dialect 方言
ShangHaiDialect-上海方言,ShangHaiDialect-上海方言范文
ShangHai Dialect-上海方言,ShangHai Dialect-上海方言范文ShangHai Dialect-上海方言I give a presentation in a new class or when I meet some new friends in the university. However, I never think I am a qualified Shanghainese because I can't speak Shanghai dialect well though I have lived here for more than ten years. Certainly you will be curious of how this happened.I am not a Shanghai native. I was born in Chengdu, Sichuan, where my parents went to decades ago because of the great revolution in the 1970s. I spent my first five years there.Then I moved to Hangzhou as my parents thought I should receive formal school education .The first day I spent in the primary school in Hangzhou didn't bring me any joy. On the contrary, I felt quite sad because many pupils laughed at my Sichuan dialect which was rarely heard there. I cried sadly at home that evening. How could a six-year-old child bear being laughed at by so many people? I only wished that I would never go to school again but of course my parents wouldn't approve. You can imagine how I felt when my parents held my hands and led me all the way to school. I felt lonely in the totally strange classroom with the totally strange people who, I thought ,were looking at me with ironic smiles on their faces. At that time the only thing I could do to avoid being laughed at was to learn Putonghua, which is used all over China and which could help save my dignity. Every child has got a talent for learning language, as it is known to all. So in approxi mately three months I could speak Putonghua as fluently as any other pupil in the class. Since then l never spoke a single word in Sichuan dialect. Theexperience taught me that speaking dialecthardly had any good on me.Before I could find out whether abandoning a dialect so quickly was beneficial for me or not, my parents moved to Shanghai to work here. Undoubtedly, they brought me here,which meant I should again study in a new place. I was eight years old then. My parents brought me to school the next day we moved to Shanghai. Before I approached the door of the teacher's office I heard people in the office were talking with a dialect that I could not understand. Though the teachers talked to me kindly in Putonghua when they saw me tiptoeing into the office I was worried what I could do if I couldn't understand Shanghai dialect. Hardly had I made up my mind to study Shanghai dialect when I stepped into a small shop to buy a bottle of orange juice to relieve my thirsty caused by the anxiety of golng to the new school. I talked to the shop assistanct that I wanted a bottle of orange juice in Putonghua, but she didn't even lift her eyelids. She coldly squeezed two words between her tightly closed lips. Unfortunately, I couldn't catch what she said. So I asked again. Then maybe my words annoyed her because she suddenly shouted at me in Shanghai dialect. The only word I could understand was "Xiangwuning" which means the people from rural places. The despise word hurt me so deeply that I thought there was no good in speaking Shanghai dialect. I didn't like the Shanghai natives who were so impolite towards people from other cities. In the following years, when my father, who is a Shanghai native and can speak fluent Shanghai dialect, wanted to teach me Shanghai dialect, I always shook my head.Now I can understand Shanghai dialect very well. But as there are more and more people from other cities in Shanghai, itbrings a trend to speak Putonghua. When I speak Putonghua in stead of Shanghai dialect, The Shanghai natives look down upon me. Then I will just speak English. Seeing the confusing expression on his or her face, I will leave without any more words.I'll not worry about whether I am a real Shanghainese or not.I believe Putonghua dominates all the dialects and most people in Shanghai will speak it other than Shanghai dialect in the future. So there is no use for me to pick up Shanghai dialect.Next time I introduce myself, I will still tell others that I can't speak Shanghai dialect without any shame.简评世界上的语言难以计数，只有自己的语言最美；一个国家的方言难以计数，只有自己使用的最动听。
中国方言(英语版)
xibei dialect Distributed in Gansu, Shaanxi majority (except for the southern region of Shaanxi), and part of Qinghai, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia region. Xinjiang Han language used in a northwest dialect.
Chinese Dialect 中国方言
outline
Classification
introduction
of typical
dialects conclusion
classification
Modern Chinese have a variety of different dialects. Their distribution area is very wide.but they have many similarities. They are not independent languages which are divided according to the characteristics of dialect contact,formation , and development history.
