中英文专业资料
中英文对照(适用社会学)资料讲解
中英文对照（适用社会学）专业英语Sociological Terminologies 中英文术语对照第一部分 Part OneI-欧洲古典社会学家Auguste Comte 奥古斯特?孔德Karl Marx 卡尔?马克思Herbert Spencer 赫伯特?斯宾塞Vilfredo Pareto 维尔弗雷多?帕累托Ferdinand Toennies 费迪南德?滕尼斯Emile Durkheim 埃米尔?涂尔干Georg Simmel 格奥尔格?齐美尔Gaetano Mosca 加耶塔诺?莫斯卡Max Weber 马克斯?韦伯Leonard T. Hobhouse 莱奥纳多。
T。
霍布豪斯Robert Michels 罗伯特?米歇尔斯II-北美古典社会学家William Graham Sumner 威廉姆?格拉汉姆?萨姆纳Lester Ward 莱斯特?沃德Albion Small 阿比奥?斯莫尔Franklin Giddings 弗兰克林?吉丁斯Thorstein Veblen 索斯坦?凡勃伦George Herbert Mead 乔治?赫伯特?米德W. I. Thomas W。
I。
托马斯Charles Horton Cooley 查尔斯?霍顿?库利Robert E. Park 罗伯特。
E。
帕克E. A. Ross E。
A。
罗斯III-现代早期Pitirim Sorokin 皮特里姆?索罗金Elton Mayo 埃尔顿?梅约Georg Lukacs 格奥尔格?卢卡奇William F. Ogburn 威廉姆。
F。
奥格本Karl Mannheim 卡尔?曼海姆Alfred Schutz 阿尔弗雷德?舒茨Herbert Blumer 赫伯特?布鲁默Paul Lazarsfeld 保罗?拉扎斯菲尔德George Gallup 乔治?盖洛普Tarcott Parsons 塔尔科特?帕森斯George Homans 乔治?霍曼斯IV-现代晚期David Riesman 大卫?里斯曼Robert King Merton 罗伯特?金?默顿Barrington Moore 巴林顿?摩尔Lewis Coser 刘易斯?科塞Reinhard Bendix 莱因哈特?本尼迪克斯C. W. Mills C 。
英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energyputting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵）others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved andacting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between beingknowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hidebehind a mask.1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于2.pretence 虚伪，虚假6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners areatrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, Ihave no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest.孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。
中英文双语资料
中英文双语资料English:When seeking bilingual resources in Chinese and English, it's crucial to consider reliable sources that offer accurate translations and interpretations. One option is to explore reputable websites that specialize in bilingual content, such as government portals, educational institutions, or international organizations. These platforms often provide official documents, articles, and resources in both languages, ensuring credibility and consistency. Additionally, utilizing bilingual dictionaries or language learning platforms can be beneficial for accessing translated materials and improving language proficiency. It's essential to verify the accuracy and relevance of the content, especially when conducting research or seeking information on specific topics. Collaborating with bilingual individuals or language experts can also enhance the quality of bilingual resources, ensuring accuracy and clarity in translation. By leveraging these strategies, individuals can effectively access and utilize bilingual materials to support their language learning or research endeavors.中文翻译：在寻找中英文双语资料时，关键是考虑到提供准确翻译和解释的可靠来源。
中英文资料
英文参考资料The enterprise information system is the enterprise information material base, enterprise information system construction good and the badness, regarding enhances the enterprise the economic efficiency to have the very important function. The establishment enterprise information system, carries on the management in enterprise's each level and each function domain to enterprise's management decision-making activity, is enhances the enterprise competitive ability the important way. The level each kind of enterprise information system construction, specially faces the supervisory work the management information information system construction, has become the enterprise information advancement the main part.The enterprise information system establishment mainly is in the management information system (MIS) in the foundation, uses the computer-aided design and makes (CAD/CAM), establishes the computer integration manufacture system (CIMS). In development decision-making support program (DSS) in the foundation, and controls through the man-machine dialogue action program, from material demand plan (MRP), manufacture resources plan (MRPII) and enterprise resources plan (ERP). Also has a volume of development, the production and the material object retails to a body punctual production (JIT), unceasingly eliminates the waste the fine production (LP), supplies in the chain management the fast response and the agile manufacture (AM), non- pollution clean production and green manufacture, as well as through network coordination design and production parallel project (CE) and so on. These information society new production methods merge into one organic whole the information technology revolution and the management progress, cause the enterprise to win in the aspects the competitive advantage, these information systems applications also cause the enterprise to produce, the business data, in the enterprise policy-maker three levels in the enterprise realize the information. Under introduced several kind of main enterprises information system management information system (Management Information System, MIS), is by the artificial leadership, using the computer hardware, software, the network corresponds these equipment and other office equipments carries on the information the collection, the transmission, the processing, the storage, the renewal and the maintenance achieved the enterprise strategy competes superior, enhances the benefit and the efficiency goal, supports the enterprise the high level decision-making, the intermediate deck control and the basic unit operation integration man-machine system. MIS is the superintendent provides the report, provides the enterprise the recent situation as well as the historic record. This system main localization is aims at in the enterprise, for management function and so on level plan, control and decision-making serves, generally provides the data by the lower level handling of traffic system. MIS will be able the actual enterprise's each kind of movement situation, and using the past historical data forecast future, embarks the assistance enterprise from the enterprise overall situation angle to carry on the decision-making, used the message control enterprise the behavior, helped the enterprise to achieve its plan goal. The present management information system is, "Antony which design and the deduction comes according to renowned" Antony the model "model" is the modern management information system founder. In 1965, Antony (Anthony) and so on the business management studied the expert through 15 years massive practices to the European and American system modelling enterprise to observe and to confirm, established the manufacturing industry management management service flow and its the information system skeleton theory, namely renowned "Antony model", this theory thought the management management service activity, namely the business management system mightdivide into the strategic plan, the tactical decision-making and the service decision-making 3 levels (1) the strategic plan level (Strategic Planning Layer, SPL): For the highest management level, is refers to such as the enterprise to organize the goal the hypothesis and the change, for realizes plan, the plan, the budget process and so on resources policy which this goal adopts. (2) tactic decision-making strata (Tactics Decision Layer, TDL): Also is called the management control level, for the middle management level, is for the realization business goal, enables the enterprise effectively to obtain and the use resources concrete application process. (3) handling of traffic level (Business Treatment Layer, BTL): Also is called the operating control level, for the lower level management level, is for determined some specific service can the entire process which effectively, highly effective carries out. Antony the management information system definition will be: "can nimbly utilize the information technology, in the systematized transmission, the memory, the exchange enterprise the exterior information, thus forms either support enterprise's management or service system". Along with the time progress, the information technology and the management science development, the business management information system function already foundation unceasingly performed in "Antony in the model" to expand and the consummation, at this point has developed for the 5th generation based on the electronic accounting machine network technology and the electronic commerce technology modern management information system. The management information can support the strategic plan level, the management control level, the operation control level three levels. These three levels are the enterprise are high, center, the low three levels administrative personnel, it has reflected regarding the enterprise in the marketing function, the manufacture function, the information service function, human resources management function each level the and so on management function, financial control function comprehensive support. The management information system is based on the information technology the challenge, the organization and the management explanation which proposed to the environment. The administrative personnel wants to face the objective environment regarding enterprise's challenge, first in under the management information technology support, must have a management information system. The management information system utilized has been advanced, the management, the information processing technology aims at the environment the challenge, it actually was along with the information technology unceasingly front then advance, changed the management information along with the environment unceasing diastrophism to be able to support the strategic plan level, the management control level, the operation control level three levels. Each level regarding management information specific request including following several aspects: (1) the information origin is different. Management, namely strategic plan level administrative personnel, not only needs the enterprise interior the information, moreover must know the external environment the information. Because must formulate the enterprise developmental strategy plan, must understand the competitor the information, the partner information, government all policies, the laws and regulations change information. But the enterprise interior operation level personnel needs the information originates mainly is the internal information. (2) the information comprehensive degree is different. High level administrative personnel comprehensive nature high, each aspect requests the information content is big. But regarding the concrete operation control personnel, only is responsible for the partial management the concrete work, the request information synthesis degree very is low. (3) the information processing method is different. Because the high level personnel involves the policy-making question many and varied, the different question needs the different processing method process information, therefore regarding the strategic plan level said the processing the method is indefinite. But said regarding the operation control level personnel that, the processing method is definite. For instance, keeps in stock the stock information which the personnel processes nothing but is: How many goodsinside the storehouse has received? How much materials sent out? How much materials has received? Then carries on correspondingly counts splits out the report form, these all are the extremely fixed processing methods. Information provides which to the different administrative personnel, whether is suitable for the different administrative personnel's need, this is a question which the management information system design needs to solve. Therefore should aim at differently needs to process the different information content, uses the different processing method to satisfy each level the request. The management information system (M I S) not only supports the underlying bed administrative personnel, moreover may support the intermediate deck personnel's management control, for high level also can provide certain information. The management information system constitutes by four parts: Information source, information processor, information user and information superintendent. The information source is the information production place; Information processor burden duty and so on information transmission, processing, preservation; The information user is the information user, carries on the decision-making using the information; The information superintendent is responsible for the information system the design, the realization and the maintenance. The management information system is generally regarded as a pyramid shape the structure, divides into from the first floor handling of traffic to the operating control, the management control, the topmost story strategic planning. The most basic unit greatly processes the numerous and diverse business information and the condition information constitution by the duty. The level more upward, business processes the scope is smaller, in view of also is quite special and the non- structure question. A organization's management information system decomposable is four major components: 1st, EDPS are partial, mainly completes the data the collection, the input, the database management, the inquiry, the fundamental operation, the daily report form output and so on. 2nd, the analysis part, mainly above the EDPS foundation, the logarithm according to carries on the deep processing, like utilizes each kind of management model, the quantitative analysis method, the sequenced method, the operations research method and so on carries on the analysis to organization's production operating condition. 