2020新牛津译林 高一英语 Book 3 Unit1 重点解析

根据词性和汉语提示，写出下列单词
1．harm n．& v t.伤害，损害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的
2．long adj.长的，长时间的→length n．长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长
3．survive v i.生存，存活v t.幸存，幸免于难→survival n．残存物；幸存事物→survivor n．幸存者；生还者
4．disappear v i.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪→disappearance n．消失；失踪
5．agriculture n．农业，农学→agricultural adj.农业的
1．variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
①I was impressed by the variety of dishes on offer.不同种类
②We want more variety in our work.变化，多样性
③Apples come in a great many varieties.变种，变体
2．living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的n．生计，谋生；生活方式
①Father never talked about what he did for a living.生计
②Chinese is one of the most beautiful languages that is living in the world.在使用的
③He is the finest living pianist that I have ever seen.活着的
Words and Phrases
知识要点1harm n．& vt.伤害，损害
(教材P1)The human race has done much harm.
人类已经造成了许多危害。

[例1]What should be done to punish people who do harm to the animals?
应该做些什么来惩罚那些伤害动物的人呢？
[例2]Too much direct sunlight will harm the plants.
过多的阳光直射会损害植物。

[造句]他们对热带雨林造成了严重危害。

They did serious harm to tropical rainforest.
①Walking in the air full of smog is harmful(harm)to us.
②Drinking too much does harm to your health.
③There is no harm saying(say)sorry to him first.
④We all know that smoking does(do)harm to our health.
知识要点2variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
(教材P3)The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife.
雨林的不同层次使种类多到难以置信的野生动植物得以生存。

[例1]We all need variety in our diet.
我们都需要饮食多样化。

[例2]I'm always pleased to try out a new variety.
我一直乐于尝试新品种。

[造句]我们有各种款式和尺码的货品。

We stock a wide variety of styles and sizes.
①For various(variety)reasons，we couldn't attend her wedding.
②Students are offered varieties(variety)of courses in this department.
③That sort of thing varies from person to person in African countries.
④The menu in the restaurant varies with the season.
[小片段助记]
I am glad that our students have varieties of questions to ask in class，and I would love to answer them in various ways.In addition，the questions vary from person to person.
知识要点3survive vi.生存，存活vt.幸存，幸免于难
(教材P3)While a significant number of jaguars survive here，they are only one element of this forest's food chain.
尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。

[例1]Is it enough to have survived for a long time?
能保存很长一段时间就足够了吗？
[例2]I can't survive on ￡20 a week.
我每周靠20英镑难以生存。

[造句]很多鸟死于这次严冬。

Many birds didn't survive the severe winter.
[名师点津]survive作“幸存；幸免于难”解时为及物动词，其后直接接宾语，不用介词in或from。

[即学即练]单句语法填空
①The old woman survived her own daughter by ten years.
②If you develop AIDS，your chances of survival(survive)are very small.
③He is lucky to have survived(survive)the terrible accident.
知识要点4break down 使分解(为)，使变化(成)
(教材P3)When a jaguar dies，a tiny army of microorganisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth.
当美洲豹死亡时，一小群微生物帮助分解它的尸体，并将营养物质还给大地。

[例1]Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.
两国之间的和平谈判破裂，没有达成协议。

[例2]The computer system broke down suddenly while he was searching for information.
在他搜寻资料时，电脑系统突然坏了。

[造句]塑料袋很难分解。

Plastic bags are difficult to break down.
①It's very impolite of you to break in while we're talking.
②His house was broken(break)into last night.
③When the war broke out ，he was only four.
④My girlfriend has broken up with me.
[小片段助记]
Unfortunately，the peace talks broke down in the end.As a result，a war broke
out between the two countries.The native people had to break away from their homes and suffered a lot from the war.
知识要点5due to 由于，因为
(教材P3)Over the past 50 years，about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming.
在过去的50年里，由于农耕和养牛等人类活动，大约17%的雨林消失了。

[例1]In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates.
在印度北部，由于出生率高，人口正在迅速增长。

[例2]Due to the widespread use of penicillin，many lives were saved during the war.
正因为青霉素的广泛应用，战争期间很多生命得以挽救。

[造句]比赛因下雨而延期。

The game was put off due to the rain.
[归纳拓展]
(1)due adj.应付的；应得的；适当的；预期的；到期的
be due to do sth. 预期/预定要做某事
be due to sb. 应支付/应给予/应归于某人
be due for sth. 应得到某物
(2)表示“由于”的词组还有：
owing to 由于
because of 因为；由于
as a result of 由于
thanks to 多亏；由于
on account of 由于，因为
[即学即练]单句语法填空
①The team are due to fly(fly)to Italy next month.
②The meeting isn't due to start(start)until three.
③Have they been paid the money that is due to them?
④The sports meeting had to be put off due to the bad weather.
知识要点6damage vt.& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
(教材P3)．..can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
……我们能承担得起损伤“地球之肺”的后果吗？
[例1]The damage is usually more serious on the first plant.
对第一株植物造成的损害通常更严重一些。

[例2]As we all know，eating too much fat will damage our health.
众所周知，摄入太多脂肪会损害我们的健康。

[造句]暴雨对庄稼造成了很大的损害。

The heavy rain has done/caused great damage to the crops.
①The earthquake caused great damage to the city.
②It will take several months to repair the ship damaged(damage)in the storm.
③As we know，smoking seriously damages(damage)our health.
④They have repaired the buildings damaged(damage)in the fire.
知识要点7build up 逐渐增加，扩大
(教材P5)For another thing，due to the Amazon's hot climate，it is difficult for the soil to build up enough nutrients.
另一方面，由于亚马孙的炎热气候，土壤很难积累足够的养分。