Ctribution Cantonese is distributed in Pearl River Delta region（珠江三角洲） of Guangdong Province,the western of Guangdong Province,the southern of Guangxi Province,the western region of Hainan
方言与语域的区别
3.1 Corresponding relationship between dialect and register(adapted from Halliday 1978)
Dialect Defining criteria Nature Determing factor language user Register language use
Dialect and Register
presented by Jiang Ling
Contents
Dialect
Definition of register
Relationship between dialect and register
Lead-in: Question & Answer
When you talk with different people, like your parents, friends, or strangers, do you communicate with them in the same way?
semantics(hence, lexicogrammar, sometimes phonology)
Diversity expressed
Areas of difference
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
3.1 Corresponding relationship between dialect and register(adapted from Halliday 1978)
conditions.
• Code-switching: "use of two or more linguistic varieties in
dialects方言英文版PPT
Dialects
Regional Dialects Social Dialects Genderlects
Regional Dialects
Characteristics of regional dialects: In a particular area Communicative isolation Dialect leveling Accent
Dialects
某某某
Dialects
Definition: Differences in pronunciation, grammar, or word choice within a language. Influence factors:
region, social class , educational background, the degree of formality, etc.
Dialects of English: AmE vs. BrE
American English (AmE): all English dialects used in the United States of America. British English (BrE): all English dialects used in the U.K.
--------influenced
by social factors: socioeconomic status, ethnic or racial differences, country of origin, gender, etc.
Social Dialects
African American English (AAE) Latino (Hispanic) English (Latino) ：A major group of American English dialects spoken by native Spanish speakers or their descendants. Chicano English (ChE): a dialect of American English used by Chicanos.
社会方言-语言学
Social dialect
Or sociolect, is a variety of a language (a dialect) used by people belonging to a particular social class.
The speakers of a sociolect usually share a similar socioeconomic and/or educational background. Sociolects may be classed as high(in status) or low( in status). The study of social dialects concerns a variety of social parameters Such as Social class and education Age and gender Ethnic background
如，标准意大利语相对于托斯卡纳语来说是一种地域 方言。但作为意大利民族的语言，它也是社会方言， 因为它被作为通用语在全国的广播，新闻媒体和上流 社会中被使用。
Social dialect
• • • • • • social class and education Age and gender Ethnic background Idiolect Style, register and jargon Diglossia