3rd, the decision-making are partial, the MIS policy-making model is restricted in solves the structure management decision-making problem primarily, its policy-making result must provide a best policy-making plan for the high level superintendent. 4th, database partial, mainly completes function and so on data file storage, organization, backup, the database is the management information system core are partial. In addition, a organization's management information system may act according to manages the function the different division for the longitudinal subsystem. The main subsystem includes: 1st, stock management subsystem, function including to stock control, stock account management, ordering plan formulation and warehouse own management and so on. 2nd, production management subsystem, function including material demand plan formulation, productive plan arrangement, production scheduling and daily production data management analysis and so on. 3rd, the personnel management subsystem, the function including personnel's records management, the personnel checks attendance the situation management, the personnel each kind of insurance fund management and the personnel trains the plan the system to grade. 4th, the financial control subsystem, the function including a financial account item management, the production cost of operation management, the financial condition analysis and the financial plan system grades. 5th, sales management subsystem, function including sales plan formulation, sales condition analysis, customer information management and sales contract management and so on. 6th, the policy-making support subsystem, the function manages strategic including the enterprise the formulation, the enterprise resources assignment and so on. The system function subsystem division different has the difference because of enterprise's production management characteristic, the above six functions subsystems common enterprise all has, moreover the above each sub- system may carry on a thinner levelthe division, here we no longer give the detailed explanation. The management information system assistance completes the enterprise daily structure information processing task, generally thought MIS the primary mission has the following several aspects: 1st, carries on the strict management to the foundation data, the request measurement tool standardization, the procedure and the method correct use, causes the information circulation channel to be smooth. Some point must be clear about when goes in is a trash, comes out also is trash ", must guarantee the information the accuracy, the uniformity. 2nd, determination information processing process standardization, unified data and report form standard form, in order to establishes a centralism unified database. 3rd, highly effective feeble-mindedly completes the daily business to process the service, the optimization assigns each kind of resources, including manpower, physical resource, financial resource and so on. 4th, the full use had the resources, including present and the historical data message and so on, utilizes each kind of management model, the logarithm according to carries on processing processing, supports the management and the policy-making work, in order to realization organization goal.企业信息系统是企业信息化的物质基础，企业信息系统建设的好与坏，对于提高企业的经济效益有至关重要的作用。
钟表行业专业术语中英文对照资料
专业术语解释（数学或飞机油量）计算功能slide rule12个面色彩12-facet chaton12小时子表盘12-hour recorder(register) 20 度防水20 ATM water-resistantdepth sensor/depth meter A device on a divers' watch that determines the wearer's depth by measuring water pressure. It shows the depth either by analog hands and a scale on the watch face or through a digital display.diving watch A watch that is water resistant to 200M. Has a one way rotating bezel and a screw-on crown and back. Has a metal or rubber strap (not leather). Has a sapphire crystal and possibly, a wet-suit extension.EL薄膜EL filmescapement Device in a mechanical movement that controls the rotation of the wheels and thus the motion of the hands.Head a tapered box with prongs, which holds a stone in a mounting LCD部件LCD partLED部件LED partUV紫外光灯箱UV ultra-violet ray lampbox按钮push button按实物做Make exactly as shown sample.奥姆斯卡擒纵机构Ormskirt escapement巴塞尔钟表展Basel Watch Fair霸的crown 具有上条以及拨针等作用的旋钮霸管crown tube霸芯及驳管stem and stem extension白金platinum摆锤rotor摆夹板balance bridge (cock)摆轮balance摆钟pendulum摆轴balance staff半成品ebauche半成品机芯movement blank半导体硅片semiconductor silicon wafer邦定材料binding materials棒状指针Baton Hand包边表带side-wrapped band包边不锈钢表带side-wrapped stainless steel band包金表带gold-cladding band包装packaging保修卡warranty card报刻蜗形凸轮Quarter snail报时表talking watch报时装置striking work碧玺tourmaline壁挂钟wall clock标牌label; ie. price label, product label表后背back cover表链耳子Hinge lug表面dial 具有时间刻度的面盘表面脚dial foot表胚watch blank表圈watch bezel 固定表玻璃的零部件主要起到装饰和实用的双重作用表轴watch spindle丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯ABS乙烯柄轴Winding stem拨针hand setting拨针机构setting mechanism不干胶纸self-adhesive paper不规则表壳irregularly-shaped case不锈钢半实心表stainless steel semi-solid band带不锈钢粉末stainless steel powder不锈钢实心表带stainless steel solid band不锈钢线stainless steel strings步进马达stepping motor步行计速器tachymeter测距仪（按风速）telemeter测试仪器test instruments测向杠杆式擒纵Lateral lever escapement 机构叉夹板pallet cook叉瓦式擒纵机构stone lever escapement叉销bolt插片E-rings茶色tea brown拆生钢枝S/S pins and shafts拆生螺丝removable screwed pin长方形, 椭园形oblong长效万年历Secular perpetual calendar车用钟vehicle clock齿轮pinion齿轮啮合gear赤色crimson冲角Impulse angle冲模press tool冲头punch虫胶Shellac除蜡水wax solvent触针contact probe传感器sensor传呼机表watch w/pager促销表promotional watch淬火钢片hardened steel disc存货inventory搓花钢枝S/S knurled pins打簧表repeater打磨polish大钢轮Ratchet wheel大钢轮ratchet (gear train)大钢轮驱动轮ratchet work带MP3表watch w/ MP3带计算器表watch w/calculator带游戏表watch w/games单金属摆轮Monometallic Balance单向自动上条机构One-sided automatic winding device 弹弓表带expansion band弹簧扣spring buckle倒角bevel 对于机芯零部件的边角进行人手打磨的工序等时性isochronism底盖back cover底滚镀barrel plating第二时区子表盘second time-zone indicator电池用完指示battery reserve indicator电磁式装饰平摆decorative electromagnetic parallel pendulum 电镀表针galvanized hands电话表phone watch电激冷光表芯EL module电容器capacitor电视表TV watch电泳electrophoresis电钟electric clock电子反光板EL backlight吊坠pendant调色toning; color-mixing调速机构regulating organ订做custom-made动力指示器Dynamograph镀层厚度depth of coating镀金表带gold-plated band多边形polygon多功能multi-function; multi-purpose多功能机械表mechanical multi-function watch鹅蛋形oval/egg-shaped鳄鱼皮alligator skin /crocodile grain发光管式石英钟LED/fluorescent quartz clock发夹open-end pins/cotter pins/sopa发泡胶产品polyfoam product发条mainspring发条盒barrel反相器EL inverter方向锁directional lock防磁antimagnetic防灰dustproof防水霸的screw-lock crown防水度water-resistant ATM防水耐油黑色橡胶N.B.R.防水性能water resistance防酸的anti-acidic防震shock resistance防震器shock absorber仿金合金imitation-gold alloy仿皮imitation leather非自由式擒纵机构Frictional escapement菲利普游丝Phillips hairspring分齿轮center pinion分离器disconnecting gear分轮cannon pinion分钟追针Minute Memory风油式自动上浆机automatic hydraulic photo-resistant coating machine蜂鸣器buzzer服饰表dressing watch附加闹时/星期/日历/万年历数字式石英钟quartz digital clock w/alarm/day and date/perpetual calendar附加日历/定闹/电子报时/装饰摆动指针式石英钟quartz analog clock w/calendar/time alarm/EL chimer/decorative pendulum副发条Safety spring橄榄石olivine钢底steel back钢片表带steel-disc band 钢通连钉pin-with-tubes高档珍珠top-grade pearl 高度计表watch w/altimeter锆石zircon锆氧zirconia工业用计时器定industrial chronograph/timer时器公差tolerance汞电池mercury battery古董钟antique clock骨骼表skleton watch固机圈Spacer ring挂钟wall clock龟壳扣clasps硅胶silica gel滚镀23克拉23kt barrel plating过氧化银silver peroxide海蓝宝石aquamarine海绵砂轮soft grinding stone海绵纸盒spongy box航船用气压钟ships' & barometer clock航海表marine watch合金alloy红宝石ruby蝴蝶扣folding clasps/butterfly style buckle 护盖hatch cover滑销slide化合物半导体晶compound semiconductor wafer片化学镀层chemical plating怀表pocket watch环氧树脂胶epoxide-resin glue幻彩表带velcro strap换算功能measurement conversion换向轮Reverse wheel黄晶citrine黄玉topaz回零针fly-back hand混合表combo watch活动把手生耳functional catches机械摆钟mechanical pendulum clock机械摆钟机芯mechanical pendulum clock movement机械闹钟mechanical alarm clock机械闹钟机芯mechanical alarm clock movement机械钟mechanical clock机芯movement基隆麦克斯摆轮Gyromax Balance激光雕塑机laser marking machine棘爪簧click spring计时器chronogaph尖晶石spinel间酸金interval acid gold减速轮reduction mobile建筑用石英大钟architectural large quartz clock建筑用石英大钟architectural large quartz clock movement 机芯建筑钟architectural clock胶表plastic watch胶内罩housing/movement holder胶盘plastic plate胶纸gummed paper铰链cord lung阶段（如一圈）计lap timer时器金绿玉chrysoberyl金属蚀板机etching machine精密金属件precision metal parts精密时计chronometer景泰蓝cloisonne enamel酒盒wine box聚氯乙烯PVC均力圆锥轮fusee开料设备milling machine抗划性scratch resistant柯式印刷off-set printing壳边watch bezel可编程的计时器programmable chronograph/timer定时器克金karat gold刻度调较器index adjuster孔hole/opening/aperture跨轮minute- wheel跨轮齿minute - pinion跨轮intermediate wheel快拨机构Quickset Mechanism快递express delivery宽带broad band蓝宝石玻璃sapphire crystal劳力士摆轮校时Microstella螺钉冷热冲压机cold & hot punch冷扎不锈钢cold rolled stainless steel离合轮castle wheel礼盒presentation box锂电池lithium battery连续运行指针式quartz projection analog clock 石英钟链扣band links菱形, 斜方形rhombus鹿皮表带deerskin strap旅行闹钟travel clock轮夹板train bridge轮列传输gear train transmission落地钟floor clock脉搏计数表pulsemeter watch盲人表watch for visually impaired铆钉式擒纵机构pin-pallet escapement密封胶圈seal/O ring密纹小木杆Pegwood秒表stopwatch秒叶管second hand tube命令轮式计时秒Column-wheel chronograph 表内椿collet内影metal case decorative ring内置照明built-in illuminator闹表alarm watch年历Annual Calendar镍铬电池nickel-cadmium battery牛皮表带calf-leather band欧泊pal抛光垫片polishing pad配链accessory lace配色mix colors in the right proportion喷沙胶纸sandblast adhesive paper喷砂材料blasting & lapping material喷砂机sand blasting machine喷油针oil-painted hands铍青铜Beryllium-bronzed皮表带leather strap皮表带扣buckle for strap拼色assorted colors普通玻璃ordinary glass普通上链表basic winding watch普通指针式石英basic quartz analog clock钟普通自动表basic automatic winding watch祈祷表prayer watch气控自动切霸上automatic stem cutting machine 的机汽车钟motor clock/vehicle clock潜水表diving/diver's/dive watch切削工具cutting tool擒纵叉pallets擒纵叉叉头fork擒纵叉轮pallets wheel擒纵齿轮escapement pinion擒纵机构escapement擒纵轮escapement wheel揿钉punaise青金Lapis Lazuli清洗rinsing清洗设备purifier球状, 圆形rotundity全光all-glossy全酸金all acid gold热扎不锈钢hot rolled stainless steel人动电能表Kinetic watches人造宝石Imitation gem日晷/指时针gnomon日历过轮Intermediate date wheel绒布带velvet pouch/flannel bag三历Triple Calendar三文制表带Sandwich strap砂身sandy body上链把winding stem上链机芯winding movement上片胶chip fixture gum上条柄winding shaft上条齿轮crown wheel上条机构winding mechanism少年表youngsters' watches深度传感器（潜depth sensor/depth meter水）深度警告（潜水）depth alarm深啡色dark brown深圳钟表行业协Shenzhen Watchmakers Association 会深圳钟表珠宝礼Shenzhen Watch Jewellery & Gift Fair 品展生产配套服务manufacturing supplies & services生耳spring bar生耳杆T-bars with studs or screws生转圈coil声音渐增功能crescendo湿度计hygrometer湿度计表watch w/hygrometer石托gem or diamond holder石英钟quartz clock时轮hour-hand wheel实板actual