宾语补足语讲解(整理)
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宾语补⾜语讲解(整理)
初中英语语法:宾语补⾜语
⼀、宾语补⾜语的概念
某些及物动词的宾语后⾯还需要有⼀个补⾜语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补⾜语构成复合宾语。
⽽复合宾语的第⼀部分通常由名词或代词充当,第⼆部分表⽰第⼀部分的名词或代词发出的动作或⾝份、特征等,称为宾语补⾜语。
句⼦结构是:主+谓+宾+宾补
I'm going to paint it pink.
句⼦中的it显然是宾语。
主语将要做的并不是it,⽽是paint it pink。
pink 是句⼦中的宾语补⾜语。
它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是执⾏了paint的动作。
⼆、宾语补⾜语与双宾语的区别
宾语补⾜语是⽤来补充说明宾语的,双宾语是同等地位的宾语,⼆者在本质上是不同的。
1、⽐如pass me the book中,me是间接宾语,指⼈,也是近宾语;the book是直接宾语,指物,也是远宾语。
⼜如:They gave him a watch. 这⾥的him 是间接宾语, a watch 是直接宾语,这种间接宾语和直接宾语同时出现的情况叫双宾语。
常⽤宾语:常⽤的能接双宾语的及物动词有give, teach, buy, lend, find, hand, leave, sell, show, read等。
2、在英语中有些及物动词,接了宾语意义仍不完整,还需要有⼀个其他的句⼦成分来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等,称为宾语补⾜语,简称宾补。
⽐如说: I heard Jean singing this morning. 句⼦中的Jean显然是宾语。
但是主语I听到的并不是Jean,⽽是Jean singing。
singing 是句⼦中的宾语补⾜语。
它和宾语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,也就是说从逻辑上来讲,是Jean执⾏了singing的动作。
句⼦中的singing是现在分词做宾语补⾜语。
三、宾语补⾜语的各种形式
能够充当宾补的还有宾语补⾜语的⼤致有:不定式,现在分词,过去分词,形容词,副词,介宾短语等。
⼀般情况下,宾补通常紧跟在宾语之后。
⽐如:
I find learning English difficult. (difficult是形容词做宾补)
I saw the kite up and down. (up and down是副词做宾补)
Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式)
1、名词或代词宾格+名词
They named the baby Jim.
We call him Tom.
2、名词或代词宾格+形容词
They painted the wall white.
I always find her happy and gay(愉快).
3、名词或代词宾格+介宾短语
People praised(称赞)him as a national hero.
The next morning I found him at his machine again.
☆4、名词或代词宾格+动词不定式
We asked the teacher to explain the difficult sentences again.
The teacher helped him(to)see his error(错误).
☆5、名词或代词宾格+分词(现在分词或过去分词)
I heard somebody knocking at the door.
He had his ankle sprained while playing football. 他踢⾜球时把脚踝扭伤。
请思考:为什么第⼀句⽤的是现在分词⽽第⼆句⽤的是过去分词呢
四、什么动词后可有宾语补⾜语:
1、在表⽰⼼理状态的动词后作宾语补⾜语。
这类动词有:consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。
这类动词后的不定式通常是"to
be+形容词或名词"结构,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。
We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是⼀个好⽼师。
He proved that theory(to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。
I thought her(to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第⼀次见到她的时候就认为她⼈很好,很诚实。
2、在表⽰情感状态的动词后作宾语补⾜语。
这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。
I'd prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。
☆3、注意:hope, demand, suggest等动词后⾯不能接不定式作宾语补⾜语。
I hope you can give me a hand. (宾从)我希望你能帮我⼀把。
I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我⼀把。
Mr. Li suggested that she should not go there alone. (宾从)李先⽣建议她不要独⾃去那⾥。
He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。
☆
不定式作宾语补⾜语的情况:
1. 常接带to的动词不定式作宾语补⾜语的动词有:ask, tell, want, teach, wish等;
2. 接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补⾜语的动词有:see, watch, hear, make, let advise, allow, ask,
beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等。
如:She often asks me to help her.
We don't allow such things to happen again.
Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.
I often see him play football. (to省略了)
3. ⽤不定式作宾语补⾜语的⼏种说明:
① help后⾯作宾语补⾜语的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。
如:I often help my mother(to) do some housework.
②在使役动词后作宾语补⾜语,不定式不带to。
这些动词有:⼀感⼆听三让四观看。
⼀感:feel ⼆听:hear, listen to三让:let, have, make 四观看:observe, see, watch, look at 。
这类动词还有:make, let, have等。
转为被动语态时,其后通常都⽤带to的不定式(have没有被动语态)。
What would you have me do?你要我做什么?
She made him give up smoking.她让他戒了烟。
Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想⼲什么就让他⼲吧。
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister.(变成被动语态要把to加上)
虽然经常是他弄哭⼩妹妹,但今天他却被⼩妹妹弄哭了
☆
分词作宾语补⾜语
⽤现在分词作宾补,说明宾语是动作的发出者,形成逻辑上的主谓关系;⽤过去分词作宾补,表⽰宾语是动作的承受者,构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
1. 跟分词作宾补的动词有:catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。
例如:
There was so much noise that the speaker couldn’t make himself heard.
由于⼗分吵闹,讲话⼈没法让⼈听到他的声⾳。
When he awoke, he found himself being looked after by an old woman.
他醒来的时候发现⼀位⽼⼤娘正在照顾他。
2. ⼏种⽤过去分词作宾语补⾜语的情况说明:
①表⽰“意欲;命令”的动词如like, want, wish, order 等,可⽤过去分词作宾语补⾜语。
The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 这位⽗亲想让⼥⼉学钢琴。
②感官动词see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, 等后,可⽤过去分词作宾语补⾜语。
例如:
I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now. 刚才我看到⼀位⽼⼈被车撞倒了。
③使役动词have, get, make, leave, keep 等后,可⽤过去分词作宾语补⾜语。
例如:Have you got your films developed? 你拿胶卷去冲洗了没有?
☆
掌握“使役动词have + 宾语+过去分词”的⼏种含义
在“ have +宾语+过去分词”结构中,过去分词作宾语补⾜语,have 也可⽤get 。
这⼀结构具有以下⼏种含义:
①意为“主语请别⼈做某事”。
例如:
He wants to have his eyes examined tomorrow. 他明天想去检查眼睛。
(“检查”的动作由医⽣来进⾏)
②意为“主语遭遇、遭受某⼀不愉快、不测的事情”。
例如:
Be careful, or you'll have your hands hurt. 当⼼,否则会弄伤⼿的。
③意为“使完成某事”,事情既可以是别⼈做完,也可以由主语参与完成。
He had the walls painted this morning. 他今早把墙漆了。
(主语⾃⼰可能参与)。