2013-Lens Injury Has a Protective Effect on Photoreceptors in the RCS Rat
大学英语六级(2013年12月考试改革适用)模拟试卷72(题后含答案及解析)
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷72(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. 4. Reading Comprehension 5. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Damage of E-waste. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below. Write your essay on Answer sheet 1.1．随着电子设备的增多，电子垃圾也越来越多2．电子垃圾的危害很多3．为此，我们应该……The Damage of E-waste 正确答案：The Damage of E-waste Electronic waste, or e-waste, has become an issue of serious concern to the public as a growing number of electronic items are discarded in landfills every year. Many consumers are not aware that electronics like computers and cell phones actually contain toxins that can leach out into the soil and damage the environment. E-waste compounds pose hazards to the environment as well to the human beings. To start with, when exposed to heat, the components of e-waste release toxic fumes and gas, polluting the air and causing global environmental problems. When circuit breakers deteriorate, they release toxins, such as mercury, that pollute groundwater. In addition to its damaging effect on the environment, researchers have now linked e-waste to adverse effects on human health. In my view, it’s high time that the damage of e-waste should be realized by the public and measures should be taken to cope with this issue. One idea is to put greater responsibility on the companies that produce the goods. It should be mandatory for them to taking the abandoned items back and dispose them in an environmentally-friendly manner.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A听力原文：M: I’m ready to leave. Shall I power off the computer now and lock up the cabinet? W: Well, I still want to check my e-mail before I go. So leave the computer to me. Q: What is the woman likely to do next?2．A．Power off the computer.B．Lock up the cabinet.C．Check her e-mail online.D．Leave with the man.解析：男士询问女士他现在是否可以把电脑的电源关上，并且把文件柜锁好。
2013英语二t3
2013英语二t32013英语二t3内容如下：1) Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.2) Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.3) But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.4) Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling),we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.5) John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice”information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced”long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat fora much longer evaluation: two days, not two seconds.6) Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may____.[A] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction[C] depend on the importance of the assessment[D] vary according to the urgency of the situation32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions____.[A] can be associative[B] are not unconscious[C] can be dangerous[D] are not impulsive33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should____.[A] trust our first impression[B] think before we act[C] do as people usually do[D] ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on____.[A] critical assessment[B] ”thin sliced”study[C] adequate information[D] sensible explanation35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.[A] tolerant[B] optimistic[C] uncertain[D] doubtful。
替米沙坦对大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝炎肝纤维化的影响
星堕堕堂塑匪疸堂銎查垫！Ｑ堡垒旦箜！！鲞笙垒塑壁！！！曼！！！翌！坠！！竺！曼！￡！！！！：！婴垫！Ｑ：！！！：！！：堕！：垒’５０７‘表２各组大鼠肝细胞脂肪变性程度、炎症活动度及纤维化程度的比较Ｔａｂ２Ｔｈｅｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｌｉｖｅｒｆａｔｔｙｄｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｉｎｎａｍｍａ－ｔｉＯｎａｎｄ行ｂｒｏｓｉｓｉｎｔｈｒｅｅｇｒｏｕｐｓ组别例数肝细胞脂肪变程度炎症活动度纤维化程度ＦＤＦＩ心Ｆ３Ｆ４积分积分与ＮＣ绢比较．￥尸＜０．ｏＩ：与Ｆｃ组比较．＃Ｐ＜Ｏ．Ｏｌ比较有显著差异（Ｐ＜Ｏ．０１）。
ＦＴ组大鼠仪一ＳＭＡ阳性细胞较ＦＣ组明显减少，其灰度值（１１８．６±１０．０３）与ＦＣ组比较差异有统计学意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）（见图２）。
２．４肝组织ＴＩＭＰ－ｌ、ＭＭＰ＿２和ＴＧＦ・Ｂ１ｍＲＮＡ表达ＦＣ组ＴｌＭＰ．１、ＭＭＰ一２和ＴＧＦ．ＢｌｍＲＮＡ表达较ＮＣ组显著增高（Ｐ＜Ｏ．０１），ＦＴ组ＴｌＭＰ—ｌ、ＭＭＰ－２和ＴＧＦ—ＢｌｍＲＮＡ表达较ＦＣ组显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０ｌ或０．０５）（见图３。
表３）。
图ｌ各组大鼠肝脏病理变化（ＨＥＡ、Ｂ、Ｃ４００ｘ；ＭａｓｓｏｎＤ４∞×。
Ｅ、Ｆ２∞ｘ）；图２各组大鼠ｑ．ＳＭＡ的表达Ａ、Ｄ：正常对照组；Ｂ、Ｅ：模型组；Ｃ、Ｆ：替米沙坦干预组Ｆｊｇ１Ｐａ伽ｏＩｏｇｊｃ州ｃｈａⅡｇｅｓｏｆ拍Ｖｅｒｊｎ协ｅｎ招（ＨＥＡ，Ｂ，Ｃ４帅ｘ；Ｍ鼬ｓｏｎＤ４彻×，Ｅ。
Ｆ２∞ｘ）；Ｆｉ９２Ｔｈｅｅｘｐｒｅ酗ｊｏｎｏｆａ．ＳＭＡｉｎｅａｃｈｇｒｏｕｐｒａｔｓ（４００ｘ）Ａ，Ｄ：ＮＣｇｐｒｏｕｐ；Ｂ，Ｅ：ＦＣｌｐｒｏｕｐ；Ｃ，Ｆ：盯昏．ｏｕｐ表３各组大鼠肝组织ＴＧＦ－阻、ＴｌＭＰ・ｌ和ＭＭＰ－２ｍＲＮＡ的３讨论表达Ｔａｂ３Ｔｈｅｅｘｐｒ幅ｓｉｏｎｓｏｆＴＧＦ－阻，ＴＩＭＰ・ｌａｎｄＭＭＰ．２ｍＲ－ＮＡｉｎｅａｃｈｇｒｏｕｐｒａｔｓ（ｉ±ｓ）组别ＴＧＦ—Ｂｌ／ＧＡＰＤＨＴｌＭＰ－ｌ／ＧＡＰＤＨＭＭＰ－２／Ｇ＾ＰＤＨＮＣ组Ｏ．１２±Ｏ．ＯｌＯ．３２±０．０３Ｏ．４７±Ｏ．０５Ｆｃ组Ｏ．３６±Ｏ．０４’Ｏ．９３±０．０８‘０．８８士０．０９。
大学英语六级(2013年12月考试改革适用)模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)
大学英语六级（2013年12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷4(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Writing 2. Listening Comprehension 3. 4. Reading Comprehension 5. TranslationPart I Writing1．For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Importance of Information Security. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.1．很多人认为信息安全很重要2．有的人认为信息不是实物，所以信息安全无关紧要3．我认为……正确答案：The Importance of Information Security As we are living in the information age, we are readily accessible to information of our interests. Because of this, some people claim that it is important to protect the information security to ensure a healthier environment to spread information. This belief, however, is discarded by some others, because they regard information as something intangible and insignificant and there is no need to safeguard it. Information comes and goes: it is too transient to be kept in a safe box. As for me, I think the information security should be protected. First, a lot of information circulating around the Internet is associated with privacy. Once it is leaked out, it would be a detriment to the people concerned. Quite a few Internet-based financial frauds and losses result from the stolen private information Second, if we do not guarantee the accuracy of information, we would open a floodgate for exaggerated and even false messages. Ultimately, we will be confused as to what to believe and which source to trust. In light of these reasons, it is necessary to acknowledge the importance of information security.Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A听力原文：W: This school is lucky to have a teacher as good as Prof. Helen Johnson.M: She is one in a million. We’ve all benefited from what she imparted to us.I wish I could have taken more courses she teaches. Q: What does the man mean?2．A．Outstanding teachers like Professor Johnson are rare.B．Professor Johnson has won a million dollars as an award.C．Professor Johnson is likely to get the benefits from the school.D．There are many teachers as good as Professor Johnson.正确答案：A解析：关键是理解男士所说的one in a million意为“百里挑一”。
眼科标准英文病历(眼科检查)
眼科标准英文病历( 眼科检查)Charting Plus? - Electronic Medical Sample History and Physical Note RecordsNote for John Doe on 6/6/02 - Chart 1124Chief Complaint: This 26 year old male presents today for a complete eye examination.Allergies: Patient admits allergies to aspirin resulting in disorientation, GI upset. Medication History: Patient is currentlytaking amoxicillin-clavulanate 125 mg-31.25 mg tablet, chewable medication was prescribed by A. General Practitioner MD, Adrenocot 0.5 mg tablet medication was prescribed by A. General Practitioner MD, Vioxx 12.5 mg tablet (BID). PMH: Past medical history is unremarkable.Past Surgical History: Patient admits past surgical history of (+) appendectomy in 1989. Social History: Patient denies alcohol use.Patient denies illegal drug use. Patient denies STD history. Patient denies tobacco use.Family History: Unremarkable.Review of Systems: Eyes: (-) dry eyes (-) eye or vision problems (-) blurred vision ConstitutionalSymptoms: (-) constitutional symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, dizziness Musculoskeletal:(-) joint or musculoskeletal symptomsEye Exam: Patient is a pleasant, 26 year old male in no apparent distress who looks his given age, is well developed and nourished with good attention to hygiene and body habitus. Visual Acuity: Visual acuity - uncorrected: OD: 20/10 OS: 20/10 OU: 20/15Refraction:Lenses - final:OD: +0.50 +1.50 X 125 Prism 1.75OS: +6.00 +3.50 X 125 Prism 4.00 BASE IN FresnelAdd: OD: +1.00 OS: +1.00OU: Far VA 20/25Pupils: Pupil exam reveals round and equally reactive to light and accommodation. Motility: Ocular motility exam reveals gross orthotropia with full ductions and versions bilateral. Visual Fields: Confrontation VF exam reveals full to finger confrontation OU.IOP: IOP Method: applanation tonometry OD: 10 mmHg Medications: Alphagan; 0.2% Condition: improving.Keratometry:OD: K1 35.875K2 35.875OS: K1 35.875K2 41.875Lids/Orbit: Bilateral eyes reveal normal position without infection. Bilateral eyelids reveals white and quiet.Slit Lamp: Corneal epithelium is intact with normal tear film and without stain. Stroma is clear and avascular. Corneal endothelium is smooth and of normal appearance.Anterior Segment: Bilateral anterior chambers reveal no cells orflare with deep chamber.Lens: Bilateral lenses reveals transparent lens that is in normal position. Posterior Segment: Posterior segment was dilated bilateral. Bilateral retinas reveal normal color, contour, and cupping.Retina: Bilateral retinas reveals flat with normal vasculature outto the far periphery. Bilateral retinas reveal normal reflex and color.Test Results: No tests to report at this timeImpression: Eye and vision exam normal.Plan: Return to clinic in 12 month(s).Patient Instructions:Patient was given verbal and written instructions regarding eye care following pupil dilation.__________________________________ Dr. An. Ophthalmologist, MDCharting Plus? - Electronic Sample Referral LetterMedical Records6/6/02Marcus Welby, M.D. th1231 8 Street, Suite 222West Des Moines, IA 50265Dear Dr. Welby:John Doe was seen in my office in consultation as requested by youas a new patient for evaluation and care. The following is a summary of my findings and recommendations:Impression: Eye and vision exam normal.Plan: Return to clinic in 12 month(s).If I may be of any further assistance in the care of your patient, please let me know. Thank you for providing me the opportunity to participate in the care of your patients.Sincerely,An. Ophthalmologist, MDCharting Plus? - Electronic Sample Prescription Medical RecordsDr. An. Ophthalmologist, MDDEA#:_________________________________________________________Name: John J Doe Date: 6/6/02OD: +0.50 +1.50 X 125 Prism 1.75OS: +6.00 +3.50 X 125 Prism 4.00 BASE IN FresnelAdd: OD: +1.00 OS: +1.00Dr._____________________________________________Charting Plus? - Electronic Sample Billing Statement Medical Records Billing Statement - Thursday, June 06, 2002Provider: An. Ophthalmologist, MDPatient: John J Doe, Chart 1124123 E. Freckle St.Jersey City, NJ 07040Diagnoses1. V72.0 Examination Of Eyes And VisionTreatments1. 