大学综合英语第二册单元9

Unit 9Brainstorming. Expressions for the people in science and technology:scientist, technician, engineer, mechanic, chemist, physicist, researcher, faculty (in the department), academician, scholar, astronaut2. Expressions for using machines, equipment, etc.:operate, handle, control, press the button, push the control stick (joy stick), switch on/off ..., lift, tear, cut, programme, troubleshooting, computerised, computer-aided, measure, automate, manual, user-friendly3. Expressions relating to research work:research, develop/development, study, work at, invent, discover, make a breakthrough, make progress, get nowhere, use ... technique, devise a method to, transplant, implant, culture (v.) cells, standardise4. Expressions for machines and apparatus:equipment, apparatus, meter, scale, test tube, jar, computer, PC, laptop, CD-ROM (Compact Disc - Read Only Memory), disc, floppy disc, scanner, photocopy-machine, speaker, signal, digital5. Expressions for technical literature:manual, user's guide, instructions, directory, literature, bibliography, reference material, laboratory report, brochure, information sheetListening1.He particularly enjoyed those where you can do something to make things work2.He told his son that they would see a collection of cars, trains, aeroplanes, models of ships andmachines, and so on.3. A man switches on a very strong electric current and makes it jump between two terminals, like aflash of lightning, and at the same time, there is a very loud bang4.As the word “science” sounds like “silence”, he thought he was visiting the Silence Museum, wherethere shouldn't be such loud noise as the big bang he heard thereMain IdeaThis article tells us that under the influence of computer other new technologies are changing, or could change, our lives no less dramatically. One of these is the new science of biotechnology. It falls ino three main areas: genetics, embryology and microbiology.Text AnalysisPara 1 While the computer has had …: genetics; embryology and microbiology.1. While the computer has had a profound effect on society in so many ways, there are other new technologies that are changing, or could change, our lives no lessdramatically.profound: a. deep; thoroughgoing; far-reachingHe impressed his audience by the profound knowledge.The overwhelming feeling is just deep, profound shock and anger.have an effect on: change produced by an action or cause; result or outcomeThe austerity measures will have little immediate adverse effect on the average Moroccan. The film had quite an effect on her.[idioms] bring sth into effect: cause sth to come into usecome into effect: (esp. of laws, rules, etc.) reach the stage of bring in use.give effect to sth.: (fml) cause sth to become active or produce a resultin effect: for practical purposes; in factof / to no effect: not having the result intended or hoped fortake effect: produce the result intended or requiredto the effect that:with the meaning, or giving the information, that…no less: an emphatic way of expressing surprise or admiration at the importance of something or someoneHe had returned to England in an aircraft carrier no less.[idioms] any (the) less: (used after no) to a smaller extenteven less: certainly notless and less: at a continually decreasing rate[grammatical point]less, instead of fewer is now commonly and increasingly used with plural nouns. However, this is still thought to be incorrect English, and careful speakers prefer fewer.There have been less accidents on this road since the speed limit was introduced.2. Virtually unheard of thirty years ago, biotechnology is considered by many to be the most important development of the late twentieth century.virtually: in fact or to all purposes; practicallyThe city was virtually paralyzed by the transit strike.My book's virtually finished.unheard: n ot heard; not previously known of or done; unprecedentedRadiation reached unheard-of levels.It’s almost unheard of in France for a top politician not to come from the social elite. consider (to be):If you consider a person or thing to be something, you have the opinion that this is what they are.We don’t consider our customers to be mere consumers; we consider them to be our friends.I had always considered myself a strong, competent woman.[derivation] considerable: a. great in amount or sizeconsiderate: a. careful not to hurt or inconvenience others; thoughtful consideration: n. action of considering or thinking about sth.considering: prep. conj. in view of (the fact that); taking into consideration.3. It falls into three main areas: genetics; embryology and microbiology.fall into: be able to be divided into sth.The lecture series falls naturally into three parts.[phrases] fall down: be shown to be false or inadequate; collapsefall back on sb. / sth.: (be able to ) go to sb. for support or use sth. when in difficulty fall for sth: allow oneself the be persuaded by sth, esp unwiselyfall in with sb. / sth.: meet sb. by chance; join sb; become involved with sb / sthfall over: stumble or trip after hitting sb / sth with one’s feet when walking, etc.Para 2 Genetics is the study and manipulation… science of genetic engineering. 