方言口音.ppt
北京话管“他”不叫他叫：怹 tān 北京话管“问好”叫：吃了么您？ 北京话管“在哪儿住”叫：挨哪儿住 北京话管“后头”叫：后语儿、后尾（yǐ 尾巴
的尾）儿 北京话管“撮出的皮垢”叫：皴 cūn 北京话管“不是”叫：不介 北京话管“弯腰”叫：哈腰 北京话管“小题大做”叫：邪乎
吴方言（苏州话）
吴语，又称吴方言、江南话、江浙话。在中国 分布于浙江、江苏、上海、安徽、江西、福建。 通常认为苏州话具有吴语的代表性。
吴语发音和语法特点：
湘方言（湘乡话） 和 粤方言（广州话）
湘语，又称湘方言或湖南话，属汉藏语系汉语族，主 要分布在中国大陆湖南省相当部分地区、临近湖南的 重庆和广西部分地区；以长沙话和湘乡话为代表。
粤语是发源于北方的中原雅言（汉族母语）而于秦汉 时期传播至两广地区与当地古越语相融合产生的一种 语言，同时也是在香港、澳门占有主导地位的方言，
有弯儿。
1.老么卡哧眼儿 [例]瞧你长的那样，老么卡哧眼 儿，那个能看上你，形容又老又丑的人。
2.皮儿片儿 [例]老王家那小子把家里造的皮儿片 儿的，同皮皮片片：乱七八的。
3.吭吃瘪肚 [例]你可别在那儿吭吃瘪肚地浪费大 家时间了，没准备好的话赶紧下来吧。
**即北方方言（官方方言）、吴方言、湘方言、 客家方言、闽方言、粤方言、赣方言。
各地区汉语的代表方言
方言名称
官话方言 吴方言 湘方言 客家方言
闽方言
粤方言 赣方言 西北方言 蜀方言
New York dialect纽约方言
New York dialectNew York slang:Hello everyone, today I come to tell you those things about New York dialectEvery day human tragicomedy staged Broadway, Times Square, the ever-changing, not only survived the Empire State Building, Fifth Avenue luxury noble, this is a magical city that never sleeps ---- New York!Someone said:send him to NY if you love him, cause NY is like heaven. Send him to NY if you hate him, cause it is like hell.So,it is amazing!There are some examples of new york slang.1.The Big Apple=New York2.尽管大多数的美国人都会stand in line，纽约人会说，stand on line3.hero是纽约人叫大个的意大利潜水艇三明治。
4.可以说某人是out in left field如果你觉得他们很古怪或是莫名其妙。
"Look at that strange guy! He's really out in left field!"5.Fuhhgeddaboutit这是纽约人如何发"Forget about it!"的音。
本质上讲，这是“没有可能”的另一种方法。
"You want me to do you a solid? Fuhhgeddaboutit!"6.Don't jerk my chain! 意思是别想欺骗我！7.Do me a solid如果有人问你，Hey can you do me a solid?，在你答应之前一定要确认他们到底要你做什么！他们真的是要你帮他们做事的。
方言学名词
方言学名词作者：全国科学技术名词审定委员会来源：《中国科技术语》2012年第02期方言学 dialectology 语言学的一个分支。
调查、描写、分析和研究地域方言，以揭示其内在规律。
方言 dialect 俗称“土语”“地方话”。
一个语言的地域性变体，是相对于共同语或标准语而言的。
方言自身有自成系统的语音特征、词汇特征和语法特征。
汉语方言 Chinese dialect 汉民族语言的地域性变体。
汉语方言的内部在语音、词汇、语法方面都有自己的特点。
《中国语言地图集》把汉语方言分为官话、晋、徽、吴、湘、赣、客家、平话、粤、闽等十个方言区。
方言地理学 dialect geography 方言学的一个分支学科。
主要利用方言地图等方式研究方言的语言特征在地域性上的分布、特点及其规律。
方言地图集 dialect atlas 根据方言特征或分区等内容绘制成的地图集。
大致分为方言特征分布图、方言分布和分区地图两种类型。
前者根据方言区别性特点的异同，把方言材料分专题标示在地图上，例如《湖北方言调查报告》中所附的一组方言地图；后者根据方言区别性特征进行分区，并把分区结果标示在地图上，例如《中国语言地图集》中的汉语方言部分。
原始方言 proto dialect 又称“祖方言”。
一般指利用历史比较语言学的方法和原则，根据共时方言进行构拟重建的早期方言形式。
例如根据当前的闽方言和闽语相关历史文献，用历史比较法等方法，构拟出的原始闽语就可以称为闽语的原始方言。
方言特征 dialectal characteristics 能够用来区分不同方言区的语言特征。
往往具有对外排他性、对内一致性的主要特点。
根据语言内部的结构，可以分为方言语音特征、词汇特征和语法特征等。
母方言 mother tongue 一个人在语言习得的过程中首先学习、掌握并熟练使用的方言。
一般是一个人出生地点或幼年时学话期间的方言。
基础方言 basic dialect 民族共同语或标准语赖以形成和发展的基础地域的方言。
中国茶文化,中英双文
