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副词
副词时指在句中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。

一．副词的分类
1．时间副词表示时间的副词成为时间副词
now then just now right now now and then soon since ago today late immediately
2.地点副词表示地点的副词成为地点副词
here there in out down inside outside upstairs back indoors outdoors far
3.方式副词描述动词发生的方式成为方式副词
well fast hard slowly carefully simply kindly together suddenly
4.程度副词用来描述动词、行为或状态程度的副词成为程度副词。

much little very enough hardly extremely entirely a bit so too rather nearly
5.频度副词频度副词主要指一定时间内动词发生的次数
usually often sometimes never always forever constantly frequently
6.评论副词用来对句中陈述的观点进行评价的副词
luckily happily generally honestly briefly hopefully broadly naturally 7.关系副词主要用来引导定语从句 where when why
8连接副词主要用来连接句子和从句
therefore因此(表结果) moreover再者(表补充) besides况且(表补充) however不管怎样(表转折) otherwise否则(表条件) then然后(表时间) though但是(用于句尾，前用逗号隔开)
when where why whenever however wherever
二．副词的句法功能想一想，副词在下列句中的成份
He works very hard on his subject. _______________
She speaks English very beautifully.________________
I am very busy these days. ______________________
Luckily,she had got another chance. _________________
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When the meeting is over,give me a phone call.___________________
Sorry ,I have to be off now. _____________________
Who is the person over there.____________________
The people there are very kind to visitors.____________________
Students outdoors are playing football.____________________
Let them in.__________________
We saw her off two days ago.____________________
注意：a>有些副词可以修饰名词，用以加强语气，相当于状语。

常用的这类副词有 quite, rather, even.
We held quite a party last weekend.
Even a child won’t believe such a story you told.
b>有些副词可修饰部分不定代词和数词。

常用的副词有
nearly/almost/roughly/mostly
Nearly anyone present at the meeting was an expert on SARS.
I learnt three foreign languages at college,but now I have forgotten almost all of them.
三．副词的位置
1.地点副词、时间副词和方式副词一般放在句末
I’ll meet him at the station tomorrow.(时间副词)
注意：有事为了强调时间也把时间放在句首 Tomorrow,I’ll meet him at the station. The boy did the homework quickly.(方式副词)
The students all worked well last week.
2.频度副词在句中的位置有以下几种
①．在be、情态动词以及第一个助动词之后
She is always kind to us.
The work has never been done.(频度副词never放在第一个助动词之后)
②在实义动词之前
He often goes to school early.
3.程度副词有下面两种情况
①修饰动词时，它在句中的位置与频度副词的情况相似
He is almost forty years old.(在be之后)
She comes here less often than before. Cars are used more today than before. b>no more than 与 not more than
(a)如果对数量进行比较，no more than 表示“仅仅，只不过”，含有感情色彩，认为较；
而not more than 只表示“至多，不超过”，客观的表达数目。

、
I have learnt no more than a thousand English words.
The boy is not more than ten years old.
(b)如果用于两者之间进行比较的，“话no+比较级+than”表示“都不，是对两者的共
同否定；而“not+比较级+than”表示前者不如后者，隐含对前者的否定对后者的肯定。

