Journal购货日记帐Purchase Journal普通日记帐General Journal工作底稿Worksheet调整分录Adjusting entries结帐Closing entries－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（3）现金与应收帐款现金Cash银行存款Cash in bank库存现金Cash in hand流动资产Current assets偿债基金Sinking fund定额备用金Imprest petty cash支票Check（cheque）银行对帐单Bank statement银行存款调节表Bank reconciliation statement 在途存款Outstanding deposit在途支票Outstanding check应付凭单Vouchers payable应收帐款Account receivable应收票据Note receivable起运点交货价 F.O.B shipping point目的地交货价 F.O.B destination point商业折扣Trade discount现金折扣Cash discount销售退回及折让Sales return and allowance坏帐费用Bad debt expense备抵法Allowance method备抵坏帐Bad debt allowance损益表法Income statement approach资产负债表法Balance sheet approach帐龄分析法Aging analysis method直接冲销法Direct write-off method带息票据Interest bearing note不带息票据Non-interest bearing note出票人Maker受款人Payee本金Principal利息率Interest rate到期日Maturity date本票Promissory note贴现Discount背书Endorse拒付费Protest fee－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（4）存货存货Inventory商品存货Merchandise inventory产成品存货Finished goods inventory在产品存货Work in process inventory原材料存货Raw materials inventory起运地离岸价格 F.O.B shipping point目的地抵岸价格 F.O.B destination寄销Consignment寄销人Consignor承销人Consignee定期盘存Periodic inventory永续盘存Perpetual inventory购货Purchase购货折让和折扣Purchase allowance and discounts 存货盈余或短缺Inventory overages and shortages 分批认定法Specific identification加权平均法Weighted average先进先出法First-in, first-out or FIFO后进先出法Lost-in, first-out or LIFO移动平均法Moving average成本或市价孰低法Lower of cost or market or LCM 市价Market value重置成本Replacement cost可变现净值Net realizable value上限Upper limit下限Lower limit毛利法Gross margin method零售价格法Retail method成本率Cost ratio－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（5）长期投资长期投资Long-term investment长期股票投资Investment on stocks长期债券投资Investment on bonds成本法Cost method权益法Equity method合并法Consolidation method股利宣布日Declaration date股权登记日Date of record除息日Ex-dividend date付息日Payment date债券面值Face value, Par value债券折价Discount on bonds债券溢价Premium on bonds票面利率Contract interest rate, stated rate市场利率Market interest ratio, Effective rate普通股Common Stock优先股Preferred Stock现金股利Cash dividends股票股利Stock dividends清算股利Liquidating dividends到期日Maturity date到期值Maturity value直线摊销法Straight-Line method of amortization实际利息摊销法Effective-interest method of amortization－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（6）固定资产固定资产Plant assets or Fixed assets原值Original value预计使用年限Expected useful life预计残?nbsp;Estimated residual value折旧费用Depreciation expense累计折旧Accumulated depreciation帐面价值Carrying value应提折旧成本Depreciation cost净值Net value在建工程Construction-in-process磨损Wear and tear过时Obsolescence直线法Straight-line method （SL）工作量法Units-of-production method （UOP）加速折旧法Accelerated depreciation method双倍余额递减法Double-declining balance method （DDB）年数总和法Sum-of-the-years-digits method （SYD）以旧换新Trade in经营租赁Operating lease融资租赁Capital lease廉价购买权Bargain purchase option （BPO）资产负债表外筹资Off-balance-sheet financing最低租赁付款额Minimum lease payments－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（7）无形资产无形资产Intangible assets专利权Patents商标权Trademarks, Trade names著作权Copyrights特许权或专营权Franchises商誉Goodwill开办费Organization cost租赁权Leasehold摊销Amortization－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（8）流动负债负债Liability流动负债Current liability应付帐款Account payable应付票据Notes payable贴现票据Discount notes长期负债一年内到期部分Current maturities of long-term liabilities 应付股利Dividends payable预收收益Prepayments by customers存入保证金Refundable deposits应付费用Accrual expense增值税value added tax营业税Business tax应付所得税Income tax payable应付奖金Bonuses payable产品质量担保负债Estimated liabilities under product warranties 赠品和兑换券Premiums, coupons and trading stamps或有事项Contingency或有负债Contingent或有损失Loss contingencies或有利得Gain contingencies永久性差异Permanent difference时间性差异Timing difference应付税款法Taxes payable method纳税影响会计法Tax effect accounting method递延所得税负债法Deferred income tax liability method－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（9）长期负债长期负债Long-term Liabilities应付公司债券Bonds payable有担保品的公司债券Secured Bonds抵押公司债券Mortgage Bonds保证公司债券Guaranteed Bonds信用公司债券Debenture Bonds一次还本公司债券Term Bonds分期还本公司债券Serial Bonds可转换公司债券Convertible Bonds可赎回公司债券Callable Bonds可要求公司债券Redeemable Bonds记名公司债券Registered Bonds无记名公司债券Coupon Bonds普通公司债券Ordinary Bonds收益公司债券Income Bonds名义利率，票面利率Nominal rate实际利率Actual rate有效利率Effective rate溢价Premium折价Discount面值Par value直线法Straight-line method实际利率法Effective interest method到期直接偿付Repayment at maturity提前偿付Repayment at advance偿债基金Sinking fund长期应付票据Long-term notes payable抵押借款Mortgage loan－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（10）业主权益权益Equity业主权益Owners equity股东权益Stockholders equity投入资本Contributed capital缴入资本Paid-in capital股本Capital stock资本公积Capital surplus留存收益Retained earnings核定股本Authorized capital stock实收资本Issued capital stock发行在外股本Outstanding capital stock库藏股Treasury stock普通股Common stock优先股Preferred stock累积优先股Cumulative preferred stock非累积优先股Noncumulative preferred stock完全参加优先股Fully participating preferred stock部分参加优先股Partially participating preferred stock非部分参加优先股Nonpartially participating preferred stock 现金发行Issuance for cash非现金发行Issuance for noncash consideration股票的合并发行Lump-sum sales of stock发行成本Issuance cost成本法Cost method面值法Par value method捐赠资本Donated capital盈余分配Distribution of earnings股利Dividend股利政策Dividend policy宣布日Date of declaration股权登记日Date of record除息日Ex-dividend date股利支付日Date of payment现金股利Cash dividend股票股利Stock dividend拨款appropriation－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（11）财务报表财务报表Financial Statement资产负债表Balance Sheet收益表Income Statement帐户式Account Form报告式Report Form编制（报表）Prepare工作底稿Worksheet多步式Multi-step单步式Single-step－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（12）财务状况变动表财务状况变动表中的现金基础SCFP.Cash Basis（现金流量表）财务状况变动表中的营运资金基础SCFP.Working Capital Basis （资金来源与运用表）营运资金Working Capital全部资源概念All-resources concept直接:)业务Direct exchanges正常营业活动Normal operating activities财务活动Financing activities投资活动Investing activities－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（13）财务报表分析财务报表分析Analysis of financial statements比较财务报表Comparative financial statements趋势百分比Trend percentage比率Ratios普通股每股收益Earnings per share of common stock股利收益率Dividend yield ratio价益比Price-earnings ratio普通股每股帐面价值Book value per share of common stock资本报酬率Return on investment总资产报酬率Return on total asset债券收益率Yield rate on bonds已获利息倍数Number of times interest earned债券比率Debt ratio优先股收益率Yield rate on preferred stock营运资本Working Capital周转Turnover存货周转率Inventory turnover应收帐款周转率Accounts receivable turnover流动比率Current ratio速动比率Quick ratio酸性试验比率Acid test ratio（14）合并财务报表合并财务报表Consolidated financial statements吸收合并Merger创立合并Consolidation控股公司Parent company附属公司Subsidiary company少数股权Minority interest权益联营合并Pooling of interest购买合并Combination by purchase权益法Equity method成本法Cost method－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－（15）物价变动中的会计计量物价变动之会计Price-level changes accounting一般物价水平会计General price-level accounting货币购买力会计Purchasing-power accounting统一币值会计Constant dollar accounting历史成本Historical cost现行价值会计Current value accounting现行成本Current cost重置成本Replacement cost物价指数Price-level index国民生产总值物价指数Gross national product implicit price deflator （or GNP deflator）消费物价指数Consumer price index （or CPI）批发物价指数Wholesale price index货币性资产Monetary assets货币性负债Monetary liabilities货币购买力损益Purchasing-power gains or losses资产持有损益Holding gains or losses未实现的资产持有损益Unrealized holding gains or losses现行价值与统一币值会计Constant dollar and current cost accounting。
2013年考研外语阅读理解第二篇全文翻译
2013年考研外语阅读理解第二篇全文翻译注释：任何软件开发商都在明里暗里收集客户的信息，最简单也是最为人所知的大概就是系统升级，这些都在后台而且大部分都在未知的情况下进行。
通过这些信息采集，比如你经常上网浏览哪些网站，哪些点击率比较多，可以更快捷地了解客户的口味从而做出针对性服务。
我在北京百度公司总部就见过这种，电子屏幕上实时更新着现在最高频的搜索词是哪个。
虽然未必是恶意的，但在极端重视保护个人隐私的美国，这些事实上侵犯了个人隐私权。
2010年起，美国政府要求所有网络公司注意这种信息采集，微软公司率先响应，其实这么做更多是个姿态，因为很难说到底网络流量中哪些算是个人隐私。
但这样做却符合了大众的心理，不能不说，微软独霸天下确有其过人之处。
An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is,no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on andsay online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.有句老话，广告开销中一半是多余的。
问题在于，你不知道哪些可以算到这一半里。
不过，在理论上讲，互联网时代不至于到这个程度。
因为只要统计一下大众搜索的热词，在线点击率的高低就很容易了解人们的口味。
In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?近来，这种拉网式的信息统计开始受到质疑（fine-grained，纹理细密的），公众乐意被跟踪统计吗？这种数据采集又获得了谁的授权？In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not wantto be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会（如无法正确翻译该词汇，可以直接写出简写FTC）建议互联网浏览器开发商在浏览器中加入“拒绝采集（DNT）”功能，点击它就可以发出后台信息，表明该用户不希望被采集。
会计英语(第二版)第一章中英文互译
会计英语第一章Exercises1-1The following selected transactions were completed by Castle Delivery Service during November:(1)Received cash from owner as investment ,$2,000.(2)Paid advertising expense ,$500.(3)Purchased supplies of gas and oil for cash , $750.(4)Received cash from cash customers $2,500.(5)Paid creditors on account $480.(6)Paid cash to owner for personal use ,$600.Indicate the effect of each transactions on the accounting equation by a check mark listing theTranslation:1-1下列交易事项挑选自Castle Delivery Service公司十一月份的交易：（1）收到投资者现在投资2000美元（2）支付广告费500美元（3）现在购买汽和油，750美元（4）从购买者收到现金收入2500美元（5）偿还债权人借款480美元（6）支付现金给所有者作为个人用途600美元1-2Foreman Corporation, engaged in a service business , completed the following selected transactions during the period:1)Added additional investment, receiving cash2)Purchased supplies on account3)Returned defective supplies purchased on account and not yet paid for4)Received cash as a refund from the erroneous overpayment of an expense5)Charged customers for services sold on account6)Paid salary expense7)Paid a creditor on account8)Received cash on account from charge customer9)Paid cash for the owner’s personal use10)Determined the amount of supplies used during the monthTranslation :Foreman是一家从事服务行业的公司，以下是该公司在一段时间内的交易事项。
F2 Management Accounting 应知应会单词
F2Management Accounting应知应会单词——By Golden Finance Chapter1Decision-making决策Decline减少Long-term strategic planning长期战略规划Chapter2Attendance record考勤记录Census普查Cluster sampling整群抽样/整群抽样法Continuous data连续性数据Data sources数据源Data types数据类型Discrete data离散性数据Investment centres投资中心Multistage sampling多层抽样法Multistage sampling多步骤抽样Population群体；总体Primary data原始数据；原始资料；一手资料Qualitative定性的Quantitative定量的Quasi-半（用以构成复合词）Quota sampling配额抽样Random numbers随机数Sampling取样；抽样Sampling frame样本框Scatter diagrams散点图；散形图Secondary data二手数据Stratified sampling分层抽样Systematic sampling系统抽样；等距抽样Chapter3Bar chart条形图Component bar chart成分柱状图Compound bar chart复合柱状图Moving averages移动平均Multiple bar chart多重条状图Pie chart饼状图；扇形图Chapter4Administration管理；行政Committed cost承诺成本Committed fixed costs承诺支出的固定费用Composite codes复合编码Composite index numbers复合索引号码Controllable cost可控成本Controllable profit可控利润Cost成本Cost accounting成本会计Cost accounting department成本核算部门Cost accounts成本账户Cost behaviour成本性态Cost behaviour and levels of activity成本性态与活动量Cost behaviour assumptions成本性态前提假设Cost behaviour patterns成本性态模式Cost behaviour principles成本性态原则Cost centre成本中心Cost codes成本代码Cost object成本对象Cost of appraisal成本评估Cost reduction成本减少Cost unit成本单位Curvilinear variable costs曲线变动成本法Direct costs直接成本Direct expenses直接费用Direct labour直接人工Fixed cost固定成本High Low Method高低点法Indirect间接Indirect expenses间接费用Indirect materials间接材料Indirect wages间接工资Memorandum report备忘录Non-controllable cost s不可控成本Price价格（多指单价）Production cost生产成本Responsibility center责任中心Semi-variable cost半变动成本Stepped Fixed costs阶梯成本Trace ability可描性；追溯性Variable cost变量成本Chapter5Bin card库存记录卡Bulk discount大宗购买Continuous stocktaking连续盘存Delivery note送货单Deteriorating inventory质量下降的存货Direct material直接材料Economic batch quantity经济批量Economic order quantity经济订货量FIFO（First in,first out)先入先出Free inventory可用库存GRN；goods received note收货单Idle time闲置时间Incentive schemes激励计划Job cards作业卡Labour turnover劳工周转Maximum level最高存货水平Minimum level最低存货水平oder costs订单成本Periodic stocktaking定期盘存Perpetuity永续性Perpetuity永续盘存Reorder level再订货水平Slow-moving inventories呆滞库存Stock out cost缺货成本Store requisition领料单Transfers and returns of material材料的转移和返回Weighted average pricing加权平均定价法Chapter6Activity ratio生产业务量比率（同production volume ratio）Capacity ratio产能比率Clock card出勤卡Daily time sheets每日工作时间表Day-rate system日付工资系统Direct wages直接人工（蓝领）Group bonus schemes团体奖金计划Individual bonus schemes个人奖金计划Motivation激励overtime premium加班奖金Remuneration methods报酬方法Replacement costs重置成本Chapter7Absorption costing吸收成本法Activity based costing；ABC作业成本法Allocation分配Apportioned costs已分摊成本Cost drivers成本动因Cost pools成本池Departmental absorption rates部门吸收率Distribution overhead运输间接费用Job cost card作业成本卡Job costing作业成本法over-absorption超额分配Overhead经常费用；杂项费用Chapter8Contribution贡献Job costing for internal services内部服务成本计量Chapter9Abnormal gain异常收益Abnormal loss异常损失By-product副产品Equivalent units同等数量Joint product联产品Process costing分布成本法Scrap value废料价值Split off point费用分配点（分离点）weighted average cost method加权平均成本法Chapter10Appraisal costs评估成本Batch costing整批成本法Continuous improvement不断改进Cost of conformance成本Cost of external failure外部失败成本（货物售后）Cost of internal failure内部失败成本（货物出厂前）Cost of non-conformance违规的成本Cost of prevention避免次品成本Cost of quality保证质量成本Cost per service unit每服务单位的成本Cost plus pricing成本+定价法Cumulative weighted average pricing累计加权平均定价法Least squares method最小二乘法Linear equations线性等数Lines of best fit最佳拟合曲线Marginal costing边际成本法Pricing定价法Profit margin利润率Total quality management(TQM)全面质量管理（TQM）Chapter11Additive model加法模型Chain base method链基数方法Coefficient of determination决定系数Consumer Prices Index(CPI)消费价格指数Correlation相关性Correlation and causation相关性和因果关系Correlation coefficient相关系数Correlation in a time series时间序列里的相关性Cyclical variations周期变动Deseasonalisation去季节性影响Index numbers指数Laspeyre indices拉式指数Paasche indices帕氏指数positive correlation正相关Regression lines and time series回归线和时间序列Retail price index零售物价指数Seasonal variations季节差异Weighted aggregate indices加权综合指数Chapter12Aspiration level期望水平Aspirations budget愿望预算Budget committee预算委员会Budget manual预算指南Budget period预算期间Budgetary control预算控制Budgetary slack预算松弛Cell单元格Column列Corporate objectives公司目标Corporate planning公司计划Cost behaviour and budgeting成本性态与预算Departmental budgets部门预算Discretionary fixed costs可自由处置固定成本Dysfunctional decision making破坏性的想法Expectations budget期望预算Goal congruence目标一致Life cycle costing生命周期成本Participative budgeting参与式预算Spreadsheet电子表格Chapter13Cash budget现金Cash budget现金流预算Cost behaviour and decision making成本性态与决策Discounted cash flow现金流贴现Chapter14Avoidable costs可避免的成本Break-even收支平衡Capital expenditure资产性支出Capital income资产性收入Capital transactions资产性收入Cost of capital资金成本Discounted cash flow(DCF)techniques现金贴现方法Discounted payback method贴现还本方法Discounting贴现Net present value净现值Non-relevant costs不相关成本opportunity cost机会成本Rectification Cost改正成本Running cost营运成本Sunk cost沉没成本Chapter15Attainable standard可达到的标准Basic standard基础标准Control控制Control process控制流程Control ratios控制比率Cost behaviour and cost control成本性态与控制Cost control成本控制Cost gap成本差异Differential cost差异成本Direct labour cost variances直接人工成本差异Direct labour efficiency variance直接人工效率差异Direct labour rate variance直接单位人工差异Direct labour total variance直接人工总差异Direct material price variance直接材料定价差异Direct material total variance直接材料费用总差异Direct material usage variance直接材料使用率差异Directly attributable fixed costs直接产生的固定费用Directly attributable overhead直接产生的间接费用Standard cost标准成本Chapter16Accounts payable payment period应付帐款付款期Accounts receivable collection period应收帐款收款期Acid test ratio速动比率（同quick ratio）Asset turnover资产周转率Average age of working capital周转期（同Working capital period）Critical success factor主要成功因素Customer service客户服务Mission使命Working capital period周转期Chapter17Balanced scorecard平衡记分卡Benchmarking标杆管理Cost/sales ratios成本销售比率Current ratio流动比率Current standards现有标准Debt ratios负债比率Interest cover利息覆盖Inventory turnover库存流通率Inventory turnover period库存周转周期Liquidity ratios流动比率Performance measurment业绩测量Profit sharing schemes利润分享计划Quick ratio速动比率Residual income剩余收益Return on capital employed(ROCE)资本回报率Return on investment(ROI)投资回报率Value analysis价值分析Value engineering价值工程。