绿茶green 绿茶green tea
Green Yellow White Oolong Dark Black
Tea Tea Tea Tea Tea Tea
low
The degree of fermentation
high
红茶black 红茶black tea
白茶white 白茶white tea
Some useful words and patterns
1.legend:传说， 1.legend:传说，传奇 传说 2.pronunciation： 2.pronunciation：发音 3.classic： 3.classic：经典 4.dialect： 4.dialect：方言 5.character：方块字， 5.character：方块字，汉字 6.legend has it that Shen Nong…was saved when he happened to try some tea leaves.传说中神农在偶然咀嚼了茶叶之后就得救 leaves.传说中神农在偶然咀嚼了茶叶之后就得救 了。 7.“Tea Classic” is widely 的科学著作 recognized as the world’s first
黑 茶
Some famous tea in China
(1)西湖龙井茶 (1)西湖龙井茶 West Lake longjing tea 绿茶 green tea; 中国十大名茶之一 one of the top ten chinese tea, 30多个品牌 30多个品牌 more than 30 brands; 中国政府机构每年都购买超过100kgs的茶叶 中国政府机构每年都购买超过100kgs的茶叶 the central government of china buy more than100kgs every year; (2)洞庭碧螺春茶 (2)洞庭碧螺春茶 Dongting biluochun tea 绿茶 green tea; 中国十大名茶之一 one of the top ten chinese tea; 一个勤劳，善良的孤女，名叫碧螺; 一个勤劳，善良的孤女，名叫碧螺; a hard-working, kind-hearted orphan hardkindgirl, named biluo; 1954年 周总理出席日内瓦会议， 1954年，周总理出席日内瓦会议， 携带2公斤; 携带2公斤; in 1954,premier Zhou attend the Geneva meeting, taking 2kgs;
方言及方言调查_图文
虹 说 鲎
鲎的同言线
意大利的部 分同言线束
横贯法国的同言线束
d. 一个语言的所有变体并非都能干净地 划归明确的方言。梅耶（Antoine Meillet）早 就指出过: 方言并不一定把一种语言里所有的土语都
包括在内。比方在希腊语中, 大家最熟识的古雅典方言, 和伊奥尼亚方言有许多共同的特点, 但是它并不属于伊 奥尼亚方言,更不属于任何其它方言。伊利斯,洛克里斯, 佛西斯等地的土语有许多方面和多利克方言相近; 但它 们并不就是多利克方言。所以一种语言的各个土语并不 是都能归入一些确定的方言里面。(1924)
③每一种方言都能满足
该语言社团的交际需要，从 语言学的立场看不存在优劣 之分。而每一个正常的人至 少都掌握了该语言的一种方 言。
④人们很早就注意到语
言内部因地而异的现象。例 如《旧约》(The Old Testament) 里就记载了一个最为古老的 方言观察的例子。故事发生 在士师时期(Age of Judges)。
b.汉语方言分区中的古全浊声母演变标准
李方桂 (1936)为《中国年鉴》所写的《中 国的语言和方言》、王力(1937)《中国音韵学 》(下册) 首次明确把古全浊声母的演变作为划 分汉语方言的重要标准之一，几十年来一直为 学术界袭用。其实无论从古全浊声母演变类型 的地理分布来看, 还是从计量语言学的角度来 看,古全浊声母的演变都不适合在方言分区中 扮演太过重要的角色。因为古全浊声母的演变 常常不能有效地区分方言。
方言及方言调查_图文.ppt
一、方言
1.方言的定义 2.语言和方言 3.方言和普通话 4.方言研究的意义
1.方言的定义 通俗地说，方言就是各个地方
的土话，即地方话。例如：
普通话：你去不去？
Dialect
方言可以分为地域方言（regional dialect） 和社会方言（social dialect）两大类。地域 方言是语言在不同地域的变体；社会方言是 语言的社会变体。
地域方言
方 言
定义 方言地理学 同言线 波浪理论 地理方言的形成与分布
定义
社会方言
社会方言的体现
一、阶层变体和性别变体 二、城乡差异和年龄变体 三、语域变体和职业变体 四、地方戏曲语言变体
Dialectologists in Europe and the US have been studying the geographical distribution of linguistic items, such as pairs of synonymous words(e.g. pail vs bucket), or different pronunciations of the same words(e.g. farm with or without the /r/ ) (R.A. Hudson, 38)
语言变异和演变的机制
Regional variation in the way a language is ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้poken is likely to be one of the most noticeable ways in which we observe variety in language.
