高考英语 常考基本词汇讲解讲义(十九)

落堕市安心阳光实验学校高考常考基本词汇讲解讲义系列（十九）
重点单词详解
1．elect v．选举；推选；选择；决定
election n. 选举；大选
elective adj.选举的；选修的
1)The Americans _____Barack Obama president of the USA.人民选举奥巴马为总统。

2)The ________ results will be broadcast tonight. 选举结果将于今天晚上通过广播公布。

3)The office of president of the US is an ________ one, but the position of Queen of England is not.总统是选举出来的，而英国女王不是。

【答案】1)elected 2)election 3)elective
(1)完成句子
Module 8 is an ________ course, but not a compulsory one. 模块八是选修课，而不是必修课。

【答案】elective
(2)名校押题
They exchanged views on the question of whom to ________.
A．be elected B．elect C．being elected D．election
【答案与解析】 B 题意：他们就选谁这个问题上交换了意见。

此处需要的是动词的主动形式。

2．resign vt.放弃；辞去vi.辞职
resignation n. 辞职信
1)The general ________ his commission.将辞去了他的职务。

2)She ________ ________ ________ ________ the care of her sister.她把孩子交给她妹妹照看。

3)He is ________ ________ his fate. ＝ He resigned himself to his fate. 他听天由命。

【答案】1)resigned 2)resigned her children to 3)resigned to
(1)完成句子
The simplest thing for him is to ________ at once. 最简单的做法就是他立即辞职。

【答案】resign
(2)名校押题
All the employees ________ because the employer was too unreasonable. A．recycled B．reworked C．reunited D．resigned
【答案与解析】 D 题意：因为老板太不讲理，雇员们集体辞职了。

resign“辞职”，符合题意。

3．delete v. 删除；作废n. 删除键
delete sth from sth 从……删除……
1)________ the data from the document. 把数据从文件中删除。

2)The patient's high fever ________ most of his memories.由于高烧，病人的记忆力很大程度上丧失了。

3)If you make a mistake, use the ________ ________ to erase backwards.如果你输入错误，可以用Delete 键来向后删除。

【答案】1)Delete 2)deleted 3)Delete button
(1)完成句子
I ________ the file by mistake. 我误删了这个文件。

【答案】deleted
(2)名校押题
Since he has no interest in the gathering，________his name from the list. A．delete B．add C．decrease D．reveal
【答案与解析】 A delete “删除；作废”。

题意：既然他对聚会不感兴趣，把他的名字从中删掉。

add “添加”； decrease “减少；降低”； reveal“揭示；露出”。

4．burden n．负担；重担vt.使负担
burden sb / oneself (with sth) 加负担于某人/自己
lighten / relieve a burden 减负
carry a burden 负载重物
share a burden 分担责任
shoulder a burden 肩负重担
1)The old woman bent with a ________ ________ on the back.老奶奶背着重担，腰都弯了。

2)Pupils of China today ________ ________ ________ a lot of academic tasks.如今，中国的学生学业负担很重。

【答案】1)heavy burden 2)are burdened with
(1)完成句子
I don't like being a________ ________ other people. 我不想成为别人的负担。

【答案】burden on
(2)名校押题
Since we are parents, we ________looking after all the family members. A．are burdened B．bear the burden of C．burden ourselves D．put a burden on
【答案与解析】 B 题意：既然我们身为父母，我们就得承担起照顾家人的责任。

A、C两项改为are burdened with 和 burden ourselves with 才正确。

put a burden on sb“使某人承担责任”。

5．absence n．缺席；不在；缺乏；不存在
常与介词from连用。

in (during) one's absence / in (during) the absence of sb 当某人不在时
absence of mind 心不在焉；发呆
1)His long ________ raised fears about his safety. 他长期不在使得大家担心他的安全。

2)What was the real reason for your ________？你缺席的真正原因是什么？
3)We are ________ ________ ________ ________ experience. 我们缺乏经验。

【答案】1)absence 2)absence 3)in the absence of
(1)完成句子
________ ________ _______ _______the manager, I shall be in charge. 经理不在时，由我负责。

【答案】In the absence of
(2)名校押题
The old man told the story with________of any humour, which made us disappointed.
A．appearance B．absence C．sense D．emotion 【答案与解析】 B 考查名词。

题意：老人讲故事缺乏幽默感，这让我们非常失望。

appearance“外表；出现”； absence of humour“缺乏幽默感”； a sense of humour “幽默感”； emotion“情感”。

6．surround vt. 包围；围住；围绕；环绕；与……紧密相关
surround sb / sth (with sb / sth) (使某人/某物)包围某人/某物；围住某人/某物(尤指使之无法脱逃)
surround sth / sb (by / with sth) (常用于被动语态)包围或环绕某人/某物surround oneself with 喜欢结交(某类人)；喜欢身边总有(某类东西)
1)They have ________ the town with troops. 他们出动队包围了这个镇。