[例1]The secret to oil painting is to build up layer on layer on a canvas.
画油画的秘诀就是在画布上涂上一层又一层(的颜料)。

[例2]Traffic is building up on roads into the city.
来往的车辆在通往市区的道路上越聚越多。

[造句]当时各方面的压力逐渐增加，那家工厂每况愈下。

All the pressure built up at that time and the factory went from bad to worse.
①You can build on his honesty.
②It may take a few weeks for you to build up your strength again.
③She has built up a very successful business.
④Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere，causing the global temperature to go up.
Sentence Patterns
重点句式1倍数＋the size of...
(教材P2)With an area of around 6 million square kilometres，the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China．
亚马孙雨林面积约600万平方公里，相当于中国面积的一半以上。

[句式分析]
北京是我家乡的十倍大。

[例2]This river is three times the length of that one.这条河是那条河的三倍长。

[造句]那架飞机的飞行高度是那只风筝的十倍。

The plane flew ten times the height of the kite.
①This table is three times longer(三倍长)than that one.
②The price of the house this year is twice what it was last year(是去年的两倍).
[即学即练]单句语法填空
①This bridge is five times the width(wide)of that one.
②The red ruler is four times longer(long)than the yellow one.
③The city is ten times as big(big)as my hometown.
④A new iPhone costs about three times the price of a second­hand one. 重点句式2“表语＋系动词＋主语”倒装句式
(教材P3)Above that is the mass of leaf litter on the dark forest floor.在那之上是在黑暗的雨林地面上的大量落叶。

[句式分析]
在大厅中央站着一个高个子的年轻人。

[例2]Among the guests is the person you are looking for.
你找的那个人就在客人当中。

[造句]窗户旁边是一位悲伤的母亲。

Near the window is a sad mother.
①Here comes the bus(汽车来了).
②In front of our school stands(我们学校前面矗立着)a tower.
[即学即练]单句语法填空
①Sitting in the hall were(be)the two astronauts who were very young.
②Here comes(come)a good chance that you can use your summer vacation to go on study tours.
③On the wall are(be)hanging two old paintings.
④Present at the evening party on Thursday was(be)our English teacher.
1．(教材P2)The Amazon River，from which the rainforest gets its name，is close to 6，400 kilometres in length—roughly 100 kilometres longer than the Yangtze River.
[分析]此句为主从复合句，其中from which the rainforest gets its name为“介词＋which ”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词The Amazon River。

[译文]亚马孙河接近6 400公里长，比长江大约还长100公里，亚马孙雨林便是由其得名。

2．(教材P3)Each level of the forest forms its own little world，home to different kinds of living things.
[分析]此句为简单句。

home to different kinds of living things 是名词world 的同位语。

[译文]雨林的每一层都形成了自己的小世界，是各种生物的家园。

3．(教材P3)As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species in danger of extinction becomes longer，we are left with a question：can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？
[分析]此句为主从复合句。

其中As 引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时候，随着……”。

can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”是名词question 的同位语。

[译文]人类活动的影响不断增大，濒危物种名单越来越长，这留给我们一个问题：我们能承担得起损伤“地球之肺”的后果吗？
教材高考
1.The human race has done much harm. (2020·全国卷Ⅰ)These include plants
that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.
2.The forest's different levels support an unbelievable variety of wildlife. (2020·全国卷Ⅱ)There are different kinds of fruit trees as well as a variety of animals.
3.When a jaguar dies，a tiny army of micro­organisms helps break down its body and return the nutrients to the earth. (2020·天津卷)Jones' idea has been fully realized—the“HAPPY TO CHAT”benches help break down the invisible social barrier that keeps people from saying hello.
4.As the impact of human activities continues to grow and the list of species
in danger of extinction becomes longer，we are left with a question：can we afford to damage the “lungs of the planet”？(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The polluted air around is harmful(harm)to our health.
2．He was ordered to pay damages (damage)totaling $ 3，000.
3．She survived her husband by ten years.
4．She is the only survivor(survive)in the accident.
5．A police officer came to our help when our car broke down on the way. 6．The band's first album is due to come(come)out this month.
7．Build yourself up to peak performance on the day of the exam.
8．The production is now three times what it was five years ago.
9．In front of our house lies(lie)a river where we used to swim.
10．The island offers such a wide variety(vary)of scenery and wildlife.
Ⅱ.短语填空
in turn；break down；breathe life into；due to；build up；feed on；in danger of；
，in turn，
2．The graduates breathed life into our business.
3．As is known to all，the panda is in danger of becoming extinct.
4．I like her more than her sister.
5．The country needs new leadership if she is to play a role in future development.
6．Birds feed on nuts and berries in the winter.
7．Many people were expecting that the peace talks would break down．
8．This design came to be known as the oriental style.
9．The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding.
10．She has always been encouraged to swim to build up the strength of her muscles.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
Welcome to the Amazon rainforest，the rgest(large)rainforest in the world.It plays a significant role in 2.maintaining(maintain)the fine balance of the Earth's ecosystem.The Amazon rainforest crosses into eight countries 3.with an area of around 6 million square kilometres，more than half 4.the size of China.It is named after the Amazon River，5.which is close to 6，400 kilometres in length.
Of the 390，000 plant species 6.known(know)to us，more than 40，000 can be found in the Amazon rainforest.The forest's different levels support an unbelievable 7.variety(vary)of wildlife.And more than 1，300 species of 8.birds(bird)and over 400 species of mammals hide among the forest.
The Amazon rainforest 9.is known(know)as the “lungs of the planet” by fixing carbon and producing over 20% of all the Earth's oxygen.Moreover，the Amazon rainforest 10.is(be)a treasure house of species that can be used for food or medicine.
11。