99213 Office or other outpatient visit - est. patient - 15 min.Related Diagnoses: V72.0Modifiers:Units:Referring Physician: A. General Practitioner, MDDate Last Seen: 07/26/2001Charting Plus? - Electronic Medical Sample Patient Instructions RecordsPatient Instructions for John Doe on 6/6/02YOUR EYES HAVE BEEN DILATEDDilation drops temporarily increase the size of your pupils. This lets us accurately investigatethe health of your eyes and other important general health aspects. Dilation of your eyes is atemporary inconvenience; however, benefits far outweigh the inconvenience.The effects of eye dilation drops will gradually decrease. It typically takes TWO to SIX HOURS for the effects to wear off. During this time, reading may be more difficult andsensitivity to light may increase. For a short time, wearing sunglasses may help. Notify usif you feel your long distance vision is blurred excessively before attempting to drive. Your patience during this very important procedure is appreciated!CALL MY OFFICE IMMEDIATELY AT 515-327-8850 IF YOU EXPERIENCE EXCESSIVE PAIN, DISCOMFORT OR NAUSEAREMEMBER TO HAVE REGULAR MEDICAL EYE EXAMINATIONS.Eye disease can occur at any age. Since most blindness is preventable if diagnosed andtreated early, it is extremely important to have regular eye examinations. Keep in mind thatmany eye diseases are asymptomatic until after the damage to the eye has already occurred so early detection is the key. Use this as a reminder to plan for regular eye examinations to maintain sight throughout a lifetime._______________________________An. Ophthalmologist, MDCATARACTWhat is a cataract?* A cataract is the loss of transparency of the lens of the eye. It often appears like awindow that is fogged with steam.What causes cataract formation?* Aging, the most common cause.* Family history.* Steroid use.* Injury to the eye.* Diabetes.* Previous eye surgery.* Long-term exposure to sunlight.How do I know if I have a cataract?* The best way for early detection is regular eye examinations by your medical eye doctor.There are many causes of visual loss in addition to the cataract such as problems involvingthe optic nerve and retina. If these other problems exist, cataract removal may not result inthe return or improvement of vision. Your eye doctor can tell you how much improvement in vision is likely.Does it take a long time for a cataract to form?* Cataract development varies greatly between patients and is affected by the cause of the cataract. Generally, cataracts progress gradually over many years. Some people,especially diabetics and younger patients, may find that cataract formation progresses rapidly over a few months making it impossible to know exactly how long it will take for the cataract todevelop.What is the treatment for cataracts?* The only way to remove a cataract is surgery. If the symptoms are not restricting youractivity, a change of glasses may alleviate the symptoms at this time. No medications, exercise, optical devices or dietary supplements have been shown to stop the progression or prevent cataracts.It is important to provide protection from excessive sunlight. Making sure that the sunglassesyou wear screen out ultraviolet (UV) light rays or your regular eyeglasses are coated with aclear, anti-UV coating will help prevent or slow the progression of cataracts.How do I know if I need surgery?* Surgery is considered when your vision is interfering with your daily activities. It is important to evaluate if you can see to do your job and drive safely. Can you read and watchTV in comfort? Are you able to cook, do your shopping and yard work or take your medications without difficulty? Depending on how you feel your vision is affecting your dailylife, you and your eye doctor will decide together when it is the appropriate time to do surgery.What is involved with cataract surgery?* This surgery is generally performed under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis. With the assistance of a microscope, the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with a permanent intraocular lens implant.Right after the surgery you should be able to immediately performall your normal activities except for the most strenuous ones. You will need to take eye drops as directed by your eyedoctor. Follow-up visits are necessary to make sure the surgicalsite is healing withoutproblems.This procedure is performed on over 1.4 million people each year in the United States alone,95% without complications. With this highly successful procedure, 90% of the time visionimproves unless a problem also exists with the cornea, retina or optic nerve. As with any surgery, a good result cannot be guaranteed._______________________________ An. Ophthalmologist, MD。
眼睛的保护
Spot welding – sparks 点焊—火花
Cleaning – Dust 清理—灰尘
7
Types of Eye Protection 眼睛的防护类型
Three Main Types 三种主要方法
Safety glasses
安全眼镜 Goggles 护目镜 Face shields
Note where eyewash is located. 注意洗眼器设置地点 If a chemical is splashed in the eye, go immediately to the eyewash. Get help if needed. 如果化学品飞溅到眼睛，立即使用洗眼器，如果需要可 以寻求帮助。 Hold or have both your eyelids held open. 使你的眼睑保持张开状态。 Wash your eyes for at least 15 minutes. 冲洗你的眼睛至少15分钟。 Seek medical attention. 寻求医疗观察。
12
Other Protection For Eye Hazards 保护眼睛的其它方法
索尼α系摄影机电子产品说明书
フォーカスレンジ（AF駆動範囲）を切り替えるAFの駆動範囲を切り替えて、ピント合わせの時間を短縮できます。
撮影距離が一定の範囲内に限られている場合に便利です。
フォーカスレンジ切り替えスイッチで、撮影距離範囲を選択する。
••FULL•:••距離制限はありません。
全域でピント合わせが可能です。
••10m-2.4m：•10•ｍから2.4•ｍの範囲でピント合わせが可能です。
••∞-10ｍ：••無限遠から10•ｍの範囲でピント合わせが可能です。
主な仕様商品名（型名）FE 200-600mm F5.6-6.3 G OSS(SEL200600G)焦点距離（mm）200-600焦点距離イメージ*1（mm）300-900レンズ群一枚17-24画角1*212°30'-4°10'画角2*28°-2°40'最短撮影距離*3（m）2.4最大撮影倍率（倍）0.2最小絞りF32-F36フィルター径（mm）95外形寸法（最大径×長さ）（約：mm）111.5×318質量（約：g）（三脚台座別）2,115手ブレ補正機能ありテレコンバーター（別売）との互換情報、装着時の主な仕様については専用サポートサイトでご確認ください。
http://support.d-imaging.sony.co.jp/www/cscs/lens_body/*1•撮像素子がAPS-Cサイズ相当のレンズ交換式デジタルカメラ装着時の35mm判換算値を表します。
*2•画角1は35mm判カメラ、画角2はAPS-Cサイズ相当の撮像素子を搭載したレンズ交換式デジタルカメラでの値を表します。
*3•最短撮影距離とは、撮像素子面から被写体までの距離を表します。
••レンズの機構によっては、撮影距離の変化に伴って焦点距離が変化する場合があります。
記載の焦点距離は撮影距離が無限遠での定義です。
同梱物（（）内の数字は個数）レンズ（1）、レンズフロントキャップ（1）、レンズリヤキャップ（1）、三脚台座（1）、レンズフード（1）、レンズケース（1）、レンズストラップ（1）、印刷物一式仕様および外観は、改良のため予告なく変更することがありますが、ご了承ください。
特殊的眼镜英语作业
特殊的眼镜英语作业### 特殊的眼镜英语作业Vocabulary List:1. Spectacles - 眼镜2. Vision - 视力3. Prescription - 处方4. Lens - 镜片5. Frame - 镜框6. Bifocal - 双光镜片7. Progressive - 渐进镜片8. Anti-reflective - 抗反射9. UV Protection - 防紫外线10. Optometrist - 验光师Reading Comprehension:Read the passage below and answer the following questions:Passage:"In the modern world, glasses have become more than just a tool to correct vision. They are a fashion statement and a reflection of one's personality. With advancements in technology, glasses now come with various lens options such as bifocals, progressives, and lenses with anti-reflective and UV protection coatings. To get the perfect pair, one must visit an optometrist who can provide a prescription tailored to the individual's specific needs."Questions:1. What is the primary function of glasses?2. Why are glasses considered a fashion statement?3. What are some of the technological advancements in glasses?4. What is a prescription and why is it important?5. Who can provide a prescription for glasses?Grammar Exercise:Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.1. She wears (wear) glasses to improve her vision (vision).2. The optometrist (optometrist) recommends (recommend) progressive lenses for those who have difficulty seeing both near and far.3. The glasses come (come) with UV protection (UV protection) to protect the eyes from harmful rays.4. He needs (need) a new prescription (prescription) because his vision (vision) has changed.5. The frame (frame) of the glasses is (be) made oflightweight material for comfort.Writing Prompt:Write a short essay (100-150 words) describing the importance of choosing the right glasses for your eyes. Include details about the type of lenses and frames that would suit different needs and lifestyles.Example Answer:Choosing the right glasses is crucial for both vision correction and personal comfort. The type of lenses oneselects should align with their daily activities. For instance, those who frequently switch focus between close and distant objects may benefit from progressive lenses, which provide a seamless transition without the need for reading glasses. Anti-reflective coatings are essential for reducing glare and improving visual clarity, especially for those who work with screens or drive at night. The frames should not only complement one's face shape but also be durable and comfortable for long-term wear. An optometrist can guide individuals in selecting the most suitable glasses, ensuring both functionality and style.。
新视野大学英语读写教程3网络Unit6答案最全
新视野大学英语读写教程3网络答案（最全）Unit 4 Passage A V ocabulary Task 1 1 sensible2 detect3precaution 4 occurrence 5 withstand 6 resistant7 vertical8 accidental9 enclosed10 fastened11 related12 joints13 data14arrangementV ocabulary Task 2 1 come out of2 watch for3 resistant to4 put out5 After all6 make a difference to7 agree on8 attach labels to9 if necessary10 In addition to 11 check in 12 at work 13 prepare forBanked Cloze 1 shadow2 arbitrary3 significant4 dependent5 predicting6 sensible7 stroking8 precautions9 detect10 worthlessClose 1 b2 c3 a4 b5 c 6d 7 a 8 c 9 d 10 a11 b 12b 13 d 14 C 15d 16 b a17 18 c 19 d 20 dTranslation Task 1 1. We should try our best to forecast earthquakes so that destruction of property caused by them could be prevented as much as possible.2. A farmer noticed large schools of fish swimming near the surface of the water, which, he said, indicated the possible occurrence of an earthquake.3. Keep an English-English dictionary handy, and when you cannot understand a word with accuracy, you may refer to it any time.4. If necessary, people who live in the area where an earthquake is about to occur may sleep in tents.5. A master's degree does make a great difference to a student who wants to get a job.6. In addition to the knowledge about earthquakes, the book tells us how to prepare for them.Translation Task 2 1. 由于在地震中遇难的人大部分都是被倒塌的建筑物砸死的，所以一定要改进建筑结构，以便它们能够抵御地震的力量。
以关爱眼睛 保护视力为主题的英语作文