2)Trees ________ the pond. 池塘四周绿树环抱。

3)The house ________ ________ ________ high walls. 房子的四周有高墙。

4)The new plan ________ ________ ________ much speculation. 新计划备受猜疑。

【答案】1)surrounded 2)surround 3)was surrounded by 4)is surrounded by
(1)完成句子
David loved to ________ ________ ________ young people. 戴维很喜欢和年轻人在一起。

【答案】surround himself with
(2)名校押题
She has always been ________ with fashionable friends. A．surrounded B．surveyed C．suspected D．survived 【答案与解析】 A 考查动词。

be surrounded with sb是surround oneself with sb 的被动形式，意为“被某人环绕着”。

7．adjust vt. & vi. 调整；调节；适应；习惯
adjust one's clock把钟表调准
adjust to (doing) sth 适应/习惯(做)某事
adjust oneself to sth 使某人自己适应某事
1)The brave guy determined to ________ ________ ________ the desert life in Africa soon.这个勇敢的小伙子决心使自己很快适应非洲沙漠的生活。

2)The new students slowly ________ ________ ________ the new life.新生们逐渐地适应了新生活。

【答案】1)adjust himself to 2)adjusted themselves to
(1)完成句子
She ________ ________ ________ the new climate.她很快适应了新气候。

【答案】adapted (herself) quickly to
(2)名校押题
Over the years, we all learned to________ and to adapt to our new family arrangement.
A．adjust B．concern C．combine D．declare 【答案与解析】 A 考查动词。

题意：经过这些年以后，我们都学会了调整自己，学会了适应我们新的家庭规则。

8．embarrass vt.使(某人)觉得不自然、忸怩、尴尬或害羞；使(某人)不安或焦虑
常跟sb作宾语或用于被动语态。

1)You didn't ________ me in the slightest. 你一点也没让我为难。

2)She dragged up that incident again just_______ _______ me. 她又扯起那件事故意让我难堪。

3)He ________ ________ ________ many debts. 他被很多债务弄得焦头烂额。

【答案】1)embarrass 2)to embarrass 3)was embarrassed by
(1)完成句子
When I began to sing, he laughed, which made me ________.我开始唱歌时，他大笑起来，这使我感到很尴尬。

【答案】embarrassed
(2)名校押题
It is________ that our streets are so dirty.
A．embarrassment B．embarrassed C．embarrassing D．embarrass
【答案与解析】 C 题意：我们的街道这么脏，真叫人难堪。

此句中的It为形式主语， is后面要填形容词，且在此句中的含义是“令人难堪的”。

9．congratulate vt.祝贺；庆贺；恭喜
congratulate sb on (doing) sth 因某事向某人道贺
congratulate yourself (on sth) (为成就或成功)感到高兴；感到自豪congratulation 为名词形式，意为“恭贺；祝贺”，一般用复数形式。

1) I ________ you ________ your great discovery.我祝贺你的伟大发现。

2)I want to ________ you with all my heart.我衷心地祝贺你。

【答案】1)congratulate; on 2)congratulate
congratulate和celebrate
congratulate专指对个人经过努力获得的成功的祝贺，只以言语表达祝贺之意； celebrate指以行为(如送礼、开聚会等)来庆祝生日、节日等。

congratulate的宾语一般是人，而celebrate的宾语一般是事件。

(1)完成句子
I think he expects to be ________ every time he does the washing up. 我觉得他期望每次做了大扫除都受表扬一番。

【答案】congratulated
(2)名校押题
—John and I will celebrate our fortieth wedding anniversary next month.—Oh, ________！
A．cheer up B．well done C．go ahead
D．congratulations
【答案与解析】 D 考查交际用语。

表示祝贺用congratulations。

cheer up“高兴起来；振作起来”； well done“干得好”，表示夸赞； go ahead“开始吧”。

10．guarantee vt.保证；担保n. 保证；担保；保证金；抵押品
guard vt. 保卫；警卫 n. 警卫员；看守
guarantor n. 担保人；保证人
1)We cannot ________ the punctual arrival of trains in foggy weather. 我们不能保证火车在雾天能正点到达。

2)An advanced degree is no ________ of a dream job. 拥有高学历并不能保证你会找到理想的工作。

【答案】1)guarantee 2)guarantee
(1)完成句子
We ________ that you'll enjoy yourself. 我们包你玩得痛快。