sample蚀唛etched trade mark世界时表world time watch世界时表面world time dial试水机watertight test instrument饰表fashion watches手表尺寸watch measurements手动胶水机adhesive sheet machine手镯表bangle watch枢轴pivot舒勒摆Schuler pendulum数字式石英汽车quartz digital motor clock钟数字式石英钟quartz digital clock数字式石英钟机quartz digital clock movement芯双钩擒纵机构Double virgule escapement双金属摆轮Bimetallic Balance双联擒纵机构Duplex escapement双秒针秒表split-seconds chronograph双条盒Twin barrel双向转动表圈bi-directional rotating bezel双向自动上条机Bilaterally winding automatic system 构水胶盒polythene tray & box瞬跳机构Instantaneous jump同心的concentric统机uniform movement统机uniform movement透明transparent透明transparent透明表skeleton watch透明表skeleton watch凸耳销lugs凸耳销lugs凸晶玻璃eye glass凸缘卡圈flange, collar图纸drawing/blueprint涂油夜光针oil-painted & luminous hands陀螺仪-陀飞轮Gyrotourbillon外椿balance-spring stud万年历perpetual calendar微调电容trimmer维修工具repairs & maintenance tools/workbench tools温度计thermograph温度计表watch w/thermometer蜗形花纹snailed钨钢tungsten steel无线电控钟wireless-control clock西敏斯特钟声Westminster chime吸塑包装blister & packaging狭长方形钻石Baguette-cut diamond香港表厂商会Hong Kong Watch Manufacturers Association香港钟表业总会The Federation of Hong Kong Watch Trades & Industries 香港钟表珠宝展Hong Kong Watch Jewelry Fai镶嵌的宝石gem-inlays镶嵌工具inlay equipment镶字块applique响勾click spring响闹snooze响圈springed metal ring像纸表面hologram dial销钉式擒纵机构Pin-pallet escapement销轮擒纵机构Pin-wheel escapement小刚轮离合杆crown-wheel lever小钢轮crown wheel芯片chip锌铝合金zinc-aluminium alloy星期盘自动按跳auto day plate press bounce行针数字显示analog-digital display型号model/type压电体piezoelectric压钉press button & stud鸭嘴扣duck-mouth buckle烟灰色smoke grey延时器countdown timer研磨grinding & abrasion眼镜架spectacle frame扬声器speaker氧化铈粉cerium oxide氧化铈皮cerium pad夜光表EL luminescence watch液晶式石英钟LCD quartz clock液晶行针表LCA (liquid crystal analog) watch移印pad printing移印针Trans-printed hands易削不锈钢easy-cutting stainless steel音乐/语音报时器musical/audio chimer印色部分printed part硬度rigidity永不磨损系列表permanent wear-proof watch series用时计算功能旋elapsed time rotating bezel转表圈游丝balance spring游丝定长仪Spirograph有镍白钢PNP原子钟atomic clock圆头饰钉cabochon运动和健康计时sports and health-care chronograph/timer 器定时器运输带式UV灯箱UV curving system窄带narrow band粘胶adhesive珍珠砂pearl sand真空镀膜vacuum coating真空试漏仪air leakage tester织网表带mesh band织物fabric直列杠杆式擒纵Straight line lever escapement机构纸盒pastepaper box指南针表watch w/compass指南针表带compass strap指针式石英路边quartz analog roadside clock钟指针式石英落地quartz analog floor clock钟指针式石英汽车quartz analog motor clock钟指针式石英钟quartz analog clock指针式石英钟机quartz analog clock movement芯中国百货行业协China General Merchandise Business Association 会中国高交会展馆China High-tech Exhibition Center中国国际贸易促CCPIT Sub-council of Light Industry进会轻工分会中国钟表协会Horologe Association of China中置秒针Sweep center seconds钟玻璃clock glass钟电路clock IC钟机芯clock movement钟面clock dial钟外壳电镀clock case electroplating钟外壳喷漆clock case painting钟外壳烫金clock case gilding钟用发光管clock LED钟针clock hand重力式擒纵机构Gravity escapement竹藤bamboo & rattan主夹板plate子表盘sub-dial子母通notched tubes and pins紫翠玉alexandrite紫水晶amethyst字面dial index自动玻璃胶水接automatic glass gluing machine合机自动锤oscilllating weight自动锤支撑轴rotor bearing自动快跳直秒auto quick bounce自动日历快跳auto date quick bounce自来柄winding shaft自由游丝（没有快Free-sprung取消了游丝夹部件避免游丝受到摩擦干扰的一种设计慢针）走时延续性power reserve祖母绿emerald钻(如19钻）jewels (19 jewels)钻刀批花针diamond-cut watch hand钻石粉diamond powder钻石液liquid diamond钻嘴drill座钟desk clock表壳case用于保护机芯，起到防灰，防潮和防冲撞作用的外观件。
生物科学论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
生物科学论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway in the Citrus Genus: Number of Copies and Phylogenetic Diversity of Seven GeneThe first objective of this paper was to analyze the potential role of allelic variability of carotenoid biosynthetic genes in the interspecifi diversity in carotenoid composition of Citrus juices. The second objective was to determine the number of copies for each of these genes. Seven carotenoid biosynthetic genes were analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. RFLP analyses were performed with the genomic DNA obtained from 25 Citrus genotypes using several restriction enzymes. cDNA fragments of Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcyb, Lcy-e, Hy-b, and Zep genes labeled with [R-32P]dCTP were used as probes. For SSR analyses, two primer pairs amplifying two SSR sequences identified from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Lcy-b and Hy-b genes were designed. The number of copies of the seven genes ranged from one for Lcy-b to three for Zds. The genetic diversity revealed by RFLP and SSR profiles was in agreement with the genetic diversity obtained from neutral molecμLar markers. Genetic interpretation of RFLP and SSR profiles of four genes (Psy1, Pds1, Lcy-b, and Lcy-e1) enabled us to make inferences on the phylogenetic origin of alleles for the major commercial citrus species. Moreover, the resμLts of our analyses suggest that the allelic diversity observed at the locus of both of lycopene cyclase genes, Lcy-b and Lcy-e1, is associated with interspecific diversity in carotenoid accumμLation in Citrus. The interspecific differences in carotenoid contents previously reported to be associated withother key steps catalyzed by PSY, HY-b, and ZEP were not linked to specific alleles at the corresponding loci.KEYWORDS: Citrus; carotenoids; biosynthetic genes; allelic variability; phylogeny INTRODUCTIONCarotenoids are pigments common to all photosynthetic organisms. In pigment-protein complexes, they act as light sensors for photosynthesis but also prevent photo-oxidat ion induced by too strong light intensities. In horticμLtural crops, they play a major role in fruit, root, or tuber coloration and in nutritional quality. Indeed some of these micronutrients are precursors of vitamin A, an essential component of human and animal diets. Carotenoids may also play a role in chronic disease prevention (such as certain cancers), probably due to their antioxidant properties. The carotenoid biosynthetic pathway is now well established. Carotenoids are synthesized in plastids by nuclear-encoded enzymes. The immediate precursor of carotenoids (and also of gibberellins, plastoquinone, chlorophylls,phylloquinones, and tocopherols) is geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). In light-grown plants, GGPP is mainly derivedcarotenoid, 15-cis-phytoene. Phytoene undergoes four desaturation reactions catalyzed by two enzymes, phytoene desaturase (PDS) and β-carotene desaturase (ZDS), which convert phytoene into the red-colored poly-cis-lycopene. Recently, Isaacson et al. and Park et al. isolated from tomato and Arabidopsis thaliana, respectively, the genes that encode the carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) which, in turn, catalyzes the isomerization of poly-cis-carotenoids into all-trans-carotenoids. CRTISO acts on prolycopene to form all-trans lycopene, which undergoes cyclization reactions. Cyclization of lycopene is abranching point: one branch leads to β-carotene (β, β-carotene) and the other toα-carotene (β, ε-carotene). Lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-b) then converts lycopene intoβ-carotene in two steps, whereas the formation of α-carotene requires the action of two enzymes, lycopene ε- cyclase (LCY-e) and lycopene β-cyclase (LCY-b). α- carotene is converted into lutein by hydroxylations catalyzed by ε-carotene hydroxylase (HY-e) andβ-carotene hydroxylase (HY-b). Other xanthophylls are produced fromβ-carotene with hydroxylation reactions catalyzed by HY-b and epoxydation catalyzed by zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). Most of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes have been cloned and sequenced in Citrus varieties . However, our knowledge of the complex regμLation of carotenoid biosynthesis in Citrus fruit is still limited. We need further information on the number of copies of these genes and on their allelic diversity in Citrus because these can influence carotenoid composition within the Citrus genus.Citrus fruit are among the richest sources of carotenoids. The fruit generally display a complex carotenoid structure, and 115 different carotenoids have been identified in Citrus fruit. The carotenoid richness of Citrus flesh depends on environmental conditions, particμLarly on growing conditions and on geogr aphical origin . However the main factor influencing variability of caro tenoid quality in juice has been shown to be genetic diversity. Kato et al. showed that mandarin and orange juices accumμLated high levels of β-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin, respectively, whereas mature lemon accumμLated extremely low levels of carotenoids. Goodner et al. demonstrated that mandarins, oranges, and their hybrids coμLd be clearly distinguished by theirβ-cryptoxanthin contents. Juices of red grapefruit contained two major carotenoids: lycopene and β-carotene. More recently, we conducted a broad study on the organization of the variability of carotenoid contents in different cμLtivated Citrus species in relation with the biosynthetic pathway . Qualitative analysis of presence or absence of the different compounds revealed three main clusters: (1) mandarins, sweet oranges, and sour oranges;(2) citrons, lemons, and limes; (3) pummelos and grapefruit. Our study also enabled identification of key steps in the diversification of the carotenoid profile. Synthesis of phytoene appeared as a limiti ng step for acid Citrus, while formation of β-carotene and R-carotene from lycopene were dramatically limited in cluster 3 (pummelos and grapefruit). Only varieties in cluster 1 were able to produce violaxanthin. In the same study , we concluded that there was a very strong correlation between the classification of Citrus species based on the presence or absence of carotenoids (below,this classification is also referred to as the organization of carotenoid diversity) and genetic diversity evaluated with bi ochemical or molecμLar markers such as isozymes or randomLy amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). We also concluded that, at the interspecific level, the organization of the diversity of carotenoid composition was linked to the global evolution process of cμLt ivated Citrus rather than to more recent mutation events or human selection processes. Indeed, at interspecific level, a correlation between phenotypic variability and genetic diversity is common and is generally associated with generalized gametic is common and is generally associated with generalized gametic disequilibrium resμLting from the history of cμLtivated Citrus. Thus from numerical taxonomy based on morphologicaltraits or from analysis of molecμLar markers , all authors agreed on the existence o f three basic taxa (C. reticμLata, mandarins; C. medica, citrons; and C. maxima, pummelos) whose differentiation was the resμLt of allopatric evolution. All other cμLtivated Citrus specie s (C. sinensis, sweet oranges; C. aurantium, sour oranges;C. paradi si, grapefruit; and C. limon, lemons) resμLted from hybridization events within this basic pool except for C. aurantifolia, which may be a hybrid between C. medica and C. micrantha .Our p revious resμLts and data on Citrus evolution lead us to propose the hypothesis that the allelic variability supporting the organization of carotenoid diversity at interspecific level preceded events that resμLted in the creation of secondary species. Such molecμLar variability may have two different effects: on the one hand, non-silent substitutions in coding region affect the specific activity of corresponding enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway, and on the other hand, variations in untranslated regions affect transcriptional or post-transcriptional mechanisms.There is no available data on the allelic diversity of Citrus genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. The objective of this paper was to test the hypothesis that allelic variability of these genes partially determines phenotypic variability at the interspecific level. For this purpose, we analyzed the RFLPs around seven genes of the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids (Psy, Pds, Zds, Lcy-b, Lcy-e, Hy-b, Zep) and the polymorphism of two SSR sequences found in Lcy-b and Hy-b genes in a representative set of varieties