以关爱眼睛保护视力为主题的英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Protecting Our Precious EyesightOur eyes are like magical windows that allow us to see the wonderful world around us. From the bright colors of beautiful flowers to the warm smiles on our friends' faces, our eyes let us experience so many amazing things every single day. But just like anything precious, we need to take good care of our eyes so they can stay healthy and keep showing us all the beauty life has to offer.Have you ever gotten something in your eye that made it feel scratchy and uncomfortable? I know I have! It's no fun at all. That's why we have to be really careful not to rub or poke at our eyes. Our eyes are incredibly delicate, and it doesn't take much to make them feel sore or irritated. Whenever I get an itch or my eyes feel funny, I make sure to gently blink a few times instead of rubbing them. If that doesn't help, I ask a grown-up for assistance.Another way we can protect our eyes is by eating all of our fruits and veggies, especially the ones packed with vitamin A like carrots, sweet potatoes, and leafy greens. Vitamin A is like superfood fuel for our eyes! It helps keep our eyesight strong so we can continue seeing everything crystal clear. My favorite vitamin A-rich snack is carrot sticks with a little bit of ranch dressing for dipping. Yum!Too much screen time isn't good for our eyes either. Have you ever spent a long time watching TV or playing video games and then noticed your eyes felt tired and strained? That's because staring at a screen for too long can make our eyes work extra hard. Whenever I'm using a screen, I try to follow the20-20-20 rule. Every 20 minutes, I look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. This gives my eyes a tiny break so they don't get overtired.Speaking of breaks, it's also really important that we don't skip out on sleep! Our bodies, including our eyes, need plenty of rest to recharge and work their best. When I stay up too late, my eyes feel super heavy and it's hard to keep them open the next day at school. I try to always get at least 9-10 hours of sleep each night. That way, my eyes are bright-eyed and bushy-tailed, ready to read, learn, and play!While we're on the topic of being well-rested, we should chat about sun protection too. You know how you can get a sunburn if you spend too much time in the sun without sunscreen? Well, the bright sunlight can actually damage our eyes too if we aren't careful! That's why it's a really good idea to wear sunglasses with UV protection when we're playing outside on super sunny days. My favorite shades make me feel like a movie star!Our eyes also need protection when we're being active or playing sports. Things like balls, racquets, or even an accidental elbow from a friend can easily injure our eyes if they make contact. Whenever I'm participating in P.E. class or an outdoor activity like baseball or tennis, I always wear protective goggles or a face shield. Sure, they might not be as stylish as sunglasses, but it's better to be safe than have an ouchy!You know, now that I think about it, our eyes are kind of like newborn babies. They're both precious, delicate, and need lots of care and nurturing. We would never dream of neglecting or mistreating a sweet little baby, so why would we ever want to neglect or mistreat our eyes? Our eyes allow us to experience all the amazing colors, movements, and beauty in our world.Without them, everything would be dark and gloomy. That's no fun at all!So let's all make a pinky promise to be nice to our eyes. We'll eat our vitamin A-packed fruits and veggies, wear sunglasses and protective gear, get lots of sleep, and limit our screen time. With a little bit of TLC, our eyes will stay healthy, happy, and twinkling brighter than the stars in the night sky. We only get one pair of eyes, so we need to take very special care of them. Let's keep those baby blues, gorgeous greens, and beautiful browns looking as vibrant as can be!篇2Taking Care of Our Precious EyesOur eyes are very, very important. They let us see all the amazing things around us - the bright sun, the pretty flowers, the smiling faces of our family and friends. Our eyes are like windows that let the whole world in! Without our eyes, everything would be dark and we couldn't do lots of the fun things we enjoy.That's why we need to take really good care of our eyes and protect them. If we're not careful, our eyes could get damaged or hurt. Then we might have trouble seeing properly and things would look blurry. Just imagine not being able to see theblackboard at school or your favorite TV show! That would be no fun at all.There are several ways we can keep our eyes healthy and safe. First, we shouldn't stare at screens for too long without taking breaks. Whether it's the TV, computer, tablet or phone, looking at those bright screens for hours can make our eyes feel tired and sore. It's a good idea to take a 5-minute break every hour to let our eyes rest.During the breaks, we can look out the window and let our eyes focus on things far away. Or we can do some cool eye exercises to stretch and relax our eye muscles. My favorite is making a figure 8 shape by rolling my eyes from side to side. It feels so good after staring at a book or screen!Another really important way to protect our eyes is to wear sunglasses when we go outside on sunny days. The bright sunlight can damage our eyes over time and make it harder to see. Sunglasses with UV protection act as super shields to block the sun's harmful rays. Plus, they make us look super cool and stylish!We also need to be careful with objects that could poke or hit our eyes. Things like pencils, scissors, rubber bands or even our own fingers could accidentally injure our eyes if we're notbeing safe. That's why it's best not to run around while holding sharp objects. And we should never, ever point things at someone's face.If we do get something in our eye by accident, we shouldn't rub or touch it. The dirt, dust or object could scratch our eye which would really hurt! Instead, we should immediately tell a teacher or parent so they can help rinse out our eye properly with clean water.Eating healthy foods is another way to keep our eyes strong. Carrots are famous for being good for eyes because they have lots of vitamin A. But there are many other vitamin-rich veggies like sweet potatoes, spinach and bell peppers that also nourish our eyes. Yum!Our eyes are such an amazing gift. By taking a few simple precautions, we can make sure our eyes stay clear and bright for years to come. We'll be able to fully enjoy all the colors, shapes and beauty that the world has to offer.Let's all take a pledge today to treat our eyes with extra love and care. Our future selves will be so grateful we protected their precious windows to the world. What an incredible view it is!篇3Caring for Our Eyes and Protecting Our VisionHi friends! Today I want to talk about our amazing eyes and why it's so important to take good care of them. Our eyes are one of the most incredible parts of our bodies. They let us see all the beautiful colors, shapes, and details of the world around us. Just imagine how boring life would be if we couldn't see anything!But our eyes are also very delicate and sensitive. That's why we need to protect them and not take them for granted. There are lots of things that can damage our eyes and make it hard for us to see properly. Some of the biggest dangers to our eyes are eye injuries, eye diseases, and overworking our eyes.Eye injuries can happen really easily if we're not careful. Getting hit in the eye with a ball, stick, rock or anything else can scratch, bruise or even puncture your eyeball. That's why it's super important to wear protective goggles or glasses when playing sports or doing activities where things might fly into your eyes.And you know what my biggest pet peeve is? When kids stick pencils, crayons or other pointy things right up close to their eyes! That's just asking for an eye injury. We need to be really careful with anything sharp or pointy around our eyes.Even some common household items like cleaning products, aerosol sprays, and chemicals can be super dangerous if they get into our eyes by accident. So we always need to be careful and keep those kinds of things away from our faces.Eye diseases are another threat to our precious eyes. Some eye diseases are caused by viruses or bacteria that can infect our eyes and make them feel itchy, red, and sore. Other eye diseases develop over time as we get older, like cataracts which make our eye's lenses get cloudy.That's why it's really important to keep our eyes clean by washing our faces every day. And if our eyes ever feel itchy, sticky, red, or painful, we need to tell a parent or teacher right away so we can get it checked out. Catching and treating eye problems early is the best way to protect our vision.But did you know that one of the biggest threats to our eyes actually comes from overworking them and straining them too much? It's true! Whenever we read, use phones or tablets, watch TV, or work on the computer for long periods of time without taking breaks, we're making our eyes work really hard.Our eyes have tiny muscles inside that are constantly moving and focusing whenever we're looking at something up close. If we overwork those little eye muscles without letting them rest,they can get really tired, strained, and sore. That's what causes headaches, blurry vision, dry eyes, and other eye problems.So it's super important to follow the 20-20-20 rule. For every 20 minutes we spend looking at a screen or doing close-up work, we should look away at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. That'll help relax and re-energize our hard-working eye muscles.It's also really helpful to get up, move around, and look at different distances every once in a while when doing lots of close vision work. And we should try to limit how much time we spend staring at screens before bedtime so we can give our eyes a good rest overnight.Making sure we get enough Vitamin A from foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, red peppers, and dairy is also really important for keeping our eyes healthy. Vitamin A keeps the surface of our eyes nice and moist while also helping us see better in low light.I hope you can see now why it's so important to be eye aware and take good care of our incredible eyes. Our vision is one of our most precious senses that allows us to see, learn about, and appreciate this beautiful world we live in. We only get one pair of eyes, so we need to protect them with everything we've got!Let's all make a promise to each other to treat our eyes right. We'll be extra careful to avoid eye injuries, keep our eyes clean, get them checked regularly, and not overwork them. If we all work together on doing these things, we can keep our eyes healthy and vision sharp so we can see clearly for many, many years to come. Who's with me? Eye love you all!篇4Caring For Your Eyes Is Really Important!Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about how important it is to take care of your eyes and protect your vision. Our eyes are such an amazing gift that allow us to see all the wonderful colors, shapes, and things around us. But we have to be really careful with our eyes because once they get damaged, it's very hard to fix them.Did you know that your eyes are kind of like a camera? There's a lens at the front that focuses the light, and then there's a retina at the back that's like the film or sensor that captures the image. The retina is made up of lots of special cells called rods and cones that sense the light and color. If those cells get damaged, it's really hard for your eyes to make a clear picture.There are lots of things that can damage your eyes if you aren't careful. One of the biggest dangers is too much bright light from things like the sun. The sun's rays have ultraviolet radiation that can burn and harm the sensitive parts inside your eyes over time. That's why you should never look directly at the sun! And it's a good idea to wear sunglasses when you're outside on a sunny day.Screens like TVs, computers, tablets and phones also give off a kind of light called blue light that can strain and tire out your eyes if you look at them for too long without taking breaks. My parents always remind me to follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. This helps my eyes relax.You also have to be really careful with anything that could poke, scratch or hit your eyes. That's why it's so important to never run with sharp objects, throw things that could hit someone in the face, or rub your eyes too hard with your hands when they're feeling itchy or irritated. Getting hit in the eye area can scratch the surface, which is called a corneal abrasion, and that's super painful!Speaking of pain, another way to mess up your eyes is by not getting them checked regularly by an eye doctor. If you have anyproblems with your vision like things looking blurry, headaches from squinting, or your eyes getting really dry and irritated, you need to tell your parents so they can make an appointment. Lots of vision problems can be solved really easily if they get caught early, like needing glasses or eye drops.And don't forget, eating healthy foods with lots of vitamin A, like carrots and sweet potatoes, and getting enough sleep is also really important for keeping your eyes strong! Our eyes have to work really hard all day long, so they need good nutrition and rest just like the rest of our bodies.I hope after reading this, you understand just how amazing and precious our eyes really are. Let's all make a promise to take really good care of our eyes! Cover them when it's super bright out, take breaks from screens, be gentle, see the eye doctor regularly, and eat foods that are eye-friendly. Our eyes let us see the world around us and learn new things every day. We're so lucky to have them, so we have to protect them! What's your favorite thing to use your eyes for? Let me know!