不定式

1.1 不定式的一般式、进行式、完成进行式或完成式：
将不定式表示的动作所发生的时间与句子谓语表示的动作（状态）所发生的时间进行对比，可将不定式分成以下四种形式。

1)一般式：
表示不定式的动作与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。

Who heard him say that?
（几乎同时发生）
They arranged to start early.
（后于谓语发生
2) 进行式：
表示主谓的动作发生时，不定式的动作正
在进行。

①They are said to be building another bridge
across the river.
②They seem to be getting along quite well.注：不定式的进行式常用作主语补足语（如上述第1，2句），宾语补足语（如上述第3句）及宾语（如上述第4句）等语法成分。

3）完成进行式：
表示不定式的动作在谓语表示的时间之前一直在进行。

①The struggle was known to have been going on for over twenty years.
②We are happy to have been working
with you.
4) 完成式：
表示不定式的动作先于谓语动作（状态）就完成了。

①Mrs Brown is supposed to have left 注：
①不定式的完成式常用作主语补足语（如例1和例3），也用于“be+形容词”之后作表示原因的状语（如第2句）
②不定式的完成式位于表示愿望、意图的及物动词如：expect, wish, suppose, plan, intend, hope, want, mean 或动词be 之后可表示过去曾打算做而实际没有做到的事情。

I meant to have telephoned. but I forgot.
我本来想打电话的，但我忘了。

He was to have been the ambassador, but he fell ill. 他本来是要出任新任大使的，但他病倒了。

注：
①不定式的完成式常用作主语补足语（如例1和例3），也用于“be+形容词”之后作表示原因的状语（如第2句）
②不定式的完成式位于表示愿望、意图的及物动词如：expect, wish, suppose, plan, intend, hope, want, mean 或动词be 之后可表示过去曾打算做而实际没有做到的事情。

I meant to have telephoned. but I forgot.
我本来想打电话的，但我忘了。

He was to have been the ambassador, but he fell ill. 他本来是要出任新任大使的，但他病倒了。

for Italy last week.动词不定式有主动态及被动态之分，当不定式的逻辑主语是该不定式所表示的动作的执行者时，该不定式用主动态；当不定式的逻辑上的主语是该不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，该不定式用被动态。

被动态不定式可在句中充当如下一些语法作用：Is it possible for our hopes to be realized ?
（作主语）She hated to be flattered . （奉承）
（作宾语）He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
（作宾语补足语）
The books are not allowed to be taken out of the room. （作主语补足语）
There are a lot of things to be done.（作定语）
She was too young to be assigned such work.
（作状语）此外，不定式的主动态或被动态与一定的语言环境有密切关系，请注意以下几点。

1) 在there be 结构中的不定式用主动态或被动态均可，口语中用主动态代替被动态的情况更多。

There is not much work to do/to be done.
2) 在too…to…结构中，如主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，不定式用主动态比用被动态更为普通。

Atoms are too small to see/to be seen.
3) 当不定式位于“be+形容词”后并与句子的主语具有动宾关系时，不定式总是用主动态。

Dirty water is nasty to drink.
（不说：to be drunk）
The question is difficult to answer.
（不说：to be answered）
如果上述结构中的不定式属于不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。

The river is dangerous to bathe in.
Good conversation is often exciting to listen to.
②I’m sorry to have made such a foolish
mistake.
③He seems to have missed the train.
③Of course we should like everything to be
going smoothly.
④He pretended to be listening attentively.
这种情况同样适用于作名词后置定语的不定式。

如果不定式与被修饰的名词之间有动宾关系，也应该在不及物动词构成的不定式后加上适当的介词，如：
a comfortable house to live in
a very nice person to get along with1.3
a difficult problem to deal with
充当独立成分的不定式
与句子在句法上没有任何关系的成分叫做独立成分。

不定式短语常作为独立成分附在一个句子的前面（有时在句中，或在句末），对这一句子作一些内容上的附加说明。

To be frank, I hate to work for such a person.
坦率地说……
To hear him talk, you would think he is a millionaire.
听他说话的口气……
To tell you the truth, I don’t want to leave here.
老实说……
To cut a long story, the mountain climbers reached the peak at noon.
长话短说……
They reached there at five minutes to twelve a.m., to be exact.
准确地说……
To start/begin with, he is too young, and besides, he is not brave.
首先……不定式结构中的省略有以下几种情况。