方言在地理上的分布是非常复杂的，为了使其 更加直观明确，语言学者用绘制方言地图的形 式显示同时期各方言语言特征的地理分布。依 照所展现的不同项目，常见的方言地图有四种， 即方言分区图、方言分类图、方言特征图和方 言同言线图。（祝畹瑾 2013，79）（插图）
hibernate自定义方言Dialect
一、该类需要继承与我们使用的数据库相应的方言类。
比如：如果我们用的是MySql（版本为5.x.x），我们需要继承“org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5Dialect”；如果我们使用的是DB2，那么我们应该继承“org.hibernate.dialect.DB2Dialect”；我用的是Oracle10g，所以我要继承“org.hibernate.dialect.Oracle10gDialect”oracle10g 中的会自动丢失时分秒,是ojdbc驱动问题，所以我们要自定义方言或者升级驱动Oracle默认在hibernate映射是java.sql.Date类型时,，可以为这列配置java.sql.Timestamp。
oraclepublicclass RegisterType extends Oracle10gDialect{public RegisterType() {// TODO Auto-generated constructor stubsuper();registerHibernateType(Types.CHAR,Hibernate.STRING.getName());//将数据库的char类型转为String类型//registerHibernateType(Types.DATE, Hibernate.TIMESTAMP.getName()); //registerHibernateType(Types.DECIMAL,Hibernate.BIG_DECIMAL.getName());registerHibernateType(-1, Hibernate.STRING.getName());}}你的Oracle用了decimal类型,报错应该是 No Dialect mapping for JDBC type: 3 . 注意这个3, 它说明hibernate不能将这种数据类型映射到你的java类中. 就需要在自定义的方言中用到:registerHibernateType(Types.DECIMAL, Hibernate.BIG_DECIMAL.getName());Sqlserverpublicclass BlobSQLServerDialect extends SQLServerDialect { public BlobSQLServerDialect () {super();//registerColumnType(Types.LONGVARBINARY, Hibernate.BLOB.getName()); registerHibernateType(Types.LONGVARBINARY,Hibernate.BLOB.getName());}}二、将你的方言注册到配置文件中<prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.zjf.util.RegisterType</prop>或者hibernate.dialect=er.BlobSQLServerDialect。
Standard English and dialects 标准英语和方言
P13 Standard English and dialects 标准英语和方言（预习课）[课前导读]As we all know, we come from different places and we have different accents(口音，腔调). But on TV and the radio we usually hear people speak differently from us, they speak Putonghua, which is standard Chinese. What we speak is local dialect(地方方言). As a matter of fact,when we communicate with each other using our dialects, we have no trouble (in) understanding one another. Why? Because the differences between them are very little. So when we are learning English, we should not be afraid of speak ing our poor English. Although we speak poor English, people still understand us more or less(大体上，基本上). Then form today, we should try to speak English of our own(属于我们自己的) more and more（越来越多）!Today we are going to learn about Standard English and English dialects [学习目标] 自己能够利用学案排除文章中的新词汇。
英语文体学3,4
Chapter 3 Varieties of Language语言变体(varieties of language)可分为两类：一类是方言变体(dialectal varieties), 俗称方言；另一类是话语类变体(diatypic varieties), 亦称语域（register）。
方言是以语言的使用者（users）为基准而区分的语言变体；语域则是按照语言使用者对语言的使用（uses）而区分的语言变体。
因此，方言多与交际者的社会阶层、社会地位、地域、年龄、性别及所处的时代等因素有关，比较稳定；语域则多与交际者所从事的社会活动密切相关。
方言(Dialect):1) 语言使用者的个人特征（individuality）--Idiolect(语言的流利度、清晰度、表达能力大小等。
例：Mr X’s English, Mr Y’s English。
)2) 时代特征（temporal features）--Temporal Dialect3) 地域特征（geographical feature）--Regional Dialect4) 社会特征（social features）--Social DialectSocioeconomic status varieties 社会经济变体Ethnic varieties 种族变体Gender varieties 性别变体Age varieties 年龄变体5) 可理解的程度和范围—Standard Dialect方言(Dialects)具有社会指示功能，方言不仅能体现人物的地域特征，而且能反映出人物的社会地位、文化程度乃至个人性格，这一点在文学作品中最为明显语域(Register)1) Field of Discourse(话语范围/语场)Non-technical fields of discourseTechnical fields of discourse2) Mode of Discourse(话语方式/语式)Speech: conversing, monologuingWriting: texts written to be spoken as if not written/ written to be read3) Tenor of Discourse(话语基调/语基)Personal Tenor(个人基调)Functional Tenor(功能基调)1) Field of Discourse(话语范围/语场)话语范围指的是言语交际过程中发生的事情，进行的活动，论及的事情或表达的经验等，它能体现语言使用者在特定情境语境中所要实现的交际目的和作用。
Standard
General American
GenAm has its roots in Pennsylvania, Ohio and other areas that make up “the Rust Belt,” and it followed settlers westward through the Midwest to California and the Pacific Northwest. General American is used in almost two-thirds of the country.
b. It is a superimposed variety. It has a widely accepted codified grammar a nd vocabulary. It is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.
