八年级英语Chapter Five Water talk沈阳牛津版知识精讲

初二英语Chapter Five: Water talk沈阳牛津版
【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
Chapter Five: Water talk
二. 具体过程：
重点单词：
besides, but, except 的用法辨析
1. 基本区别
三者都可表示“除外”，但besides 表示一种累加关系，意指“除了什么之外，还有……”；而except 或but 则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了什么之外，不再有……”。

如：Besides his wife，his daughter also went to see him. 除他妻子外，他女儿也去看过他(即妻子女儿都去看过他)。

Nobody went to see him except [but] his wife. 除他妻子外，没有一个人看过他(即只有他妻子去看过他)。

注：在否定句中，besides 也表示“除……之外不再有……”，与but, except 同义。

如：No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外，没一个人通过考试。

2. 关于but 与except
(1) 两者都可表示“除……外不再有……”，但含义上略有差别：but侧重指意义的几乎完整性，而except 则侧重指后面除去的部分。

比较：
All are here but one. 除一个人没到，其他人都到了。

All are here except one. 还有一个人没到。

(2) 在现代英语中，but 的介词用法十分有限，一般来说，它只能用在下列词语之后：
① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等
② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等
③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等
④ all, none 等
⑤ who, what, where 等
Everyone knows it but you. 除你之外大家都知道。

I haven’t told anybody but you. 除你之外，我没告诉任何人。

No one but he [him] showed much interest in it. 除他之外没有一个人对此有很大兴趣。

一般来说，若没有出现上述词汇，就不宜使用介词but，否则可能造成错句。

但是except 却没有以上限制。

比较：
正：The window is never opened except in summer. 除夏天外，这扇窗户从不打开。

误：The window is never opened but in summer.
(3) but 一定不能用于句首，except 通常不用于句首：
除我之外每个人都累了。

正：Everyone is tired but (except) me.
正：Everyone but (except) me is tired.
误：But (Except) me, everyone is tired.
注：except for 可用于句首，表示except 的意思：
正：Except for me, everyone is tired.
3. 关于except 与except for：
except 主要用来谈论同类的东西，而except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西，有时含有惋惜之意。

如：
All compositions are well written except yours. 除了你的作文外，其他的作文都写得很好。

His composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. 他的作文写得不错，只是有几处拼写错误。

注：若用于句首，则except for 与except 同义(但except 通常不用于句首)。

4. 关于except for 与but for：
except for 主要表示排除，but for 主要表示一种虚拟条件(与虚拟语气连用)。

如：
Except for me, everyone passed the exam. 除了我之外，大家都通过了考试。

But for my help, she would not have passed the exam. 若不是我的帮助，她就不会通过考试。

But for the atmosphere plants would die. 如果没有大气，植物就会死亡。

5. besides的其他用法
besides 除用作介词外，还用作副词，其意为“此外”、“而且”，可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。

如：
I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. 我不想去，而且我也太累了。

This car belongs to Smith, and he has two others besides. 这部车是史密斯的，此外他还有两部。

almost与nearly的用法区别：
（一）可换用的情形
两者都可用来修饰不定代词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等，此时两者常可换用。

如：
It’s almost [nearly] impossible. 那几乎是不可能的。

He is almost [nearly] as tall as her. 他差不多与她一样高。

He almost [nearly] always arrives late. 他差不多总是迟到。

He fell and almost [nearly] broke his leg. 他跌了一跤，险些跌断了腿。

Almost [Nearly] all the students passed the exam. 差不多所有的学生都通过了考试。

修饰动词时，通常应放在行为动词之前，特殊动词之后(见上例)；修饰形容词、副词、名词等时，通常应将其放在被修饰词语之前，否则会造成错误。

如：
他几乎工作了一整天。

正：He worked almost all day.
误：He almost worked all day.
我们当中几乎每一个人都读过这本书。

正：Almost every one of us read the book.
误：Every one of us almost read the book.
（二）必须用almost的情形
1. almost 可用于any 以及no, none, nobody, nothing, never 等否定词之前，但nearly 一般不这样用。

如：
Almost any man can do it. 几乎任何人都会做。

Almost no one came to the party. 几乎没有人来参加晚会。

I almost never see her. 我几乎从未见过她。

但是，两者都可用在否定动词之前。

如：
He almost [nearly] didn’t catch the bus. 他差点没赶上公共汽车。

2. 有时almost 可表示十分相似(但又不完全相同)，此时不用nearly。

如：
I almost wish I’d stayed at home. 我真有点后悔没在家里呆着。

Our cat understand everything —he’s almost human. 我们这只猫什么都懂——快通人性了。

（三）必须用nearly的情形
nearly 前可用very, pretty, not 等词修饰，但almost 之前不能用这些词。

如：
It’s not nearly so difficult as you think.这远不像你想象的则难。

The car is pretty nearly new. 这汽车几乎是全新的。

注：not nearly 意为“远非”, very [pretty] nearly 意为“几乎”，都是习语
表语从句用法：
（一）表语从句的定义：
表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。