1) 口语中为了避免重复，不定式仅仅保留符号to, 省略与前述重复的那个动词。

①I went there becauce I wanted to .
②Perhaps I’ll go to Brazil this summer; I’d very much like to.
③——“Are you and Mike getting married?”
——“We hope to”.
1.4 不定式结构中的省略
④I think he should get a job, but you can't
force him to if he is not ready (to).
⑤I don’t dance much now, but I used to a lot.
⑥He’ll never leave home; he hasn’t got the
courage (to).
⑦He shouldn’t pay more than he needs to.
注：如不定式位于形容词或名词之后，可同时省略符号to及原形动词，如上述第④,
⑥句。

2) 整个带to的不定式的省略
当动词like 或want 在when, if, what, as 等引导的从句中作谓语动词时，后续的不定式为避免重复，一般将整个不定式结构都予以省略。

Come when you want.
I’ve decided to do what I like.
3) 两个或多个带to的不定式的省略
当两个或多个带to的不定式由并列连词or或and连接时，第二个（及其后的）不定式省略符号to。

例如：
Christina hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.
I want him to write these sentences down and (to) translate them into Chinese.
4) 在下列情况下不定式符号to 可以省略：
①在help（或help+宾语）之后
This will help raise farm yields steadily.
This helped them adopt a correct attitude towards the workers.
②当except/but之前有动词do时，其后有不定式可省略to，如：
The child did nothing but/except weep.
③在系动词be之前有动词do时，作表语的不定式可省略to，如：
All you know to do is push the button.
1.5 不带to的不定式的用法小结
英语中不定式不能带符号to的情况可归纳如下：
1) 在情态动词和助动词can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must之后的不定式。

2) 在使役动词let, make, have和感觉动词之后作宾补的不定式.
3) 在Why或Why not 后常直接用不带to的不定式构成问句。

Why come so late?
Why not stay away from them?
4) 在“主动词+主动词”固定搭配的第一主动词之后不带to, 如：make believe（假装），make do with/on（凑合，将就），let drop/fall（有意无意地说出），let slip（无意说出或错过机会），let go (of)（放开，放手）.
I let go the two black hands I had instinctively clutched. 我松开我本能地紧抓着的两只黑手。

It would be a pity to let slip such an opportunity.
错过这样一个机会真可惜。

5) 在had better/best,
would rather,
would rather…than…,
would sooner… than…,
may/might as well…（还是……为好），
cannot (choose) but（不得不……），
do nothing/anything but,
do nothing/anything except等之后的不定式。

You had better tell them the truth.
They would rather try and fail than give up the plan.
She was so resolute that we couldn’t but let her try.
I have done nothing except / but do what I should.
6) 在口语中，不带to的不定式还常见于动词go, come, try之后。

①Go post (=Go and post) a letter for me.
②Come have a chat with me.不定式的逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语，但有时则需另加专门的逻辑主语。

引出不定式逻辑主语通常用“for+名词/代词宾语”，但当有关有形容词表示人的感情色彩、性格脾气时，不定式的逻辑主语则通常用“of+名词/代词宾语”。

③I’ll try help him. 1.6 不定式的逻辑主语
1) “for+名词/代词宾格”引出的逻辑主语
It is impossible for us to learn a third foreign language.
We must try to make it possible for lost time to be recovered.
This is the way for us to follow.
He opened the gate for the car to enter.
The best thing for us is to make our own decision
2) “of+名词/代词宾格”引出的逻辑主语
It is so kind of you to think so much of us.
It was foolish of her to believe him.
注：与第二种形式的不定式逻辑主语的关的形容词常见的有：good, kind, stupid, foolish, wise, clever, unwise, silly, wrong, right, careless, considerate, thoughtful, rude, polite, impolite, naughty 等。

3) “with+名词/代词宾格“引出的逻辑主语
With the Party branch to lead them, they will finish the task ahead of time.
1.7 不定式的语法作用小结
不定式在句中可充当的语法作用有以下几种。