Standard dialect 标准方言
The standard variety is a superimposed,
socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is
the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass
Features
a.It is based on a selected variety of the language, usually it is the local spe ech of an area which is considered the nation‘s political and comneral American developed out of other dialects owning to the traditional political and economic status of Boston area and academic position of Harvard University
Standard English and Dialects标准的英语和方言
Standard English and Dialects标准的英语和方言What is standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand? Believe it or not, there is no such thing as standard English. Many people believe the English spoken on TV and the radio is standard English. This is because in the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English. However, even on TV and the radio you will hear differences in the way people speak.什么是标准英语？在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度和新西兰所说的英语吗？信不信由你，世界上没有什么标准的英语。
许多人认为，电视里和收音机里所说的就是标准英语，这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们认为新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。
然而在电视和收音机里，你也会听出人们在说话时的差异。
When people use words and expressions different form “standard language”, it is called a dialect. American English has many dialects, especially the midwestern, southern, African American has many dialects. In some parts of the US, two people from neighbouring towns can have a little different dialect. American English has so many dialects because people have come from all over the world.什么是标准英语？在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度和新西兰所说的英语吗？信不信由你，世界上没有什么标准的英语。
dmdialect方言 重写方法
dmdialect方言重写方法Dialects are a vibrant and integral part of any language, adding layers of complexity and history that reflect the cultural diversity within a region. 方言是语言中活跃而不可或缺的一部分，它增添了复杂性和历史层面，反映了一个地区的文化多样性。
Each dialect holds a unique story, with its own blend of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that sets it apart from standard language. 每种方言都拥有独特的故事，其词汇、语法和发音的混合使其与标准语言有所不同。
From the Hakka dialect in China to the Scottish dialect in the UK, these local variations enrich the linguistic landscape and provide insights into the rich tapestry of human interaction. 从中国的客家方言到英国的苏格兰方言，这些地方性的变化丰富了语言环境，并提供了人类交流丰富多彩的视角。
However, with the advent of globalization and mass media, many dialects are facing the threat of extinction, as younger generations prioritize the use of standard languages for practical reasons. 然而，随着全球化和大众媒体的出现，许多方言正面临灭绝的威胁，因为年轻一代出于实际考虑更倾向于使用标准语言。
dialect 语言学定义
dialect一词在语言学中有多个定义。
dialect可以翻译成方言，在不同的人群中指代不同。
中国人口中所称“方言(Topolect)”是一个政治学概念，实为“地方语言”，又称“白话(Vernacular)”，指的是区别于标准语的某一地区的语言。
而欧洲人口中的“方言(Dialect)”是一个语言学概念，指的是十八世纪后开始普遍称呼的位于“语言(language)”下一级的“方言”，它根据语言之间的亲属关系(发音、词汇、语法)划分出语系(family)、语族(group)、语支(branch)和语言(language)，位于语言下的则是方言(dialect)。
因此，dialect一词在不同的语境和学科领域可能有不同的定义和使用方式。
calcite sqldialect方言包 -回复
calcite sqldialect方言包-回复Calcite 是一个基于Java 的开源SQL 解析器、优化器和执行引擎。
作为Apache Software Foundation 旗下的一个顶级项目，Calcite 在数据库和数据处理领域有着广泛的应用。
Calcite SQL 方言包是Calcite 的一个子项目，其主要目标是为Calcite 提供扩展性，并支持各种SQL 方言。
[calcite sqldialect方言包] 是指针对不同的SQL 方言进行特定的扩展，以使得Calcite 可以更好地解析和优化相应的SQL，本文将详细介绍Calcite SQL 方言包的功能和使用方法。
首先，我们需要了解什么是SQL 方言。
SQL 是结构化查询语言（Structured Query Language）的缩写，是一种用于管理和操作关系数据库的编程语言。
然而，不同的数据库厂商通常会在标准的SQL 上扩展自己的语法和功能，形成不同的SQL 方言。
这导致了在处理不同数据库之间的SQL 查询时，需要进行语法和功能的转换。
Calcite SQL 方言包正是为了解决这个问题而存在的。
它提供了一种通用的方式来定义和扩展SQL 方言。
Calcite SQL 方言包由一组类和接口组成，可以通过继承和实现这些类和接口来定义自己的SQL 方言。
通过使用Calcite SQL 方言包，我们可以编写针对不同数据库的SQL 查询，而无需关心它们之间的差异。
下面，我们来看一下如何使用Calcite SQL 方言包。
首先，我们需要在项目的依赖中引入Calcite SQL 方言包的相关库。
在Maven 项目中，我们可以通过在pom.xml 中添加以下依赖来引入Calcite SQL 方言包：xml<dependency><groupId>org.apache.calcite</groupId><artifactId>calcite-sqldialect</artifactId><version>1.26.0</version></dependency>完成依赖的引入后，我们可以开始编写针对特定SQL 方言的查询。
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Types of Code-switching
Inter-sentential Switching (句间语码转换)
(Poplack)
It occurs outside the sentence or the clause or at the sentence or clause boundaries.