（二）表语从句的构成：
关联词+简单句
（三）引导表语从句的关联词的种类：
1. 可接表语从句的连系动词有be，look，seem，sound，appear等。

China is no longer what she used to be.
今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。

The question remains whether they will be able to help us.
问题还是他们能否帮我们。

At that time，it seemed as if I couldn’t think of the right word.
当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。

2. 从属连词whether，as，as if / though引导的表语从句。

He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
他看起来还与十年前一样。

It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
听起来好像有人在敲门。

3. because，why引导的表语从句。

That’s because he didn’t understand me.
那是因为他不理解我。

（That’s because…强调原因）
That’s why he got angry with me.那正是他对我生气的原因。

（That’s why…强调结果）what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用
that引导，不宜用because.
The reason why I was sad was that he didn’t understand me.
我难过的原因是他不理解我。

4. 连接代词who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever
连接副词where，when，how，why
The problem is who we can get to replace her.
问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。

The question is how he did it.
问题是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.
那就是她今晨上阁楼干的。

5. 从属连词that
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
麻烦是我把他的地址弄丢了。

6. 使用虚拟语气的表语从句
在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”
表示should可省略。

常见的词有：advice，suggestion，order，proposal，plan，idea等。

My suggestion is that we （should）start early tomorrow.
我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。

（四）应注意的问题：
1. 连系动词be，appear，seem，look等之后可以跟表语从句。

It was because he didn’t pass the exam.
那是因为他没有通过考试。

It seems（that）he was late for the train.看来他没搭上火车。

It appears that she was wrong.看来她错了。

It seems to me that we should answer for this.在我看来，我们似乎应该对此事负责。

It appears to her that he wants to teach us all he has.
在她看来，他似乎要把他所会的都教给我们。

2. 引导表语从句的引导词有以下几类。

1）wh-疑问词
My question is who left. 我想问的是谁离开了。

What I wonder is when he left. 我想知道他是何时离开的。

That’s what he wants.那是他想要的。

This is where they once lived.这就是他们曾经住过的地方。

That is why he didn’t come here. 这就是他为何没到这儿来的原因。

2）whether
My question is whether he left（or not）。

我的问题是他是否离开了。

注：if不能引导表语从句。

3）that
The fact is that he left. 事实是他离开了。

注：引导表语从句的连词that间或可以省略。

The truth is（that）I didn’t go there. 事实是我没去那儿。

4）because，as，as if，as though
It’s just because he doesn’t know her. 这是仅仅因为他不认识她。

Things are not always as they seem to be. 事物并不总是如其表象。

He looks as if he’s tired. 他好像累了。

【模拟试题】（答题时间：30分钟）
1. The question is ________ we will have our sports meet next week.
A. that
B. if
C. when
D. whether
2. The reason why he failed is ________he was too careless.
A. because
B. that
C. for
D. because of
3. Go and get your coat. It’ s ________you left it
A. where
B. there
C. there where
D. where there
4. The problem is _________to take the place of Ted
A. who can we get
B. what we can get
C. who we can get
D. that we can get
5. What I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.
A. that
B. if
C. whether
D.不填
6. The reason is _________I missed the bus.
A. that
B. when
C. why
D. what
7. That is __ ___ we were late last time.
A. that
B. when
C. why
D. what
8. She looked _________ she were ten years younger.
A. that
B. like
C. as
D. as though
9. --I fell sick!
--I think it is _______ you are doing too much.
A. why
B. when
C. what
D. because
10. The reason why he hasn’t come is ___________.
A. because his mother is ill
B. because of his mother’s being ill
C. that his mother is ill
D. for his mother is ill
11. --He was born here.
-- That is _______ he likes the place so much.
A. that
B. what
C. why
D. how
12.That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.
A. what
B. where
C. that
D. why
13. _______your father wants to know is________ getting on with your studies.
A. What; how are you
B. That；how you are
C. How；that you are
D. What；how you are
14. The trouble is __________we are short of tools.
A. what
B. that
C. how
D. why that
15. America was __________was first called “India” by Columbus.
A. what
B. where
C. the place
D. there where
16. China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer_________ .
A. what it used to be
B. what it was used to being
C. what it used to being
D. what it was used to be
17. ________he really means is ________he disagrees with us.
A. What … that
B. That … what
C. What … what
D. That … that
18. The energy is ________ makes the cells be able to do their work.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. such
19 --I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week .
--Is that_____ you had a few days off？
A. why B .what C. when D. where
20. I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella ____I got wet through.
A. It’s the reason
B. That’s why
C. There’s why
D. It’s how
21. See the flags on top of the building That was ______ we did this morning.
A. when
B. which
C. where
D. what
22. --- Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game
---Oh, that’s _____.
A. what makes me feel excited
B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it
D. when I feel excited
23. What surprised me was not what he said but ______ he said it.
A. the way
B. in the way that
C. in the way
D. the way which
【试题答案】
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. D 10. C 11. C 12. B 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. A 18. C 19. A 20. B 21. D 22. A 23. A。