【答案】guarantee
(2)名校押题
If you send the application form in straight away, I can ________ you an interview.
A．guarantee B．conclude C．evaluate D．assume
【答案与解析】 A 考查动词。

guarantee “保证”； conclude“推断；结束”； evaluate“评价；评估”； assume“假定；认为；以为”。

11．inform vt.通知；告知；熟悉vi. (向警方)告发或检举inform sb (of / about sth) 告知/检举某人某事
inform sb that 熟悉/了解/检举……
inform against / on sb告发某人
1)Please ________ me by letter of your plans. 请来信告诉我你的计划。

2)If you see anything suspicious, ________ the police at once. 你要是看到什么可疑的东西就马上通知警察。

3)All those who are immediately involved will ________ ________ ________ the decision. 这个决定将被通知给所有直接有关的人。

4)He ________ the police that some money was missing. 他向警方报案说钱不见了。

5)One of the criminals ________ ________ the rest of the gang. 有一罪犯告发了同。

【答案】1)inform 2)inform 3)be informed of 4)informed 5)informed against
(1)完成句子
I read the newspaper to keep myself ________ as to what is happening everywhere. 我看报纸让自己知道世界上发生了什么事。

【答案】informed
(2)名校押题
I________of the decision until yesterday morning.
A．got informed B．didn't inform C．wasn't informed D．was informed
【答案与解析】 C inform意为“通知；让某人知道”，为及物动词，其宾语为人，此处应该用被动式，即be / get informed；另外本句运用了not...until 结构。

12．ensure vt.确保；保证
ensure ＝ make sure “确保；保证”其后可以跟 sth / that从句 / sb sth 作宾语。

1)His ability will ________ him success.他的能力确保他会成功的。

2)I can ________ ________ the work shall be done on time.我可以保证工作会按时完成。

【答案】1)ensure 2)ensure that
(1)完成句子
The role of the police is ________ ________the law is obeyed. 警察的作用就是保证人们遵守法律。

【答案】to ensure
(2)名校押题
To ________ the child's quick recovery, many doctors and nurses took turns in looking after him day and night.
A．approach B．require C．ensure D．promise
【答案与解析】 C 考查动词。

ensure ＝ make sure about / of “确保；保证”。

重点短语详解
1．catch on 流行起来；受欢迎；懂得；理解be caught in (the rain, a trap) 遇雨；陷入(圈套)
catch at 试图一把抓住
catch someone doing sth 撞上/发现某人在做某事
catch up with 追上；赶上
1)It is a nice song and I think it will ________ ________ quickly. 这首歌很好，我想它很快会流行起来。

2)He's always the last to ________ ________. 他总是最后一个弄明白。

3)After a few days on the job, you'll ________ ________ ________ what you're doing. 工作几天后，你就会对你的工作内容有所了解了。

4)The lady repeated her question several times but I still couldn't ________ ________. 那位女士把她的问题重复了好几遍，但我还是没有听懂。

【答案】1)catch on 2)catch on 3)catch on to 4)catch on
(1)完成句子
He invented a new game, but it never really ________ ________. 他发明了一种新的游戏，但从未真正流行起来。

【答案】caught on
(2)名校押题
It took me a long time to ________the directions on the machine. A．catch on to B．catch up with C．turn to D．refer to
【答案与解析】 A 考查动词短语。

题意：我花了很长时间才看懂机器上的说明。

catch on to“懂得；理解”； catch up with“追上；赶上”； turn to“转
向；求助于”； refer to“查阅；参考”。

2．keep to 固守；遵守；坚持；待在某处；靠向；使不偏离；限制在(某话题、某范围内)
keep at 继续做
keep back 阻止；控制；隐瞒；扣留；延迟
keep off 避开；不吃；不喝；勿走近；阻止
keep on 继续
keep out 留在外面；使不进入
keep up 保持；持续
keep up with 跟上；不落后
keep away from 不靠近；远离
keep sb doing sth 让某人一直做某事
keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
keep sth in mind 记住某事
keep in touch with 与……保持联系
1)He always ________ ________ his promises. 他总是坚守诺言。

2)He still ________ ________ his first resolution. 他仍坚持他最初的决定。

3)He has decided to ________ ________ his bed. 他决定卧床。

4)The weather is so terrible that most people are forced to ________ ________ the house. 天气太糟糕了，大多数人都被迫待在家里。

5)In China, traffic ________ ________ the right. 在中国，车辆是靠右行驶的。

【答案】1)keeps to 2)keeps to 3)keep to 4)keep to5)keeps to (1)完成句子
Let's ________ ________ the subject since we don't have much time. 我们不要离题，因为我们时间不多了。

【答案】keep to
(2)名校押题
No matter what you say, I shall ________ my plan.
A．carry on B．keep up C．put on D．keep to 【答案与解析】 D 考查动词短语。