of the Citrus genus already analyzed for carotenoid constitution. Our study aimed to answer the following questions: (a) are those genes mono- or mμLtilocus, (b) is the polymorphism revealed by RFLP and SSR markers inagreement with the general histor y of cμLtivated Citrus thus permitting inferences about the phylogenetic origin of genes of the secondary species, and (c) is this polymorphism associated with phenotypic (carotenoid compound) variations.RESΜLTS AND DISCUSSIONGlobal Diversity of the Genotype Sample Observed by RFLP Analysis. RFLP analyses were performed using probes defined from expressed sequences of seven major genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway . One or two restriction enzymes were used for each gene. None of these enzymes cut the cDNA probe sequence except HindIII for the Lcy-e gene. Intronic sequences and restriction sites on genomic sequences werescreened with PCR amplification using genomic DNA as template and with digestion of PCR products. The resμLts indicated the absence of an intronic sequence for Psy and Lcy-b fragments. The absence of intron in these two fragments was checked by cloning and sequencing corresponding genomic sequences (data not shown). Conversely, we found introns in Pds, Zds, Hy-b, Zep, and Lcy-e genomic sequences corresponding to RFLP probes. EcoRV did not cut the genomic sequences of Pds, Zds, Hy-b, Zep, and Lcy-e. In the same way, no BamHI restriction site was found in the genomic sequences of Pds, Zds, and Hy-b. Data relative to the diversity observed for the different genes are presented in Table 4. A total of 58 fragments were identified, six of them being monomorphic (present in all individuals). In the limited sample of the three basic taxa, only eight bands out of 58 coμLd not be observed. In the basic taxa, the mean number of bands per genotype observed was 24.7, 24.7, and 17 for C. reticμLata, C. maxima, and C. medica, respectively. It varies from28 (C. limettioides) to 36 (C. aurantium) for the secondary species. The mean number of RFLP bands per individual was lower for basic taxa than for the group of secondary species. This resμLt indicates that secondary species are much more heterozygous than the basic ones for these genes, which is logical if we assume that the secondary species arise from hybridizations between the three basic taxa. Moreover C. medica appears to be the least heterozygous taxon for RFLP around the genes of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, as already shown with isozymes, RAPD, and SSR markers.The two lemons were close to the acid Citrus cluster and the three sour oranges close to the mandarins/sweet oranges cluster. This organization of genetic diversity based on the RFLP profiles obtained with seven genes of the carotenoid pathway is very similar to that previously obtained with neutral molecμLar markers such as genomic SSR as well as the organization obtained with qualitative carotenoid compositions. All these resμLts suggest that the observed RFLP and SSR fragments are good phylogenetic markers. It seems consistent with our basic hypothesis that major differentiation in the genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway preceded the creation of the secondary hybrid species and thus that the allelic structure of these hybrid species can be reconstructed from alleles observed in the three basic taxa.Gene by Gene Analysis: The Psy Gene. For the Psy probe combined with EcoRV or BamHI restriction enzymes, five bands were identified for the two enzymes, and two to three bands were observed for each genotype. One of these bands was present in all individuals. There was no restriction site in the probe sequence. These resμLts lead us to believe that Psy is present at two loci,one where no polymorphism was found with the restriction enzymes used, and one that displayed polymorphism. The number of different profiles observed was six and four with EcoRV and BamHI, respectively, for a total of 10 different profiles among the 25 individuals .Two Psy genes have also been found in tomato, tobacco, maize, and rice . Conversely, only one Psy gene has been found in Arabidopsis thaliana and in pepper (Capsicum annuum), which also accumμLates carotenoids in fruit. According to Bartley and Scolnik, Psy1 was expressed in tomato fruit chromoplasts, while Psy2 was specific to leaf tissue. In the same way, in Poaceae (maize, rice), Gallagher et al. found that Psy gene was duplicated and that Psy1 and notPsy2 transcripts in endosperm correlated with endosperm carotenoid accumμLation. These resμLts underline the role of gene duplication and the importance of tissue-specific phytoene synthase in the regμLation of carotenoid accumμLation.All the polymorphic bands were present in the sample of the basic taxon genomes. Assuming the hypothesis that all these bands describe the polymorphism at the same locus for the Psy gene, we can conclude that we found allelic differentiation between the three basic taxa with three alleles for C. reticμLata, four for C. maxima, and one for C. medica.The alleles observed for the basic taxa then enabled us to determine the genotypes of all the other species. The presumed genotypes for the Psy polymorphic locus are given in Table 7. Sweet oranges and grapefruit were heterozygous with one mandarin and one pummelo allele. Sour oranges were heterozygous; they shared the same mandarin allele with sweet oranges but had a different pummelo allele. Clementine was heterozygous with two mandarin alleles; one shared with sweetoranges and one with “Willow leaf” mandarin. “Meyer” lemon was heterozygous, with the mandarin allele also found in sweet oranges, and the citron allele. “Eureka”lemon was also heterozygous with the same pummelo allele as sour oranges and the citron allele. The other acid Citrus were homozygous for the citron allele.The Pds Gen. For the Pds probe combined with EcoRV, six different fragments were observed. One was common to all individuals. The number of fragments per individual was two or three. ResμLts for Pds led us to believe that this gene is present at two loci, one where no polymorphism was found with EcoRV restriction, and one displaying polymorphism. Conversely, studies on Arabidopsis, tomato, maize, and rice showed that Pds was a single copy gene. However, a previous study on Citrus suggests that Pds is present as a low-copy gene family in the Citrus genome, which is in agreement with our findings.The Zds Gene. The Zds profiles were complex. Nine and five fragments were observed with EcoRV and BamHI restriction, respectively. For both enzymes, one fragment was common to all individuals. The number of fragments per individual ranged from two to six for EcoRV and three to five for BamHI. There was no restriction site in the probe sequence. It can be assumed that several copies (at least three) of the Zds gene are present in the Citrus genome with polymorphism for at least two of them. In Arabidopsis, maize, and rice, like Pds, Zds was a single-copy gene .In these conditions and in the absence of analysis of controlled progenies, we are unable to conduct genetic analysis of profiles. However it appears that some bands differentiated the basic taxa: one for mandarins, one for pummelos, and one for citrons with EcoRV restriction and one for pummelos and onefor citrons with BamHI restriction. Two bands out of the nine obtained with EcoRV were not observed in the samples of basic taxa. One was rare and only observed in “Rangpur” lime. The other was found in sour oranges, “V olkamer” lemon,and “Palestine sweet” lime suggesting a common ancestor for these three genotypes.This is in agreement with the assumption of Nicolosi et al. that “V olkamer” lemon resμLts from a complex hybrid combination with C. aurantium as one parent. It will be necessary to extend the analysis of the basic taxa to conclude whether these specific bands are present in the diversity of these taxa or resμLt from mutations after the formation of the secondary species.The Lcy-b Gene with RFLP Analysis.After restriction with EcoRV and hybridization with the Lcy-b probe, we obtained simple profiles with a total of four fragments. One to two fragments were observed for each individual, and seven profiles were differentiated among the 25 genotypes. These resμLts provide evidence that Lcy-b is present at a single locus in the haploid Citrus genome. Two lycopene β-cyclases encoded by two genes have been identified in tomato. The B gene encoded a novel type of lycopene β-cyclase whose sequence was similar to capsanthin-capsorubin synthase. The B gene expressed at a high level in βmutants was responsible for strong accumμLation ofβ-carotene in fruit, while in wild-type tomatoes, B was expressed at a low level.The Lcy-b Gene with SSR Analysis. Four bands were detected at locus 1210 (Lcy-b gene). One or two bands were detected per variety confirming that this gene is mono locus. Six different profiles were observed among the 25 genotypes. As with RFLPanalysis, no intrataxon molecμLar polymorphism was found within C. Paradisi, C. Sinensis, and C. Aurantium.Taken together, the information obtained from RFLP and SSR analyses enabled us to identify a complete differentiation among the three basic taxon samples. Each of these taxons displayed two alleles for the analyzed sample. An additional allele was identified for “Mexican” l ime. The profiles for all secondary species can be reconstructed from these alleles. Deduced genetic structure is given in. Sweet oranges and clementine were heterozygous with one mandarin and one pummelo allele. Sour oranges were also heterozygous sharing the same mandarin allele as sweet oranges but with another pummelo allele. Grapefruit were heterozygous with two pummelo alleles. All the acid secondary species were heterozygous, having one allele from citrons and the other one from mandarins except for “Mexican” lime, which had a specific allele.柑桔属类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中七个基因拷贝数目及遗传多样性的分析摘要：本文的首要目标是分析类胡萝卜素生物合成相关等位基因在发生变异柑橘属类胡萝卜素组分种间差异的潜在作用；第二个目标是确定这些基因的拷贝数。
德国留学APS审核英语专业复习资料语言类中英文对照版本
语言类：英语笔译，英语口译，英语写作，高级英语，综合英语，英语视听说，基础英语，英语听力，英语口语，商务英语，商务英语阅读、商务沟通、商务英语写作，专业英语，英语国家概况英语笔译：Introduction to TranslationIn this unit, students are expected to learn the definition of translation; the scope of translation; translation criteria; literal translation and free translation.Ⅰ. What Is Translation?Linguistic view on translation:Translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). ”(Catford, 1965:20)Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber 1969:12)所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最贴切而又自然的对等语再现原文的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。
(E. A 奈达, 1969)Communicative views on translation:This approach views translation as a communicative process which takes place within a social context. The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the target language readers as was produced by the original on the source language readers. (Newmark, 1982:22) 翻译是一种跨文化的信息交流与交换的活动，其本质是传播。
工作能力要求中英文对照学习资料
职位描述:1.Open good quality wholesale accounts within a defined territory;在指定区域开发潜在且有质量的批发经销客户；2.Achieve and exceed sales and distribution targets;完成并超越销售及分销目标；3.Participate wine events, marketing and training activities;参加葡萄酒品牌推广活动以及葡萄酒培训等市场推广活动；4.Handle customer issues and feedback effectively;有效地处理客户投诉并向经理反馈；5.Other task assign by manager.经理安排的其他工作。
·有效地批发商的日常工作，努力达到既定的销售目标Manage daily work of wholesaler channel effectively, striving to reach sales target.·制定客户发展计划和团队建设计划，更好的加强欧好产品在区域内的覆盖率和知名度. 同时确保销售中欧好公司的利益以及公司品牌的保护·To set up account development plan and build up wholesaler team. Enhance distribution in relevant area and improve Ohauchina products’famous. And preserve Ohauchina benefits and brand, while during sales process.·收集、分析、保存和传播有关信息、报告。
信息包括：欧好产品在批发渠道的信息，竞争对手的信息，平行销售以及走私商品的信息，和欧好其他渠道有关联的信息等等To collect analysis and keep relevant information, report. Information should include: Ohauchina products’information in the wholesaler channel, competitors’information, parallel sales, distribution, smuggle and information form other relate channel.·协调批发团队内部以及整个销售、市场团队（比如和零售，餐饮渠道，市场部）在区域，价格，销售信息等方面的一致性。