She is no cleverer than I. My handwriting is not better than yours.
c>比较级+and+比较级表示“越来越……”
Things are getting better and better. She plays the piano more and more beautifully.
d>the+比较级，the+比较级
The harder you work,the better you’ll learn.
The more you talk to the children,the less they will listen.
5.最高级的用法与形容词的最高级用法一致，参见形容词
He talks (the ) lest and does (the) most in his class.
Of all the classes, I like English (the) best
六．有两种形式的副词
1.close 与 closely
Close意思是“近”；closely意思是“仔细地”
He is sitting_________ to me. Watch him______________.
te lately
Late意思是“晚” ；lately意思是“最近”
You have come too _______ What have you been doing ________?
3.deep deeply
deep 意思是“深”，表空间深度；deeply表示感情上的深度，“深深地”、
He pushed the stick__________into the mud. Even farther was ________moved by the film.
4.high highly
High表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
The plane was flying__________ He thinks__________ of you.
Speak highly of Sb. 对某人评价很高
5.wide widely
Wide表示空间宽度；widely表示“广泛地”，“在许多地方”
He opened the door___________. English is _________used in the world.
6.free freely
Free的意思是“免费地”；freely意思是“无限制地”
You can eat_________in my restaurant whenever you like.
You may speak_______;say what you like.
七．常用副词辨析
1.how long how soon how often how far
How long”多久，时间长”，对一个持续时间段的提问，常用“for+时间段”和“since+时间点” How long have you been in China?--------For three months How soon“多快，多久以后“，对一个短暂性动作提问，用于一般将来时的句子中，常用“in+一段时间”回答 How soon will he come back? --------In five days.
How often“多长时间一次”，对频度提问，常用“once,twice,three times a week”回答
How often do you visit you grandparents? -------Once a week.
How far“多远”，对距离提问 How far is it from your home to your school?
2. hard hardly
Hard 意为“努力地、辛苦地、剧烈地、猛烈地”，是程度副词；hardly意为“几乎不”，是否定副词 We should study hard as students.
I can hardly catch up with you. Can you talk a little more slowly?
3.much too too much
Much too意为“非常，极其，太”，much和too都是副词，much修饰too用以加强语气，中心词是too，much too修饰形容词或副词原级；too much意为“太多”，中心词是much，too修饰much，以加强语气，too much修饰不可数名词，与too many相对，too many修饰可数名词。

The skirt is ____________ dear. Please don’t eat __________ ice cream.It is bad for your health.
There are ______________people in the supermarket.
4.too as well also either “也”
too、as well和also用于肯定句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般在句中与动词连用。

Either用于否定句，往往放在句末。

I went there,too. He didn’t go there, either. I like you as well. I also went there.
5.too、enough、和so
Too意为“太、很”，用于“too……to……”结构，表示否定意义“太……而不能……”Enough意为“足够”，用于“形容词/副词原级+enough to……”结构，表示“足够能……”
So意为“如此”，用于“so……that……”结构中，表示“如此……以至于……”
The man is too old to look after himself. The boy runs fast enough to win the game.
The camera is so expensive that I can’t afford it.
6.already yet still
Already 表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待发生某事，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句个疑问句，有时也用于否定句。

We have already watched that film.
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
7.ago before
Ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前”，和表示时间概念的词组搭配使用，常用在一般过去时的句子中；before是指以过去或将来某个时间点为基准的“以前”，也可泛指以前，常用于
现在完成时、过去完成时和一般过去时的句子里。

The meeting began five minutes ago.
I have never been to Suzhou before.
扩展：时间段+ago 表示“多久以前；” 时间段+later表示“多久以后”
Long long ago,there was a king named Arch.
Three years later,she became a very successful singing star.
8．Rather fairly
两词都有“相当”的含义，前者可以修饰褒义词或贬义词，或者只修饰褒义词
The book is rather easy for the children of 10.
The book is fairly easy for the children of 10.
9.almost nearly “几乎，差不多”
①一般情况下，在修饰表示肯定意义的词时，在all、always、every等词之前，两者可以互换。

I nearly/almost feel off my bike. Time is almost/nearly up.
She is almost/nearly always at home in the evening.
②．Almost可以与never、nobody、nothing、no、none、too、more than等词连用，nearly不可 The speaker said almost nothing worth listening to.
Our cat understands everything ----he is almost human.
This is almost more than we feared.
③nearly可被very、pretty或not前置修饰，almost则不可
I am not nearly ready. She looks like her mother very nearly.
10.perhaps likely maybe possibly probably “或许、可能”
①perhaps意为“也许、可能”，与maybe的意思和用法基本相同。

口语化较浓，语气较弱，可能性也非常小。

Perhaps/Maybe tomorrow the weather will turn out to be fine.
②possibly“可能、也许”，强调客观存在的可能性，并带有可能性很小的意味常与
may、might或can、could。

What he said may possibly be true. I will come as soon as I possibly can
You can’t possibly walk 20 miles in an hour. He’s possibly the most selfish man in town.
③probably“也许、大概”，强调合情、有根据，常有可能性很大的意味，语气比
possibly强，常用more、most修饰，不可用very修饰，也不能用于
can、could、may、might等情态动词后Jone most probably told his farther all about the matter. He usually tells him everything.
④likely侧重从表面看来，很有可能，常与probably混用，但likely既可作形容词，也可作副词，可用very、more、most修饰。

They’ll very likely come by car. I shall most likely be at home all day tomorrow.
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。

One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about __41___ (be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, ___42____ some of them looked very anxious。