1) 作主语
当不定式（短语）内容简短时可直接位于句首主语的位置上；当不定式（短语）内容较多时则移后，用先行代词It代替主语。

例如：
To persevere means victory!
It is like having no soul not to have a correct political point of view.
2) 作表语
不定式作表语一般位于系动词be之后。

Our main task now is to develop the students’ ability to
carry on independent work.
3) 作宾语
不定式在某些及物动词后面作宾语。

She pretended not to see me.
4) 作宾补/主补
不定式作宾补或主补的
You made me laugh.
5) 作定语
不定式可位于某些名词、不定代词、序数词后面作后置定语。

可分以下四类。

①抽象名词，如：wish, way, chance, opportunity, courage, determination, decision, tendency,
right, intention, ambition, attempt, promise, ability, capacity, anxiety, refusal, eagerness, plan 等，这种结构中的不定式与被修饰名词之间有同位关系或具体说明先行名词。

We must have the courage to say that we are ignorant.
This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience.
Is that the best way to solve the problem?
②表示为了做事而需要使用某物的名词。

Have you got a key to unlock the door?
Have you anything to cure a bad cold?
③与不定式能构成动宾搭配的一些名词。

I gave him a comic（连环漫画）to read.
He needs a place to live in.
She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evenings.
④作序数词的后置定语，旨在对序数词作具体说明。

We declare that China won’t be the first to use nuclear weapons.
6) 做状语
①表示目的
We started early to avoid being late.
I came in order to hear the report.②表示结果
He arrived late to find the train gone.
I worked late into the night, only to find I had not finished half of the job.（only+不定式可表示一种意思不到的结果）
He was so friendly as to be always helpful to his neighhours.
（so as to…与so…as to 的区别在于：前者表示目的；后者表示结果）
His is such a sad story as to arouse our sympathy.（=His story is so sad as to…）
We are too tired to walk any further.
She was not old enough to understand that.
（enough修饰形容词时其位置总是位于形容词之后）注：当不定式处于too…to…结构中时，以下句子不具有否定含义，而且不定式也不是表示结果：
I shall be only too pleased to get home.
( = I shall be very pleased to get home.)
It’s too kind of you to have told me that.
( = You are very kind to have told me that.)
You are too ready to find fault with others.
( = You are very fond of finding fault with others).③表示原因
不定式作表示原因的状语有两种形式
(1) 位于“be+形容词/过去分词”之后；
(2) 位于“with/without+名词/代词宾格”之后。

I am sorry to hear you are not well.
We are greatly delighted to have a native as our guide.
With him to stay in the house I feel quite safe.
Without anything to eat he died of hunger
I’ll leave soon so as not to / in order not to disturb you.
2.V-ing（现在分词和动名词）与v-ed（过去分词
2.1 V-ing的一般式和完成式
V-ing的一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生或稍先于谓语动词发生的动作，在某些特定的动词（如：suggest, put off等）之后也可以表示在谓语动词的动作之后发生的动作。

Last night I enjoyed his playing at the concert.
（同时发生）
Taking up his belongings, he walked out of his office. （稍先于谓语发生）
He suggested spending the ev ening in his aunt’s.
（后于谓语发生）
V-ing 的完成式表示的是在谓语动词之前已完成的动作。

①He was praised for having done so much work for the public.
②He did not realize having made a serious mistake.
③Having found the solution, we felt greatly relieved.
注：V-ing的完成式经常用作状语表示时间，原因等,位于句首（如第3句）
2.2 V-ing的被动形式
V-ing的被动形式表示它的逻辑主语是该
V-ing所表示的动作的承受者。

①He dislikes being interrupted in his experiment.
②I object to being kept waiting.
③The problem being discussed is of vital importance.
④Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow.
⑤What upset the child was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.
2.3 充当独立成分的V-ing
某些V-ing的固定结构可在句首或句末充当独立成分，对句子作一附加说明。