会计信息系统外文翻译及原文
会计信息系统小型企业在美国的比重很大。
尽管大多数公司都是小型企业，但是美国的大多数研究主要是研究大型跨国公司。
在美国和其他州，从高科技到特许经营权，小型企业是重要的实体。
这些企业家负担不起雇大会计师事务所审计咨询建议，如给股东的金融股、或关闭他们的企业等建议的费用，但是他们需要准确的会计信息来生存。
这就是为什么他们依靠会计信息系统（AIS）进行日常的管理决策。
我们想要发现他们怎么选择一个系统，使我们感到惊奇的是，这并不全是成本的因素。
首先，我们将简要的解释一下整个研究，已经有人为小型企业做过AIS的研究，然后解释研究结果。
在1999年，James Thong提出，在企业选择会计信息系统时，业务规模是最有意义的标准。
虽然他的研究缺少决策变量，但是解释了为什么企业家使用会计信息系统，却没有提及小型企业正在使用的具体软件。
另一项研究，是1998年Falconer米切尔，加文·里德，朱丽亚史密斯进行的，连接中小企业使用的管理会计信息进行成功或失败的融资。
此外，他们指出，因为大量的小型企业的存在，这些中小企业是否继续是一个至关重要的商业环境。
这些文章回答了重要的研究问题，但研究还需要中小企业使用何种会计信息系统软件的具体数据，这就是我们调查的目的和要做的事。
C.J. Goldberg提出，小企业可以选择各种不同的会计信息系统软件满足各行各业的需求，但企业家通常没有时间去研究所有选择。
我们的研究提供了小型企业业主看重何种会计信息系统软件的原因。
毕竟，大型企业往往只有销售人员根据“企业家”指南，从不同的软件公司调查，然后给企业家建议买什么软件。
根据“企业家”指南选择的软件会提供给企业家尽可能一样多的有用信息，我们学习了许多小企业类型软件的使用和企业家如何使用它。
此外，我们要求调查什么因素使他们对软件感到满意。
这个实验测试了以下两种假设：假设一：满意的会计软件并不依赖品牌。
假设二：满意度与员工软件技能成正比，不取决于类型的业务（独资、合伙、公司）。
frm二级公式表
frm二级公式表二级公式表是指对特定学科或领域内的知识和公式进行分类、整理和总结，以便于学习和应用。
以下是一些常见学科或领域的二级公式表的相关参考内容：1. 数学公式表：- 代数公式：包括平方差公式、因式分解公式、二次方程求根公式等；- 几何公式：包括正方形面积公式、圆的面积和周长公式、三角形面积公式等；- 概率与统计公式：包括排列组合公式、二项式分布公式、正态分布公式等；- 微积分公式：包括导数和积分的基本公式、常用函数的导数公式等。
2. 物理公式表：- 力学公式：包括牛顿第二定律、功与能量定理、动量定理等；- 电磁学公式：包括库仑定律、安培定律、法拉第电磁感应定律等；- 热学公式：包括热力学第一定律、理想气体状态方程、热传导定律等；- 光学公式：包括斯涅尔定律、薄透镜公式、光的折射定律等。
3. 化学公式表：- 有机化学公式：包括醛和酮的命名规则、酸碱中和反应的离子方程式等；- 物态变化公式：包括沸腾点和凝固点的计算公式、溶解度的影响因素公式等；- 化学反应速率公式：包括反应速率常数的计算公式、反应速率与浓度关系的公式等；- 热化学公式：包括燃烧热和生成热的计算公式、氧化还原反应的电位公式等。
4. 经济学公式表：- 宏观经济学公式：包括国内生产总值（GDP）计算公式、通货膨胀率计算公式、失业率计算公式等；- 微观经济学公式：包括边际成本和边际效益的计算公式、价格弹性和收入弹性的计算公式等；- 金融学公式：包括复利公式、贴现率计算公式、资本资产定价模型（CAPM）公式等。
5. 计算机科学公式表：- 数据结构与算法公式：包括线性表、树、图的基本操作和性质公式、排序算法、查找算法等；- 网络与通信公式：包括带宽和数据传输速率的计算公式、IP 地址的计算公式、信噪比的计算公式等；- 数据库公式：包括关系模型的范式公式、数据查询的SQL语句等；- 编程公式：包括各种编程语言的语法规则和常用函数等。
以上仅为常见学科或领域的二级公式表的相关参考内容，具体的公式表内容会根据学科或领域的复杂程度和应用范围而有所不同。
完整word版2013 年考研英语二真题汇总阅读中文翻译
2013：Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,”only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it isvery ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days ofloat-it takes several days ___11___ acheck is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else's accounts into their own. The ___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justi.fication19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trailPart AText 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,”a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”Davidson's article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an averageli.festyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won't earn you what it used to.It can't when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there's been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,”In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______[A] the impact of technological advances[B] the alleviation of job pressure[C] the shrinkage of textile mills[D] the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______[A] work on cheap software[B] ask for a moderate salary[C] adopt an average li.festyle[D] contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______[A] gains of technology have been erased[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed[C] factories are making much less money than before[D] new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution[B] to ensure more education for people[C] ro advance economic globalization[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A] New Law Takes Effect[B] Technology Goes Cheap[C] Average Is Over[D] Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had nointention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,”birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don't need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 “Birds of passage”refers to those who____[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.[B] leave their home countries for good.[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.[D] find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____[A] needs new immigrant categories.[B] has loosened control over immigrants.[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.[D] has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today's birds of passage want___[A] fiancial incentives.[B] a global recognition.[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.[D] the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __[A] as faithful partners.[B] with economic favors.[C] with legal tolerance.[D] as mighty rivals.30 which of the best title for the passage?[A] come and go: big mistake.[B] living and thriving : great risk.[C] with or without : great risk.[D] legal or illegal: big mistakeText 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, i.f we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; i.f we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we're doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. i.f we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. i.f we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice”information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced”long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what di.fferentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn't changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] do as people usually do[C] think before we act[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B]‘‘thin sliced ''study[C] sensible explanation[D] adequate information35. The author's attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] uncertain[C] optimistic[D] doubtfulText4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?“Personally, I don't like quotas,”Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.”Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,”according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding's reluctance-and her frustration. I don't like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as i.f a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position—no matter how much “soft pressure ”is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.i.f appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children's caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.[A] women take the lead[B] men have the final say[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed[D] senior management is family-friendly37. The European Union's intended legislation is ________.[A] a reflection of gender balance[B] a reluctant choice[C] a response to Reding's call[D] a voluntary action38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.[A] get top business positions[B] see through the glass ceiling[C] balance work and family[D] anticipate legal results39. The author's attitude toward Reding's appeal is one of _________.[A] skepticism[B] objectiveness[C] indi.fference[D] approval40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.[A] more social justice[B] massive media attention[C] suitable public policies[D] greater “soft pressure”Part B[A] Live like a peasant[B] Balance your diet[C] Shopkeepers are your friends[D] Remember to treat yourself[E] Stick to what you need[F] Planning is evervthing[G] Waste not, want notThe hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good foodwith living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants' at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned outand his drinking became serious. The community mental health team saved my li.fe. And I feltlike that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing. Now he's living in acouncil flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can -here are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.41._____________________Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping listsfor your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast,lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It'salso a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.42____________________________________________________________This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And i.f you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350gof shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.43_________You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine isfilled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but i.fyou have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to go off' willbe cooked or juiced.44___________________________________Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis andfish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking i.f they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses andfish heads for stock which, more often than not, Theyil let you have for free.45__________________You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to aset lunch at a good restaurant -￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21 - more than enough for a three-course lunch atMichelin-starred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95 there - or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.翻译：I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened inthe news and even the day of the week, I've been able to do this, since I was 4.I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does –try to put it to one side. I don't think it's harder for me just because my memoryis clearer. Powerful memory doesn't make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall theday my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day –they both just pop intomy mind in the same way.从过去的53年里随便找出一天，我都能够立刻想起那一天我在哪里，那一天发生了什么新闻，甚至那一天是星期几。
会计科目中英文对照
中国会计科目的中英文对照一、资产类Assets流动资产Current assets货币资金Cash and cash equivalents现金Cash银行存款Cash in bank其他货币资金Other cash and cash equivalents外埠存款Other city Cash in bank银行本票Cashier's cheque银行汇票Bank draft信用卡Credit card信用证保证金L/C Guarantee deposits存出投资款Refundable deposits短期投资Short-term investments股票Short-term investments - stock债券Short-term investments - corporate bonds基金Short-term investments - corporate funds其他Short-term investments - other短期投资跌价准备Short-term investments falling price reserves应收款Account receivable应收票据Note receivable银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance应收股利Dividend receivable应收利息Interest receivable应收账款Account receivable其他应收款Other notes receivable坏账准备Bad debt reserves预付账款Advance money应收补贴款Cover deficit by state subsidies of receivable库存资产Inventories物资采购Supplies purchasing原材料Raw materials包装物Wrappage低值易耗品Low-value consumption goods材料成本差异Materials cost variance自制半成品Semi-Finished goods库存商品Finished goods商品进销差价Differences between purchasing and selling price委托加工物资Work in process - outsourced委托代销商品Trust to and sell the goods on a commission basis受托代销商品Commissioned and sell the goods on a commission basis 存货跌价准备Inventory falling price reserves分期收款发出商品Collect money and send out the goods by stages待摊费用Deferred and prepaid expenses长期投资Long-term investment长期股权投资Long-term investment on stocks股票投资Investment on stocks其他股权投资Other investment on stocks长期债权投资Long-term investment on bonds债券投资Investment on bonds其他债权投资Other investment on bonds长期投资减值准备Long-term investments depreciation reserves股权投资减值准备Stock rights investment depreciation reserves债权投资减值准备Bcreditor's rights investment depreciation reserves委托贷款Entrust loans本金Principal利息Interest减值准备Depreciation reserves固定资产Fixed assets房屋Building建筑物Structure机器设备Machinery equipment运输设备Transportation facilities工具器具Instruments and implement累计折旧Accumulated depreciation固定资产减值准备Fixed assets depreciation reserves房屋、建筑物减值准备Building/structure depreciation reserves机器设备减值准备Machinery equipment depreciation reserves工程物资Project goods and material专用材料Special-purpose material专用设备Special-purpose equipment预付大型设备款Prepayments for equipment为生产准备的工具及器具Preparative instruments and implement for fabricate 在建工程Construction-in-process安装工程Erection works在安装设备Erecting equipment-in-process技术改造工程Technical innovation project大修理工程General overhaul project在建工程减值准备Construction-in-process depreciation reserves固定资产清理Liquidation of fixed assets无形资产Intangible assets专利权Patents非专利技术Non-Patents商标权Trademarks, Trade names著作权Copyrights土地使用权Tenure商誉Goodwill无形资产减值准备Intangible Assets depreciation reserves专利权减值准备Patent rights depreciation reserves商标权减值准备trademark rights depreciation reserves未确认融资费用Unacknowledged financial charges待处理财产损溢Wait deal assets loss or income长期待摊费用Long-term deferred and prepaid expenses待处理财产损溢Wait deal assets loss or income待处理流动资产损溢Wait deal intangible assets loss or income待处理固定资产损溢Wait deal fixed assets loss or