金融学复习资料中英文对照
经济学：是研究一个社会如何决定生产，怎样生产和怎样分配的一门社会学科。
Economics：The study of how society decides what gets produced and how, and who gets what.微观经济学：研究个体经济单位如个人、企业的行为决策。
Microeconomics ：The branch of economics that studies the behavior of individual decision-making units such as households and business firms.宏观经济学：研究所有的个人、企业作为总体货总量时的行为决策。
Macroeconomics ：The branch of economics that studies the aggregate, or total, behavior of all households and firms.金融：研究金融体系如何协调并融通借贷资金，以及金融中介在此过程中进行的资金创造。
Finance：The study of how the financial system coordinates and channels the flow of funds from lenders to borrowers—and vice versa—and how new funds are created by financial intermediaries during the borrowing process.放松管制：废除或逐步撤销现有的管制。
Deregulation：The removing or phasing out of existing regulations.货币：可以接受且通常用来交换商品和服务的交换工具。
Money：Something acceptable and generally used as payment for goods and services.储蓄：收入中未被消费的部分。
变频专业技术中英文翻译资料
变频技术中英文翻译资料————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：变频技术1.1变频技术的普及前景电机交流变频调速技术是当今节电、改善工艺流程以提高产品质量和改善环境、推动技术进步的一种主要手段。
变频调速以其优异的调速和起制动性能，高效率、高功率因数和节电效果，广泛的适用范围及其它许多优点而被国内外公认为最有发展前途的调速方式。
电气传动控制系统通常由电动机、控制装置和信息装置3部分组成，电气传动关系到合理地使用电动机以节约电能和控制机械的运转状态，实现电能-机械能的转换，达到优质、高产、低耗目的。
电气传动分成不调速和调速两大类，调速又分交流调速和直流调速两种方式。
不调速电动机直接由电网供电，但随着电力电子技术的发展这类原本不调速的机械越来越多地改用调速传动以节约电能(节约15%~20%或更多)，改善产品质量，提高产量。
在我国60%的发电量是通过电动机消耗的，因此调速传动是一个重要行业，已经得到国家重视，目前已有一定规模。
近年来交流调速中最活跃、发展最快的就是变频调速技术，变频调速是交流调速的基础和主干内容。
上个世纪变压器的出现使改变电压变得很容易，从而造就了一个庞大的电力行业。
长期以来，交流电的频率一直是固定的，变频调速技术的出现使频率变为可以充分利用的资源。
这10年来，变频技术的应用在我国有很大的发展，并取得了良好的效果可以说，变频技术已为大多数用户所接受，但是不能不指出，我国在变频技术的应用方面，与发达国家的水平尚有很大差距，目前，我国在用的交流电动机使用变频调速运行的仅6%左右，而下业发达国家已达(60%~70%)，日本在风机、水泵上变频调速的采用率已达10% ,而我国还不足0.01%.在日本，空调器的70%采用了变频调速，而我国才刚刚起步。
从这个现实出发，变频技术尚有很大的发展空间，应该锲而不舍地做好推广应用工作。
道路路桥工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
道路路桥工程中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料中英文资料外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Asphalt Mixtures-Applications。
Theory and Principles1.ApplicationsXXX is the most common of its applications。
however。
and the onethat will be XXX.XXX “flexible” is used to distinguish these pavements from those made with Portland cement,which are classified as rigid pavements。
that is。
XXX it provides they key to the design approach which must be used XXX.XXX XXX down into high and low types,the type usually XXX product is used。
The low typesof pavement are made with the cutback。
or emulsion。
XXX type may have several names。
However。
XXX is similar for most low-type pavements and XXX mix。
forming the pavement.The high type of asphalt XXX中英文资料XXX grade.中英文资料Fig.·1 A modern XXX.Fig.·2 Asphalt con crete at the San Francisco XXX.They are used when high wheel loads and high volumes of traffic occur and are。
管理学原理资料整理(中英文版)
特别说明，以下笔记版权所有，要外传或转发请知会本人，得到本人允许方可进行！Made by Rae.L管理学原理（Management ）1.Management:The process of coordinating work activities so that they are completed efficientlyand effectively with and through other people.(同别人一起，或通过别人使活动完成得更有效的过程。
)2.随着企业的扩大，企业必将走向规范化，而不再是纯粹的人情化。
group.Management is the art of removing blocks to such performance.Management is the art of creation an environment in such an organized group where people can perform as individuals and yet cooperate toward …4.Management:Elements of definition(要素)：①Efficiency --getting the most output from the least amount of inputs.(以最少的投入得到最大的收入)②Effectively —completing activities so that organizational goals are attained.效果 （管理者完整地实现了组织的目标）*企业越大，风险越大！理念是企业生存的重要要素！！！--“doing the right things ”--concerned with ends△效率可以弥补，但效果却无可挽救！5.Mission 对于一个企业非常重要。
（动力、计划性、实际性等。
学科专业简介中英文
授予博士、硕士学位和培养研究生的学科、专业目录（中英文对照）(资料来源:国务院学位委员会办公室、教育部研究生工作办公室编.授予博士硕士学位和培养研究生的学科专业简介.北京:高等教育出版社，1999年.)中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称01 哲学Philosophy0101 哲学Philosophy010101 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism010102 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy010103 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies010104 逻辑学Logic010105 伦理学Ethics010106 美学Aesthetics010107 宗教学Science of Religion010108 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology02 经济学Economics0201 理论经济学Theoretical Economics020101 政治经济学Political Economy020102 经济思想史History of Economic Thought020103 经济史History of Economic020104 西方经济学Western Economics020105 世界经济World Economics020106 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics0202 应用经济学Applied Economics020201 国民经济学National Economics020202 区域经济学Regional Economics020203 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation)020204 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance)020205 产业经济学Industrial Economics020206 国际贸易学International Trade020207 劳动经济学Labor Economics020208 统计学Statistics020209 数量经济学Quantitative Economics020210 国防经济学National Defense Economics03 法学Law0301 法学Science of Law030101 法学理论Jurisprudence030102 法律史Legal History030103 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law030104 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence030105 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学)Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )030106 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws030107 经济法学Science of Economic Law030108 环境与资源保护法学Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law030109 国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学)International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)030110 军事法学Science of Military Law0302 政治学Political Science030201 政治学理论Political Theory030202 中外政治制度Chinese and Foreign Political Institution030203 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movemen t030204 中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设)History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of the Party and Party Buildi ng)030205 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics030206 国际政治学International Politics030207 国际关系学International Relations030208 外交学Diplomacy0303 社会学Sociology030301 社会学Sociology030302 人口学Demography030303 人类学Anthropology030304 民俗学(含中国民间文学)Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)0304 民族学Ethnology030401 民族学Ethnology030402 马克思主义民族理论与政策Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 030403 中国少数民族经济Chinese Ethnic Economics030404 中国少数民族史Chinese Ethnic History030405 中国少数民族艺术Chinese Ethnic Art04 教育学Education0401 教育学Education Science040101 教育学原理Educational Principle040102 课程与教学论Curriculum and Teaching Methodology040103 教育史History of Education040104 比较教育学Comparative Education040105学前教育学Pre-school Education040106 高等教育学Higher Education040107 成人教育学Adult Education040108 职业技术教育学Vocational and Technical Education040109 特殊教育学Special Education040110 教育技术学Education Technology0402 心理学Psychology040201 基础心理学Basic Psychology040202 发展与教育心理学Developmental and Educational Psychology 040203 应用心理学Applied Psychology0403 体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports040301 体育人文社会学Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 040302 运动人体科学Human Movement Science040303 体育教育训练学Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training 040304 民族传统体育学Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports05 文学Literature0501 中国语言文学Chinese Literature050101 文艺学Theory of Literature and Art050102 语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics 050103 汉语言文字学Chinese Philology050104 中国古典文献学Study of Chinese Classical Text050105 中国古代文学Ancient Chinese Literature050106 中国现当代文学Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature050107 中国少数民族语言文学Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature050108 比较文学与世界文学Comparative Literature and World Literature0502 外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literatures050201 英语语言文学English Language and Literature050202 俄语语言文学Russian Language and Literature050203 法语语言文学French Language and Literature050204 德语语言文学German Language and Literature050205 日语语言文学Japanese Language and Literature050206 印度语言文学Indian Languages and Literature050207 西班牙语语言文学Spanish Language and Literature050208 阿拉伯语语言文学Arabic Language and Literature050209 欧洲语言文学European Languages and Literatures050210 亚非语言文学Asian-African Languages and Literatures 050211 外国语言学及应用语言学Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages0503 新闻传播学Journalism and Communication050301 新闻学Journalism050302 传播学Communication0504 艺术学Art050401 艺术学Art Theory050402 音乐学Music050403 美术学Fine Arts050404 设计艺术学Artistic Design050405 戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera050406 电影学Film050407 广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art050408 舞蹈学Dance06 历史学History0601 历史学History060101 史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science060102 考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology060103 历史地理学Historical Geography060104 历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学)Studies of Historical Literature (including Paleography and St udies of Dunhuang)060105 专门史History of Particular Subjects060106 中国古代史Ancient Chinese History060107 中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History 060108 世界史World History07 理学Natural Science0701 数学Mathematics070101 基础数学Fundamental Mathematics070102 计算数学Computational Mathematics070103 概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics 070104 应用数学Applied mathematics070105 运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics0702 物理学Physics070201 理论物理Theoretical Physics070202 粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics 070203 原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics070204 等离子体物理Plasma Physics070205 凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics070206 声学Acoustics070207 光学Optics070208 无线电物理Radio Physics0703 化学Chemistry070301 无机化学Inorganic Chemistry070302 分析化学Analytical Chemistry070303 有机化学Organic Chemistry070304 物理化学（含化学物理）Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 070305 高分子化学与物理Chemistry and Physics of Polymers 0704 天文学Astronomy070401 天体物理Astrophysics070402 天体测量与天体力学Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics 0705 地理学Geography070501 自然地理学Physical Geography070502 人文地理学Human Geography070503 地图学与地理信息系统Cartography and Geography Information System0706 大气科学Atmospheric Sciences070601 气象学Meteorology070602 大气物理学与大气环境Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment0707 海洋科学Marine Sciences070701 物理海洋学Physical Oceanography070702 海洋化学Marine Chemistry070703 海洋生理学Marine Biology070704 海洋地质学Marine Geology0708 地球物理学Geophysics070801 固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics070802 空间物理学Space Physics0709 地质学Geology070901 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology070902地球化学Geochemistry070903 古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology) 070604 构造地质学Structural Geology070905 第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology0710 生物学Biology071001 植物学Botany071002 动物学Zoology071003 生理学Physiology071004 水生生物学Hydrobiology071005 微生物学Microbiology071006 神经生物学Neurobiology071007 遗传学Genetics071008 发育生物学Developmental Biology071009 细胞生物学Cell Biology071010 生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 071011 生物物理学Biophysics071012 生态学Ecology0711 系统科学Systems Science071101 系统理论Systems Theory071102 系统分析与集成Systems Analysis and Integration0712 科学技术史History of Science and Technology08 工学Engineering0801 力学Mechanics080101 一般力学与力学基础General and Fundamental Mechanics 080102 固体力学Solid Mechanics080103 流体力学Fluid Mechanics080104 工程力学Engineering Mechanics0802 机械工程Mechanical Engineering080201 机械制造及其自动化Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 080202 机械电子工程Mechatronic Engineering080203 机械设计与理论Mechanical Design and Theory080204 车辆工程Vehicle Engineering0803 光学工程Optical Engineering0804 仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology080401 精密仪器及机械Precision Instrument and Machinery080402 测试计量技术及仪器Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments0805 材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering080501 材料物理与化学Materials Physics and Chemistry080502 材料学Materialogy080503 材料加工工程Materials Processing Engineering0806 冶金工程Metallurgical Engineering080601 冶金物理化学Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy080602 钢铁冶金Ferrous Metallurgy080603 有色金属冶金Non-ferrous Metallurgy0807 动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics080701 