定语从句五种句式

导语：定语从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句⾸。

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定语从句五种句式
⼀、限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表⼈，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。

⽽且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，⽽且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先⾏词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先⾏词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多⽤which，但在带有下列词的句⼦中⽤that⽽不⽤which，这些词包括all, anything, much 等，这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句⽤来修饰⼈，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，⽤来表⽰地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表⽰时间
［注］值得⼀提的是，表⽰时间“time"⼀词的定语从句只⽤when引导，有时不⽤任何关系代词，当然也不⽤that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything 或nothing时，常⽤there is来引导
⼆、⾮限定性定语从句：
⾮限定性定语从句的作⽤是对所修饰的成分作进⼀步说明，通常和主句间⽤逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成⽴
1. which引导的⾮限定性定语从句来说明前⾯整个句⼦的.情况或主句的某⼀部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. ⼈们对⽩⽇做梦的态度正在改变，这与⼈们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有⾮常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种⾳乐，⽽他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们⾛了。

3. 有时as也可⽤作关系代词
4. 在⾮限定性定语从句中，不能⽤that，⽽⽤who, whom代表⼈，⽤which代表事物.
⼀.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：修饰⼀个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，⼀般紧跟在它所修饰的先⾏词后⾯。

2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。

关系词常有3个作⽤：1，引导定语从句。

2，代替先⾏词。

3，在定语从句中担当⼀个成分。

⼆.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指⼈，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指⼈，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在⼝语和⾮正式语体中常⽤who代替，可省略。

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指⼈时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。

在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指⼈，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常⽤以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语⼀般不拆开使⽤，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指⼈时⽤whom，不可⽤who或者that；指物时⽤which，不能⽤that；关系代词是所有格时⽤whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable.(F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四．关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
五．限制性定语从句和⾮限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句⾮限制性定语从句
形式上不⽤逗号和主句隔开⽤逗号和主句隔开
意义上是先⾏词不可缺少的定语，不能删除是对先⾏词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整
译法上翻译成先⾏词的定语，“…的…” 通常翻译成主句的并列句
关系词的使⽤上 A．做宾语时可省略 B。

可⽤that
C．可⽤who代替whom A．不可省B。

不⽤that
C。

不⽤who代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
(2) China is a country which has a long history.
⾮限制性定语从句举例：
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2) China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
要注意区分以下⼏个句⼦的不同:
(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那当医⽣的哥哥常⿎励他要考上⼤学。

（他还有其他的哥哥）
(2) His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是当医⽣的，常⿎励他要考上⼤学。

（他只有⼀个哥哥）
难点分析:
（⼀）限制性定语从句只能⽤that的⼏种情况
1．当先⾏词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先⾏词指⼈时，偶尔也可以⽤who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 当先⾏词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先⾏词被形容词最⾼级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先⾏词指⼈时，偶尔也可以⽤who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 当先⾏词前⾯有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先⾏词既有⼈，也有动物或者物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
（⼆）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句
as和which引导⾮限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。

具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前⾯整个句⼦。

(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引导⾮限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚⾄可以切割⼀个主句；which引导的⾮限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。

另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常⽤which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先⾏次受such, the same修饰时，常⽤as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先⾏次由the same修饰时，偶尔也⽤that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的⼀条裙⼦。

(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的⼀样的裙⼦。

（三）以the way为先⾏词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，⽽且通常可以省略。

(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea. ( but= who don’t )
(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先⾏词，它和先⾏词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先⾏词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London.定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位于从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中⼀般不做成分；句⼦也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充。