income二、负债类Liability短期负债Current liability短期借款Short-term borrowing应付票据Notes payable银行承兑汇票Bank acceptance商业承兑汇票Trade acceptance应付账款Account payable预收账款Deposit received代销商品款Proxy sale goods revenue应付工资Accrued wages应付福利费Accrued welfarism应付股利Dividends payable应交税金Tax payable应交增值税value added tax payable进项税额Withholdings on V AT已交税金Paying tax转出未交增值税Unpaid V AT changeover减免税款Tax deduction销项税额Substituted money on V A T出口退税Tax reimbursement for export进项税额转出Changeover withnoldings on V AT出口抵减内销产品应纳税额Export deduct domestic sales goods tax转出多交增值税Overpaid V AT changeover未交增值税Unpaid V AT应交营业税Business tax payable应交消费税Consumption tax payable应交资源税Resources tax payable应交所得税Income tax payable应交土地增值税Increment tax on land value payable应交城市维护建设税Tax for maintaining and building cities payable应交房产税Housing property tax payable应交土地使用税Tenure tax payable应交车船使用税V ehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT) payable 应交个人所得税Personal income tax payable其他应交款Other fund in conformity with paying其他应付款Other payables预提费用Drawing expense in advance其他负债Other liabilities待转资产价值Pending changerover assets value预计负债Anticipation liabilities长期负债Long-term Liabilities长期借款Long-term loans一年内到期的长期借款Long-term loans due within one year一年后到期的长期借款Long-term loans due over one year应付债券Bonds payable债券面值Face value, Par value债券溢价Premium on bonds债券折价Discount on bonds应计利息Accrued interest长期应付款Long-term account payable应付融资租赁款Accrued financial lease outlay一年内到期的长期应付Long-term account payable due within one year 一年后到期的长期应付Long-term account payable over one year专项应付款Special payable一年内到期的专项应付Long-term special payable due within one year 一年后到期的专项应付Long-term special payable over one year递延税款Deferral taxes三、所有者权益类OWNERS' EQUITY资本Capita实收资本(或股本) Paid-up capital(or stock)实收资本Paicl-up capital实收股本Paid-up stock已归还投资Investment Returned公积资本公积Capital reserve资本(或股本)溢价Cpital(or Stock) premium接受捐赠非现金资产准备Receive non-cash donate reserve股权投资准备Stock right investment reserves拨款转入Allocate sums changeover in外币资本折算差额Foreign currency capital其他资本公积Other capital reserve盈余公积Surplus reserves法定盈余公积Legal surplus任意盈余公积Free surplus reserves法定公益金Legal public welfare fund储备基金Reserve fund企业发展基金Enterprise expension fund利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment利润Profits本年利润Current year profits利润分配Profit distribution其他转入Other chengeover in提取法定盈余公积Withdrawal legal surplus提取法定公益金Withdrawal legal public welfare funds提取储备基金Withdrawal reserve fund提取企业发展基金Withdrawal reserve for business expansion提取职工奖励及福利基金Withdrawal staff and workers' bonus and welfare fund利润归还投资Profits capitalizad on return of investment应付优先股股利Preferred Stock dividends payable提取任意盈余公积Withdrawal other common accumulation fund应付普通股股利Common Stock dividends payable转作资本(或股本)的普通股股利Common Stock dividends change to assets(or stock) 未分配利润Undistributed profit四、成本类Cost生产成本Cost of manufacture基本生产成本Base cost of manufacture辅助生产成本Auxiliary cost of manufacture制造费用Manufacturing overhead材料费Materials管理人员工资Executive Salaries奖金Wages退职金Retirement allowance补贴Bonus外保劳务费Outsourcing fee福利费Employee benefits/welfare会议费Coferemce加班餐费Special duties市内交通费Business traveling通讯费Correspondence电话费Correspondence水电取暖费Water and Steam税费Taxes and dues租赁费Rent管理费Maintenance车辆维护费V ehicles maintenance油料费V ehicles maintenance培训费Education and training接待费Entertainment图书、印刷费Books and printing运费Transpotation保险费Insurance premium支付手续费Commission杂费Sundry charges折旧费Depreciation expense机物料消耗Article of consumption劳动保护费Labor protection fees季节性停工损失Loss on seasonality cessation劳务成本Service costs五、损益类Profit and loss收入Income业务收入OPERA TING INCOME主营业务收入Prime operating revenue产品销售收入Sales revenue服务收入Service revenue其他业务收入Other operating revenue材料销售Sales materials代购代售包装物出租Wrappage lease出让资产使用权收入Remise right of assets revenue返还所得税Reimbursement of income tax其他收入Other revenue投资收益Investment income短期投资收益Current investment income长期投资收益Long-term investment income计提的委托贷款减值准备Withdrawal of entrust loans reserves 补贴收入Subsidize revenue国家扶持补贴收入Subsidize revenue from country其他补贴收入Other subsidize revenue营业外收入NON-OPERA TING INCOME非货币性交易收益Non-cash deal income现金溢余Cash overage处置固定资产净收益Net income on disposal of fixed assets出售无形资产收益Income on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘盈Fixed assets inventory profit罚款净收入Net amercement income支出Outlay业务支出Revenue charges主营业务成本Operating costs产品销售成本Cost of goods sold服务成本Cost of service主营业务税金及附加Tax and associate charge营业税Sales tax消费税Consumption tax城市维护建设税Tax for maintaining and building cities资源税Resources tax土地增值税Increment tax on land value其他业务支出Other business expense销售其他材料成本Other cost of material sale其他劳务成本Other cost of service其他业务税金及附加费Other tax and associate charge费用Expenses营业费用Operating expenses代销手续费Consignment commission charge运杂费Transpotation保险费Insurance premium展览费Exhibition fees广告费Advertising fees管理费用Adminisstrative expenses职工工资Staff Salaries修理费Repair charge低值易耗摊销Article of consumption办公费Office allowance差旅费Travelling expense工会经费Labour union expenditure研究与开发费Research and development expense福利费Employee benefits/welfare职工教育经费Personnel education待业保险费Unemployment insurance劳动保险费Labour insurance医疗保险费Medical insurance会议费Coferemce聘请中介机构费Intermediary organs咨询费Consult fees诉讼费Legal cost业务招待费Business entertainment技术转让费Technology transfer fees矿产资源补偿费Mineral resources compensation fees排污费Pollution discharge fees房产税Housing property tax车船使用税V ehicle and vessel usage license plate tax(VVULPT) 土地使用税Tenure tax印花税Stamp tax财务费用Finance charge利息支出Interest exchange汇兑损失Foreign exchange loss各项手续费Charge for trouble各项专门借款费用Special-borrowing cost营业外支出Nonbusiness expenditure捐赠支出Donation outlay减值准备金Depreciation reserves非常损失Extraordinary loss处理固定资产净损失Net loss on disposal of fixed assets 出售无形资产损失Loss on sales of intangible assets固定资产盘亏Fixed assets inventory loss债务重组损失Loss on arrangement罚款支出Amercement outlay所得税Income tax以前年度损益调整Prior year income adjustment。
一级市场 二级市场 英语
一级市场二级市场英语全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Primary Market and Secondary MarketThe financial markets play a crucial role in the global economy, facilitating the buying and selling of securities such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives. The primary market and secondary market are two key components of the financial market ecosystem, each serving different functions and catering to different types of investors.The Primary MarketThe primary market, also known as the new issue market, is where securities are issued and sold for the first time. Companies, governments, and other entities raise capital by issuing new securities to investors in the primary market. This process of issuing new securities is known as an initial public offering (IPO) for stocks, and as a bond offering for bonds.In the primary market, issuers work with investment banks to underwrite the issuance of new securities. Investment banks help the issuer determine the appropriate price and structure for thesecurities, and then market and sell the securities to investors. Investors who purchase securities in the primary market are buying them directly from the issuer, and the proceeds from the sale go to the issuer.The primary market provides companies with a way to raise capital to fund their operations and growth. It also gives investors the opportunity to invest in new companies and projects at an early stage, potentially earning higher returns if the company’s value increases over time.The Secondary MarketOnce securities have been issued and sold in the primary market, they can be bought and sold by investors in the secondary market. The secondary market is where existing securities are traded between investors, without the involvement of the issuing company.Stock exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq provide a marketplace for investors to buy and sell stocks in the secondary market. Similarly, bonds and other securities can be traded on secondary markets such as the bond market or the over-the-counter (OTC) market.In the secondary market, the price of securities is determined by supply and demand, and can fluctuate based on factors such as market conditions, economic trends, and company performance. Investors buy and sell securities in the secondary market to earn a return on their investment, either through price appreciation or through dividends and interest payments.Key Differences Between the Primary Market and Secondary MarketThere are several key differences between the primary market and the secondary market:1. Issuing Entity: In the primary market, securities are issued and sold by the issuing entity (such as a company or government), whereas in the secondary market, securities are traded between investors without the involvement of the issuing entity.2. Purpose: The primary market is used by companies and governments to raise capital by issuing new securities, whereas the secondary market provides liquidity and a platform for investors to buy and sell existing securities.3. Price Determination: In the primary market, the price of securities is typically determined through negotiations betweenthe issuer and the underwriters. In the secondary market, prices are determined by market forces such as supply and demand.4. Risk Profile: Investing in the primary market involves higher risk, as investors are buying new securities with no established track record. In the secondary market, investors can assess the performance and risks of existing securities before buying or selling.ConclusionThe primary market and secondary market are essential components of the financial market ecosystem, providing opportunities for companies to raise capital and for investors to buy and sell securities. By understanding the differences between the two markets, investors can make informed decisions about where to invest their money and how to navigate the complexities of the financial markets.篇2Primary Market vs. Secondary Market: Understanding the DifferenceWhen it comes to investing, understanding the difference between the primary market and secondary market is crucial. These two markets play distinct roles in the buying and selling ofsecurities, and investors should be aware of how each market operates to make informed decisions.The primary market is where new securities are issued and sold for the first time. Companies use the primary market to raise capital by selling stocks, bonds, or other financial instruments to investors. When investors purchase securities in the primary market, they are buying them directly from the issuing company. This process allows companies to raise funds to expand their operations, develop new products, or finance other business activities.In contrast, the secondary market is where existing securities are bought and sold between investors. In the secondary market, investors trade securities among themselves without any involvement from the issuing company. The prices of securities in the secondary market are determined by supply and demand, as well as other factors such as market conditions, investor sentiment, and economic trends. Investors in the secondary market can buy and sell securities based on their investment goals and risk tolerance.One key difference between the primary market and secondary market is that the primary market is where securities are initially issued, while the secondary market is where securitiesare traded after their initial issuance. In the primary market, the issuing company receives the proceeds from the sale of securities, while in the secondary market, investors buy and sell securities among themselves, and the issuing company does not receive any proceeds from these transactions.Another important distinction between the primary market and secondary market is the level of risk and return associated with investing in each market. In the primary market, investors may have the opportunity to purchase securities at a lower price than in the secondary market, but they also face higher risks because there is less information available about the issuing company. In the secondary market, investors can buy and sell securities more easily, but they may face higher transaction costs and market volatility.Overall, understanding the differences between the primary market and secondary market is essential for investors looking to make informed investment decisions. By knowing how each market operates and the risks and rewards associated with investing in each market, investors can build a diversified portfolio that aligns with their financial goals and risk tolerance. Whether investing in the primary market or secondary market, it is important to conduct thorough research, seek professionaladvice, and stay informed about market trends to make smart investment choices.篇3The Primary and Secondary MarketIntroductionIn the world of finance and investment, the terms "primary market" and "secondary market" are widely used to differentiate between two important aspects of the market. Understanding the differences and the functions of these markets is essential for investors, traders, and business owners. This article will delve into the definitions, differences, and functions of the primary and secondary markets in the realm of finance.Primary MarketThe primary market, also known as the "new issue market," is where securities are created and first offered to the public. In this market, companies raise capital by issuing new stocks, bonds, or other financial instruments to investors. The primary market allows companies to raise funds for expansion, new projects, or simply to meet their financial obligations.The process of issuing securities in the primary market involves underwriting by investment banks. These banks help companies determine the appropriate price for their securities and sell them to investors. The securities are typically sold through an initial public offering (IPO) or a private placement.One of the key features of the primary market is that the funds raised from the sale of securities go directly to the issuing company. This means that the company receives the capital it needs to fund its operations or growth initiatives.Secondary MarketThe secondary market, on the other hand, is where previously issued securities are bought and sold by investors. In this market, investors trade securities with each other, and the issuing company does not receive any funds from these transactions. The secondary market provides liquidity to investors, allowing them to buy and sell securities easily and quickly.Stock exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq, are examples of secondary markets where investors can buy and sell shares of publicly traded companies. In addition to stock exchanges, there are alsoover-the-counter (OTC) markets where securities are traded outside of traditional exchanges.Key DifferencesThere are several key differences between the primary and secondary markets. One of the main distinctions is that the primary market is where securities are initially issued and sold to investors, while the secondary market is where these securities are traded among investors. Another difference is that in the primary market, the issuing company receives the funds from the sale of securities, whereas in the secondary market, the company does not receive any funds from the trading of its securities.FunctionsBoth the primary and secondary markets play important roles in the economy and the financial system. The primary market provides companies with a way to raise capital by issuing new securities, which in turn helps fuel economic growth and innovation. The secondary market provides liquidity to investors, allowing them to buy and sell securities easily and efficiently.ConclusionIn conclusion, the primary and secondary markets are crucial components of the financial system. The primary market enablescompanies to raise capital by issuing new securities, while the secondary market provides liquidity to investors by facilitating the trading of previously issued securities. Understanding the functions and differences between these markets is essential for anyone involved in finance and investment.。