篇5Caring For Your Eyes and Protecting Your EyesightHi friends! Today I want to talk to you about something really important - our eyes! Our eyes are like little windows that let us see all the amazing colors, shapes, and details of the world around us. But did you know that if we don't take good care of our eyes, we could damage them and lose our amazing vision?That's why I'm here to tell you all about how we can be "eye superheroes" and protect our precious eyes. Being an eye superhero is so much fun and it's really easy too! Let me share some top tips with you.Tip #1: Follow the 20/20/20 RuleStaring at screens like TVs, phones, and tablets for too long can make your eyes feel tired and strained. That's why the first rule of eye superheroes is to follow the 20/20/20 rule. Every 20 minutes, you should look away from your screen and focus on something 20 feet away for 20 seconds. This gives your eyes a tiny break so they don't get overworked.Tip #2: Wear SunglassesDid you know that the bright rays from the sun can actually damage your eyes over time? That's why every eye superhero needs a trusty pair of sunglasses! When you go outside, put on your sunglasses and your eyes will be shielded from those strongUV rays. Make sure to get sunglasses that protect against both UVA and UVB rays for full super hero protection.Tip #3: Eat Your Eye SuperfoodsJust like the rest of your body, your eyes need proper nutrition to stay healthy and strong. There are lots of delicious "eye superfood" options out there that pack a punch ofeye-loving vitamins and minerals. Some of my favorites are:• Carrots (loaded with vitamin A for eye health)• Leafy greens like spinach and kale (full o f lutein and zeaxanthin)• Fish like salmon (high in omega-3 fatty acids)• Citrus fruits like oranges (vitamin C for eyes)• Eggs (zinc, vitamin E, and protein for peepers)Ask your parents to incorporate some of these superfoods into your meals and snacks. Your eyes will be energized and ready for action!Tip #4: Give Your Eyes ExerciseDid you know your eyes have their own little muscles that control how they move and focus? Just like the rest of your body,these muscles need exercise to stay strong and flexible. Eye exercises might feel a bit silly at first, but they're really good for your eyes!Here's one you can try: Hold a pencil at arm's length and focus on it. Slowly move the pencil towards your nose, keeping your eyes focused. Then move it back out to arm's length. Do this 10-15 times while breathing normally. You just worked out those awesome eye muscles!Tip #5: Take Eye BreaksIf you're spending a lot of time reading, using a computer, or doing close-up work, you need to remember to give yourhard-working eyes some breaks. The eye superhero rule is to take a 5-10 minute break every hour or so. During your break, you can look out the window at far away objects, stretch, or just close your eyes and rest them. The break will help reduce eye fatigue.Tip #6: Visit The Eye DoctorEven superheroes need a teammate sometimes! That's why every eye superhero should visit their optometrist (eye doctor) once a year for a comprehensive eye exam. The eye doctor can check if you need glasses or contacts, look for any eye issues,and give you personalized tips for keeping your eyes their healthiest.If you do need glasses or contacts, wear them! They are like night vision goggles for your eyes - helping you see more clearly so you can accomplish any mission. Plus, there are so many amazing colors and styles that glasses and contacts now come in. You can make them part of your super unique eye superhero look!Tip #7: Protect Those Peepers!Sometimes our eyes need extra protection and reinforcement, especially when we're doing activities that could potentially injure them. Any time you're playing sports, doing work with tools or chemicals, or in an environment with dust or debris, you need protective eyewear.Things like goggles, face masks, and sports masks with shields can create a forcefield around your eyes so they're 100% guarded. Don't take any chances with your irreplaceable eyes - if an activity calls for protective gear, suit up, eye superheroes!Those are just some of the tips I have for all you aspiring eye superheroes out there! By following this advice, you'll keep your eyes safe, healthy, and super-powered for many years to come.You'll be able to continue seeing all the wonder and beauty of our amazing world in crystal clear focus.Remember, we only get one pair of eyes, so we have to treat them like the precious gifts they are. Let's take care of our eyes, and they'll take care of us by allowing us to truly experience life through our own unique pair of little windows. We've got the power to protect our sight - who's ready to become an official eye superhero?!篇6My Eyes Are My TreasuresDo you know how amazing our eyes are? They are like little windows that let us see the wonderful world around us. Without our eyes, we wouldn't be able to see the pretty flowers, the smiling faces of our family, or even read the words in our favorite books. Our eyes are truly precious treasures that we need to take very good care of.My name is Emily and I'm 9 years old. I love looking at things through my eyes - the birds flying high up in the bright blue sky, the butterflies fluttering around the colorful garden, and the squirrels scampering up the tall oak trees. Everything looks soalive and vibrant when I use my eyes to explore this fascinating world we live in.But not too long ago, I started having trouble seeing things clearly. The words in my books looked blurry and gave me headaches. I couldn't make out faces from far away. That's when my mom took me to the eye doctor. He gave me a special test and discovered that I needed glasses! At first, I felt a little sad about having to wear glasses. But then the doctor explained why protecting my eyes and taking care of my vision is so important.He said our eyes are like cameras - they have lenses that focus light to create images of the world around us. But if those lenses aren't working just right, the images get blurry and out of focus, which can really strain and hurt our eyes over time. Wearing glasses with the right prescription lenses helps the light focus properly so I can see clearly without squinting or straining my eyes.Wow, I never knew how complex and incredible our eyes really are! The doctor also taught me that there are lots of other things we can do to be eye-care superheroes and protect our precious vision. Here are some of his top tips:Follow the 20-20-20 rule when using computers, tablets or phones. Every 20 minutes, look about 20 feet away for 20 seconds. This helps reduce eye strain from staring too long.Get plenty of vitamin A and lutein from foods like carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach and eggs. These nutrients nourish our eyes and can prevent eye diseases.Always wear sunglasses outdoors to shield our eyes from harmful UV rays that can cause things like cataracts and macular degeneration as we get older.Avoid rubbing our eyes, especially with dirty hands, as this can cause infections or scratches on the cornea (the clear front part of the eye).If we ever get something stuck in our eye, tell a trusted adult right away instead of trying to rub it out, which could make it worse.Never look directly at extremely bright lights like the sun, as this can damage our eyes permanently.Get regular eye exams, even if we think our vision is perfect! Eye doctors can spot potential problems early before they get worse.Following this advice is so important because our eyes play a huge role in how we experience and learn about the world. Just think of all the amazing things we use our eyes for every single day:We use our eyes to read books and discover new facts that feed our curious minds. We use our eyes to study maps and atlases to learn about distant lands. We use our eyes in science class to examine things up close under microscopes. We use our eyes on the playground to keep track of balls, jump ropes and fun games with our friends. We use our eyes to spot rainbows after a sun shower and gaze at the bright twinkling stars on a clear night. We use our eyes for absolutely everything!That's why we must be on a mission to protect our vision superpower at all costs. Our eyes work hard every day to bring the world into vivid, colorful focus so we can live life to the fullest. We owe it to our eyes to be superheroes and take the very best care of them that we can.I remember my eye doctor saying something so wise that really stuck with me. He said, "Eyes are one of the most amazing gifts we're born with. But unlike lots of other gifts that wear out over time, eyes can stay strong for a whole lifetime - if we protect and nurture them properly." How cool is that? By following hiseye care tips, I can keep my eyes healthy so they can keep seeing this beautiful world clearly for decades and decades to come.So let's all take a vow to be eye care superheroes from now until forever! Our eyes are truly priceless treasures that allow us to admire rainbows, read wonderful stories, play outdoors with friends, and experience all the magic this world has to offer. Let's work hard to protect our eyes so we never miss a bright, colorful, dazzling moment of life's brilliant journey.。
lec3 人眼视觉特性
人体眼睛结构图-眼的外部结构
人体眼睛结构图-视网膜
Image information in the eye
Retina
Light enters the retina on the side containing the optic nerves and travels through all the layer before reaching the receptors.
If the lens can not properly focus light on the retina, the image will fall either behind or in front of the retina. Can you guess what would happen if the lens is too fat?
Corneal Contact Lens
Cylinder lens
A cylinder lens (柱状透镜) is different than a spherical lens(球面透镜) which is what one normally sees in spectacles. Although a cylindrical component my be built in to that which appears spherical. As can be seen in the left diagram a cylinder lens has power only in one axis. In the left it is the horizontal axis. This lens does not refract light in the vertical direction.