①Judging from what you say, he has done his best.
②Generally speaking, this book is not very difficult.
③Talking of the football match, which side won?
④There are only ten oranges left in the basket, not counting the spoilt ones.
⑤Supposing we lose, what then?
⑥Taking all things into consideration, his life is a happy one.
2.4 V-ing/V-ed分词独立结构
V-ing/V-ed分词独立结构由“名词/代词+V-ing或V-ed”构成，一般用作句子的状语，表示时间、原因、伴随、方式等。

①Class being over, the children went home.（时间）
②He being absent, nothing could be done.（原因）
③They had many talks with the native, the guide acting as interpreter.（伴随）
④His dinner eaten alone, Philip walked straight into the library.（时间）
⑤His eyes fixed on the fire, he did some serious thinking.（方式）
注：
①独立结构中的being或having been有时可省去。

The question (having been) settled, the meeting
adjourned.（休会）
The children were watching the acrobatic（杂技）
show, their eyes (being) wide open.
②独立结构有时也可用介词with引出，这时逻辑主
语需采用名词或代词的宾格。

With the tree growing tall, we get more shade.
With him well taken care of, we felt quite relieved.
2.5 位于介词to后面的V-ing
某些动词或介词短语的末尾有介词to，此时切不可将其看成是不定式符号to,因为这些短语的末尾介词to必须后续V-ing, 这种“to+V-ing”结构有：
be used to 习惯于；
prior to 先于……；
take to 开始从事于……；
be accustomed to 习惯于；
look forward to 期待着；
object to 反对；
dedicate to 除……以外；
owing to ，由于；
in relation to 论及，关于
with an eye to 为……起见，意在；
as to 关于；
adapt oneself to 使自己适应于；
prefer…to 宁愿……而不愿；
attend to 专心于……；
contribute to 对……有好处；
pay attention to 重视；
attach great importance to 重视；
resort to 诉诸于，采取……手段；
with a view to 以……为目的①.He devoted every Saturday afternoon to fishing.
②.Each prisoner is expected to contribute half an hour a day to sweeping the paths.
③.I’m sorry hear that you resorted to cheating.
④.He studies hard with a view to serving the people better in the future.
⑤.Let’s attend to finishing our work early for a change.
⑥.I object to being blamed for something that I haven’t done.
⑦.For his favourite exercise, Jim prefers running to swimming.这种“介词to+V-ing”还可出现于“形容词+介词to”的结构中，如：
deaf to 不愿听……；
equal to 有力量，能力；loyal to 忠于；
preferable to 较合人意；similar to 类似；
superior to 优于，胜过等。

2.6 某些固定结构中的V-ing
在如下一些固定结构中往往用V-ing:
It is (of ) no use/no good/useless+ V-ing;
have fun/trouble/difficulty/a hard time+ V-ing
be busy+ V-ing
be late+ V-ing
be worth+ V-ing
be through+ V-ing
spend/waste time+ V-ing
lose no time+ V-ing 不失时机（做某事）
prevent. sb. + V-ing
what’s the use+ V-ing
there is no + V-ing 不可能……
go + V-ing
fishing
shopping
go swimming
hunting
boating
skiing
Do you have any trouble getting the car started?
I had a hard time getting them to see the point.
Are you through asking questions?
He is busy writing.
Her method is worth trying.
Why don’t you go shopping tomorrow?
I was late getting home last night.
What’s the use worrying? 2.7 V-ing的逻辑主语
V-ing的逻辑主语有如下几种情况。

1) 句子的主语作V-ing的逻辑主语
Would you mind writing your address on this envelope?
2) 在V-ing分词独立结构中，主格词作V-ing的逻辑主语
The question being settled, we went home.
3) 在vt+名词/代词+V-ing结构中，名词/代词宾格作V-ing的逻辑主语
I heard him talking loudly.
There’s no telling what he’s going to do.
4) 当V-ing作句子的主语、表语、宾语时，有时带有自己的逻辑主语。

在正式场合，这种逻辑主语凡属于有生命的人而不是事物时，多用名词的’s所有格或形容词性的物主代词，但对于无生命名词或较长的名词词组不论其有无生命则往往用通格，不用所有格。