Ⅱ. Types of Code-switching
Ⅲ. Communicative Functions of Code-switching
Ⅳ. Conclusion
Code -switching
• Code includes language as well as varieties of language, such as dialect, variety, pidgin, creole or register. • It refers to any symbols of communication • It is considered to be a more neutral term.
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Types of Code-switching
Situational Code-switching
(情景语码转换)
(Gumperz & Blom)
Metaphorical Code-switching
（喻意型语码转换）
It occurs when the languages It refers to a change in the used change according to the language/variety because of a situation. The speaker uses one change of topic. language in one situation and another in a different situation. No topic change occurs classmates discussing homework in Shaanxi dialect suddenly switch to Mandarin when their teacher joins in the discussion
Social dialect
• The term dialect can also be used to describe differences in speech associated with various social groups or classes. • There are various factors that can be used to define social groups such as occupation, place of residence, education, ‘new’ versus ‘old’ , money, income, racial or ethnic origin, cultural background, religion, and so on.
It’s used to exert power, declare solidarity, maintain or reduce social distance, express identity, discuss certain topics etc.
How do they switch code?
xcv
Code-Switching and Dialect
姚子君
A reality check
4,000 to 6, 000 languages in the world but only about 200 nation-states. Half of the world’s population is bilingual and bilingualism is present in practically every country in the world.
• Social dialects originate among groups and are related to a variety of factors, the principal ones apparently being social class, religion and ethnicity. (Wardhaugh 2000, 46)
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It’s a conversational strategy to establish group boundaries, cross or destroy them, evoke, create, or change interpersonal relations (Gal, 1988)
-----World EnHaugen points out (1966, 923) that language can be used to refer either to a single linguistic norm or to a group of related norms, and dialect to refer to one of the norms.
Classification of Dialect
geographical dialect
dialect social dialect
Regional dialect
• Regional variation in the way a language is spoken is likely to be one of the most noticeable ways in which we observe variety in language. • Those distinctive varieties such as differences in pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, in syntax and even in local colorings from one location to another. The variety differences are based on geography.
Code-switching
• Code–switching means the switch from one language to another and also from one variety of a language to another variety. • Code-switching is "the alternative use by bilinguals of two or more languages in the same conversation" (Milroy, 1995: 7).
• Four main general characteristics of their conversation – They switch smoothly and without disruption in the conversation. – Cooperation – Transmit information – Build rapport • Code switching is rule governed. • We must specify the rules that speakers apply in the switch.
(Romaine, 1994)
Language changes is such a common and prevalent phenomenon.
The varieties of language include standard language, dialects, pidgins, creoles, and so on.
2. Dialect is used both for local varieties of English and for various types of informal, lower-class, or rural speech. . It is often equivalent to nonstandard or even substandard. A dialect is a language that is excluded from polite society
Dialect
• A form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area or by members of a particular social class or occupational group, distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
Poplack
"love me, love my dog" 是爱屋及乌的意思。
Intra-sentential Switching(句内语码转换)
It occurs in a sentence or a clause.
Tag Switching(附加语码转换)
Ok, so much for today. 下课了。 给肌肤做个SPA吧。
Idiolect
In linguistics, an idiolect is a variety of a language unique to an individual.
(Word choice, voice quality, pitch, speech rhythm)
Contents
Ⅰ. Definition of Code-switching