EYE PROTECTION
EYE PROTECTION - SEEING IS BELIEVINGIn just the blink of an eye, an incident can injure or even blind a worker who is not wearing proper protective eyewear. The type of eye protection-safety glasses, goggles, face shields, or helmets must meet the requirements of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).Eye safety requirement signs should be posted for anyone entering a work area that requires industrial-quality eye protection. Warning signs should be placed near machines, equipment, or process areas that require specific eye protection.Eye injuries can be reduced when workers are trained to recognize the eye hazard they may encounter and to use and care for eye protection equipment properly. Workers in hazardous areas should also know what to do in case of an eye injury. In all eye injury cases, professional medical attention should be sought as soon as possible after taking initial first-aid measures. There are several causes for eye injury:∙Foreign particles such as dust, dirt, metal, wood chips, even an eyelash can cause eye damage. These get into the eye from the wind or activities like chipping, grinding, sawing, brushing, hammering, or from power tools, equipment, and machinery. Flush the object out with water. Never rub or try to remove objects embedded in the eye. This can cause further damage. Loosely bandage eyes to stop movement then seek professional care.∙Chemical splashes from solvents, paints, hot liquids, or other hazardous solutions can cause great damage. Go immediately to the nearest emergency shower or water source. Look directly into the stream of water. With fingers hold eyes open and flush eyes for at least 15 minutes.∙Light burns can be caused from exposure to welding, lasers, or other radiant light. Their effect may not be felt until hours later when the eyes begin to feel gritty and become sensitive to light, then redness or swelling may occur. Keep eyes closed while awaiting medical attention.∙Bumps and blows to the eyes can be helped if a cold compress is applied for 15 minutes to reduce pain and swelling.∙Cuts in or around the eyes should be loosely bandaged to stop any eye movement until professionally attended. Don’t rub, press, or wash the cut; this can cause further damage.Eye safety is no accident. Nothing can replace the loss of an eye. Protect your eyesight from workplace hazards by wearing and caring for appropriate, approved protective eyewear. You’ll see the difference.。
2013校园招聘笔试【英语+行测】押题卷(2)含答案解析
2013年校园招聘笔试练习题（一）第一部分：英语能力测试1、单项选择1. In China, it is a serious crime to __________ancient paintings out of the country.A. struggleB. smuggleC. subletD. withdraw2. The rich man was asked to pay a high _________ for his daughter who was taken away by criminals.A. marginB. prestigeC. ransomD. purchase3. According to the International Law, the United Nations would impose economic _________against an invading country.A. commissionsB. promotionsC. sentencesD. sanctions4. To ______ something will enable you to buy property without having the funds to pay for it at present.A. donateB. guaranteeC. mortgageD. finance5. Our university is unable to tuition fees to students who fail to complete the course.A. rescueB. recoverC. refundD. refresh6. The two presidents came to the negotiating table due to the ______ over the international boundary.A. quarrelB. disputeC. challengeD. competition7. A major concern for photographers traveling by plane is possible ______ to their film caused by X-ray machines.A. harmB. injuryC. ruinD. damage8. We must prevent that kind of disaster at all ______.A. chancesB. expensesC. costsD. risks9．The student was told to ______ for being rude to his teacher.A. excuseB. apologizeC. pardonD. forgive10. Beginning in the late 1970s, the economy of Alaska underwent a rapid change since oil was discovered and ______.A. adoptedB. utilizedC. employedD. exploited11. His wife's blood transfusion failed because her blood type was not ______ with that of the donor (供血者) .A. friendlyB. adaptableC. consistentD. compatible12. After leaving college in 1980, he was ______ a lawyer, a clerk in a bookshop, and a merchant.A. infinitelyB. continuouslyC. eternallyD. successively13. From observers' estimates of the brightness of the fireball, he _____ that the body in the space was between 40 feet and 260 feet in diameter.A. deducedB. reducedC. inducedD. produced14. As a theory, balance of power predicts the rapid changes in international power and status. For this reason, it helps to maintain the ______ of relations between states.A. reliabilityB. credibilityC. stabilityD. variability15. The state government gave a very __________ explanation of its plans for the development of electronic industry.A. comprehensiveB. comprehensibleC. comprehensionD. comprehend16. I hope you can ______ your term papers before the deadline.A. permitB. commitC. admitD. submit17. Like most foreigners, I ask a lot of questions, some of which are insultingly silly. But everyone I __________ has answered those questions with patience and honesty.A. come acrossB. come byC. come overD. come into18. There had been another prison breakout (越狱). Five men got away and are still ______.A. at randomB. at lengthC. at largeD. at stake19. But asking middle-class voters to abandon some of their benefits seems to be ______.A. beyond questionB. out of questionC. out of the questionD. without question20. Today the progress of science is so rapid that textbooks become out-of-date unless they are revised ______ of two or three years.A. for the momentB. at timesC. on scheduleD. at the intervals1--5: BCDCC 6--10: BDCBD11--15: DDACA 16--20: DACCD二、完型填空It is the firm belief of astronomers that there are living creatures on other planets. It is also their earnest wish that some day 1 may be made with such living creatures by sending messages in the form of radio signals. The 2 of communicating with people on other plan-ets may one day come 3 since radio telescopes have now been invited .Scientific project of various kinds are now being launched to 4 signals or to receive sig-nals from distant planets. The question now arises: What sort of message should be sent so that it could be understood? To send a message in any language would be impractical 5 it would certainly not be intelligible.It is the opinion of scientists that a signal in the 6 of a simple arithmetic sequence might be understood.Scientists think that pictures might also be understood, so it would be a good idea to send pictures of the people7 our planet.Pictures of domestic animals together with 8 crops we raise for our food might also be 9. Pictures of houses and buildings might convey further information about our life and society.As time goes on, TV pictures might be sent, which would further acquaint the beings on other planets 10 life and the level of civilization on our planet.1. A. connection B. touch C. contact D. relationship2. A. imagination B. dream C. nightmare D. fancy3. A. true B. untrue C. impossible D. possible4. A. send B. post C. deliver D. release5. A. then B. as C. and D. therefore6. A. kind B. type C. form D. category7. A. settling B. inhabiting C. existing D. establishing8. A. vicious B. various C. vary D. vision9. A. transformed B. transmitted C. transferred D.transplanted10. A. on B. as C. with D. aboutCBAAB CBBBC三、阅读理解Questions 1 to 4 are based on the foUowing passage:Despite a cooling of the economy, high technology companies are still crying out for skilled workers. The Information Technology Association of America projects that more than 800,000 technology jobs will go unfilled next year. The lack of qualified workers poses a huge threat to the U.S. economy.The most commonly cited reason for this state of affairs is that the countrys agrarian-age education system, separated from the needs of the business world, fails to prepare students in the primary and secondary grades for twenty-first-century work. Yet an inadequate and outmod-ed education system is only part of the problem. A less tangible but equally powerful cause is an antique classification system that divides the workforce into two camps: white-collar knowl-edge workers and blue-collar manual laborers.Blue-collar workers emerged in the United States duringthe Industrial Age as work migra-ted from farms to factories. White-collar office workers became a significant class in the twenti-eth century, outnumbering their blue-collar brethren by mid-century. But the white or blue par-adigm has clearly outlived its utility. Corporations increasingly require a new layer of knowledge worker: a highly skilled multi-disciplinarian who combines the mind of the white-collar worker with the hands of the blue-collar employee. Armed with a solid grounding in mathematics and science ( physics, chemistry, and biology), these “gold-collar” workers-so named for their contributions to their companies and to the economy, as well as for their personal earning abili-ty-apply that knowledge to technology. Of course, the gold-collar worker already exists in a wide range of jobs across a wide range of businesses: think of the maintenance technician who tests and repairs aircraft systems at American Airlines; the network administrator who manages systems and network operations at P&G; the advanced-manufacturing technician at Intel.But until American business recognizes these people as a new class of worker, one whose collar is neither blue nor white, demands that schools do a better job of preparing employees for the twenty-first-century workforce will be futile.1. According to the passage the lack of qualified workersA. makes a cooling of the economy.B. decreases the costs of high technology companies.C. emphasizes the importance of unfilled jobs.D. hinders the development of U. S. economy.2. From the second paragraph we learn thatA. the workforce classification is as serious as thereason of education system.B. twenty-first-century work are separated from the needsof the business world.C. white-collar worker is only part of the problem ofeducation system.D. blue-collar manual laborers are needed in agrarian-agedAmerica.3. It can be inferred that the gold-workers differ fromwhite collar and blue collar workers in that theyA. wear gold-collar working clothes when they are on duty.B. do better in combining their contributions and earningabilities.C. grasp the knowledge and engage in labor work as well.D. apply the arts knowledge to technology.4. The best title for the text maybeA. 800,000 Technology Jobs Unfilled.B. Gold-workers Needed.C. U.S. Economy threatened.D. Schools Fail to Train Gold-workers.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the following passage:Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of dis-crimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machines "intelligence" on the details of its own percep-tions its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychologicaldescription of the com-puter intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mind-edness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterize theoretical mathematics,though to a lesser extent.Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an ap-propriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom butonly an approximation to a some that more correct equation taking account of spin,magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects and that this corrected equation is itself only an imper-fect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at theoriginal Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disre-gard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism isforeign to the mathematical approach.Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of theapproximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined,and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians’ literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists; theoretical assumptions, that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the dangerthat they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context-what happens if the axioms are relaxed? -is thereby ignored.The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise losesall its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small agita-tions of its underlying assumptions.5. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order toA. indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a greatextent on machines.B. illustrate his views about the approach ofmathematicians to problem solving.C. compare the work of mathematicians with that ofcomputer programmers.D. provide one definition of intelligence.6. According to the passage, scientists are skepticaltoward their equations because scientistsA. work to explain real, rather than theoretical orsimplified situations.B. know that well defined problems are often the mostdifficult to solve.C. are unable to express their data in terms of multiplevariables.D. are unwilling to relax the axioms they have developed.7. According to the passage, mathematicians present adanger to scientists becauseA. Mathematicians may provide theories that areincompatible with those already devel-oped by scientists.B. Mathematicians may define situations in a way that isincomprehensible to scientists.C. Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts.D. scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.8. The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problems isA. practical for scientific purposes.B. detrimental to scientific progress.C. unimportant in most situations.D. expedient, but of little long-term value.Questions 9 to 2 are based on the following passage:At an office in Hampton, Virginia, in the east of the United States, a team of ten net-sav-vy workers scours the web for sexual content, from basic sex education to sex acts. This “quali-ty assurance” team is making sure that the blocking component of Symantecs Norton Internet Security 2000 computer program remains effective. This is because there is widespread parental concern about blocking websites with sexual content from children. Website blocking is nothing new-services like Net Nanny and programs like Cyber Patrol and Guard Dog have beenaround for a few years now, protecting children and reassuring par-ents that only wholesome websites are accessed by the youngsters. Net Nanny and Cyber Patrolwill prevent access to any questionable sites when the program is in place.Now Symantec says it has created a new category in consumer software with a package that combines website blocking with a "firewall, protecting your computer from hackers, snoopers and viruses, as well as preventing inadvertent disclosure of personal data.In short, Norton Internet Security ( NIS), as the program is called, is designed to serve as the guardian of your digital health, keeping the bad things out and the private things in.The Symantec program can be configured in many ways, -the website blocking, for exam-ple, can be set to be either selectively permissive or total in its banning of websites, or switched off entirely. Also, Symantecs list of no-go areas, which on the CD now stand at a-round36,000 addressed, is not confined to sex sites. The team in Virginia is also on the look-out for sites advocating drugs, or which contain references to violence orgambling, and keeps a watch on chat rooms, e-mail services, entertainment portals-even job search and financial pa-ges. These sites can be blocked by the program.Computer users can also refresh the address list online with the live update feature which is used by Norton Anti- Virus (which is bundled with NIS) to load the latest virus definitions.This service is free for the first year but, including virus definition updates, it costs $ US 19.95 a year thereafter.The system is not perfect, however. Limited testing found the bloc king of some “question-able” sites was not comprehensive. Trying to get access to a well-known USsite such as Play-boy results in an immediate blocking message with a standard invitation to report an “incorrectly categorized” site. By contrast, you co uld find in other countries such as New Zealand a sex site which declared itself to be "dedicated to providing sexual material, imaged, and any thing a little bit unusual for sex enthusiasts all over the country".9. We can infer from paragraph 1 thatA. the net-savvy workers are interested in searching the web for sexual contentB. this quality assurance team have difficulty in making sure that the blocking component effective for theparents requestC. the parents all over the world do not want the sexual websites to be blockedD. the parents all over the world concern that their children will be harmed by the sexual websites10. The functions of NIS is NOT toA. protect computers from virusB. protect personal data from inadvertently disclosedC. protect computers from being invaded by other personsD. forbid other people sharing your personal data11. Which is NOT included in the Symantecs list of no-go areas?A. sex sitesB. gambling sitesC. violence sitesD. shopping sites12. Which the following statement is true according to the passage?A. The program cannot only block the harmful websites computer users but also refresh the address list.B. The NIS program is free, but you should pay $19.95 per year for the virus update.C. Both the program and virus update are free.D. Computer users should pay $19.95 every year the time they begin to use the program.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the following passage:The decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime, accord-ing to Gentility Recalled, edited by Digby Anderson, which laments the breakdown of tradition-al codes that once regulated social conduct. It criticizes the fact that “manners” are scorned as repressive and outdated.The result, according to Mr. Anderson--director of the Social Affairs Unit, an independ-ent think-tank--is a society characterized by rudeness: loutish behavior on the streets, jostling in crowds, impolite shop assistants and bad-tempered drivers.Mr. Anderson says the cumulative effect of these- apparently trivial, but often offensive-is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. As they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime.The book has contributions from 12 academics indisciplines ranging from medicine to soci-ology and charts what it calls the “coarsening” of Britain. Old-fashioned terms such as “gentle-man” and “lady” have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be re-evaluated, it says. Ra-chel Trickett, honorary fellow and former principal of St. Hughs College, Oxford, says that thenotion ofa "lady" protects women rather than demeaning them. Caroline Moore, the first woman fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge, points out that “gentle-man is now used only with irony or derision. The popular view of a gentleman is poised some-where between the imbecile parasite and the villainous one: between Woostcresque chinless wonders, and those heartless capitalist toffs who are.., the stock-in- trade of television.”She argues that the concept is neither class-bound nor rigid; conventions of gentlemanly behavior enable a man to act naturally as and individual within shared assumptions while taking his place in society.For Anthony OHear, professor of philosophy at the University of Bradford, manners are closely associated with the different forms of behavior appropriate to ageand status. They curb both the impetuosity of youth and the bitterness of old age.Egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. “We have vice-chancel-lors with earrings, aristocrats as hippies.. , the trendy vicar on his motorbike.”Dr Bruce Charhon, a lecturer in public health medicine in Newcastle upon Tyne, takes is-sue with the excessive informality of relations between professionals such as doctors and bank managers, and their clients. He says this has eroded the distance and respect necessary in such relationships. For Tristam Engelhardt, professor of medicine in Houston, Texas, says manners are bound to morals.“Manners express a particular set of values,” he says. “Good manners interpret and transform social reality. They provide social orientation.”13. According to the passage, the decline of good manners is more worrying becauseA. it leads to more crime in society.B. people view manners as old-fashioned.C. rudeness on the street cannot be stemmed out.D. it can seriously affect our daily life.14. Rachel Trickett seems to indicate the term “lady”A. has acquired a different meaning.B. is too old-fashioned to use.C. is preferred by feminists.D. victimizes women insociety.15. According to Caroline Moore, the media has projected aimage of the gentle-man.A. humorousB. favorableC. negativeD. traditionalDACBB ACADD DADAC第二部分：行政能力测试第1部分言语理解与表达（共30题，参考时限25分钟）每道题包含一段话或一个句子，后面是一个不完整的陈述，要求你从四个选项中选出一个来完成陈述。
山区农村公路弯道安全评价及处治技术研究