题意：无论你说什么，我都坚持我的计划。

carry on “继续”； keep up “保持；继续”； put on “增加；穿戴”；keep to “遵守；信守；坚持”。

3．provided that 如果；只要；倘若；条件是
provided that 为连词短语，相当于providing that / supposing that。

上述三个短语中的that均可省略。

on condition that 如果；只要
so / as long as 只要；如果
1)I will go, ________ ________ you go too. 你也去的话我就去。

2)We shall go ________ the weather is fine. 只要天晴，我们就去。

3)________ ________ circumstances permit, we shall hold the meeting next week. 只要情况允许，我们下周就举行会议。

4)I will agree to go ________ (that) my expenses are paid. 假如不要我
负担费用，我就同意去。

【答案】1)provided / providing / supposing that
2)provided / providing / supposing 3)Provided / Providing / Supposing that 4)provided / providing / supposing
(1)单项填空
You may use my kitchen as you like ________ you clean it up afterwards. A．so far as B．so long as C．in case D．even if
【答案与解析】 B 考查连词短语。

so / as far as“和……一样远；就……而言”； so / as long as表示条件，意为“只要”； in case“以防”； even if表示让步，意为“即使”。

(2)名校押题
Mary's parents don't mind what job she does ________ she is happy.
A．even though B．as soon as C．as long as D．as though
【答案与解析】 C 考查连词短语。

even though“即使”； as soon
as“一……就”； as long as“只要”； as though“好像；似乎”。

4．So what? “那有什么了不起的？/那又怎样？”相当于“What of it？”，表示对某事不关心，或生气地告诉某人某事与他无关。

What about...？/ How about...? ……怎么办？(征求意见)
What for? [口语]“为何；为什么？”
What though...? 尽管……又怎么样？
What if...? 如果……怎么办？(即使……又有什么关系？)What of...? ……不知怎样？
What of it? ＝ What becomes of it? [口语] 那又有什么关系？
What is more 而且
【仿写】我知道他不是真爱我，不过那又怎么样呢？
_______________________________________________
【答案】I know he really doesn't love me, but so what?
1)What ________you should fail? 要是你失败了该怎么办？
2)I think this is a good idea. ________ ________you? 我认为这是个好主意，你呢？
3)—Your desk is always dirty. 你的桌子老是脏。

—________ ________ / ________ ________ ________？那又怎样？
4)________though it is raining? 下雨又有什么关系呢？
【答案】1)if 2)What about / How about 3)So what / What of it 4)What 1)用what的相关用法填空
1)It is I who did that, ________ ________ / ________ ________ ________？
2)—Andrew won't like it, you know.
—________ ________？ I don't care what Andrew thinks！
3)—Your attitude seems to lack passion.
—________ ________？
【答案】1)so what / what of it 2)So what 3)So what
(2)名校押题
—I'm dead tired. I can't walk farther, Tom.
—________， John, you can do it.
A．So what B．Congratulations C．Cheer up D．Go ahead 【答案与解析】 C 前者说非常累，后者鼓励他。

cheer up “振作起来”；go ahead “先走一步”； congratulations “恭喜；祝贺”；so what “那又怎么样”。

5．强调句型的基本结构是：It ＋ be ＋被强调部分＋ that＋其他
注意：当被强调部分是指人，且充当主语时，可以用who代替that, 它可强调除谓语以外的任何句子成分，包括从句。

【仿写】
昨天是我校的一个学生把一个受伤的老人送到医院的
____________________________________________________________________ ____
【答案】Yesterday, it was one student from our school who / that sent an old man who was hurt to hospital.
1)It was yesterday ________I met Xiao Ming in the street. 是昨天我在街上遇到了小明。

2)It was in the street ________I met Xiao Ming yesterday. 昨天，我是在街上遇到小明的。

3)It was I ________met Xiao Ming in the street yesterday. 是我昨天在街上遇到了小明。

4)It was Xiao Ming ________I met in the street yesterday. 昨天我在街上遇到的是小明。

5)When was it ________you met Xiao Ming in the street? 你究竟什么时候在街上遇到小明的？
6)Where was it ________you met Xiao Ming yesterday? 昨天你究竟在哪遇到小明的？
【答案】1)that 2)that 3)who / that 4)that 5)that
6)that
(1)用适当的词填空
1)It was summer ________ I went to the countryside for my holiday.
2)It was on Monday ________ I had a day off.
3)Great changes have taken place in our school. It is no longer ________ it was 20 years ago, ________ it was 50 poorly equipped.
4)I wonder where it was ________ the meeting took place.
【答案】1)when 2)that 3)what; when 4)that
(2)名校押题
—I've read another book this week.
—Well, maybe ________is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A．this B．that C．there D．it 【答案与解析】 D 考查强调句型。

被强调部分是：not how much you read but what you read。