管理会计术语中英对照表 (1)精选全文完整版
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AABCoverhead costing 作业成本法下的间接成本分摊absorptioncosting 吸收成本法absorptioncost, benefits and limitation 吸收成本法的优点与局限性accelerateddepreciation methods 加速折旧法accountingassumptions and conventions 会计假设和会计惯例accountingchanges 会计变更accountingequation 会计恒等式accountingfor cost flows in a manufacturingcompany 制造业成本流转会计Accountfor the Impairment or Disposal of Long-lived Assets 长期资产损失或处置会计accountinginformation systems 会计信息系统accountingpolicies 会计政策accountingrecognition 会计确认accounting, accrual 权责发生制accounting, responsibility 会计责任accounting,variable overhead 变动制造费用会计accounting,payable 应付账款accounting,receivable 应收账款accountsreceivables disclosure 应收账款披露accrualaccounting 权责发生制activityanalysis 作业活动分析activitycost driver 作业成本动因activitymethod (variable charge approach) 作业方法（变动法）activity-basedbudgeting(ABB) 作业基础预算法activity-basedcost drivers 作业成本动因activity-basedcosting(ABC) 作业成本法activity-basedmanagement (ABM) 作业管理法activity-basedmanagement, advantages and disadvantages 作业管理法的优势与劣势actualcost 实际成本AIS.See accounting information systems 会计信息系统allocationbase 分摊基础allocationof service department costs 服务部门成本分摊allocationrate, fixed overhead cost 固定间接成本的分摊率allocationrate ,variable overhead cost 变动间接成本的分摊率allocation,direct method 直接法分摊allocation,reciprocal method 交叉分摊法allowancemethod 备抵法allocation,step-down method 按步向下分摊法amortization摊销analysisof variation 差异分析analysisof variation, mix and yiels variances 差异分析，组合和产出差异analysisof variation,price and efficiency variances for direct material inputs直接人工与材料投入的价格与效率差异分析analysisof variation, spending and efficiency variances for variable and fixed overhead变动和固定制造费用的费用与效率差异分析analysisof variation, sales mix variance 销售组合差异分析annualreport 年报applicationsoftware packages 软件包的应用artificialintelligence 人工智能assets资产assuranceservices 保险服务attestationengagement 证明业务audit 审计audit,compliance 合规性审计audit，operational 营运升级authoritativebudget(top-down budget) 权威式（自上而下）预算法authoritativestandard(cost) 权威式标准（成本）automated clearing house(ACH) 自动清算系统Bbackflush costing 及时制造后推成本法balancesheet components 资产负债表要素balancesheet, Pro forma 迷你资产负债表balancedscorecard, example 平衡记分卡例子balancedscorecard, implementing the 平衡记分卡的实施batchprocessing 批量处理benchmarking标杆分析benefits,tangible and intangible 有形和无形收益boardof directors 董事会bondterminology 债券术语bondtypes 债券种类bookvalue method 账面价值法browser(Web)software 浏览器软件budgetbalance sheet 预算资产负债表budgetcommittee 预算委员会budgetcoordinator 预算协调员budgetcycle 预算周期budgetnegotiation 预算商议budgetparticipants 预算参与者budgetperiod 预算期budgetprocess 预算流程budgetproposal 预算提案budgetreview and approval 预算检查与批准budgetrevision 预算修正budgetslack 预算松弛budgetsystems 预算制度budget,authoritative (top-down) 权威式（自上而下）预算budget,capital 资本预算budget,cash 现金预算budget,combined 预算合并budget,cost of goods sold 产品销售成本预算budget,definition of 预算的定义budget,direct labor 直接人工预算budgetdirect materials 直接材料预算budgetemployee benefits 员工福利预算budget,financial 财务预算budget,fixable 弹性预算budget,incremental 增量预算budget,operating 营业预算budget,overhead 间接费用预算budget,participative 参与式预算budget,production 生产预算budget,sales 销售预算budget,selling and administrative expense 销售与管理费用预算budgetstatic 静态预算budgetarycontrol 预算控制budgeting预算编制budgetingprocess experts 预算流程专家budgetingsteps 预算步骤budgeting,characteristics of successful 成功的预算流程特征budgeting,flexible 弹性预算budgets,continuous 连续预算budgets,financial 财务预算budgets,kaizen 包涵改善内容的预算budgets,project 项目预算budgets,strategy and planning 战略与计划预算budgets,zero-based 零基预算businessnetwork 商业网络businessfunctions, support 企业功能，支持businessinformation systems (BIS) 企业信息系统businessintelligence 商业情报businessunit profitability analysis 部门盈利能力分析business-to-business(B2B)e-commerce 企对企商务by-products副产品Ccapacity产能capacityutilizations, master budget 产能利用率总预算capacityutilization, normal 正常产能利用率capacity,practical 实际产能capacity,theoretical 理论产能capitallease 资本租赁capitallease obligation 资本租赁债务capitalstock 股本carryingcost 持有成本cash现金cashbudget 现金预算cashdisbursements 现金支付cashdisbursements (outflows) 现金支付cashdiscounts 现金折扣cashexcess 超额现金cashflow return on investment（CEROI）投资活动产生的现金流量cashflows from operating activities 经营活动产生的现金流量cashreceipts(inflows) 现金收入（流入）cause-and-effectdiagram 因果图center,cost 成本中心center,investment 投资中心center,profit 利润中心center,revenue 收入中心client/servermodel 客户端/服务器系统，客户伺服器combinedbudget 合并预算combinedfinancial statement 合并财务报表committed(sunk) 契约承约（沉没）成本committedcost 契约承约成本commoncost 共同成本commoncost allocation 共同成本分配compensationbalance 补偿余额completed-contractmethod 合同完工法complexity复杂性complianceaudit 合规性审计comprehensiveincome 全面收益comprehensiveincome information 全面收益信息computernetwork system 计算机网络系统concurrentengineering(CE) 并行工程conformance符合conservatism稳健性consignedgoods 寄销货物consolidatedfinancial statement 合并资产负债表contingencies或有事项contingentliability 或有负债continuousbudget 连续预算contributionmargin 边际贡献contributionreporting 贡献报告controlcharts 控制图表control,budgetary 预算控制controllablecost 可控成本controllableprofit 可控利润conversioncost 转换成本corporatecapital(stockholders’ equity) 公司资本（股东权益）costaccounting term 成本会计术语costaccumulation 成本归集costallocation 成本分摊costassignment 成本分配costcenter 成本中心costdriver (allocation base) 成本动因（分摊基础）costdrivers, activity-based 作业成本动因costdrivers, executional 执行性成本动因costdrivers, structural 结构性成本动因costdrivers, volume-based 数量成本动因costflow assumptions 成本流转假设costflow, process costing 分步成本法的成本流转costflows in manufacturing companies 制造业成本流转costflows in merchandising and service companies 商业和服务业成本流转costmanagement 成本管理costobject 成本对象costof goods available for sale or use 可供出售或使用的商品的成本costof goods sold 产品销售成本costof goods sold budget 产品销售成本预算costof quality(COQ)analysis 质量成本分析costpool成本归集costrecovery method 成本回收法coststandards 成本标准coststandards, authoritative 权威式成本标准coststandards, currently attainable当前可实现的标准coststandards, ideal 理想成本标准coststandards, participative 参与式成本标准cost,actual 实际成本cost,carrying 持有成本cost,committed (sunk) 承约（沉没）成本cost,controllable 可控成本cost,conversion 转换成本cost,definition of 成本定义cost,differential 成本差异cost,direct 直接成本cost,fixed 固定成本cost,indirect间接成本cost,indirect labor间接人工成本costindirect materials间接材料成本costnocommitted(flexible)非承约（弹性）成本costnoncontrollable不可控制成本costopportunity机会成本costperiod期间成本costprime 主要成本costproduct产品成本coststep成本步骤costtotal(mixed)总成本（混合成本）costvariable变动成本cost-benefitanalysis成本收益分析cost-benefitratio 成本收益率cost-benefitrelationship成本收益关系costing(actual, normal, standard)实际成本，正常成本，标准成本costing,job order分批成本法costing,process分步成本法costs成本costs,allocation of service department服务部门成本归集costs,historical data for determining用于确定成本的历史数据criticalsuccess, factors关键性成功因素currencyrestrictions货币限制currentliabilities流动负债currentmaturities of long-term debt 本年到期的长期负债currentlyattainable standard (cost)当前可实现的标准customeracquisition获得客户customeroutcome measures顾客成果指标customerprofitability analysis客户盈利能力分析customerretention客户保留customersatisfaction客户满意度customization,application software packages定制应用软件包customscharges and tariffs关税税费及税率Ddatadefinition language (DDL) 数据定义语言datadesign (systems) 数据设计（系统）datadictionary数据字典datamanipulation language (DML)数据操作语言datamining数据挖掘datawarehouse数据仓库database数据库databasemanagement system (DBMS)数据库管理系统databasemanagement system (DBMS) types数据管理系统种类data-drivendecision support system数据决策支持系统debtsecurity债务证券decisionsupport system (DSS)决策支持系统decliningbalance method余额递减折旧法deductibleamount可扣减额deferredtax递延税款deferredtax liability递延所得税负债departmentaloverhead rate部门间接成本分摊率depletion折耗depletionaccounting 折耗会计depositmethod收现营收认列法depreciation折旧derivative衍生金融产品differentialcost差量成本digitalsubscriber line (DSL) 数字用户线directcost直接成本directcost (variable costing)直接成本法（变动成本法）directcutover (conversion/implementation)完全切换（转换/实施directfinancing lease直接融资租赁directlabor budget直接人工预算directlabor, standard costs for 直接人工标准成本directmaterials budget直接材料预算directmaterials inventory直接材料存货directmaterial, standard costs for直接材料标准成本directmethod直接法directprofit直接利润directwrite-off method直接冲销法discontinuesoperation停止经营discretionarycost 酌定成本，任意成本distributedprocessing分散式处理dividends股利dividendspayable应付股利dividends,cash 现金股利dividends,cumulative累计股利dividends,liquidating清算股利dividends,property实物财产股利dividends,scrip 票据股利dividends,stock 股票股利dollar-valueLIFO 金额数据后进先出法DuPontmethod, profitability analysis 杜邦盈利能力分析Eeconomicentity 经济实体economicvalue added (EVA) 经济附加值EDGARdatabase EDGAR数据库effectiveness效果efficiency效果efficiencyvariance效率差异ElectronicData Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR)system 电子数据手机、分析和检索系统electronicdata interchange (EDI)电子数据交换electronicfunds transfer (EFT)电子资金转帐Elementsof Financial Statements 财务报表要素employeebenefits budget员工福利名预算employeestock ownership plan (ESOP)员工持股计划enterpriseresource planning (ERP) system 企业资源计划（ERP）系统enterpriseresources planning (ERP)企业资源计划（ERP）entity-relationship(E-R) diagram实体－关系图equity(net assets)权益（净资产）equitymethod accounting权益法会计equityshare (stock) options股票期权equivalentunit (EU)约当产量executionalcost drivers执行成本动因executivesupport systems (ESS)高级管理人员支持系统expenses费用expertsystem专家系统，电子智慧系统expropriation征用ExtensibleMarkup Language (XML)可扩展标识语言extraordinaryitem非常项目Ffactoring应收账款代理fatclient (application)原客户端favorablevariance有利差异financialbudget财务预算financialproductivity财务生产力financialreporting resources财务报告资源financialreports, segmented external对外财务报告financialstatement footnotes of disclosures财务报表辅助或披露financialstatement limitations财务报表限制financialstatement user, internal and external财务报表内部和外部使用者financialstatement, pro forma模拟财务报表financialstatements for a manufacturing company 制造企业财务报表financing融资finishedgoods (FG) inventory 产成品存货First-in,first-out (FIFO) costing method先进先出成本法first,first-out (FIFO) method先进先出法fixedcost固定成本fixedcost, committed 已承担固定成本fixedcost, discretionary 酌定固定成本fixedoverhead costs 固定间接成本fixedoverhead variance 固定间接费用差异flexiblebudget 弹性预算flexiblebudget variance 弹性预算差异flexiblebudgeting 弹性预算fullcost (absorption) model 完全（吸收）成本模式fullcosting (absorption costing)完全（吸收）成本法fulldisclosure充分披露fulldisclosure principle充分披露原则functionalcurrency功能货币fuzzylogic模糊逻辑Ggaincontingencies或有利得gains利得gapanalysis差距分析generallyaccepted auditing standards (GAAS)公认审计准则goals,budgets and预算目标goingconcern连续经营的企业goodsin transit在途商业goods,consigned寄销商品goodwill商誉grossprofit (constant gross margin percentage) method毛利法groupand composite methods分类和综合法Hhierarchicaldatabase management system (DBMS) 分级数据库管理系统histogram直接图表historicalcost 历史成本historicaldata for determining costs决定成本的历史数据HypertextMarkup Language (HTML)超文本标识语言Iidealstandards (cost)理想标准if-convertedmethod如果转换法impairment,in value价值损失imputedinterest rate应计利率incomestatement preparation损益表编制incomestatement, multiple-step多步式损益表incomestatement, pro forma模拟损益表incomestatement, single-step单步式损益表income净收益incrementalbudget 增量预算incrementalcost allocation method 增量成本分配法indirectcost间接成本indirectlabor cost间接人工成本informationsystems, management-level管理层信息系统informationsystems, strategic-level战略信息系统innovation创新InsiderTrading and Securities Fraud Enforcement Act of 19881988年内部人交易与证券欺诈执行法案InsiderTrading Sanctions Act of 19841984年的内部交易制裁法案installmentsales method分期付款销售法intangibleassets无形资产intangibles,artistic艺术品无形资产intangibles,contract合同无形资产intangibles,customer客户无形资产intangibles,marketing营销无形资产intangibles,technological技术性无形资产integrateddisclosure整合披露interest-bearingnote计息票据intermediateproduct中间产品Internet互联网Internetbackbone骨干网internetProtocol (IP)互联网协议intranet内联网inventoriablecost产品成本inventory存货inventoryaccounts, manufacturing company制造企业存货帐户inventoryerrors存货误差inventorylevels, determining in process costing分步成本法的存货水平inventorysystem盘存制度inventorysystem, periodic定期盘存制inventorysystem, perpetual永续盘存制inventoryvaluation存货定价inventory,beginning期初存货inventory,direct materials直接材料存货inventory,finished goods (FG)产成品存货inventory,work-in-process (WIP)半成品库存investmentcenter投资中心involuntaryconversion强制性交换Jjoborder costing分批成本法jointproducts联产品just-in-time(JIT) system及时制Kkaizenbudgets 包含改善内容的预算kaizenbudgets, benefits包含改善内容的预算的优点knowledgework systems (KWS)知识工作系统knowledge-levelsystems知识水平体系Llast-in,first-out(LIFO) method 后进先出法lease租赁leveragedlease杠杆租赁liabilities负债liabilities,current 流动负债life-cyclecosting 生命周期成本法LIFOliquidation后进先出清算LIFOreserve后进先出储备localarea network (LAN)局域网localarea network, wireless无线局域网long-termcontracts, losses