河北工业大学学报JOURNAL OF HEBEI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY第42卷第3期V ol.42No.32013年6月June 2013文章编号：1007-2373(2013)03-0084-05山区农村公路弯道安全评价及处治技术研究王清洲1，2，丛颖利3，刘艳竹1（1.河北工业大学土木工程学院，天津300401；2.河北省土木工程技术研究中心，天津300401；3.承德冀通公路工程有限责任公司，河北承德068450）摘要针对山区农村公路路侧安全影响因素多、权重确定复杂等问题，应用层次分析法确定指标权重，建立以交通特性、道路横断面、道路平纵线形等为指标的山区农村公路弯道危险等级评价模型；引入路侧危险度，根据事故严重程度将其危险等级分为四级，依据不同路侧危险等级，充分利用山区砂石材料，确定了山区农村公路就地取材的四种路侧防护设施的设计参数及适用性，提出了适合于山区农村公路的安保方案．经工程实际应用，有效防止了山区农村公路路侧交通事故的发生．关键字农村公路；山区；路侧安全；评价；处置技术中图分类号U491.5文献标志码AResearch on the safety evaluation and treatment technology ofmountain rural highway curveWANG Qing-zhou 1，2，CONG Ying-li 3，LIU Yan-zhu 1(1.College of Civil Engineering,Hebei University of Technolo gy,Tianjin 300401,Chin a; 2.Civil En g ineering Tech no logy Research Center of Hebei Province,Tianjin 300401,China; 3.Chengde Jitong Road Engineering LTD Co,Hebei Chengde 068450,Ch ina )Abstract Considering lots of roadside safety factors and the complexity of deter mining weights,the AHP was used todetermine the index weight a nd the mountain-rural-highway-dangerous -bend-grade evaluation model was set up which included indexes such as traff ic characteristics,road cross section,road f lat-vertical linear etc..The roadside haza rd rating was introduced which was divided into four grades according to the severity of the accident.The design parameters for the four-side-protective-facilities making full use of the loc al materials in rural roa ds of mountain areas were determined and the security scheme which was suitable for the rural roads of mountain areas was proposed.Actual application shows that it has effe ctively prevented the rural roads traffic accident.Key wordsrural roads;mountain area;roadside traffic safe;risk assessment;treatme nt technology山区农村公路由于受到自然条件和地形的制约，道路技术等级低、线形条件差、坡陡弯急、视距不足、沿溪临崖路段多，行车道以外的路侧区尤其是与悬崖相邻的外侧，存在很大的安全隐患．由于资金匮乏，无法对数量庞大的农村公路危险路段及时进行改造和完善，不断攀升的交通事故，严重威胁着人们的生命财产安全．调查统计资料显示，90%以上的等外公路没有设置交通安全设施，即使在四级以上的山区农村公路中，也约有20%的公路里程上缺少安全设施．为保证山区公路行车安全，有效降低山区农村公路中路侧碰撞、翻车或车辆坠崖事故的发生，针对山区农村公路弯道路段危险性评价方法进行研究，找出不同危险等级的安全隐患，充分利用山区丰富的砂石资源，有针对性的设计低造价、高效率的山区农村公路路侧安保设施具有重要意义．1山区农村公路弯道路侧安全评价指标体系建立通过调查山区农村公路交通事故的特点以及安全影响因素，在保证安全评价体系结构稳定的前提下，确定出具有针对性的山区农村公路弯道危险等级指标体系为：3个类别，10项指标，见图1．收稿日期：5作者简介：王清洲（），男（汉族），讲师．2012-11-01979-85王清洲，等：山区农村公路弯道安全评价及处治技术研究第3期2山区农村公路路侧危险等级评价标准在充分分析历史事故资料，剖析事故原因，综合考虑山区道路要素实际情况的基础上得出每一级别的取值范围[1-2]．体系结构和分级标准见表1．引入路侧危险度，即车辆冲出路侧事故中司乘人员及车辆的伤害严重程度，作为评价路侧危险的级别，据此制定不同路段的路侧安保措施[3]．通过对山区农村公路进行实地调研，选取千余个危险路段样本，根据事故严重程度将危险等级分为4级，对应于可能事故的严重程度，进行路侧危险度划分，划分标准如表2（其中对于路侧条件介于两个等级之间的路侧条件，按可能事故严重程度高的处理）．表1山区农村公路弯道路侧危险等级评价指标体系及其等级标准Tab.1Evaluation index system and gr ade level standar ds of roadside risk rating of mountain-rural roads in curved section评价体系评价指标评价等级一级二级三级四级交通特性设计车速/(k m h 1)[20,30](30,40](40，50](50，60]交通量/(辆/日)[0,1000](1000,2000](2000,3000](3000,4000]道路横断面车道宽度/m [7.5,6.5](6.5,5.5](5.5,4](4,2.5]路侧沟深/m[0,2](2,4](4,6](6,+∞)路侧净区/m [2,0.75](0.75,0.5](0.5,0.25](0.25,0]弯道加宽/m [3,1.4](1.4,1.0](1.0,0.5](0.5,0]弯道超高/%[6,5](5,4](4,2](2,0]道路平纵线形纵坡坡度/%[0,3](3,5](5,7](7,25]平曲线半径/m[200,65](65,40](40,30](30,10]视距/m[100，35](35,30](30,25](25,5]表2山区农村公路路侧危险等级及防护原则Tab.2Roadside risk rating and protective principles of mountain-rural roads危险程度路侧条件得分防护原则一级无事故或可能导致轻微事故[80,100]选择合适的警告及防护措施，进行一般性防护二级可导致一般事故，损失较小[60,80)三级可导致重大或特大事故，且伤亡损失较大[40,60）采用针对性、综合性、安全性更高的防护措施，需要重点防护四级可导致重大、特大事故，二次伤害及伤亡严重[0,40)3基于层次分析法的指标权重确定按照人的同时比较判断能力最多为9个因素，而两两比较重要程度是完全胜任的．因此，在个目标（因素）中，每次对2个因素进行比较，两两比较重要程度取值见表3．根据所建立的弯道危险等级评价指标体系，对准则层内的3个指标各自的子指标分别进行比较[4]，得到判断矩阵如表4、表5．用几何平均法（根法）确定权重，首先计算判断矩阵各行路侧安全评价体系交通特性1道路横断面2道路平纵线形3设计车速11交通量12车道宽度21边沟深度22路侧净区23弯道加宽24弯道超高25纵坡坡度31平曲线半径32视距33图1弯道评价指标体系结构图Fig.1Ev aluation index s y stem structure of curved sectio n表3两两比较重要程度取值Tab.3Importance of the values of pairwise comparison取值指标比指标9极为重要7重要的多5重要3稍重要一样重要、、6、介于两相邻重要程度之间124886河北工业大学学报第42卷各个元素的乘积；再求1/n次幂，即：==1，=1,2,,(1)对向量进行归一化处理，即得判断矩阵的特征向量：==1，=1=1(2)检验成对比较矩阵一致性的步骤如下：计算衡量一个成对比矩阵（>1阶方阵）不一致程度的指标：=max1(3)其中m a x是矩阵的最大特征值：max==1=1(4)以上求得的特征向量即为所要求的权值，这个权值是否合理还要通过检验，检验公式如下：=(5)其中：称为判断矩阵的随机一致性比率，称为判断矩阵的随机一致性指标．当<0.1时，判定成对比较阵具有满意的一致性，或其不一致程度是可以接受的；否则就调整成对比较矩阵，直到达到满意的一致性为止[5]．下面以农村公路弯道危险等级评价体系准则层交通特性、道路横断面、道路纵断面这3个指标为例说明山区农村公路弯道路段权重的确定．首先，构造判断矩阵：11/31/231221/21其次，用几何平均法确定权重，计算得到1=31/6=0.55032=36=1.81713=31=1归一化处理得到1=1=13=0.55033.3674=0.16342=2=13=1.81713.3674=0.53963=3=13=13.3674=0.2970再次，计算不一致程度的指标，其中表4弯道指标层各判断矩阵Tab.4Judgme nt matrixes of indicator layer of curved section车速交通量车速12交通量1/21车道宽度路侧沟深路侧净区弯道加宽弯道超高车道宽度11/3222路侧沟深21333路侧净区1/21/3111弯道加宽1/21/3111弯道超高1/21/3111纵坡坡度平曲线半径视距纵坡坡度11/22平曲线半径213视距1/21/31表5弯道准则层判断矩阵Tab.5Judgme nt matrix of criteriala yer of curved section交通特性道路横断面道路纵断面交通特性11/31/2道路横断面312道路纵断面21/21表6山区农村公路弯道路段指标权重Tab.6Index weights of curved section of mountain-rural roads准则层指标层权重交通特性设计车速0.66670.1634交通量0.3333道路横断面车道宽度0.21990.5396路侧沟深0.4013路侧净区0.1263弯道加宽0.1263弯道超高0.1263道路平纵线形纵坡坡度0.2970平曲线半径536视距630.29700.90.1487王清洲，等：山区农村公路弯道安全评价及处治技术研究第3期max==1=1=111+122+1331+211+222+2332+311+322+3333=3.010得到=max1=3.0100331=0.005查表得=0.5149，因此==0.0050.5149=0.0086<0.1．这说明该矩阵不是一致阵，但具有满意的一致性，其不一致程度是可接受的．最终确定3个一级指标的权重向量为W 1=0.1634,0.5396,0.2970)，交通特性、道路横断面、道路纵断面这3个指标的权值分别为0.1634、0.5396、0.2970．据此求出10个二级指标对应一级指标的的权重向量见表6．4山区农村公路路侧安全处治技术4.1山区农村公路路侧安全处治技术针对山区农村公路存在交通安全隐患多，发生交通事故烈度大，安保工程改造点多量大，改造资金有限，改造技术单一的特点，结合当地路侧条件和车辆运行特性，充分利用山区砂石材料，就地取材，进行路侧安全设施设计，以减少农村公路事故发生率和事故损伤程度，达到低造价、高效率的目的[6]．表7列出了山区农村公路就地取材的几种路侧防护设施的设计参数．表7山区农村公路不同形式的路侧安全设施参数表Tab.7Parameters of different roadside safety facilities of mountain-rural roads路侧处治技术结构形式适用范围及注意事项标志、标线设置道路交通标线与视线诱导标志，路面减速带1）直接应用于危险等级一级；2）作为安保辅助技术，应用于危险等级二级、三级、四级的农村公路．警示桩1）标准型警示桩20cm ×20cm 方形，高130cm ，地下埋深50cm ；2）加强型警示桩地上为20cm ×20cm 方形，高80cm ，地下部分截面为40cm ×40cm 方形，埋深50cm ．1）危险等级一级或二级的农村公路；2）标准型警示桩可直接埋设，当土路肩未硬化或小半径弯道路段时，选用加强型警示桩；3）表面涂红白相间的油漆，顶层条纹涂刷反光漆或粘贴反光膜．堆土防护截面形式为直角梯形，下底宽3.5m ，高1.5m ，按照1∶1.5放坡1）危险等级二级或三级的农村公路；2）适宜路侧净距在4m 以上的弯道路段，堆土材料就地取材，分层夯实，两侧和背部放置沙袋．防护墩1）尺寸为50cm ×50cm方形和50cm 圆形，高130cm ，地上高80cm ，地下埋深50cm ；2）条形防护墩长×宽×高：200cm ×50cm ×130cm1）危险等级二级或三级或四级的农村公路；2）行车方向与路线夹角：小于20°采用方形或圆形防护墩，20~40°时，方形或圆形、条形防护墩；40~60°夹角时，条形防护墩；3）表面涂红白相间反光漆或粘贴反光膜．防护墙连续墙防护，宽×高：50cm ×130cm1）危险等级三级或四级的农村公路；2）行车方向大于60°，采用连续墙防护；3）表面涂红白相间反光漆或贴反光膜4.2实例应用在承德市山区农村公路中选择4处不同危险路段进行交通危险等级评价，并选用路侧安保处置技术对危险路段进行防护．所选道路的实测技术指标见表8．采用内插法对各评价指标赋值，应用层次分析法对承德山区农村公路危险路段危险等级进行评价，评价结果见表9．根据评价结果以及不同路侧安保处治技术适用性，不同危险路段处置措施见表9．经现场比对，应用层次分析法评价模型计算所得危险等级和实际情况基本相符，说明该方法切实可行．结合农村公路改造工程，按照表9中设计的安保设施对上述危险路段实施了改造，已经在实际中为避免交通事故的发生起到了积极作用．88河北工业大学学报第42卷表8山区弯道路段路况实测技术指标Tab.8The measured road condition specifications of curved section of mountain-rural road评价指标现状指标值板凳梁K84+950下西沟K16+600上虎线K3+650步滦线K86+570交通特性设计车速/(km h 1)30303030交通量/(辆/日)1052132415001458道路横断面车道宽度/m 6.5655路侧沟深/m24 5.710路侧净区/m 1.251 1.31弯道加宽/m 20.400弯道超高/%0.40.300道路平纵线形纵坡坡度/%24 6.38平曲线半径/m68453224视距/m363228185结论1）在山区农村公路交通事故调查资料的基础上，建立了交通特性、道路横断面、道路平纵线形3个类别，10项指标的山区农村公路危险等级评价体系，应用层次分析法确定指标权重，实现了山区农村公路路侧安全等级评价．2）依据山区农村公路路侧不同危险等级，充分利用山区砂石材料，确定了山区农村公路就地取材的警示桩、堆土防护、防护墩、防护墙4种路侧防护设施的设计参数及适用性，提出了适合于山区农村公路的安保方案．3）选择四段山区农村公路危险路段通过实测道路技术指标，采用评价模型进行安全等级评价，按照设计的路侧防护设施，对危险路段实施改造，确保了道路使用者的人身安全．参考文献：[1]魏连雨，张洋．集对分析在山区农村公路路侧危险等级评价中的应用[J ]．中国安全科学学报，2011，21（9）：9-15．[2]朱汉容，许华东．山区农村公路安全保障工程对策研究[J ]．公路，2012（2）：112-117．[3]张铁军，唐铮铮．山区双车道公路事故预测模型路侧危险度事故修正系数研究[J ]．公路，2007（9）：116-121．[4]许洪国，刘兆惠，王超，等．基于模糊统计的山区公路安全评价研究[J ]．中国安全科学学报，2006，16（10）：116-119．[5]苏澎，唐伯明，刘唐志．山区农村公路交通安全评价方法研究[J ]．中外公路，2010，30（5）：320-324．[6]李峻利，过秀成．交通工程设施设计[M ]．北京：人民交通出版社，2006．[责任编辑杨屹]表9评价结果及处治措施T ab.9Evaluation results and treatment measures桩号评价得分危险等级处治措施板凳梁K84+95080.6一级设置加强型警示桩，间距4m设置道路交通标线下西沟K16+60063.6二级设置加强型警示桩，间距3.5m 设置道路交通标线、路面减速带上虎线K3+65045.6三级设置条形防护墩，间距2m设置视线诱导标志步滦线K86+57032.3四级设置连续墙防护设置交通标线、设置视线诱导标志。
关爱眼睛保护视力作文英语
关爱眼睛保护视力作文英语Eye Care for Vision Protection.The precious gift of sight allows us to navigate the world, appreciate its beauty, and connect with others. However, our eyes are vulnerable to various factors that can compromise their health and well-being. Maintaining optimal eye care practices is paramount for preserving our vision and safeguarding the window to our world.Digital Eye Strain: A Modern Menace.The proliferation of digital devices has introduced a new challenge for eye health: digital eye strain, also known as computer vision syndrome. Prolonged exposure to screens emits blue light, which can cause eye fatigue, dryness, and irritation. Limiting screen time, using blue light filters, and maintaining an adequate viewing distance can mitigate these effects.Sunlight Sensitivity and UV Protection.Sunlight is essential for overall health, but its ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage the eyes. Overexposure to UV rays can lead to conditions such as cataracts, macular degeneration, and even skin cancer around the eyelids. Wearing sunglasses with 100% UV protection is crucial when exposed to sunlight, especially during peak hours.Proper Diet and Hydration.A balanced diet rich in vitamins and minerals is vital for eye health. Vitamin A, found in leafy green vegetables, carrots, and sweet potatoes, plays a significant role in maintaining healthy vision. Vitamin C, present in citrus fruits, supports the production of collagen, which is essential for the structure of the cornea. Adequate hydration helps lubricate the eyes and prevents dryness.Regular Eye Examinations.Regular eye examinations are essential for early detection and treatment of eye diseases. Comprehensive eye exams can identify refractive errors, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism, and prescribe corrective lenses or surgery if necessary. They also screen for serious conditions like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration, allowing for timely intervention.Lifestyle Choices for Eye Health.Smoking poses a significant threat to eye health. Nicotine narrows blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the eyes and increasing the risk of developing age-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases. Quitting smoking or avoiding it altogether is crucial formaintaining eye health.Regular exercise promotes overall well-being and supports eye health. Physical activity increases blood flow to the eyes, delivering essential nutrients and oxygen. It also reduces the risk of developing diabetes, which can damage the blood vessels in the eyes.Prevention and Protection.Protecting our eyes from injuries is equally important. Wearing protective eyewear during sports or hazardous activities minimizes the risk of eye damage. Avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes with unwashed hands reduces the chances of infection.Conclusion.Eyesight is a precious gift that empowers us to perceive the beauty and wonder of the world around us. Eye care is not merely a matter of vision correction but a commitment to preserving the health and integrity of our eyes. By following these eye care practices, we can protect our vision, safeguard our health, and enjoy a lifetime of clear and vibrant sight.。
英语作文关于保护眼
英语作文关于保护眼Title: Importance of Protecting Your Eyes。