工程热物理Engineering Thermophysics080702 热能工程Thermal Power Engineering080703 动力机械及工程Power Machinery and Engineering080704 流体机械及工程Fluid Machinery and Engineering080705 制冷及低温工程Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering 080706 化工过程机械Chemical Process Equipment0808 电气工程Electrical Engineering080801 电机与电器Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus 080802 电力系统及其自动化Power System and its Automation 080803 高电压与绝缘技术High Voltage and Insulation Technology 080804 电力电子与电力传动Power Electronics and Power Drives080805 电工理论与新技术Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering0809 电子科学与技术Electronics Science and Technology080901 物理电子学Physical Electronics080902 电路与系统Circuits and Systems080903 微电子学与固体电子学Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics080904 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology0810 信息与通信工程Information and Communication Engineering 081001 通信与信息系统Communication and Information Systems 081002 信号与信息处理Signal and Information Processing0811 控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering081101 控制理论与控制工程Control Theory and Control Engineering081102 检测技术与自动化装置Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment081103 系统工程Systems Engineering081104 模式识别与智能系统Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems081105 导航、制导与控制Navigation, Guidance and Control0812 计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology081201 计算机软件与理论Computer Software and Theory081202 计算机系统结构Computer Systems Organization081203 计算机应用技术Computer Applied Technology0813 建筑学Architecture081301 建筑历史与理论Architectural History and Theory081302 建筑设计及其理论Architectural Design and Theory081303 城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计）Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)081304 建筑技术科学Building Technology Science0814 土木工程Civil Engineering081401 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering081402 结构工程Structural Engineering081403 市政工程Municipal Engineering081404 供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning En gineering081405 防灾减灾工程及防护工程Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protectiv e Engineering081406 桥梁与隧道工程Bridge and Tunnel Engineering0815 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering081501 水文学及水资源Hydrology and Water Resources081502 水力学及河流动力学Hydraulics and River Dynamics081503 水工结构工程Hydraulic Structure Engineering081504 水利水电工程Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering081505 港口、海岸及近海工程Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering0816 测绘科学与技术Surveying and Mapping081601 大地测量学与测量工程Geodesy and Survey Engineering081602 摄影测量与遥感Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing081603 地图制图学与地理信息工程Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering0817 化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology081701 化学工程Chemical Engineering081702 化学工艺Chemical Technology081703 生物化工Biochemical Engineering081704 应用化学Applied Chemistry081705 工业催化Industrial Catalysis0818 地质资源与地质工程Geological Resources and Geological Engineering081801 矿产普查与勘探Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration081802 地球探测与信息技术Geodetection and Information Technology081803 地质工程Geological Engineering0819 矿业工程Mineral Engineering081901 采矿工程Mining Engineering081902 矿物加工工程Mineral Processing Engineering081903 安全技术及工程Safety Technology and Engineering0820 石油与天然气工程Oil and Natural Gas Engineering082001 油气井工程Oil-Gas Well Engineering082002 油气田开发工程Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering082003 油气储运工程Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering0821 纺织科学与工程Textile Science and Engineering082101 纺织工程Textile Engineering082102 纺织材料与纺织品设计Textile Material and Textiles Design082103 纺织化学与染整工程Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering 082104 服装设计与工程Clothing Design and Engineering0822 轻工技术与工程The Light Industry Technology and Engineering082201 制浆造纸工程Pulp and Paper Engineering082202 制糖工程Sugar Engineering082203 发酵工程Fermentation Engineering082204 皮革化学与工程Leather Chemistry and Engineering0823 交通运输工程Communication and Transportation Engineering 082301 道路与铁道工程Highway and Railway Engineering082302 交通信息工程及控制Traffic Information Engineering & Control082303 交通运输规划与管理Transportation Planning and Management 082304 载运工具运用工程Vehicle Operation Engineering0824 船舶与海洋工程Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering082401 船舶与海洋结构物设计制造Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure082402 轮机工程Marine Engine Engineering082403 水声工程Underwater Acoustics Engineering0825 航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology 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Management120204 技术经济及管理学Technology Economy and Management1203 农林经济管理学Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management120301 农业经济管理学Agricultural Economics & Management120302 林业经济管理学Forestry Economics & Management1204 公共管理学Science of Public Management120401 行政管理学Administration Management120402 社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management120403 教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management120404 社会保障学Social Security120405 土地资源管理学Land Resource Management1205 图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival120501 图书馆学Library Science120502 情报学Information Science120503 档案学Archival Science当我被上帝造出来时，上帝问我想在人间当一个怎样的人，我不假思索的说，我要做一个伟大的世人皆知的人。
市场营销专业毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
市场营销专业毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献文献翻译原文Marketing theoryMcCarthy (E.J.Mccarthy) ,in 1960, also under the micro-marketingdefinition: Marketing is the responsibility of business activities, products and services will be directly from the producer towards the consumer or userin order to meet customer needs and the achievement of the company profits,but also a process of socio-economic activities with the aim to meet thesocial or human needs, to achieve social goals. this definition than in the United States, although the definition of marketing association a step forward that meet customer needs and realize the company's operating profit as a goal, but two definitions that marketing activities are production activities in the beginning of the end of the middle after a series of business sales activities, when the commodity to the user the hands of the end, the enterprise marketing activities and therefore is limited to the narrow scope of circulation, rather than operating as a business for sale throughout the entire process, including marketing research, product development, pricing, distribution, advertising, publicity reports, sales promotion, marketing staff, after-sales service andso on.Christian Grnroosto the definition and emphasized the purpose of marketing: Marketing is in the interests of a whole, through mutual exchange and commitment to establish, maintain, consolidate and consumers and other participants in the relationship between the parties to achieve the purpose. This definition has been in use ever since, until the summer of 2021 was revised. The new definition is nearly 20 years on the marketing of the first amendment to the definition, no wonder the majority of marketers attracteduniversal attention. The development of marketing theory has the following four stages:The first stage: start-up phase. Marketing in the late 19th century to 20 in the United States the world's creation of 20, due to industrial development and marketing at this time by a very narrow scope of the study, but research and commercial advertising network settings. Island in Illinois and other related courses at the universities. By the \of American Advertising\to\Advertising and Marketing Association of Science Teachers\to marketing research to ensure the organization. At this time of marketing research is characterized by: a. focus on marketing and advertising techniques, modern marketing theory, concepts, principles had yet to emerge; b. University research activities are basically confined to the classroom and a professor of the study, and also society and the business community did not receive attention.Phase II: Application stage. During the 20th century to the end of World War II 20 for the application stage, begun to take shape at this time, the United States began large-scale domestic enterprises to use marketing to operate businesses, open overseas markets, European countries have to follow. Established in 1931, \Marketing Association\Marketing preach, and in 1937 merged the two organizations, academia and the business community to absorb a wide range to join the Marketing from the University of the rostrum to the community. This stage of the development of marketing in the applications. The capitalist world in 1929 due to the outbreak of an unprecedented economic crisis, the economy of the Great Depression, large shrinkage in the purchasing power of a sharp decline in the community, the unprecedented sharp market. The whole capitalist economic crisis dealt a serious blow. This stage, marketing research is characterized by: a. there is no product to sell out of this narrow concept of; b. at a deeper study on the basis of a broader marketing and advertising technique; c. study in favor of selling the business organization set; d. beginning of the study of marketing theory to society, paying attention to the general business community.The third phase: the formation period of development. The 20th century, the 50's to 80's for the marketing stage of development, the U.S. military-industrial economy has begun to shift the public economic, social goods, the sharp increase in social productivity improved significantly, while the corresponding consumption level of residents has not been much improvement, market began to emerge in a state of oversupply. At this point the U.S. marketing expert R. Cox and W. Aderson the \sense of Marketing is to promote the potential producers and consumers of goods or services of any transaction activity.\the new marketing stage. Previously that the market is the end ofthe production process, is now considered to be the starting point of the production process; the original that is marketing to sell products, now that marketing through the investigation to understand the needs and desires of consumers, and production in line with consumer needs and desires goods or services, which meet the needs and desires of consumers; so that from the marketing companies to enter the framework of social vision and a clear management guidance.Phase IV: the mature stage. Since the 80's for the marketing of the mature stage, in: a. associated with other disciplines such as economics, mathematics, statistics, psychology, etc.; b. theory began to form their own system; 80 is the age of marketing revolutionary period, begun to enter the field of modern marketing, so marketing the new look.译文市场营销理论麦卡锡(E.J.Mccarthy)于1960年对微观市场营销下了定义：市场营销是企业经营活动的职责，它将产品及劳务从生产者直接引向消费者或使用者以便满足顾客需求及实现公司利润，同时也是一种社会经济活动过程，其目的在于满足社会或人类需要，实现社会目标。
港口航道与海岸工程专业中英文资料外文翻译文献