on长期合同损失long-termplanning长期计划losscontingencies或有损失losses损失lowerof cost or market (LCM) rule成本与市价孰低法Mmainframecomputer 主机managementby exception method 例外管理managementby objectives (MBO)目标管理managementby objective (MBO), benefits目标管理的优点managementdiscussion and analysis (MD&A)管理层论述及分析managementinformation systems (MIS)管理信息系统management-levelinformation systems管理层水平信息系统manufacturingcompany制造业manufacturingcompany, accounting for cost flows in a 制造业成本流转会计manufacturingcompany, cost flows in a 制造业成本流转manufacturingcompany, financial statements for a 制造业财务报表marketexpectations 市场预期marketprice model市场定价模型marketshare 市场份额marketvalue 市值marketvalue added (MVA) 市场附加值marketablesecurities 有价证券masterbudget 总预算masterbudget capacity utilization 产能利用率总预算masterbudget, components总预算要素matching配比materiality重要性materialsresources planning (MRP) 物质资源计划merchandisingcompany 商品企业model-drivendecision support system 模型决策支持系统multiple-stepincome statement 多步式损益表Nnegotiatedprice model 协议价格模型netincome 净利netmarketplace 纯市场netrealizable value (NRV) 可变现净netrealizable value (NRV) for trade receivables应收货款可变现净值netrealizable value (NRV) method可变现净值法networkoperating system (NOS)网络操作系统networktopology局域网network,computer计算机网络neuralnetwork神经系统nominalunit of money名义货币单位noncommitted(flexible) cost未承担（弹性）成本noncontrollablecost不可控成本nonmonetaryassets, exchanges of 非货币性资产交易nontradereceivables非贸易应收账款normalcapacity utilization 正常产能利用率normalcosting正常成本计算notespayable应付票据Oobject-orienteddatabase management system (OODBMS) 面向对象的数据库管理系统off-balance-sheetfinancing 资产负债表表外融资officesystems办公系统online(real-time) processing 在线（实时）处理onlineanalytical processing (OLAP)在线分析处理onlinetransaction processing (OLAP)在线交易处理operatingbudget 营运预算operatinglease 经营性租赁operatingsegment, reporting 营运部门报告operationcosting 营运成本operationalaudit 营运审计operationalproductivity营运生产力operational-levelinformation systems 营运水平信息系统operations 营运operationsand performance goals 营运与业绩目标opportunitycost机会成本overhead间接费用overheadbudget间接费用预算overheadrate, departmental部门间接费用分摊率overheadrate, plant-wide工厂范围内间接费用分摊率Ppacket,data 数据包paid-incapital (contributed capital)实缴资本parvalue stock面值股parallelstrategy (conversion/implementation)平行战略（转换/实施）Paretodiagram帕累托图partialproductivity部分生产力participativebudget (bottom-up or serf-imposed budget)参与式预算法participativestandards (cost)参与式标准（成本）pensionplan退休金计划pensionworksheet退休金计算表performancemeasurement reports业绩评价报告performancemeasures, establishing确立业绩指标performance,evaluating绩效评估periodcost期间成本periodicinventory system定期盘存制periodicity周期性permanentdifference永久性差异perpetualinventory system永续盘存制phasedapproach (conversion/implementation)阶段法physicalmeasure (units-of-production) method（单位产品）实物计量法pilotstudy (conversion/implementation)指引性学习plant-wideoverhead rate工厂范围内间接费用分摊率Point-to-PointTunneling Protocol )PPTP)点对点隧道协议post-saleservice售后服务practicalcapacity实际产能preferredstock优先股pretaxfinancial income税前收入price(rate)variance价格（汇率）差异primecost主要成本proforma balance sheet模拟资产负债表proforma financial statement模拟财务报表proforma income statement模拟损益表proforma schedule of cash disbursements模拟现金支付明细表proforma schedule of cash receipts模拟现金收入明细表proforma statement模拟报表processcosting分步成本法processcosting benefits and limitations分步成本法的优点与局限性processcosting cost flow分步成本法processdesign (systems)流程设计（系统）processexperts, budgeting预算流程专家processing,batch批量加工processing,online (real-time)在线处理（实时）productcost (inventoriable cost)产品成本productprofitability analysis产品盈利能力分析productionbudget生产预算productioncost report生产成本报告productivity生产力productivity,financial财务生产力productivity,operational营运生产力productivity,partial部分生产力productivity,total factor总因素生产力profitcenter利润中心profitabilityanalysis, business unit部门盈利能力分析profitabilityanalysis, customer顾客盈利能力分析profitabilityanalysis, product产品盈利能力分析projectbudgets 项目预算projectbudgets, advantages项目预算的优势promissorynote本票property,plant, and equipment (PP&E)财产、厂房及设备proxysolicitations委任，委任投票请求PublicCompany Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)上市公司会计监察委员会purchaseaccounting采购会计Qquality质量qualityassurance (QA)质量保证qualityaudit质量审计qualityfunction deployment (QFD)质量函数配置Rreciprocalmethod 交叉分担法recordingand valuation记录与评估RegulationS-K S-K条列RegulationS-X S-X条列relationaldatabase management system (RDBMS) 关系数据库管理系统relativesales value method相对销售价值法relevantrange相关范围residualincome (RI)剩余收益resourceallocation资源分配responsibilityaccounting责任会计responsibility,assigning责任分配restrictedcash专用现金retailinventory method零售价盘存法returnon assets (ROA)资产回报率returnon equity (ROE)权益回报率returnon investment (ROI)投资回报率revenuecenter营业收入中心revenuerecognition营业收入的确认revenuerecognition and realization营业收入的确认与现实revenues营业收入revenues,unearned of deferred收入，未实现收入或递延收入reversesplit并股reviewservice审查服务rewards,assigning报酬分配rework返工ringnetwork环状网络Ssaleagreement销售协议salewith recourse有追索权的销售salewithout recourse无追索权的销售salesbudget销售预算salesforecast销售预测salespipeline销售渠道salesvalue at split-off method分离点法下的销售价值salesvolume variance销售量差异sales-typelease销售式租赁Sarbanes-OxleyAct of 2002 2002《萨班斯法案》scale规模scrap报废securedborrowing有担保借款securitization证券化segmentmargin部门毛利segmentreporting部门报告sellingand administrative expense budget销售与管理费用预算sensitivityanalysis敏感性分析servercomputer辅助计算机servicecompany服务企业short-termobjectives短期目标single-stepincome statement单步式损益表specificgoods pooled LIFO approach特殊商品后进先出法spoilage废品spoilage,in process costing 分步成本法下的废品spreadsheet电子数据表stand-alonecost allocation method独立成本分配法standardcosting标准成本法standardssources标准来源starnetwork星状网络statementof cash flow example现金流量表实例statementof cash flows现金流量表statementof earnings (income statement)收益表（损益表）statementof shareholders’ equity所有者权益变动表statement,pro forma模拟报表staticbudget静态预算statisticalcontrols统计控制stepcost阶梯成本step-downmethod按步向下分摊法stockoption认股权证straight-linemethod, depreciation直线折旧法strategicbusiness unit (SBU)战略性业务部门（SBU）strategicdecisions战略性决策strategic-levelinformation systems战略性水平信息系统structuralcost drivers结构性成本动因StructuredQuery Language (SQL)结构化查询语言successfulbudgeting成功的预算流程sunkcost沉没成本systemsdesign系统设计systemsdevelopment life cycle (SDLC)系统开发的寿命周期systemsdevelopment life cycle (SDLC), traditional 传统系统开发的寿命周期systems,decision support决策支持系统systems,expert专家系统systems,knowledge work知识工作系统systems,knowledge-level知识水平系统systems,management information管理信息系统systems,office办公系统systems,operational level information营运水平信息系统systems,transaction processing交易处理系统Ttaxliability, corporate 企业纳税义务taxableamount应税金额taxableincome应税所得technology技术temporarydifference暂时性差异theoreticalcapacity理论产能thinclient (application)瘦客户端topmanagement高级管理人员totalcost (mixed cost)总成本（混合成本）totalfactor productivity (TFP)总因素生产力totalquality management (TQM)全面质量管理tradediscounts商业折扣tradereceivables应收账款traditionalsystems development life cycle (SDLC)传统系统开发的寿命周期transactionprocessing system (TPS)交易处理系统transferpricing移转品定价transferpricing models移转品定价模式transferred-incosts转入成本treasurystock method库藏股票法two-stageallocation method 两阶段成本分摊制Uunfavorablevariance 不利差异userinterface design (systems) 用户界面设计Vvaluation,inventory存货计价value-addednetwork (VAN)增值网络variablecost变动成本variablecost model变动成本模式variablecosting变动成本法variablecosting, benefits and limitations变动成本法的优点与局限性variableoverhead costs变动间接成本variableoverhead variance变动间接费用差异varianceanalysis, variations on 差异分析的变化variance,favorable and unfavorable有利和不利差异virtualprivate network (VPN)公司专用内外互联网volume-basedcost drivers数量成本动因Wwarrantsand rights认股权证与权利warrantycosts, accounting for保修成本会计Webbrowser software浏览器软件weighted-averagemethod加权平均法widearea network (WAN)广域网wiretransfer电汇work-in-process(WIP) inventory半成品库存Zzero-basedbudget, strengths零基预算的优势zero-basedbudgeting零基预算zero-interest-bearingnote无息票据zero-interest-bearingnotes payable无息应付票据以上就是管理会计术语中英对照表，应该说已经比较全面了，希望对你有所帮助。
中国会计科目中英文对照共24页word资料
中国会计科目中英文对照名称代码名称英译1 资产assets11~ 12 流动资产current assets111 现金及约当现金cash and cash equivalents1111 库存现金cash on hand1112 零用金/周转金petty cash/revolving funds1113 银行存款cash in banks1116 在途现金cash in transit1117 约当现金cash equivalents1118 其它现金及约当现金other cash and cash equivalents112 短期投资short-term investment1121 短期投资-股票short-term investments - stock1122 短期投资-短期票券short-term investments - short-term notes and bills1123 短期投资-政府债券short-term investments - government bonds1124 短期投资-受益凭证short-term investments - beneficiary certificates1125 短期投资-公司债short-term investments - corporate bonds1128 短期投资-其它short-term investments - other1129 备抵短期投资跌价损失allowance for reduction of short-term investment to marke t113 应收票据notes receivable1131 应收票据notes receivable1132 应收票据贴现discounted notes receivable1137 应收票据-关系人notes receivable - related parties1138 其它应收票据other notes receivable1139 备抵呆帐－应收票据allowance for uncollec- tible accounts- notes receivable 114 应收帐款accounts receivable1141 应收帐款accounts receivable1142 应收分期帐款installment accounts receivable1147 应收帐款-关系人accounts receivable - related parties1149 备抵呆帐－应收帐款allowance for uncollec- tible accounts - accounts receivabl e118 其它应收款other receivables1181 应收出售远汇款forward exchange contract receivable1182 应收远汇款-外币forward exchange contract receivable - foreign currencies 1183 买卖远汇折价discount on forward ex-change contract1184 应收收益earned revenue receivable1185 应收退税款income tax refund receivable1187 其它应收款- 关系人other receivables - related parties1188 其它应收款- 其它other receivables - other1189 备抵呆帐- 其它应收款allowance for uncollec- tible accounts - other receivables 121~122 存货inventories1211 商品存货merchandise inventory1212 寄销商品consigned goods1213 在途商品goods in transit1219 备抵存货跌价损失allowance for reduction of inventory to market 1221 制成品finished goods1222 寄销制成品consigned finished goods1223 副产品by-products1224 在制品work in process1225 委外加工work in process - outsourced1226 原料raw materials1227 物料supplies1228 在途原物料materials and supplies in transit1229 备抵存货跌价损失allowance for reduction of inventory to market 125 预付费用prepaid expenses1251 预付薪资prepaid payroll1252 预付租金prepaid rents1253 预付保险费prepaid insurance1254 用品盘存office supplies1255 预付所得税prepaid income tax1258 其它预付费用other prepaid expenses126 预付款项prepayments1261 预付货款prepayment for purchases1268 其它预付款项other prepayments128~129 其它流动资产other current assets1281 进项税额VAT paid ( or input tax)1282 留抵税额excess VAT paid (or overpaid VAT)1283 暂付款temporary payments1284 代付款payment on behalf of others1285 员工借支advances to employees1286 存出保证金refundable deposits1287 受限制存款certificate of deposit-restricted1291 递延所得税资产deferred income tax assets1292 递延兑换损失deferred foreign exchange losses 1293 业主(股东)往来owners'(stockholders') current account 1294 同业往来current account with others1298 其它流动资产-其它other current assets - other13 基金及长期投资funds and long-term investments131 基金funds1311 偿债基金redemption fund (or sinking fund)1312 改良及扩充基金fund for improvement and expansion 1313 意外损失准备基金contingency fund1314 退休基金pension fund1318 其它基金other funds132 长期投资long-term investments1321 长期股权投资long-term equity investments1322 长期债券投资long-term bond investments1323 长期不动产投资long-term real estate in-vestments1324 人寿保险现金解约价值cash surrender value of life insurance1328 其它长期投资other long-term investments1329 备抵长期投资跌价损失allowance for excess of cost over market value of long-ter m investments14~ 15 固定资产property , plant, and equipment141 土地land1411 土地land1418 土地-重估增值land - revaluation increments142 土地改良物land improvements1421 土地改良物land improvements1428 土地改良物-重估增值land improvements - revaluation increments1429 累积折旧-土地改良物accumulated depreciation - land improvements143 房屋及建物buildings1431 房屋及建物buildings1438 房屋及建物-重估增值buildings -revaluation increments1439 累积折旧-房屋及建物accumulated depreciation - buildings144~146 机(器)具及设备machinery and equipment1441 机(器)具machinery1448 机(器)具-重估增值machinery - revaluation increments1449 累积折旧-机(器)具accumulated depreciation - machinery151 租赁资产leased assets1511 租赁资产leased assets1519 累积折旧-租赁资产accumulated depreciation - leased assets152 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1521 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1529 累积折旧- 租赁权益改良accumulated depreciation - leasehold improvements156 未完工程及预付购置设备款construction in progress and prepayments for equipment 1561 未完工程construction in progress1562 预付购置设备款prepayment for equipment158 杂项固定资产miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment1581 杂项固定资产miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment1588 杂项固定资产-重估增值miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment - revaluation increments1589 累积折旧- 杂项固定资产accumulated depreciation - miscellaneous property, plant, and equipment16 递耗资产depletable assets161 递耗资产depletable assets1611 天然资源natural resources1618 天然资源-重估增值natural resources -revaluation increments1619 累积折耗-天然资源accumulated depletion - natural resources17 无形资产intangible assets171 商标权trademarks1711 商标权trademarks172 专利权patents1721 专利权patents173 特许权franchise1731 特许权franchise174 著作权copyright1741 著作权copyright175 计算机软件computer software1751 计算机软件computer software cost176 商誉goodwill1761 商誉goodwill177 开办费organization costs1771 开办费organization costs178 其它无形资产other intangibles1781 递延退休金成本deferred pension costs1782 租赁权益改良leasehold improvements1788 其它无形资产-其它other intangible assets - other 18 其它资产other assets181 递延资产deferred assets1811 债券发行成本deferred bond issuance costs 1812 长期预付租金long-term prepaid rent1813 长期预付保险费long-term prepaid insurance1814 递延所得税资产deferred income tax assets1815 预付退休金prepaid pension cost1818 其它递延资产other deferred assets182 闲置资产idle assets1821 闲置资产idle assets184 长期应收票据及款项与催收帐款long-term notes , accounts and overdue receivables 1841 长期应收票据long-term notes receivable1842 长期应收帐款long-term accounts receivable1843 催收帐款overdue receivables1847 长期应收票据及款项与催收帐款-关系人long-term notes, accounts and overdue rece ivables- related parties1848 其它长期应收款项other long-term receivables1849 备抵呆帐-长期应收票据及款项与催收帐款allowance for uncollectible accounts - lon g-term notes, accounts and overdue receivables185 出租资产assets leased to others1851 出租资产assets leased to others1858 出租资产-重估增值assets leased to others - incremental value from revaluation 1859 累积折旧-出租资产accumulated depreciation - assets leased to others186 存出保证金refundable deposit1861 存出保证金refundable deposits188 杂项资产miscellaneous assets1881 受限制存款certificate of deposit - restricted1888 杂项资产-其它miscellaneous assets - other2 负债liabilities21~ 22 流动负债current liabilities211 短期借款short-term borrowings(debt)2111 银行透支bank overdraft2112 银行借款bank