英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习

英语句⼦成分和英语句⼦结构讲解及练习
英语句⼦成分
1．主语（subject）: 句⼦说明的⼈或事物，
是句⼦叙述的主体，可由名词、代词、数词、
名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。

The sun rises in the east. （名词）
He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe. （不定式）
What he needs is a book. （主语从句）
2．谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。

We study English. He is asleep.
3．表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表⽰主语的性质、状态和特征。

He is a teacher. The cake tastes delicious.
He looks tired. He became mad after that.
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本⾝有词义，但不能单独⽤作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

常见的系动词有:
1）状态系动词：be (am is are was were…)
2）持续系动词：keep, rest, remain, stay, stand, “保持”
3）表像系动词：seem, appear, look.. "看起来像"
4）感官系动词：feel, smell, sound, taste,
5）变化系动词：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run“变得”6）终⽌系动词：prove, turn out, "证实"
4．宾语：1）动作的承受者-----动宾
I like China. He hates you.
I enjoy working with you.
2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
3）双宾语-----间宾（指⼈）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday. My father told me a story.
5. 补语
1）宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补⾜语。

We elected him monitor.
We will make them happy.
I’ll have my bike repaired.
2）．主补：对主语的补充。

He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
6．定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句⼦。

He is a chemistry teacher. He is our friend.
7. 状语：⽤来修饰动词，形容词，副词或者句⼦。

表⽰时间、地点、原因、⽬的、结果、程度、条件、⽅式和让步。

I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
简单句的五个基本句型
1.主语＋谓语(不及物动词vi)
She came．My head aches.
2.主语＋谓语（及物动词vt）＋宾语
She likes English.
3. 主语＋系动词＋表语She is happy．
4. 主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
She gave John a book．
5. 主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾补
She makes her mother angry．
6. There be 句型
There are 60 students in our class.
There are 5 people in my family.
练习：划分以下句⼦成分并判断是什么句型。

1. Our school is not far from my home.
2. All of us considered him honest.
3. My grandfather bought me a new computer.
4. I feel better now.
5. Tees turn green when spring comes.
6. They pushed the door open.
7. He will come here tomorrow.
8. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
9. He asked us to sing an English song.
10. We will make our school more beautiful.
11. The food goes bad now.
12. He seems sad.
13. My brothers are doctors.
14. They don’t know what to say.
15. You should study hard.
16. There are many things to do.
语法填空解题技巧
1．纯空格试题(⽆括号提⽰)
(1)缺主语或宾语，⼀定是填代词或名词(多考代词)；
(2)名词前⾯，若没有限定词，⼀般填冠词、形容词性物主代词或some, any, other, another等限定词；
(3)在句⼦不缺主语、宾语或表语的情况下，名词或代词前⾯，⼀定是填介词；
(4)若两个或⼏个单词或短语之间没有连词，可能是填连词；
(5)若两句(⼀个主谓关系算⼀个句⼦)之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，⼀定是填连词；
(6)若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下⽂时态不⼀致或主谓不⼀致时，很可能是填情态动词或表⽰强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等)；
(7)在冠词后，⼀定是名词或one(s), other(s)等代词。

2. 给出了动词的试题，
（1）看有没有固定搭配、位于介词之后、词性转换等。

（2）判断是谓语动词还是⾮谓语动词。

a. 若句中没有别的谓语动词，所给动词就是谓语动词；
b. 若句中已有谓语动词，⼜不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是⾮谓语动词。

若是谓动词，就要考虑时态语态；是⾮谓语动词就要确定⽤—ing形式、—ed形式，还是⽤不定式形式.
3. 词类转换题，根据该词在句⼦所作句⼦成分确定⽤哪种形式：
(1)作表语、定语或补语，⽤形容词形式；
(2)作主语或宾语，⽤名词形式；
(3)冠词或形容词性物主代词后，⽤名词形式；
(4)作状语，⽤副词形式。

4. 词义转换题，主要是考查具有与词根意义相反的派⽣词，需根据句⼦意思及前后逻辑关系，在词根前加un—, im—等，在词根后加—less等。

⼀、代词(语法填空中缺乏主语或宾语时，填代词)
⼈称代词，物主代词，反⾝代词练习：
（⼀）
1. Your clothes are on the desk.Please put _________ away.
2. _________ English teacher is Mrs. Green. We all like _.
3. _________ can't get my kite.Could you help _________?
4. Tom can't get down from the tree. Can you help _________?
5. Her kite is broken. Can you mend(修理) ?
6. We can't find our bikes. Can you help ？
7. These are your books，Kate. Put __________ in the desk，please.
8. They want a football. Give __________ the green one，please.
9._____ is a boy. _____ name is Mike. Mike's friends like _____ very much.
10. My father and mother are teachers. _____ are busy.
11.John and I are in the same school. ________go to school together.
12. She is a friend of ________ . We knew each other two years ago.
13. I have many friends. Some of ________are good at English.
14. We can’t find our shoes. Can you help ___________?
15. We enjoyed at the party last night.
16. You should relax sometimes.
（⼆）
1、At last he carried to the bank. She was saved!
2、…I patiently walked to the library, took my seat and did some deep breathing to help relax_________.
3、The little boy pulled__________ right hand out of the pocket and studied a number of coins in it.
4、the driver did best to help and even stopped once to pick up more passengers.
5. Some 134,000 Chinese students went to study abroad, and 120,000 of were self-funded students.
6. We should choose those people with a good character as friends…
7、In short, if you make preparations before hand and take
precautions(预防措施) during the fire, chances are that ______ will survive in case of a fire if it really breaks out some day.
8、Cultural relics are a part of history, and represent people’s cultural treasures. Therefore, it is important for us to protect ______.
初中英语词汇分类
1.旅游和交通:
动词：
leave离开，arrive 到达，get to 到达，get on 上车，get off 下车，fly 飞⾏，drive开车
carry携带，搬运；stay停留；暂住；逗留；呆，
visit参观；访问walk ⾛路，散步，
cost 花费，spend 花费，度过
take (photos) 拍照，live居住，go shopping购物，buy 买
eat (breakfast/ lunch/ dinner) 吃早、午，晚餐
sleep 睡觉wake up 醒来
名词：
journey 旅⾏,旅程，travel（长途）旅⾏, trip旅⾏；⾏程visitor 参观者；访问者
flight航班way道路；路线, license执照；许可证map地图capital ⾸都center中⼼，中央city 城市countryside乡下；农村palace 宫殿
east东；东⽅（的）north北；北⽅（的）south南；南⽅（的）west西；西⽅（的）
front前部；前⾯middle中间；当中
boat ⼩船bus公共汽车car⼩汽车train⽕车plane飞机ship船；轮船spaceship太空船taxi出租车truck卡车underground地铁meter⽶；公尺kilometer公⾥；千⽶
driver 司机，passenger乘客；旅客,safety安全
speed速度, accident 事故；意外的事,
形容词：
comfortable舒适的tired 累的nice令⼈愉快的；美好的happy ⾼兴的sad 伤⼼的excited 激动的，兴奋的dangerous危险的far远的
fast快的；迅速的heavy重的
long（指距离）长；远；（指时间）长wide宽阔的
opposite相反的；对⾯的left左边right右；右边的；正确的straight直的；⼀直的whole整个的---wholly adv.。