•Do you remember me and my mother coming to see you?
也可以写成或说成
Do you remember me and my mother ' s coming to see you?
•就是所有格的形式作动名词的逻辑主语，而上面的句子，使用的是my mother （中心词是mother），用的是名词的本身形式，就是通格，也就是这个名词即可以作主语（它就是主格形式），也可以作宾语（就是宾格形式）。

例如：
My mother is a worker. （my mother 就是主格形式）
Yesterday I helped my mother do some housework.
（my mother 就是宾格形式）
名词本身即可以在句子中作主语，也可以在句子中作宾语，我们通常把这种形式称作名词的通格。

Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Our sole worry is the child’s relying too much on others.
Do you mind my reading your paper?
We are opposed to the idea of weapon being everything and man nothing.
Did you ever hear of a man of good sense refusing such an offer?
然而，在口语中，特别是当V-ing作宾语时，用通格代替所有格表示V-ing逻辑主语的情况是不少的。

I don’t like young people / them smoking.
2.8 V-ing与V-ed的语法作用小结
1) V-ing作主语
V-ing位于句首主语的位置上作主语，情况类似于不定式作主语，当V-ing短语与某些表语搭配时可后移，并在主语位置上由先进代词it代替，这类表语有：tiring, interesting, nice, better, foolish, fun, no good, a waste of time, a bore 等。

Crossing the Atlantic by plane takes only a few hours nowadays.
It’s foolish behaving like that.
It’s fun having guests for the weekend.
2) V-ing与V-ed作表语
V-ing作表语时可分成名词性及形容词性，而V-ed分词作表语则总是形容词性的。

My favorite sport is swimming.
（名词性）
Prices are stable and the market is flourishing .
（形容词性）
The door is locked.
（形容词性）
3) V-ing作动词/介词宾语
V-ing作可以动词的宾语，此外，V-ing也经常作介词宾语。

①She can’t standing being kept waiting.
②I couldn’t risk missing that train.
③Did you take part in installing the equipment?
④Who is responsible for organizing the excursion？
⑤Bob talked us into walking home with him.
⑥I must stop you from destroying yourself.
注：
能用于上述第⑤句这种vt.+宾语+into+ V-ing结构的动词还有trick, mislead,shame （使羞愧而……），trap, fool, surprise, deceive等。

能用于上述第⑥句这种vt.+宾语+from+ V-ing结构的动词还有prevent，而且结构中的from可省略。

4) V-ing 与V-ed 作宾补
I saw Mary entering the office.
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting.
I hate young people smoking.
We saw the thief arrested.
They kept everything locked.
I consider the matter settled
5) V-ing与V-ed作定语
一般来说，V-ing作定语多表示动作上的主动或进行，V-ing作定语多表示动作的被动或完成。

Will the people sitting at the back please keep quiet?
There were a lot of people cutting rice in the fields.
This is the book recommended by the professor.
The material needed is iron.
6) V-ing与V-ed作状语
①表示时间
Arriving at the station, he found his train gone.
Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.
②表示原因
Born and bred a countryman (因为生长在农村)，he could not live happily in London. Knowing English well, he translated the article without a dictionary.
③表示条件
Given more time, he would be able to do better.
Working hard, you will succeed.④表示结果
A letter has just come, relieving me from anxiety.
⑤表示让步，经常由though或although引出
Although / Though workin g very hard,he didn’t feel a bit tired.
⑥表示伴随状况和方式
After waiting for a few minutes, he marched up the steps, closely followed by Demetrius.
He sat in the armchair reading a newspaper
7) 连词+V-ing/V-ed结构
当+V-ing与V-ed作状语时表示时间、条件、让步及方式时，有时可在分词短语前加上when, while, before, after, until, if, unless, though, although, as if, as though 这样的连词。

When summoned（呼唤）by her nurse, she rose and departed very quickly.
While reading, I fell asleep.
He raised his eyes, looked at her as though peering over the top of spectacles.
He will be imprisoned if caught by the police.
Even if invited, I won't go.
Though surrounded, the soldiers were not discouraged
3. 非谓语动词的用法比较
不定式，V-ing, V-ed在某些语法功能方面是相同的，掌握它们的区别对于正确使用是很重要的。