In today's fast-paced world, our eyes are constantly bombarded with digital screens, artificial lighting, and environmental pollutants. As a result, eye health has become a growing concern. It is crucial to prioritize the protection of our eyes to maintain good vision and overall well-being.First and foremost, protecting our eyes helps prevent various eye conditions and diseases. Prolonged exposure to digital screens, such as those of computers, smartphones, and televisions, can lead to digital eye strain, also known as computer vision syndrome. Symptoms include dry eyes, headaches, blurred vision, and neck and shoulder pain. By taking preventive measures, such as using blue lightfilters on screens, taking regular breaks, and maintaining proper posture, we can reduce the risk of developing these symptoms.Furthermore, protecting our eyes from harmfulultraviolet (UV) rays is essential. UV exposure is not only detrimental to the skin but also to the eyes. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can increase the risk of cataracts, macular degeneration, and other eye conditions. Wearing sunglasses that provide UV protection when outdoors, especially during peak sunlight hours, is crucial for safeguarding our eyes against UV damage.Another aspect of eye protection is maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Proper nutrition plays a significantrole in eye health. Consuming foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, can help preventage-related macular degeneration and other eye diseases. Additionally, staying hydrated is essential for maintaining moisture in the eyes and preventing dryness.In addition to external factors, it is essential to be mindful of eye safety in various environments. Whether at work, playing sports, or engaging in recreational activities, wearing appropriate eye protection can preventinjuries. Safety glasses, goggles, or face shields should be worn to shield the eyes from flying debris, chemicals, or other hazards.Moreover, practicing good eye hygiene is vital for preventing infections and maintaining eye health. Washing hands regularly, avoiding touching or rubbing the eyes, and replacing contact lenses as recommended by an eye care professional can help prevent the spread of bacteria and reduce the risk of eye infections.In conclusion, protecting our eyes is paramount for maintaining good vision and overall eye health. By adopting preventive measures, such as reducing screen time, wearing sunglasses, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, using proper eye protection, and practicing good eye hygiene, we can preserve our vision and enjoy optimal eye health for years to come. Remember, our eyes are precious, and it is our responsibility to take care of them.。
如何预防视力衰退英语作文
如何预防视力衰退英语作文Title: Preventing Vision Decline。
In today's digital age, with screens dominating our daily lives, maintaining good vision health has become increasingly important. However, many people experience vision decline due to various factors such as excessive screen time, poor lifestyle habits, and genetic predisposition. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt preventive measures to safeguard our eyesight. In this essay, we will explore effective strategies to prevent vision decline.First and foremost, limiting screen time is essential. Prolonged exposure to screens, be it from computers, smartphones, or televisions, can strain our eyes and contribute to vision deterioration. Therefore, it is advisable to follow the 20-20-20 rule: every 20 minutes, take a 20-second break, and look at something 20 feet away. This practice helps reduce eye strain and prevents fatigue,thus preserving our vision in the long term.Furthermore, maintaining a balanced diet plays a significant role in eye health. Foods rich in vitamins A, C, and E, as well as omega-3 fatty acids, are beneficial for maintaining good vision. Incorporating leafy greens,colorful fruits, fish, nuts, and seeds into our diet can provide essential nutrients that support eye function and protect against age-related vision problems such as macular degeneration and cataracts.Moreover, regular eye exams are crucial for early detection and treatment of vision problems. Even if you believe your vision is satisfactory, scheduling comprehensive eye examinations with an optometrist or ophthalmologist at least once a year is recommended. These professionals can assess your visual acuity, screen for eye diseases, and prescribe corrective measures if necessary, helping to maintain optimal eye health.Additionally, practicing good eye habits in our daily activities is essential. This includes ensuring adequatelighting when reading or working, maintaining proper posture to prevent neck and shoulder strain, and using protective eyewear when engaging in activities that pose potential eye hazards, such as sports or construction work. Simple habits like blinking frequently and adjusting screen brightness can also alleviate eye strain and promoteoverall eye comfort.Furthermore, getting adequate sleep is crucial for eye health. During sleep, our eyes rest and replenish, allowing them to recover from daily strain and maintain optimal function. Therefore, aim for seven to eight hours ofquality sleep each night to support overall well-being, including eye health.Moreover, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol consumption can help protect our eyesight. Smoking is linked to an increased risk of developing age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and optic nerve damage, while excessive alcohol consumption can impair vision and lead to other health complications. Therefore, quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake can significantlybenefit eye health.In conclusion, vision decline is a common concern in today's society, but it is not inevitable. By implementing preventive measures such as limiting screen time, maintaining a balanced diet, scheduling regular eye exams, practicing good eye habits, getting adequate sleep, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption, we can preserve our vision and enjoy optimal eye health for years to come. Remember, taking care of our eyes today ensures a clearer and brighter tomorrow.。
Laser Eyewear Final 04282013
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Allows the wearer to see the spot from the beam 让佩戴者可以看得到光束的 斑点
Laser filters for adjustment work (visible range 400 – 700nm) （可视范 围400 - 700纳米）
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Reduces the irradiance of the laser beam to below the Class 2 limit; for which the eye‘s blink reflex affords sufficient protection. (i.e. 1 mW for CW lasers) 降低并限制激光束的辐照度在2类下（即连续波激 光在1毫瓦）眼睛的眨眼反射作用提供足够的保护。
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APPLE CONFIDENTIAL. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE.
Laser Safety Eyewear 选用激光防护镜
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Two important requirements 两个主要的要 求 : Wavelength 所需要过滤的激光波长 Appropriate Optical Density (OD) 适当 的光学密度(OD) Example 例如:
Remember eyewear does not substitute and replace engineering control (protective housing, interlock, etc. )-to control our exposure 记住眼镜并不能取代和替代工程控制（保护围封，联锁等）来控制我们的风险。
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APPLE CONFIDENTIAL. DO NOT DISTRIBUTE.
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Received 10 June 2013; Accepted 5 August 2013
Academic Editors: M. Nakazawa and Y. F. Shih
The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether lens injury is also sufficient to protect photoreceptors from degeneration. As a model, we chose the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat, which is a commonly used model of retinal degeneration, in particular retinitis pigmentosa. The cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) are not capable of phagocytosing photoreceptor outer segments due to a mutation in the Mertk gene. This leads to a gradual degeneration of the photoreceptors starting at the time point of eye opening (i.e., approximately at P20) and being completed at the age of 3 months [13, 14]. Mutations in the Mertk gene have also been discovered in retinitis pigmentosa patients [15, 16]. Our results demonstrate that lens injury induces an upregulation of CNTF in retinal astrocytes and Mu¨ller cells.
Periphery
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Lens injury
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals. The RCS rats were bred in our animal facility. They received food and water ad libitum and were kept at dimmed light in a 12 hours/12 hours light/dark cycle. All experimental procedures conducted on the animals were carried out in accordance with the ARVO statement for Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research.
1. Introduction
It has recently been shown that lens injury or intravitreal applications of lens-derived ������/������-crystallins potently protect axotomised retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from cell death and stimulate axon regeneration in the injured optic nerve [1–5]. All treatments induce an activation of retinal astrocytes and Mu¨ller cells, which subsequently upregulate and release the cytokines ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) [6–10]. The strong neuroprotective effects of lens injury are completely absent in CNTF/LIF double knockout mice, demonstrating that both cytokines act as essential key mediators [9, 11]. Similar to these factors, interleukin 6 also promotes neuroprotection [1gy
Moreover, it reduced the cell death of photoreceptors and was correlated with a rescue of retinal function, which was evaluated by electroretinography (ERG).
Lens injury induced activation of retinal glia, and subsequent release of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) potently protect axotomised retinal ganglion cells from apoptosis and promotes axon regeneration in the injured optic nerve. The goal of the current study was to investigate if similar effects may also be applicable to rescue photoreceptors from degeneration in a model of retinitis pigmentosa. Lens injury was performed in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats at the age of one month. The survival of photoreceptors was evaluated histologically, and retinal function was analysed by electroretinography (ERG). Expression of CNTF was also analysed. Lens injury significantly enhanced the survival of photoreceptors 1 month after surgery compared to untreated controls, which was associated with an enhanced ERG response. In addition, lens injury significantly protected photoreceptors from degeneration in the contralateral eye, although to a much lesser extent. We could show that lens injury is sufficient to transiently delay the degeneration of photoreceptors in the RCS rat. The observed neuroprotective effects may be at least partially mediated by an upregulation of CNTF expression seen after lens injury.
Peter Heiduschka,1,2 Daniel Renninger,2 Dietmar Fischer,3,4 Adrienne Müller,4 Sabine Hofmeister,2 and Ulrich Schraermeyer2
1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mu¨nster Medical School, Domagkstraße 15, 48149 Mu¨nster, Germany 2 Centre for Ophthalmology, Experimental Vitreoretinal Surgery, Schleichstraße 12/1, 72076 Tu¨bingen, Germany 3 Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University, Life Science Centre, Merowingerplatz 1a, D-40225 Du¨sseldorf, Germany 4 Experimental Neurology, University Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
Hindawi Publishing Corporation ISRN Ophthalmology Volume 2013, Article ID 814814, 7 pages /10.1155/2013/814814
Research Article
Lens Injury Has a Protective Effect on Photoreceptors in the RCS Rat