loan2114 短期借款-业主short-term borrowings - owners2115 短期借款-员工short-term borrowings - employees2117 短期借款-关系人short-term borrowings- related parties2118 短期借款-其它short-term borrowings - other212 应付短期票券short-term notes and bills payable2121 应付商业本票commercial paper payable2122 银行承兑汇票bank acceptance2128 其它应付短期票券other short-term notes and bills payable2129 应付短期票券折价discount on short-term notes and bills payable 213 应付票据notes payable2131 应付票据notes payable2137 应付票据-关系人notes payable - related parties2138 其它应付票据other notes payable214 应付帐款accounts pay able2141 应付帐款accounts payable2147 应付帐款-关系人accounts payable - related parties216 应付所得税income taxes payable2161 应付所得税income tax payable217 应付费用accrued expenses2171 应付薪工accrued payroll2172 应付租金accrued rent payable2173 应付利息accrued interest payable2174 应付营业税accrued VAT payable2175 应付税捐-其它accrued taxes payable- other2178 其它应付费用other accrued expenses payable218~219 其它应付款other payables2181 应付购入远汇款forward exchange contract payable2182 应付远汇款-外币forward exchange contract payable - foreign currencies 2183 买卖远汇溢价premium on forward exchange contract2184 应付土地房屋款payables on land and building purchased2185 应付设备款Payables on equipment2187 其它应付款-关系人other payables - related parties2191 应付股利dividend payable2192 应付红利bonus payable2193 应付董监事酬劳compensation payable to directors and supervisors2198 其它应付款-其它other payables - other226 预收款项advance receipts2261 预收货款sales revenue received in advance2262 预收收入revenue received in advance2268 其它预收款other advance receipts227 一年或一营业周期内到期长期负债long-term liabilities -current portion 2271 一年或一营业周期内到期公司债corporate bonds payable - current portion 2272 一年或一营业周期内到期长期借款long-term loans payable - current portion2273 一年或一营业周期内到期长期应付票据及款项long-term notes and accounts payabl e due within one year or one operating cycle2277 一年或一营业周期内到期长期应付票据及款项-关系人long-term notes and accounts payables to related parties - current portion2278 其它一年或一营业周期内到期长期负债other long-term lia- bilities - current portio n228~229 其它流动负债other current liabilities2281 销项税额VAT received(or output tax)2283 暂收款temporary receipts2284 代收款receipts under custody2285 估计售后服务/保固负债estimated warranty liabilities2291 递延所得税负债deferred income tax liabilities2292 递延兑换利益deferred foreign exchange gain2293 业主(股东)往来owners' current account2294 同业往来current account with others2298 其它流动负债-其它other current liabilities - others23 长期负债long-term liabilities231 应付公司债corporate bonds payable2311 应付公司债corporate bonds payable2319 应付公司债溢(折)价premium(discount) on corporate bonds payable232 长期借款long-term loans payable2321 长期银行借款long-term loans payable - bank2324 长期借款-业主long-term loans payable - owners2325 长期借款-员工long-term loans payable - employees2327 长期借款-关系人long-term loans payable - related parties2328 长期借款-其它long-term loans payable - other233 长期应付票据及款项long-term notes and accounts payable2331 长期应付票据long-term notes payable2332 长期应付帐款long-term accounts pay-able2333 长期应付租赁负债long-term capital lease liabilities2337 长期应付票据及款项-关系人Long-term notes and accounts payable - related parti es2338 其它长期应付款项other long-term payables234 估计应付土地增值税accrued liabilities for land value increment tax 2341 估计应付土地增值税estimated accrued land value incremental tax pay-able 235 应计退休金负债accrued pension liabilities2351 应计退休金负债accrued pension liabilities238 其它长期负债other long-term liabilities2388 其它长期负债-其它other long-term liabilities - other28 其它负债other liabilities281 递延负债deferred liabilities2811 递延收入deferred revenue2814 递延所得税负债deferred income tax liabilities2818 其它递延负债other deferred liabilities286 存入保证金deposits received2861 存入保证金guarantee deposit received288 杂项负债miscellaneous liabilities2888 杂项负债-其它miscellaneous liabilities - other3 业主权益owners' equity31 资本capital311 资本（或股本）capital3111 普通股股本capital - common stock3112 特别股股本capital - preferred stock3113 预收股本capital collected in advance3114 待分配股票股利stock dividends to be distributed3115 资本capital32 资本公积additional paid-in capital321 股票溢价paid-in capital in excess of par3211 普通股股票溢价paid-in capital in excess of par- common stock 3212 特别股股票溢价paid-in capital in excess of par- preferred stock 323 资产重估增值准备capital surplus from assets revaluation 3231 资产重估增值准备capital surplus from assets revaluation324 处分资产溢价公积capital surplus from gain on disposal of assets 3241 处分资产溢价公积capital surplus from gain on disposal of assets325 合并公积capital surplus from business combination3251 合并公积capital surplus from business combination326 受赠公积donated surplus3261 受赠公积donated surplus328 其它资本公积other additional paid-in capital3281 权益法长期股权投资资本公积additional paid-in capital from investee under equit y method3282 资本公积- 库藏股票交易additional paid-in capital - treasury stock trans-actions 33 保留盈余(或累积亏损) retained earnings (accumulated deficit)331 法定盈余公积legal reserve3311 法定盈余公积legal reserve332 特别盈余公积special reserve3321 意外损失准备contingency reserve3322 改良扩充准备improvement and expansion reserve3323 偿债准备special reserve for redemption of liabilities3328 其它特别盈余公积other special reserve335 未分配盈余(或累积亏损) retained earnings-unappropriated (or accumulated deficit) 3351 累积盈亏accumulated profit or loss3352 前期损益调整prior period adjustments3353 本期损益net income or loss for current period34 权益调整equity adjustments341 长期股权投资未实现跌价损失unrealized loss on market value decline of long-ter m equity investments3411 长期股权投资未实现跌价损失unrealized loss on market value decline of long-t erm equity investments342 累积换算调整数cumulative translation adjustment3421 累积换算调整数cumulative translation adjustments343 未认列为退休金成本之净损失net loss not recognized as pension cost 3431 未认列为退休金成本之净损失net loss not recognized as pension costs35 库藏股treasury stock351 库藏股treasury stock3511 库藏股treasury stock36 少数股权minority interest361 少数股权minority interest3611 少数股权minority interest4 营业收入operating revenue41 销货收入sales revenue411 销货收入sales revenue4111 销货收入sales revenue4112 分期付款销货收入installment sales revenue417 销货退回sales return4171 销货退回sales return419 销货折让sales allowances4191 销货折让sales discounts and allowances46 劳务收入service revenue461 劳务收入service revenue4611 劳务收入service revenue47 业务收入agency revenue471 业务收入agency revenue4711 业务收入agency revenue48 其它营业收入other operating revenue488 其它营业收入-其它other operating revenue4888 其它营业收入-其它other operating revenue - other 5 营业成本operating costs51 销货成本cost of goods sold511 销货成本cost of goods sold5111 销货成本cost of goods sold5112 分期付款销货成本installment cost of goods sold512 进货purchases5121 进货purchases5122 进货费用purchase expenses5123 进货退出purchase returns5124 进货折让charges on purchased merchandise513 进料materials purchased5131 进料material purchased5132 进料费用charges on purchased material 5133 进料退出material purchase returns5134 进料折让material purchase allowances514 直接人工direct labor5141 直接人工direct labor515~518 制造费用manufacturing overhead 5151 间接人工indirect labor5152 租金支出rent expense, rent5153 文具用品office supplies (expense)5154 旅费travelling expense, travel5155 运费shipping expenses, freight5156 邮电费postage (expenses)5157 修缮费repair(s) and maintenance (expense ) 5158 包装费packing expenses5161 水电瓦斯费utilities (expense)5162 保险费insurance (expense)5163 加工费manufacturing overhead - outsourced 5166 税捐taxes5168 折旧depreciation expense5169 各项耗竭及摊提various amortization5172 伙食费meal (expenses)5173 职工福利employee benefits/welfare5176 训练费training (expense)5177 间接材料indirect materials5188 其它制造费用other manufacturing expenses56 劳务成本制ervice costs561 劳务成本service costs5611 劳务成本service costs57 业务成本gency costs571 业务成本agency costs5711 业务成本agency costs58 其它营业成本other operating costs588 其它营业成本-其它other operating costs-other5888 其它营业成本-其它other operating costs - other 6 营业费用operating expenses61 推销费用selling expenses615~618 推销费用selling expenses6151 薪资支出payroll expense6152 租金支出rent expense, rent6153 文具用品office supplies (expense)6154 旅费travelling expense, travel6155 运费shipping expenses, freight6156 邮电费postage (expenses)6157 修缮费repair(s) and maintenance (expense)6159 广告费advertisement expense, advertisement6161 水电瓦斯费utilities (expense)6162 保险费insurance (expense)6164 交际费entertainment (expense)6165 捐赠donation (expense)6166 税捐taxes6167 呆帐损失loss on uncollectible accounts6168 折旧depreciation expense6169 各项耗竭及摊提various amortization6172 伙食费meal (expenses)6173 职工福利employee benefits/welfare6175 佣金支出commission (expense)6176 训练费training (expense)6188 其它推销费用other selling expenses62 管理及总务费用general & administrative expenses625~628 管理及总务费用general & administrative expenses 6251 薪资支出payroll expense6252 租金支出rent expense, rent6253 文具用品office supplies6254 旅费travelling expense, travel6255 运费shipping expenses,freight6256 邮电费postage (expenses)6257 修缮费repair(s) and maintenance (expense)6259 广告费advertisement expense, advertisement6261 水电瓦斯费utilities (expense)6262 保险费insurance (expense)6264 交际费entertainment (expense)6265 捐赠donation (expense)6266 税捐taxes6267 呆帐损失loss on uncollectible accounts6268 折旧depreciation expense a6269 各项耗竭及摊提various amortization6271 外销损失loss on export sales6272 伙食费meal (expenses)6273 职工福利employee benefits/welfare6274 研究发展费用research and development expense6275 佣金支出commission (expense)6276 训练费training (expense)6278 劳务费professional service fees6288 其它管理及总务费用other general and administrative expenses 63 研究发展费用research and development expenses635~638 研究发展费用research and development expenses6351 薪资支出payroll expense6352 租金支出rent expense, rent6353 文具用品office supplies6354 旅费travelling expense, travel6355 运费shipping expenses, freight6356 邮电费postage (expenses)6357 修缮费repair(s) and maintenance (expense)6361 水电瓦斯费utilities (expense)6362 保险费insurance (expense)6364 交际费entertainment (expense)6366 税捐taxes6368 折旧depreciation expense6369 各项耗竭及摊提various amortization6372 伙食费meal (expenses)6373 职工福利employee benefits/welfare6376 训练费training (expense)6378 其它研究发展费用other research and development expenses7 营业外收入及费用non-operating revenue and expenses, other income(expense)71~74 营业外收入non-operating revenue711 利息收入interest revenue7111 利息收入interest revenue/income712 投资收益investment income7121 权益法认列之投资收益investment income recognized under equity method 7122 股利收入dividends income7123 短期投资市价回升利益gain on market price recovery of short-term investment 713 兑换利益foreign exchange gain7131 兑换利益foreign exchange gain714 处分投资收益gain on disposal of investments7141 处分投资收益gain on disposal of investments715 处分资产溢价收入gain on disposal of assets7151 处分资产溢价收入gain on disposal of assets748 其它营业外收入other non-operating revenue7481 捐赠收入donation income7482 租金收入rent revenue/income7483 佣金收入commission revenue/income7484 出售下脚及废料收入revenue from sale of scraps7485 存货盘盈gain on physical inventory7486 存货跌价回升利益gain from price recovery of inventory7487 坏帐转回利益gain on reversal of bad debts7488 其它营业外收入-其它other non-operating revenue- other items75~ 78 营业外费用non-operating expenses751 利息费用interest expense7511 利息费用interest expense752 投资损失investment loss7521 权益法认列之投资损失investment loss recog- nized under equity method 7523 短期投资未实现跌价损失unrealized loss on reduction of short-term investments to market753 兑换损失foreign exchange loss7531 兑换损失foreign exchange loss754 处分投资损失loss on disposal of investments7541 处分投资损失loss on disposal of investments755 处分资产损失loss on disposal of assets7551 处分资产损失loss on disposal of assets788 其它营业外费用other non-operating expenses7881 停工损失loss on work stoppages7882 灾害损失casualty loss7885 存货盘损loss on physical inventory7886 存货跌价及呆滞损失loss for market price decline and obsolete and slow-moving in ventories7888 其它营业外费用-其它other non-operating expenses- other8 所得税费用(或利益) income tax expense (or benefit)81 所得税费用(或利益) income tax expense (or benefit)811 所得税费用(或利益) income tax expense (or benefit)8111 所得税费用（或利益）income tax expense ( or benefit)9 非经常营业损益nonrecurring gain or loss91 停业部门损益gain(loss) from discontinued operations911 停业部门损益-停业前营业损益income(loss) from operations of discontinued seg ments9111 停业部门损益-停业前营业损益income(loss) from operations of discontinued seg ment912 停业部门损益-处分损益gain(loss) from disposal of discontinued segments 9121 停业部门损益-处分损益gain(loss) from disposal of discontinued segment92 非常损益extraordinary gain or loss921 非常损益extraordinary gain or loss9211 非常损益extraordinary gain or loss93 会计原则变动累积影响数cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles931 会计原则变动累积影响数cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles 9311 会计原则变动累积影响数cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle s94 少数股权净利minority interest income941 少数股权净利minority interest income9411 少数股权净利minority interest income。
FRM二 Current Issus 翻译 第一篇
主权信用和金融稳定性-国际视野全球金融风暴开始于发达经济体，进而迅速席卷全球经济。
政府从一开始就处在风暴中心。
首先，他们积极应对危机。
其次，为应对危机许多政府增加了财政支出。
然而，由于公众对政府还债能力信心下降，不少政府遭遇了财政危机。
危机开始后，遭遇严重财政困难的独立国家数量日益增加。
而且，许多人担忧主权偿付能力严重影响了国内外银行体系的健康发展。
而这带有毁灭性的影响也陷入了恶性循环中。
这一切是怎样发生的？为什么现在政府都在债务市场竭力斗争，银行也在为流动性和偿付能力担忧而奋力挣扎？毕竟，政府在危机中建造安度危机桥梁的能力是金融体系稳定的最后保障。
重要的是，面对未来应如何制定合适的政策？三个关键的初始条件的结合很好地解释了危机的严重程度及传播。
·首先，大多数主要发达经济体的银行系统在危机到来时都没有足够的资本金。
危机发生之前，充足流动性的不稳定性的波动将大大小小的金融机构置于更大的风险之上。
无论是市场参与者的内部风险管理还是公共机构的外部监管，都不可能覆盖并规避所有的风险。
因此，面对危机，他们的资金匮乏，杠杆率高，并且货币资产负债表不匹配（McGuire和Von Peter,2009）。
这使得在危机原始冲击下的他们极度脆弱，并使银行和政府非常态的反馈关系进一步恶化。
·第二，主要主权国家没有在危机爆发之前积累足够的财政资金。
在2002年到2007年经济的快速增长导致的典型周期性增长期间，个人信贷快速增长已经带来了收入暂时的、不稳定的增加。
这让许多国家产生安全稳定的错觉并鼓励他们生活在超出自己承受能力的水平上。
于是，面对2007-2008年严重冲击国际金融体系的危机以及后来的经济活动放缓的情况，许多国家是毫无准备的。
可以肯定的是，为了刺激自动稳定器的运作及发挥财政刺激作用，他们是可以在银行体系进行资产重组并在急需资金时快速提供财政援助的。
但是数量不多的储备资产意味着援助是不可持续的，至少对于那些很长时间没有储备资产的政府来说是这样的。
FRM二级 Operational and Integrated Risk Management要点