港口航道与海岸工程专业中英文资料外文翻译文献RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF NEW TYPE COMPOSITE PANELS OF STELL AND CONCRETE FOR WHARFSABSTRACTNew type steel-concrete composite slabs with stiffening ribs were porposed as panels of wharfs to meet special requirements. Working procedure of a wharf can be reduced and project construction speed can be fester by using this new type steel- concrete composite slabs . Based on the statistic parameters of load and material characters and dimensions，the security and reliability for the new type steel- concrete slabs for wharfs in the periods of construction and using in sea are calculated and compared with common concrete panels of wharfs . By the calculated results，advices of the new type steel-concrete structure for wharf on Piles are proposed.KEY WORDS: new type steel-concrete composite slabs with stiffening ribs , wharf，concrete structure，reliability，and construction period1. IntroductionStell-concrete composite structure has been applied widely in the buildingproject，but it is seldom applied in wharfs in sea . Instead of reinforced concrete beam-slab system，a new type steel-concrete composite structure is designed for wharf on piles to meet special requirements. A type of composite beam with concrete and U-shaped steel is designed as the beam of wharf on piles，and a new type of steel-concrete composite slab with stiffening ribs is designed as the panel of wharf on piles.Steel slab with stiffening ribs can span a long distance without any temporary braces; furthermore，it has bigger carrying capacity than RC slab has during construction，and after integrating with concrete the steel-concrete composite slab with stiffening ribs can support more loads .Because the construction of this slab needn't use moulding board and bind reinforcing steel bars . working procedure of a wharf can be reduced and project construction speed can be faster by using this new type steel-concrete composite structure . And because this Steel-concrete composite slab has less deadweight,the hoist ability off floating crane will not be so important in building a wharf U-shaped steel concrete composite beam has the same advantage . Thus this steel-concretecomposite structure system is a good choice to build a wharf on Piles under brief time limit for a project.The new type of stell-concrete composite structre is researched to apply in wharfs ,so there are few experiences of design，construction and use of the application of the composite structure in wharfs .Based on the statistic Parameters of load and material characters and dimensions，the security and reliability for the new type steel-concrete slabs for wharfs in the periods of construction and using in sea are calculated and compared with common concrete panels of wharfs . Based on the calculated results advices of the new type steel-concrete structure for wharf on piles are proposed.2. The new type of composite beam-slabs systems2.1 Beam-slabs systemsTo meet the requirements of a wharf on piles in sea,two kinds of compositestructure are adopted to form a new type of composite structure beam-slabs system(Fig.1). One is U-shaped steel concrete composite beam which is also called cap-style section composite beam，The other is the ribbed steel form concrete composite slabs or the steel sheeting-concrete composite slabs with the reinforced bar of profiled steel.Welding or cold bendings slabs into the U-shaped section as the beam's rib,pouring concrete into the rib and the upside of flange on the U-shaPed section,the U-shaped steel-concrete composite beam is formed.According as require，U-shaped steel beams can adopt the type of the section with liPPed bar or the section without lip，just as Fig.2. When the U-shaped steel has the lipped bar，one way is to lay the bottom slabs on the lipped bar and root them with bolt( as Fig.2(a)).The other way is to groove firstly on the bottom slabs and connect it with the lipped bar by plug welding. when the U-shaped steel beam has not the lipped bar，the end of slabs may be extended in to concrete of the beam，then they are braced on the side rib of U-shaped steel beam(as Fig.2(b))，and the width of this kind of U - shaped steel beam is longer.2.2 Steel-concrete composite slabs with stiffening ribs slab0n the bottom of the steel-concrete composite slabs with stiffening ribs slab，is welded into the steel deck on which the certain concrete is poured(Fig.3).The slab is one-way slab , and the I-shaped steel or the T-shaped steel must be Paralleled to the direction of the span of the slab . If the slab is designed as one-way continuous plate，reinforcing steel bars can be set at the upside of the slab on the bearing by calculation . Because of stiffening ribs，the slab can endure big shearing force and needn't set reinforcing steel bars to resist it .To make the steel and concrete of the slab work as a whole , bolts are welded into the bottom of the steel deck and the top of the I-shaped steel or the T-shaped steel.3 . Reliability analysis of the steel-concrete composite slab with stiffening ribs in wharf on pilesThe structural reliability is the Probability of a structuer realizing its Pre-design function in certain Period and certain conditions . In this paper , the reliability for the steel-concrete composite slab with stiffening ribs in wharf on piles is analyzed . Based on the limit state of bearing capacity,JC method is applied into the calculation of the slab's reliability index β[5][6].3.1Calculating model of resistanceThere are three factors that influence the randomicity of the resistance of structure members mainly . These factors are material property ，geometrical parameter of the members and calculating mode. For the steel-concrete composite structures，the randomicity of geometrical parameter of the members can be determined by each statistical parameter of steel members and concrete members . Then the randomicity of material ProPerty，which mainly refers to the strength of the material，can be obtained after analyzed the statistical data of each kind of materials of the slab . For the randomicity of calculating mode，because of the lack of its statistical date ,it is not be discussed in this PaPer，and choosing a Proper calculating model of resistance is a appropriate way to reduce its influence.During construction，only the resistance of the steel components in the steel-concrete composite slab with stiffening is accounted, and the concrete of the slab is merely regarded as load . So the flexure strength of the slab can be calculated by ordinary steel structure calculating method，and we do not discuss more about it . During service life，steel components and concrete can work as a whole , and the natural axis of the composite slab should be designed to pass the webs of profiled steel[2]. Then the height of compressive region can be figured out by the balance of force.Where ‘f a’ is design value of compressive and tensile strength of steel slab; ‘f s’ is design value of compressive and tensile strength of profiled steel; ‘f c’ is design value of compressive strength of concrete;‘A a’ is area of steel slab; ‘A f’ is area of tensil e flange wall of profiled steel; ‘b’ is width of composite slab;‘A’sf’ is area of compressive flange wall of profiled steel;‘tw’ is web depth of profiled steel;‘h s’ is web height of profiled steel(viz. the approximatively total height of profiled steel) ;‘hc’ is distance between the compression flange wall of profiled steel and the top of concrete;‘b’ is width of composite slab;’n’is amount of profiled steel on slab width.The value of ‘x’ figured out by the formula (3) must be given as follows: ‘X<h c+h f’.otherwise the slab should be redesigned . Where ‘h f’ is flange depth ofprofiled steel . Then the flexure strength is given byShear strength of the obligue section of the steel-concrete composite slab with stiffening ribs can be figured out by formula(3).Where ‘V c ’ is design value of shearing strength of concrete;‘V s ’ is design value of shearing Strength of profiled steel.If the composite slab is designed as one-way continuous plate and reinforced steel bars are assigned in the upside to resist negative moment ,the bearing capacity of negative moment resistance formula of U-shaped steel-concrete composite beam[3].3.2 Model of loadActions that may affect a wharf on piles can be classified as permanent action and variable action and accidental action ，an d the effect of accidental action isn’t involved in this paper.The main permanent action of a wharf on piles is the action of the dead loads of the component of the wharf. The dead load distribution of wharf on piles is normal distribution ，and the statistic parameters are given as follows . Themean value is given by 1k G 1.0148G =μ; the variance is given 1k 2G 0437.0=σ ;the variable coefficient is given by 0431.0=CV . Where 1k G is design value of dead load.The actions of the loads of the heaped load and carnes and trucks are the variable actions that a wharf on piles may suffer ，and the heaped load often has the main effect . The heaped load distribution conforms to the Extreme I distribution . The statistic parameters are given by the appendix of the Code JTJ215一98.3.3 Calculation of reliability indexIn this PaPer ，JC method is applied in the calculation of the composite slab’s reliability index The limit state equation is given as folLows ，0S -S -R S -R Z Q G ===Where ’Z’is the limit state function;‘R’is the resistance of the structure;‘S’is theG effect of Permanent actions;’S’Is the effect of variable actions.QBecause the slabs in the upside of wharf on Piles are usually continuous plates，what's the brief failure mode must be taken into account to figure out the reliability index of the composite slabs . The new tyPe steel-concrete comPosite slabs with stiffening ribs are designed to rePlace old concrete slabs with equal or aPProximate bearing capacity of flexure strength，and the shear strength resistance caPacity of the composite slabs is usually bigger than the old one's . Therefore，considering the correlation of three failure modes，the reliability index of the middle section is regarded as the representative reliability index of the whole slab with enough precision.3.4 Calculation of an instance3.4.1 Introduction of the structureWithout longerons ，Prefabricated RC slabs were Put on the crossbeams directly in the wharf on Piles，and the distance between two crossbeam is 6.0m .As one-way continuous Panels,the slabs are hinged in transverse . The length of the slabs is 5600 mm，and the width is 2700 mm，and the thickness is 500 mm. The concrete degree of the slabs is C40 . 21 reinforced bars with 18 mm diameter were assigned in the downside of each RC slab. As design variable load，the heaped load were given,and its representative value is 20KN/m2 . In the construction period ,the representative value of construction load is 2.5KN/m2.New tyPe steel-concrete composite slabs with stiffening ribs are designed to rePlace the old RC slabs with the aPProximate bearing capacity of flexure strength . The length of the composite slabs is 560O mm , and the width is 270O mm，and the thickness is 250 mm .The concrete degree of the slabs is C40 . Each composite slab has 6 stiffening ribs ，which are made by ll4 shaped steel，and the bottom steel Plate is 5 mm in thickness . All the steel components are made from Q235 steel . TO resist shear strength and make the composite slab work as a whole , bolts are welded on the top of the I-shaped steel and the bottom steel Plates . In this PaPer，the old RC slab is noted as ‘SLABO’，and the new tyPe composite slab is noted as ‘SLAB1’.3.4.2Result of the reliability calculationBased on JC method , reliability indexes of the old slab and the new typecomposite slab are calculated，and the result is listed as the Table 1.The durability for the wharf on Piles in sea is also imPortant , and it is discussed in this PaPer.Time-dependent reliability indexes for the RC slabs of the wharf with changing characters are calculated with the corrosion rate of 8.0 m/ , and the calculated results are showen in Fig.4.4. ConclusionsA new type steel-concrete composite structure is porposed to replace the upside structure of wharf on piles for some special purposes . The reliability for the steel-concrete composite slab with stiffening ribs is discussed , and an instance is calculated . By analyzing the result ，some conclusions can be down as follows.With approximate bearing capacity of flexure strength , the reliability for the new type steel-concrete composite slab with stiffening ribs is bigger than the old RC slab's . Therefore , being safe enough ，the new type composite slabs are advised to replace RC longerons and RC slabs of wharfs on piles for their emergency repair or construction.Because of the high resistance capacity of the stiffening I-shaped steel ribs , the reliability index of the new type composite slabs during costruction period is higherthan that during service period . So the new type composite slabs can carry more construction load in safe , and it can speed the building Work in a way.Because of the corrosion of the steel bottom slabs , time-dependent reliability for the new type composite slabs keeps falling smoothly , and the falling speed is quicker than that of the RC slabs during the first 15 years . After 15 years ，with the corrosion of the inside reinforced steel bars , the time-dependent reliability for the RC slabs drops quickly . Therefore ，to have enough durability ，some available measures must be taken to protect the exposed surfaces of the composite slabs' steel components . And in long term ，the durability for the composite slabs is better than the RC slabs .新型复合板与钢筋混凝土码头的可靠性分析摘要：新型加劲肋钢和混凝土的组合板作为码头的面板来满足特殊的要求。