1. From the moment that each living thing---plant or animal---comes into being, its characteristics are strictly determined.come into being: come into existence This company came into being in 1925. determine: v. decideHis future has not been determined, but he may study medicine.2. Its shape, size, colour, intelligence are all the result of a set of instructions contained in every cell of its body.contain: v. to have within; holdThe album contains many memorable songs.Her statement contained several inaccuracies.Cf. contain hold accommodateThese verbs mean to have within or have the capacity for having within.Contain means to have within or have as a part or constituent:This drawer contains all the cutlery we own.The book contains some amusing passages.Polluted water contains contaminants.Hold can be used in that sense but primarily stresses capacity for containing:The pitcher holds two pints but contains only one.Accommodate refers to capacity for holding comfortably:The restaurant accommodates 50 customers.Four hundred inmates were crowded into a prison intended to accommodate 200.3. These instructions are in the form of a “code”, its genes, passed on from parent to offspring.form (of sth.): specific type of arrangement or structure of sth; manner in which sth exists or appears; kind or varietyThe training took the form of seminars and lectures.They received a benefit in the form of a tax reduction.Cf. form figure shape configuration contour profileThese nouns refer to the external outline of a thing.Form is the outline and structure of a thing as opposed to its substance:e.g. a garden in the form of a lovers' knot.Figure refers usually to form as established by bounding or enclosing lines:The cube is a solid geometric figure.“Europe is disclosed as a prone and emaciated figure, the Alps sha ping like a backbone, and the branching mountain chains like ribs, the peninsular plateau of Spain forming a head”(Thomas Hardy).Shape implies three-dimensional definition that indicates both outline and bulk ormass:“Rowing [at night] , he faced her, a hooded and cloaked shape”(Joseph Conrad). Configuration stresses the pattern formed by the arrangement of parts within an outline:The map shows the configuration of the North American continent, with its mountains, rivers, and plains.Contour refers especially to the outline of a three-dimensional figure:I ran my finger along the soft, curving contour of the child's cheek.Profile denotes the outline of something viewed against a background and especially the outline of the human face in side view:We glimpsed the profile of the church steeple against the last glow of the sunset.The profile of the old warrior was characterized by a strong jaw and an aquiline nose. pass on: move from one activity, stage, etc to another; hand or give sth to sb else, esp. after receiving or using it oneselfLet’s pass on to the next item on the agenda.I passed her message on to his mother.[phrases]pass away: diepass for sb / sth.: be accepted as sb / sthpass off: (of an event)take place and be completedpass sb / sth off as sb / sth: represent sb / sth falsely as sb / sthpass out: lose consciousness; faintpass over: ignore or disregard sth; avoid sthpass through: experience (a period of time)offspring: (fml) child or children of a particular person or coupleShe is the offspring of a scientist and a musician.Their offspring are all very clever.Para 3 The implications of this are dramatic. Using … entirely new animals.1. The implications of this are dramatic.implication: n. the act of implying or the condition of being implied.He smiled, but the implication was that he didn't believe me.The new report has far-reaching implications for the future of broadcasting. dramatic: a.forceful in appearance or effect; (fig.) excitingHer opening words were dramatic.There are dramatic changes in international situation[synonyms] melodramatic theatricalmelodramatic: exciting in effect, often too much so as to be thought realThat’s a very melodramatic statement; you know you wouldn’t really do that. theatrical: (of behavior, manner, a person ) showy, not natural2. Using genetic engineering, it is possible to produce plants and animals that have particular desired characteristics: to grow plants, for example, that are resistant to disease, or which yield an extra large crop, or grow in difficult conditions; or again, to breed animals that are good meat or milk producers---even to breed entirely new animals.characteristic: n. a special and easily recognized quality of sth. or sb.One of the main characteristics of British politics is the importance of class division.A useful characteristic of the cat is its ability to see in the dark.Cf. feature qualityfeature: an important quality in or part of sth.There are several features in this plan which I don’t like.quality:something that a person, thing, idea, etc. has which makes sb. or sth. in different, special, interesting.One quality of wood is that it can burn.He has many good qualities, but his quality is his kindness.resistant (to sth): offering resistance, power to remain undamaged or unaffected by sth.How to improve plants to make them more resistant to disease is a serious problem. The body may be less resistant if it is cold.breed: to produce (offspring); give birth to or hatch.Some animals will not breed in cages.It is observed that many animals do not breed when in captivity.Para 4 Such plants or animals can be created not only once, but also, from a basic genetic model, in endless numbers of identical units---a process known as “cloning”. 这种植物或动物不仅可以根据一套基本的基因模型来创造无数的完全相同的个体，这个过程被称为“克隆”。