Operational and Integrated Risk ManagementI. Risk management frameworkOperational Risk Management Framework-Framework documentation. ----9 pointsAn effective control environment: Five components,(1)A control environment; (2) Risk assessment; (3) Control activities; (4)Information&communication; (5) Monitoring activities Fundamental principles---11 points.Economic value or Accounting value: based on objective of ERM---economic value: value future CF;---accounting value: manage default probabilityBenefit for retain or layoff of firms---should Layoff: face to exchange rate risk, interest rates risk, commodities prices risk;---should retain: face to business risk, strategic riskRisk appetite framework (RAF)---董事会---could help strategic decision and risk management.---need a clearly defined risk appetite, include risk management & forward-looking business strategies---the board of directors sets overarching expectations (顶层设计)---8 elements; 4 benefits for well-developed RAF. Page 28Best practices of Chief Risk Officer (CRO), Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Board of Director---CRO: easily to board; the final word on many risk decisions; strong alliance CRO and CFO---CEO: should strong support RAF, give CRO final word on risk decisions; ---Board: see above.Key elements of an effective IT risks:---clearly defined standards and interest rate risk reporting requirements; have single person in charge of ...office; comparable funding for IT projects and revenue-generation projects; post-implementation reviews 6-18 months; outsourced & in-house IT have same level of monitoring; assessing IT infrastructure and capacity prior to approving new products Poor Data Quality---Financial impacts: cause lower revenue, higher expense, lower CF---Confidence-based impacts: based on faulty data(数据造假), poor forecasting, inaccurate internal reporting---Satisfaction impacts: customer dissatisfied, employees dissatisfied---Productivity impacts: additional work is needed, delays or increase processing time.---Risk impacts: underestimating credit risk, underestimating investment risk---Compliance impacts: a business may no longer be in compliance with regulations.Data quality inspection VS Data Validation---Data Validation: a one-time step, review and assess---Data quality inspection: on-going set of steps, (1) reduce errors to a tolerable level; (2) appropriate adjustments, (3) solve cause of errors and flaws in a timely manner.---Goal of data quality inspection is to catch issues early on before they have negative impact.II. Operational Risk DataFour steps are commonly used in designing an Risk Control Self Assessment(RCSA) Program---1, Identify and assess risks associated with each business unit’s activities.---2, Control, then added to the RCSA program to mitigate risks identified for the firm.---3, Risk metrics, such as KRI or internal loss events, measure the success of OpRisk...---4, Control testsCategories of operational risk events (七大风险).Scenario analysis: common biases (8 points).Risk organization and governance (4 designs).The motivation for firms to use external data---1, to provide inputs into OpRisk calculations; 2, to engage in risk self-assessment activities (RSA); 3, to use in the advanced measurement approach (AMA) capital calculationSubscription database---IBM Algo FIRST & Consortium-based operational risk event services (ORX).The limitation of using external databases---must be viewed with caution; suffer from collection biases; do not report all events.III. Modeling ApproachesThree main approaches on operational risk capital---the basic indicator approach (BIA, BA); the standardized approach (SA); Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA). Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA)---allow a bank to design its own model for calculating OpRisk capital---性质要求Loss distribution approach（LDA）--要求比AMA更高---advantage & disadvantage---介绍---Modeling frequency: Poisson distribution; Modeling severity: Lognormal distributionAMA vs LDAMonte Carlo Simulation---used to combine frequency and severity distributions (convolution). at 99.9% confidence level.TOTAL for LDA-- Poisson modeling frequency, Lognormal modeling severity, use Monte Carlo convolution at 99.9% confidence level.Modeling Extreme Losses---the most common and least complex method is lognormal distribution;---when low frequency losses, use Generalized Gamma, Transformed Beta, Generalized Pareto, or Weibull.Extreme Value Theory---Generalized extreme-value (GEV) distribution: 公式---Peaks-Over-Threshold (POT): 公式Generalized Extreme-value theory---tail problem: Xi反映尾部---Xi>0, tail is heavy ---- Frechet distribution, which is a risk---Xi=0, tail is light ---- Gumbel distribution, which is not a risk, is good.---Xi<0, tail is lighter ---- Weibull distribution, which is not a risk, is good. According to the Fisher-Tippett theorem, as the sample size n gets large, the distribution of extremes converges to: a generalized extreme value distribution.The threshold of POT approach---Setting the the threshold relatively high, makes the model: more applicable but decrease the number of observations in the modeling procedure.VaR and Expected shortfall---VaR using POT parameters: 公式---Expected shortfall: 公式Model Validation process---The validation group could be involved with the rating system design and development process as long as sufficient controls are in place to ensure independence.---Structure and model methodology is dealt with under qualitative validation, not quantitative.---The breadth and depth of validation is not primarily focused on the dollar value of the loans outstanding...---There is more emphasis on qualitative validation over quantitative. Which means qualitative is placed on more important level.Elements of Qualitative Validation---(1) Obtaining probabilities of default (PD)---(2) Completeness of rating system: sufficiency 充足in number of factors used for credit granting propose.---(3) Objectivity客观of rating system: clearly define creditworthiness factors.---(4) Acceptance of rating system: Heuristic models are easier accepted. ---(5) Consistency of rating system:Elements of Quantitative Validation---(1) Sample representativeness: when to take the sample of population, and if its characteristics match those of total population.---(2) Discriminatory power: relative ability of a rating model to accurately differentiate between defaulting and non-defaulting entities for a given forecast period.---(3) Dynamic properties: rating system stability & attributes---(4) Calibration 标准化: relative ability to estimate PDChallenges to Data Quality---(1) Completeness---(2) Availability---(3) Sample representativeness---(4) Consistency and integrity---(5) Data cleansing procedureSeveral Method---Classification tests: include the binomial test, chi-square test, normality test. All of them are used to analyze both discriminatory power and calibration.---Accuracy indices and migration matrices: are only used for discriminatory power.---The traffic lights approach: is only used for calibration.The Validation of Data Quality---Data should be created from a full credit cycle.---Validating central tendency in the long term is done through backtesting and stress testing.---There is credit rules and regulations for even fixed years of credit cycle.---To make inferences about the population from the sample used in a model, it is necessary to calibrate appropriately and do out-sample testing.Six Common Model Errors---1, assuming constant volatility; 2, assuming a normal distribution of return;3, underestimating the number of risk factors; 4, assuming perfect capital markets;5, assuming adequate liquidity; 6, Misapplying a model.Increasing the length of the sampling period lead to:---adding more observations---reduce model risk & estimation errors---improves the power of statistical tests---gives greater relevance to old and potentially stale data---puts greater weight on obsolete information---increase the relevance of old data.Vetting Model---Soundness of a model: accepting/rejecting a model;---Benchmark modeling: testing models against simulation;---Health check of the model: ensure the model contains all of the necessary properties;---Stress testing a model: uses simulations to check the model’s reaction to different situations.LTCM’s collapse, several flaws---(1)use a 10-day horizon, which is too short...---(2)did not factor in liquidity risk (assume markets perfectly liquid).---(3)did not incorporate correlation and volatility risks (in fact, there is strong positive correlation during periods of stress)Economic Capital = Risk Capital + Strategic risk capital---Risk capital: provides protection against risk (unexpected losses);---Three distinct differences between risk capital & regulatory capital Strategic risk capital = Goodwill + Burned-out capitalRAROC = After-tax expected risk-adjusted net income / economic capitalAfter-tax expected risk-adjusted net income = expected revenue - costs - expected losses - taxes + return on economic capital +/- transfers Default Probability---A point-in-time (PIT) probability of default: used to compute short-term expected losses and priced financial instruments with credit risk exposure.---A through-the-cycle (TTC) probability of default: more commonly used for computations involving economic capital, profitability, and strategic decision.---A firm’s rating is more likely to change when analyzed under the Point-in-time (PIT) approach compared to the through-the-cycle (TTC) approach.---A TTC approach is more likely to result in a lower volatility of capitalcompared to the PIT approach.Hurdle Rate for Capital Budgeting Decisions 公式---If RAROC>hurdle rate: value creation from project and accept it;---If RAROC<hurdle rate: value destruction (价值减值) from project and reject it.Adjusted RAROC---it shows excess return per systematic risk---Adjusted RAROC = RAROC - Beta (Rm - Rf)---Excess market return = market return - risk-free rate---ARAROC & Excess market return have same systematic risk---If ARAROC>excess market return: accept the project---If ARAROC<excess market return: reject the project.RAROC approach---a lower confidence level will not likely reduce the amount of risk capital required if the firm has little exposure to operational credit, and settlement risks.---While have a dramatic reduction only if the firm has significant exposure to such risks because large losses would be rare.---In selecting a time horizon for RAROC calculations, risk and return data for periods over one year is likely to be of questionable reliability (可靠性值得怀疑).RAROC Best Practices---focused on the level of profits earned by the firm in relation to the level of risks taken;---A restriction on the firm’s growth due to leverage limitations may result in higher profits because it requires the firm to be “creative” and to optimize a scarce resource (the limited amount of capital available).---Data collection process should be the responsibility of the RAROC team, should be centralized with built-in edit and reasonability checks to increase the accuracy of the data.---Metrics involving credit and market risk, which are defined and objectivity;---however, metrics involving operational risk are not as defined as credit and market risk, so there is a significant subjectivity (主观) and debate (争论).IV. Capital Planning and FrameworkRisk measure used to practice in risk management---VAR: good at to measure absolute risk; not stable, not coherent;---Expected shortfall: good at to measure capital allocation; may or may not stable, hard to interpret;---Standard deviation: not stable, not coherent, simple;---Spectral an distorted risk measure: the least commonly; rarely used;may or may not stable.Three items to consider before risk types can be aggregated in a single measure---Risk metric; Confidence level; Time horizon.Five commonly used aggregation methodologies---1, Simple summation: ignore the complications arising from using different confidence levels; equal weight the all risk type.---2, Constant diversification: same drawbacks as simple summation---3, Variance-covariance matrix: provide a flexible framework; difficult and costly to obtain the estimation of inter-risk correlation.---4, Copulas: difficult to validating parameterization; difficult to build a joint distribution---5, Full modeling/simulation: may provide a false sense of security; high information technology demands.Six qualitative validation processes, Limitation---1, Use test:---2, Qualitative review:---3, Systems implementation:---4, Management oversight:---5, Data quality checks:---6, Examination of assumptions-sensitivity testing:Six quantitative validation processes, Limitation---1, Validation of inputs and parameters:---2, Model replication:---3, Benchmarking and hypothetical portfolio testing: limitation -can only compare one model against another and may provide little comfort that the model actually relects “reality.”---4, Backtesting:---5, Profit and loss attribution:---6, Stress testing:Ten Banks for International Settlements (BIS) recommendations---1, Use of economic capital models in assessing capital adequacy:---2, Senior management:---3, Transparency and integration into decision-making:---4, Risk identification:---5, Risk measures:---6, Risk aggregation:---7, Validation:---8, Dependency modeling in credit risk:---9, Counterparty credit risk: need to consider using additional methods, such as stress testing, to help cover all exposures;---10, Interest rate risk in the banking book:Economic Capital Constraints and Opportunities---Credit portfolio management: used as a means to protect against risk deterioration---Risk-based pricing: used to max the bank’s profitability;---Customer profitability analysis: used to determine unprofitable or only slightly profitable customers---Management incentives: used to motivate managers to participate in the technical aspects of the economic capital allocation process.Seven Principles of an effective capital adequacy process of bank holding company (BHCs) subject to the Capital Plan Rule---1, Risk management foundation; 2, Resource estimation methods; 3, Loss estimation methods; 4, Impact on capital adequacy; 5, Capital planning policy; 6, Internal controls; 7, Effective oversight.The Federal Reserve’s Capital Plan Rule requires BHCs to maintain an effective process for assessing their capital adequacy for BHCs with total consolidated assets of $50 billion or greater.Risk Identification---BHCs should have risk identification processes that evaluate all risk exposures, including: 1, stress condition; 2, changing economic and financial environments; 3, on-and-off balance sheet items; 4, impact on capital adequacy; 4, risk transfer and/or risk mitigation techniques; 5, changes in institutions’ risk profiles due to portfolio quality; 6, reputational risk.Internal Controls---Governance Policy---requires that senior management should furnish the board of directors with sufficient information to comprehend the BHC risk exposures. Capital Policy---offers fundamental guidelines and principles to BHCs for the capital issuance, use, distribution, and planning purposes.