以下我们对这三种非谓语动词在作定语、宾补、状语、表语等方面加以比较及区别。

3.1 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作名词的后置定语时的区别
一般来说，作后置定语的不定式多表示一个未来的动作，当它修饰抽象名词时不存在与被修饰名词之间的逻辑主谓关系。

作后置定语的V-ing有浓厚的“进行”意味，而且与被修饰名词之间构成明显的逻辑主谓关系。

作后置定语的V-ed有浓厚的“完成”意味，而且与被修饰名词之间构成明显的逻辑主谓关系。

We can see the children’s anxiety to go to the beach.
（表示未来的动作）
The students waving red flags and banners lined the streets.
（表示进行中的动作）
The method adopted was thought to be effective.
（表示完成的动作
3.2 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作宾语补足语时的区别
不定式作宾补时多表示动作的完成，即全过程；V-ing 多表示的进行；V-ed则表示动作的完成或被动。

对某些动词的来说，用不定式的被动态或V-ed 作宾补区别不大。

①I watched her cross the street.（表示“穿越”的全过程）
②I saw him crossing the road. （表示“正在穿越”）
③Jane had her bad tooth pull ed out at the dentist’s.
（表示动作完成）
④I want none of you ( to be ) involved in the scandal（丑事）.
如上述第④句中的want 这样的动词还有：would like, order, wish 等表示愿望的动词。

3.3 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作状语时的区别
三种非谓语动词作状语时的区别有以下几点。

1) 不定式可位于句首或谓语之后或采用so as to, in order to作表示目的的状语，而V-ing, V-ed则几乎不能。

2) 不定式可位于谓语之后或在be+形容词（或分词）之后作表示原因的状语，而V-ing, V-ed 则往往位于句首用逗号与句子分开，表示原因，试比较：
We were surprised to find them there.
Being ill all last year, he lived in a sanitorium.（疗养院）
Absorbed in the work, he neglected food and sleep.
3) V-ing与V-ed可表示时间、让步、方式等状语意义而不定式则几乎不能。

3.4 不定式，V-ing, V-ed作表语时的区别
虽然，三种非谓语动词都可位于系动词后面作表语，但有区别。

主要有以下几点。

1) 不定式作表语时相当于一个名词或名词词组的作用。

2) V-ing作表语时有双重性。

有时相当于名词或名词词组的作用，此时它与不定式作表语无很大区别；有时则相当于形容词或形容词短语的作用，多用于表示事物或事情的特点。

3) V-ed 作表语时相当于一个形容词或形容词短语的作用，多用于表示主语的状态。

His wish was to become a skillful worker.
What I am doing is teaching her English.
That he cannot come is discouraging.
They are extremely confused.
The glass is broken.
1.倒装句的种类
根据主语和谓语的相对位置，倒装句可分为完全倒装句和局部倒装句。

句子的全部谓语都位于主语之前称为完全倒装句，句子的部分谓语位于主语之前称为局部倒装句。

•Here comes the bus! (完全倒装句)
•Only in this way can a good result be achieved. (局部倒装句
2. 完全倒装句
1).构成完全倒装句的几种情况如下。

当句首状语是方位词（如here, there, up, down等）或声色词（如crack, bang等），谓语动词是come, go, fly 等表示位置移动的动作动词，同时主语又是较长的名词词组时：
1)There goes the bell.
2)Up and up went the prices.
3)Higher and higher flew the white balloon
till it vanished in the clouds.
4)Crack went the gun and the hawk crumpled out of the sky.
注：当这种结构中的主语为代词时，一般不引起倒装，试比较：
Out rushed the pupils!
Out they rushed!
2). 当句首为一表示地点的介词短语时：
Behind him hung his photograph,
taken in Mecca (麦加).
To the list may be added the following
names.
From the distance came occasional
shots.
3) 当句首为so, nor, neither等，表示前述情况也适用于此时：
I am quite willing to help and so are the other comrades in our class.
He did not come, nor (or neither) did his friends.
4) 当主语带有较长的后置定语，为保持句子的平衡，将谓语提前构成“V-ing / V-ed+介词短语+be+主语”这样的结构时：
Standing between the two steam engines is a big boiler (锅炉) which has been used for more than ten years.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead（铅）and zinc（锌）.
3. 局部倒装句
构成局部倒装句的几种情况如下。