国际关系专业英语英汉互译(论文资料)
国际关系专业英语英汉互译1、1997年10月中国国家主席江泽民访问美国，江主席与克林顿总统就建立面向21世纪的建设性战略伙伴关系达成了一致看法。
克林顿总统宣布，他将提前于今年（1998）6月底访华，以便进一步改善并促进中美关系的发展。
In October 1997, when China’s President JiangZemin visited the U.S., he and President Clinton reached agreement in the setting up of a constructive, strategic Partnership for the 21st Century. President Clinton has announced this year that he will move up his visit to China to the end of June in order to give fresh stimulus to the development and improvement of Sino-U.S. relations.2．谢谢！秘书长先生，主席先生及各位尊敬的代表，先生们、女士们：我们以和平为己任，会聚在这个大厅，我们所在的这座城市已留下了暴力的创伤，我们所在的这个国家正在危急中觉醒，我们所在的这个世界正团结一心，准备与恐怖势力进行长期的斗争。
今天，出席会议的每一位文明国家的代表都在以自己的决心，以最基本的文明准则向世界承诺：我们将坚决打击恐怖势力和非法暴力，保护我们自己，捍卫我们的未来。
Thank you. Mr. Secretary General, Mr. President, distinguished delegates and ladies and gentlemen. We meet in a hall devoted to peace, in a city scarred by violence, in a nation awakened to danger, in a world uniting for a long struggle. Every civilized nation here today is resolved to keep the most basic commitment of civilization: we will defend ourselves and our future against terror and lawless violence.3、国际关系发展事态的不可预见性常常弄得专家们措手不及，如：1989年柏林墙事件。
传媒法规与职业规范中英文复习资料
以广告行业为例，这门课主要从以下6个方面介绍了广告法规：广告法的监督部门、广告主体的行为规范、虚假广告、广告内容中的禁忌、与特殊群体有关的广告规范、互联网广告的规范。
Taking advertisement as an example, this course mainly introduces the advertising law from the following six aspects: the supervision department of the advertising law in China , the regulations of advertising participants, false advertising, forbidden content in advertising, advertising regulations related to special groups, and Internet advertising regulations.The Regulations Of Advertising Participants:在广告主体的法规这个部分，法规规范要求广告活动必须签署书面合同、不得侵犯他人肖像权、不得为法律禁止的产品做推荐、不得发布虚假广告。
In the part of advertising participants’ regulation, the regulation requires that advertising activities must sign a written contract, must not use people’s portrait without consent, must not recommend products that are forbidden by law, and must not publish false advertisements.False Advertising:在虚假广告这个部分，法律规定以下这3类广告属于虚假广告：第一，广告中的产品或者服务不存在；第二，产品的描述与实际不符；第三，夸大产品效果。
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中文资料PowerBuilder是著名的数据库应用开发工具生产厂商PowerSoft公司推出的产品（PowerSoft现已被数据库厂商Sybase所收购），它完全按照客户机/服务器体系结构研制设计，在客户机/服务器结构中，它使用在客户机中，作为数据库应用程序的开发工具而存在。
由于PowerBuilder采用了面向对象和可视化技术，提供可视化的应用开发环境，使得我们利用PowerBuilder，可以方便快捷地开发出利用后台服务器中的数据和数据库管理系统的数据库应用程序。
在当前，网络技术迅速发展，随之发展的还有OLE，OCX，跨平台等技术，而在PowerBuilder的最新版PowerBuilder中提供了对这些技术的全面支持。
总之在数据库开发工具领域，PowerBuilder是其中非常优秀的一个，利用它我们可以开发出功能强大的数据库应用程序。
PowerBuilder提供了对目前流行的大多数关系数据库管理系统的支持，由于在PowerBuilder的应用程序中对数据库访问的部分一般采用国际化标准数据库查询语言SQL，使得用PowerBuilder开发的应用程序可以不做修改或者只做少量的修改就可以在不同的后台数据库管理系统上使用。
也就是说用PowerBuilder开发的应用程序是独立于服务器上的数据库管理系统的。
和大多数的windows应用程序一样，PowerBuilder也是事件驱动工作方式。
在这种工作方式中，程序的运行没有固定的流程，程序中的代码也是为各种可能发生的事件编写的，当程序开始运行之后，它就可以接受来自系统，用户或者其它应用程序触发的事件，然后执行相应的事件代码。
事件驱动的工作方式与面向对象技术是紧密相关的。
在PowerBuilder应用程序中，接受发生的事件的往往就是程序界面中的各种可视化对象。
PowerBuilder是一种面向对象的开发工具，各种windows应用程序中常见的窗口、菜单、控件等在PowerBuilder中都是一个个的对象。
在PowerBuilder中我们还可以创建自己的用户对象。
特别要指出的是PowerBuilder提供了对面向对象方法中的各种技术的全面支持，我们可以利用面向对象方法中的对象的封装性、继承性、多态性等特点使得我们开发的应用程序具有极大的可重用性和可扩展性，而这一点正是软件工程中对应用程序所提出的重要目标。
在当前，由于网络技术的发展，许多种不同的操作系统平台在INTERNET网上同时被使用，这对开发的应用程序的跨平台性提出了更高的要求，而PowerBuilder就提供了良好的跨平台性，比如在PowerBuilder 中，利用windows平台开发的各种对象可以方便地应用到UNIX平台中，因为PowerBuilder支持对象的跨平台性。
这样使得把应用程序从一个平台移到另一个平台变得并不复杂。
为了给用户提供各个方面的支持，PowerBuilder具有自己的编程语言POWERSCRIPT，这个语言除了提供基本的流程控制语句，还提供了几百个函数来操纵各种对象和提供诸如DDE，OLE等方面的支持。
此外我们还可以定义自己的函数，处理特定的事件。
学习PowerBuilder时相当一部分的时间就是用来了解和熟悉PowerBuilder提供的各种函数。
PowerBuilder一个很大的特点就是提出了数据窗口对象的概念。
数据窗口对象也是PowerBuilder中的一种对象类型，与其它对象不同的是数据窗口对象是专门为了访问后台的数据库服务的，在数据窗口对象中我们定义了数据的来源和数据的显示风格，这样在应用程序中我们就可以把精力完全放在程序的运行流程控制上，而不用关心具体数据的来源，因为我们在数据窗口对象中已经定义好了数据的来源。
如果需要使用数据库中不同的数据也只要对数据窗口对象进行修改就可以了。
特别要指出的是PowerBuilder在数据窗口对象中提供了丰富的数据显示方式，可以满足各种不同的需要。
在PowerBuilder较新的版本中提供了基础类库PFC，它为应用程序的开发提供了许多可重用的预定义类和对象，利用基本类库PFC可以快速开发出高质量重用性好的应用程序。
真正发挥面向对象编程的巨大威力。
最后要指出的是PowerBuilder有三个不同的版本，分别为DESKTOP 型，PROFESSIONAL型，和ENTERPRISE型，DESKTOP型是为个人使用的桌面型应用程序，在这里可以利用PowerBuilder内置的数据库管理系统SYBASE SQL ANYWHERE来创建和使用本地数据库，为个人的应用服务；PROFESSIONAL型的PowerBuilder最重要的一点就是提供了对MICROSOFT ODBC（数据库标准连接接口）的支持，在PROFESSIONAL版本中我们就可以使用PowerBuilder的继承，多态等绝大多数特性；在ENTERPRISE版本中最重要的一点就是提供了对开发大型的数据库应用程序的全面的支持，提供了开发大型应用程序的许多辅助的工具，比如C++ CLASS BUILDER等。
数据库前端开发工具与后台数据库管理系统的连接方式是一个很重要的课题。
PowerBuilder提供了两种访问后台数据库的方式，一种是通过ODBC标准接口的方式，第二种是通过专用的接口与后台的数据库相连。
ODBC的中文名字是开放式数据库连接，它是微软公司提出的数据库连接标准，使用ODBC方式连接数据库的第一步是创建数据源，比如我们可以利用windows下控制面板中的“32 BIT ODBC”选项来创建驱动某种数据库的数据源，创建好数据源之后，我们就可以在本地计算机中利用定义好的数据源存取后台数据库中的数据了。
我们还可以通过专用接口同后台的数据库相连，由于专用接口是针对特定的后台数据库管理系统而设计，因此这种方式存取数据的速度要比采用ODBC方式存取数据的速度要快一些，如果我们的应用程序只是针对特定类型的后台数据库，当然是采用专用接口访问后台数据更快一些。
英文资料PowerBuilder is a popular database application development tool manufacturer which is called PowerSoft introduced product （PowerSoft has been purchased by the database manufacturer called Sybase）, it entirely designed in accordance with the client / server architecture, in the client / server architecture, it uses the client, as a database application development tool to exist. Because of using object-oriented and visualization technologies, providing visual application development environment in PowerBuilder, allows us to be developing data and database management system database applications in the background server easily and quickly.At present, network technology is developing rapidly, with the development of the OLE, OCX, cross-platform technology, and in the latest version of PowerBuilder provides the full support of these technologies. In a word, in the database development tools, PowerBuilder is a very good product of them, we can use it to develop powerful database applications.PowerBuilder provides support in most of the current popular relation database management systems, because in PowerBuilder applications for database access part of the general international standard database query language SQL, makes using PowerBuilder development of the application can be used in different background of database management systems without revision or do a small amount of revision. That is to say, with PowerBuilder development of the application server is independent of the database management system.As the most of the windows application procedures, PowerBuilder is also event driven of the method to work. In this work method, program for the operation has no fixed processes, the code in the program is also possible programmed for the preparation of the events, when the program began running, it can be accepted the events that are from the system, users or other applications trigger, and then execute the relevant code. Event driven methods of work isclosely related to the object-oriented technology. In the PowerBuilder application, acceptance of the events is often the various visual interface object in the program.PowerBuilder is an object-oriented development tool, various common application windows, menus, and other controls in Windows are one and one targets in PowerBuilder. We can also create own user object in PowerBuilder. We should point out that the PowerBuilder provides object-oriented method of comprehensive technical support, we can make use of object-oriented methods in the object of encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and other features make the our development applications have great reusability and scalability, which is on the application in the process of the important goals in software engineering.At present, due to the development of network technology, and many different types of operating system platforms are using on the internet at the same time, this is a higher request for the development of the cross-platform application, and PowerBuilder provides a good cross-platform, for example, in PowerBuilder, using Windows platform for the development of all kinds of objects can be easily applied to the UNIX platform, because PowerBuilder supports cross-platform object. This allows the applications from one platform to another platform to become not complicated.In order to provide the user all aspects of supports, PowerBuilder has its own programming language which is called power script, in addition to providing the basic flow control statements, but also to provide hundreds of functions to manipulate objects and all kinds of information supports such as DDE, OLE, and other aspects in this language . Furthermore, we can also define our own functions and deal with specific incidents. When we learn PowerBuilder, a part of the time is to understand and familiar with the functions in PowerBuilder.In PowerBuilder, a great feature is to propose the concept of data window. Data window object is one of the objects in PowerBuilder, it is different from other objects, because data window isspecifically targeted to visit background database services, in the data window, we define data sources and data display style, so that we will be able to concentrate fully on the operation of process control procedures in application procedures, and couldn’t concern about data sources, because we have been well defined data sources in the data window. If you need to use different data in the database as long as the data is revised target window on it. In particular, we should point out that the PowerBuilder provides a wealth of data display mode in data window object, and this can meet a variety of needs.In a new version of PowerBuilder, it provides a foundation class library PFC, it provides many reusable predefined classes and objects for application procedures of development, using the basic class library PFC can enable the rapid development of high-quality reuse of good application procedures. It is really rolling power of object-oriented programming.Finally we should point out that the there are three different versions: desktop type, professional type, and enterprise type. Desktop type is for personal using of the desktop applications, where you can use the built-in PowerBuilder database management system Sybase SQL anywhere to create and use of local databases, the application for personal services; professional type of PowerBuilder most important point is to provide the support of Microsoft ODBC （database connectivity standard interface）,in professional version of PowerBuilder, we can use the inheritance, polymorphism and more features; in the enterprise versions of the most important point is to provide for the development of large-scale database applications and comprehensive support, the development of large-scale applications of the many auxiliary tools, such as C++, class builder and so on.Database front-end development tool and the background database management system in a way is a very important issue. PowerBuilder provides two ways to visit the background database, the one way is standard interface through ODBC, and the second is through adedicated interface with the database linked to the background.ODBC is called Open Database Connectivity in Chinese, it is the database connectivity standards which is proposed by Microsoft, the use of ODBC database connectivity of the first step is creating data sources, for example, we can use windows control panel under the "32 BIT ODBC" election of the drive to create a database of data sources, after finishing creating data sources, we will be able to use computers in the local definition of good background data source to access to the data in the database.We can also link to the background through a dedicated interface with the database, because dedicated interface is designed against the background of a specific database management system, by this way to access to data faster than using ODBC way to access to data. If our application is only for specific types of background database, of course, using a special interface to background information will be more faster.。