---Capital contingency (suspension or reduction in dividends or repurchase programs) are key part of capital policies of BHCs.Stress Testing and Stress Scenario Design---Designing and testing a scenario-related default of a major counterparty.Loss Estimation Methods---Loss estimation involves: probability of default, loss given default, and exposure at default.Net Interest Income Projections---should incorporate changing conditions for balance sheet positions, including: embedded options, prepayment rates, loan performance, and re-pricing rates.V. Financing: Liquidity and LeverageRepurchase Agreements---Contract price = Market value * [1 + (quoted rate * days / 360)]---Collateral is an important counterparty credit risk mitigant (缓释物), posting collateral mitigant credit risk;---Collateral haircuts are important in mitigating (缓释) liquidity risk in repo transactions.---Liquidity management: the process of weighting the cost of its funding against the risk of being left without financing.---Counterparty (credit) risk: the risk of borrower default of non-payment of its obligations.---Special trading: a lender of cash initiates a repo trade in order to receive a particular security (special collateral).---Overnight funding: refers to borrowing and lending in the overnight market.Fed Funds-GC Spread---the different between the federal funds rate and the General Collateral (GC) rate.---the fed funds-GC spread widens when the GC rate falls, or during financial stress/crisis.Special Spread---the different between the GC rate and the special rate.---Small immediately after auctions and large before auctions.The Value of Lending amounts of cash---the Value = amounts * (special spread * during days / 360)The bid-ask spread---is a cost of liquidity---a wider spread indicates lower liquidity; while narrower one means higher liquidity.Liquidity Risk---exogenous (外生) liquidity---endogenous (内生) liquidityConstant Spread Approach, Liquidity-Adjusted VaR, Lognormal VaR---Spread = (ask price - bid price) / 0.5*(ask price + bid price)---use lognormal VaR to calculate the Liquidity-adjusted VaR (LVaR) LVaR to VaR ratio---公式---the ratio increase when: spread increase; confidence level decrease; holding period decreases.Exogenous Spread Approach--公式---Spread volatility increases the liquidity adjustment.Endogenous Price Approach---believe that the liquidity adjustment will also depend on the responsiveness of market prices to our trade: the more responsive themarket price, the bigger the loss.---LVaR to VaR ratio公式---In endogenous price approach, ratio of LVaR to VaR depends entirely on the elasticity of demand and the size of our trade relative to the size of the market (△N/N).Combine Exogenous and Endogenous---Combined(LVaR/VaR)=Exogenous(LVaR/VaR)*Endogenous(LVaR/VaR) Liquidity Discount Approach---assumes that trader must liquidate his of her position within a certain period of time to maximize expected utility, and seeks the best way to do so.---encompasses exogenous and endogenous market liquidity, spread cost, spread risk, an endogenous holding period and an optimal liquidation policy.---three modification: 1, uses an optimal holding period; 2, adds the average liquidity discount to the trader’s losses; 3, has the volatility measure include the volatility of the time to liquidation and the volatility of the liquidity discount factor, as well as the volatility of the underlying market price.Liquidity at Risk---also known as cash-flow-at-risk (CFaR)---max likely cash outflow over the horizon period at a specifiedconfidence level.---A positive value for LaR means the worst outcome will be.---Five factors influence cash flow and LaR: 1, borrowing or lending; 2, margin requirements; 3, collateral obligation; 4, unexpected cash flows; 5, changes in risk management policy.Model Risk---three sources of risks: 1, model contain bugs; 2, may appear linkages between different types of risk; 3, used in wrong way.---leads to market risk (buying overvalued securities that are thought to be undervalued) and operational risk (recording unprofitable trades as profitable).Mapping---Cash flow mapping: greater accuracy---duration-convexity mapping: fewer and less complex computation; reduce costs and data errors.Sources of Liquidity Risk---Transaction (market) liquidity risk: buy or sell an asset will result in adverse price move.---Funding liquidity (Balance sheet) risk: maturity mismatch; withdraw(撤走) credit(拒借); change the terms---Systemic risk: general impairment(损害) of the financial system.---Three types of liquidity risk interact(相互作用).Liquidity Transformation by Banks---Securities lending (using structured credit products as collateral for short-term loans)抵押借款---off-balance vehicles (长期性): asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP); structured investment vehicles (SIVs)Systematic Funding Liquidity Risk---borrowers must be able to refinance in order to repay short-term loans---Leveraged buyouts (LBOs): are generally financed by large loans, called leveraged loans;---Merger arbitrage funds: invest merger trading;---Convertible arbitrage funds: invest convertible bond;Money Market Mutual Funds (MMMF)---provide instant liquidity for their investors;---can write checks and make electronic bank transfers;---are obligated to repay investors/depositors on demand;---do not have to be marked-to-market each day.Collateral Markets---have two important purposes: 1, enhance the ability of firms to borrow money; 2, make it possible to establish short positions insecurities.---four basic forms: 1, margin loans; 2, repurchase agreements; 3, securities lending; 4, total return swaps.Leverage Ratio and Leverage Effect---Leverage ratio = 1 + D/E---Return on equity公式---The effect of increasing leverage = Return on Asset - Return on Debt Margin Loans & Leverage---The Federal Reserve requires an initial margin of 50%.Transaction Cost & Liquidity-adjusted VaR---Transaction Cost---Liquidity-adjusted VaRVI. Banks FailureAccelerate a dealer bank’s liquidity crisis---a counterparties try to reduce their exposure by restructuring existing OTC derivatives with dealer or by requesting a novation.---the flight of repo creditors and prime brokerage clients.---the refusal of repurchase agreement creditors to renew their position. EBA, CCAR, SCAPStress Tests---one of the challenges of designing useful stress tests is coherence (相干性，一致性).Outsourcing Risk & Due Diligence & Contract ProvisionsVII. Basel AccordsModule 1: Basel I---there is no operational riskCookie ratio---Capital requirement (Tier1, Tier2)1996 Amendment---Standardized approach, Internal model-based approachMc---between 3 and 4---the number of exception less than 5: Mc=3---the number of exception greater than 10: Mc=4---the number of exception is between 5 and 10: Mc si between 3 and 4 Backtesting---1-day, 99% VaR over the pervious 250 days.Module 2: Basel II---Operational risk capital & Credit risk capitalOperational risk capital---BIA, SA, AMACredit risk capital---Standardized approach & Foundation internal ratings based (IRB) approach & Advanced IRB approachPillars of Basel II---Minimum capital requirement---Supervisory review---Market disciplinePillars of Solvency II---Calculation of capital requirements---Supervisory review process---Disclosure of risk management information to the marketModule 3: Basel II.5---required banks to calculate two VaRs, the usual VaR: using historical simulation method; stressed VaR: using a 99% confidence level, 250-day period of stressed market conditionsTotal capital charge---is the sum of the usual bank VaR and the stressed VaRIncremental default risk charge (IRC)---Banks are required to estimate a liquidity horizon for each instrument subject to the IRCComprehensive risk measure---takes account of risks in correlation bookModule 4: Basel IIICapital Requirement---Tier 1 euqity capital: at least 4.5% of risk weighted assets at all times---Total Tier 1 capital: at least 6% of ...---Total capital (Tier 1 plus Tier 2): at least 8% of ...Capital Conservation Buffer---7%, 8.5%, 10.5%Countercyclical Buffer---protection for the cyclicality of bank earnings---The buffer can be set to between 0% and 2.5% of total risk-weight assetsBasel III Leverage Ratio---Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR): short-term, 30 days---Net stable funding ratio (NSFR): long-term, one years---NSFR: 分子是要求的变现速度，分子越大说明负债和权益端越稳定，分母是资金实际的变现速度，分母越小就说明资产变现能力越强。
frm二级知识点
frm二级知识点摘要：1.介绍frm 二级知识点的概念和重要性2.详细解析frm 二级知识点的主要内容3.分析frm 二级知识点的实际应用4.总结frm 二级知识点的价值和未来发展趋势正文：frm 二级知识点是指在金融风险管理领域中，二级风险管理师（FRM）需要掌握的相关知识。
frm 二级知识点的重要性不言而喻，因为在金融行业，风险管理是至关重要的。
只有掌握了这些知识点，才能更好地识别和应对金融风险，从而确保金融机构的稳健发展。
frm 二级知识点主要包括以下几个方面：首先，是风险管理基础，包括风险管理的概念、风险的分类、风险管理的过程等。
这些知识点为风险管理提供了理论基础，使风险管理人员能够更好地理解风险，从而采取有效的管理措施。
其次，是市场风险管理，包括市场风险的概念、市场风险的种类、市场风险的度量和管理方法等。
市场风险是金融机构面临的一种重要风险，掌握这些知识点有助于金融机构更好地应对市场风险。
再次，是信用风险管理，包括信用风险的概念、信用风险的种类、信用风险的度量和管理方法等。
信用风险是金融机构面临的另一种重要风险，掌握这些知识点有助于金融机构更好地应对信用风险。
此外，frm 二级知识点还包括操作风险管理、流动性风险管理、法律与合规风险管理等。
这些知识点为金融机构全面风险管理提供了重要支持。
在实际应用中，frm 二级知识点的价值得到了充分体现。
掌握这些知识点的风险管理人员，能够更好地识别和应对金融风险，从而确保金融机构的稳健发展。
同时，这些知识点也是frm 考试的重要内容，对于想要成为frm 持证者的人来说，掌握这些知识点是必不可少的。
从长远来看，frm 二级知识点的价值还将进一步提升。
随着金融市场的不断发展，金融风险的种类和复杂性也在不断增加。
因此，对于风险管理人员来说，掌握这些知识点，不断提升自己的风险管理能力，将是应对未来金融风险挑战的关键。
总的来说，frm 二级知识点是金融风险管理领域的重要知识体系。
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主权信用和金融稳定性-国际视野全球金融风暴开始于发达经济体，进而迅速席卷全球经济。
政府从一开始就处在风暴中心。
首先，他们积极应对危机。
其次，为应对危机许多政府增加了财政支出。
然而，由于公众对政府还债能力信心下降，不少政府遭遇了财政危机。
危机开始后，遭遇严重财政困难的独立国家数量日益增加。
而且，许多人担忧主权偿付能力严重影响了国内外银行体系的健康发展。
而这带有毁灭性的影响也陷入了恶性循环中。
这一切是怎样发生的？为什么现在政府都在债务市场竭力斗争，银行也在为流动性和偿付能力担忧而奋力挣扎？毕竟，政府在危机中建造安度危机桥梁的能力是金融体系稳定的最后保障。
重要的是，面对未来应如何制定合适的政策？三个关键的初始条件的结合很好地解释了危机的严重程度及传播。
·首先，大多数主要发达经济体的银行系统在危机到来时都没有足够的资本金。
危机发生之前，充足流动性的不稳定性的波动将大大小小的金融机构置于更大的风险之上。
无论是市场参与者的内部风险管理还是公共机构的外部监管，都不可能覆盖并规避所有的风险。
因此，面对危机，他们的资金匮乏，杠杆率高，并且货币资产负债表不匹配（McGuire和Von Peter,2009）。
这使得在危机原始冲击下的他们极度脆弱，并使银行和政府非常态的反馈关系进一步恶化。
·第二，主要主权国家没有在危机爆发之前积累足够的财政资金。
在2002年到2007年经济的快速增长导致的典型周期性增长期间，个人信贷快速增长已经带来了收入暂时的、不稳定的增加。
这让许多国家产生安全稳定的错觉并鼓励他们生活在超出自己承受能力的水平上。
于是，面对2007-2008年严重冲击国际金融体系的危机以及后来的经济活动放缓的情况，许多国家是毫无准备的。
可以肯定的是，为了刺激自动稳定器的运作及发挥财政刺激作用，他们是可以在银行体系进行资产重组并在急需资金时快速提供财政援助的。
但是数量不多的储备资产意味着援助是不可持续的，至少对于那些很长时间没有储备资产的政府来说是这样的。
所有这些都会危及他们在危机后续阶段的无风险地位。
·当今全球金融体系史无前例的紧密联系使得危机更加复杂。
世界国与国、金融机构之间建成的紧密的国际互联网联系加重了危机并使之不断传播。
金融全球化的益处和吸引力是无可争论的。
然而，不可避免的是，越深化的金融联合就会带来更大的风险。
从财政方面来说，它使有弹性的财政政策变得更加重要。
从金融体系方面来说，它使一个资本充足和适度的流动性银行体系至关重要。
在很大程度上，我们也许会认为缺乏足够缓冲系统表明政策制定者并不能将他们的决定对全球金融体系的影响内在化。
而且，许多政策制定者甚至没有意识到他们的行为或缺乏行动会引发一系列的问题，并且这些问题反过来会影响经济和金融体系。
我们接下来会对这些争论通过五个步骤进行延伸。
在第一部分，我们回顾政府和银行之间的相互影响。
在第二部分，我们将追溯危机之前经济暴增阶段时，这种关系的发展变化，对上面初始条件的发生进行概括。
在第三部分，我们调查他们的相互影响以便详述正在发生的危机。
在第四部分，我们使用银行对主权国家披露的最新的数据来测定银行资产负债表在何种水平下可能会使银行和主权风险之间的恶性反馈扩大并延伸。
在最后一部分，我们提出了我们的政策建议。
1.政府财政和银行之间的相互影响起源于少数经济体中的金融机构的危机是怎样演变为影响更多政府的主权债务危机？相反，在危机杀伤力相对较小时的第一阶段存活下来的金融机构是怎样在危机吞没主权时被威胁的？这两个问题的答案和以上讨论的三种初始条件的相互关系有关。
在这部分，我们回顾高度联合的全球金融体系下（第三初始条件）银行风险（第一初始条件）和主权风险（第二初始条件）的主要反馈渠道。
1.1财政部门风险到主权风险的转变欧洲主权债务危机的一个显著特征是政府在过去多年一直站在马斯特里赫特标准的右边,似乎在赤字和债务上都保持着谨慎的态度。
然而，其中的几个国家，财政部门资产负债表的弱点影响到了主权。
这些薄弱项可以通过三个主要的途径从银行传播到主权国家。
·首先，当财政部门资产负债表隐藏着弱点，信贷繁荣会引起政府财政余额较正常的周期性经济扩张不同的、一次性的增长。
这将使得政府的财政地位比实际的高得多。
反过来，这也许会不合理地给政府增加信心，制定促进消费、但在长期来说是不可持续的政策。
正如西班牙最近的经历所证明的那样，一旦信贷扩张，类似的政策也许很难撤回，相关的收入也将停止，留下很大的操作难度。
·第二，银行和其他金融机构资产负债表的恶化所引起的任何对贷款的限制都会成为宏观成本，使得财政账户更加恶化。
假如在经济繁荣时，金融机构不能建立充足的资本金准备和流动性缓冲区，在借款人的信用质量普遍下降条件下，信贷限制会增强。
除非资产负债表能够很快修复，否则这将会切断信贷供给，导致严重扭曲的分配。
并且进一步抑制经济活动，减少税收收入，增加政府支出。
结果是，公共部门赤字扩大，主权债务评级下降。
如果国家不及时采取措施缓解信贷的恶性循环引起的财政危机，他们可能会屈从于在信用建立阶段产生的自负所带来的失误。
·最后，当大型系统性的，重要的金融机构缺乏有效决议机制而面临破产风险时，国家就别无选择地向他们提供金融支持以维持金融稳定。
无论政府支持是以流动性援助或直接注入资本的形式，还是以资产购买计划或债务担保形式，都肯定会增加国家显式或隐式的债务，进而减弱它的资产负债表。
这是在2008-2011年期间的冰岛事件中最著名的方式。
1.2主权债务风险到财政部门的转变在欧元区的许多国家中，特别是希腊和意大利，主权资产负债表的弱项已经影响了银行体系。
总的来说，主权债务信誉下降会通过五个方式影响财政部门。
·第一个方式包含直接的投资组合风险敞口。
越高的债券收益（越低的债券价格）伴随着越高的持有风险，金融机构因持有国内和国外主权债权而受到损害。
在多数经济体中，银行都有本土偏好，倾向于持有本国政府债券。
很明显，在有高额公共债务的国家里面，银行持有的国内政府债券会占银行资本很大的一个比例。
可以肯定的是，在主权债券市场价格下降时，会计经常会包庇银行。
比如，在欧盟国家里多数的国内主权债务余额（平均85%）是由银行账户持有的（CGFS,2011）。
但是账户是一回事，而市场参与者的评价则是另一回事。
金融机构的脆弱不仅仅是因为他们持有国内公共部门债券，也因为他们同时持有外国公共部门债券（回忆第三初始条件）。
正如我们下面将要证明的那样，许多国际业务活跃的银行持有的国家公共部门债券形成的国外余额在2009年达到峰值，他们所持有债券的发行国家一般都位于欧洲主权债务危机中心（如：希腊，冰岛，意大利，葡萄牙和西班牙）。
·第二个方式通过融资条件产生作用。
主权证券广泛地被银行用作从中央银行、私人回购市场和担保证券市场来获得大量融资的抵押品。
主权证券风险的增加降低了抵押品的可用性或资格，从而降低了银行的融资能力。
有证据表明在2010年有30%的银行债券反映了主权证券的风险，这个数据在那些主权限制很明显的国家则高达50%（CGFS,2011）。
·第三个方式是更敏感的，它将国家主权的可预知的能力和在压力下能够为提供银行强大的后背力量联系起来。
一个被市场参与者认定处在较低的财政位置的政府，只能在其管辖范围内为银行提供低信用级别及保障或者财政支持。
尽管努力通过命令执行机制的实施来减少安全网，但是这增加了这些金融机构的信用风险。
截至2011年第二季度，信用评级机构依然认为政府支持前景的合理评级是更高的二到五个级别（Hannoun,2011）然而，在2011下半年，希腊、意大利、葡萄牙和西班牙的主权债务评级下降导致了官方对这些国家的银行的支持减少，大大降低了他们的总评级（Tarashev,2011）。
·第四个方式包含政府债务挤出私人部门债务的可能性。
银行必须和主权国家竞争，从投资者手中融得资金。
主权债券增加了成本或减少银行通过债务融资的可用性。
鉴于其规模可观的融资需求，尽管这种效应不仅限于银行,它对他们的影响更强烈。
如果主权失去了安全的状态,可能的挤出增加,两种形式的债务在投资者的投资组合中变得更类似替代品。
·最后,失去市场信心的主权债务可能引发财政整顿。
从长远来看这确实是有益的。
不过,短期内的净效应是很难预测的。
一方面，财政合并可能削弱总需求和经济活动，进一步影响信贷质量和银行收益。
另一方面,如果信心已经足够恶化了，事实上，财政整合可能会刺激经济活动。
2.在危机前的发展（2002-2007）正如其他即将到来的金融危机那样，在2002年至2007年期间没有迹象表明市场参与者能够感觉到风险的积累。
在发达世界中多数国家政府的债务与GDP的比率是一般在我们认为的可持续范围之内(图1)。
主权债券市场(图1 b)和信用评级机构(图1 c)慷慨的奖励政府的行为。
银行,特别是大型国际银行，可能报告更高的年复一年更高的利润。
股票投资者们在热情的欢呼，尽管银行的杠杆率不断增加，但是信贷评级机构和金融市场参与者认为它们是安全的(图2)。
漏洞在没有任何警示下，不断地扩大。
政府与市场参与者一起欢呼。
自满是当时每天的例行公事。
全球金融一体化在促进这种杠杆过程起到至关重要的作用。
在需求方面，在一些国家(例国外融资以支付他们的过度消费的政府组织。
在其它国家(例如：西班牙和爱尔兰)，银行利用国际信贷并反过来为私人信贷融资，促进本国经济。
在供应方面，国际活跃的银行(尤其是那些总部设在欧元区的)欣然接纳借款人的信贷要求而丝毫不考虑他们的地理位置。
一点也不令人惊讶的是，欧元区银行变成了欧元区部门的主要的信贷供应商，它们的负债在最近十年来也增加是最多的(图3，右边)。
更确切地说，欧元区银行是对希腊和意大利公共部门及西班牙和冰岛银行部门贷款的主要的外国银行。
拥有金融风险较高的外国主权债权(图4)。
他们拥有风险较高的外国主权债券(意大利、西班牙和希腊)的份额比世界上其他银行的多很多，因为其他银行一般只是贷款给了欧元区比较稳定的主权国家(德国和法国)。
银行同样忽视了银行间市场的展期风险。
许多变得过于依赖便宜、但是不可靠的短期融资，而且没有建立适当的流动性缓冲。
毫不奇怪，在压力下，无担保融资枯竭并且银行也变得越来越来倾向于抵押借款,包括短期(如回购市场)和长期的(如担保债券)。
欧洲央行的欧元货币市场调查报告指出，无担保交易从2007年年初至2010年初总量减半，期限较长的多按比例缩小。
安全性交易从所有的现金交易不到三分之二上涨到超过四分之三(CGFS,2011)。
随着这种自满成为普遍，隐藏在表面之下问题也隐约可见。
首先，在一些经济体中的私人信贷与GDP的比率和房价飙升远高于他们的长期趋势。