1). 当only+状语位于句首表示强调时：
Only once did his father discuss his future with him.
Only after you have received the telegram can you know the time of his arrival.
2). 当构成结果状语从句so…that 的so位于句首表示强调时：
So much does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night.
So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus (奖金).
3). 当not only (but also)位于句首，连接两个并列分句时：
Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.
4). 当句首为一些频度状语，如often, many a time, long等时：
■Often did we warn them not to do so.
■Many a time has Mike given me good advice.
5). 当句首状语为如下的否定词或带否定含义的词语时：
never seldom
hardly scarcely
rarely little
nowhere（任何地方都不）
by no means （决不）
•on no account (决不)under / in no circumstances,
•in vain (徒劳地),
•at no time,
•no sooner …than (主句主谓倒装),
•hardly …when (主句主谓倒装),
•not until …(直到……才)，
•以及其他一系列含有否定词的介词短语。

Never did I have that experience before.
•Little did I think that he could be back alive.
•Rarely did he come without causing trouble.
•In vain did we try to persuade her to give up her plan.
我们劝她放弃这个计划，她不听。

•At no time and in no circumstances should we place our personal interest first.
在任何时候、任何情况下我们都不应当把个人利益放在首位。

•No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.
•Hardly / Scarcely had she fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.
•Not until he had dropped to 1800 feet did David find himself in clear sky.
•In no way can teaching in school be separated from practice.
当然，以上这些结构不位于句首时，就不存在主谓倒装的问题，如最后一例，亦可写作：
Teaching in school can in no way be separated from practice.
4. 倒装式虚拟条件句
虚拟条件句有时不带if ，可见如下两种情况：
1）将虚拟条件句中的had, should, were置于句首直接引出虚拟条件句，同时省略if 。

•Should they forget to bring a compass with them,they would get lost in the woods.
•Were he younger, he would learn skating.
2）“ Were it not for /
Had it not been for + 宾语”.这种不带if 的虚拟条件句表示“要不是” 、“若没有”等含义.
Were it not for their assistance, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties.
Had it not been for the reservoir, we’d never have been able to beat the drought.
5 . 让步状语从句的倒装
1). 让步状语从句中某些成分的倒装可有以下几种情况：
（1）在由连词as, though 引出的从句中:
though 引导的让步壮语从句可以倒装，在倒装中though 可以用as 代替，但用as引导的让步壮语从句必须倒装；如果动词或现在分词提前放在句首，谓语要补加助动词do,does, did 或will 等。

做表语的单数可数名词放在句首时，该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词。

•结构如下：
•形容词
•副词
•动词+ though ( as ) +主语+谓语
•分词
•名词
Cold as/though it is, the children play
outdoors.
Fail though I did, I would never give up.
Much as I respect him, I cannot agree to his
suggestion.
Fast as the Hare could run, it was beaten by
the Tortoise in the race.
Teacher as Mike is, he is not capable of
doing all subjects.
Standing as it does at the top of the hill, the
temple is well preserved.
(2).在however 引出的从句中，做表语或状语的词应置于however之后:
However often you ring,
no one will answer.
However annoying his behavior may be, we can’t get rid of him.
(3).与no matter 或wh-ever 意义相似的倒装结构。

结构中的谓语常带有will, would,might 等.
Come what may(= Whatever may come/ happen) ,you must remain optimistic.
Try as you will(=However hard you may try), you won’t catch up with him.
•Do what you will (=No matter what you do), you can’t satisfy everybody.
•Be he friend or enemy(=No matter whether he is a friend or enemy), he shall be punished.
2). 比较状语从句
在“The+比较级…，the +比较级“及”as…as…”结构中，主句有时有倒装情况。

The more problems you elucidate（阐明）,the greater will be your achievement.
3). 方式状语从句
在as 引出的方式状语从句中以及“just as…, so…”结构的主句部分，有时有倒装情况。

（其含义是：正如同…，…也…..。

）
As fire tries gold, so does adversity try virture.。