ChapterThree(1)
英语:Chapter 3《Troubles》课件(1)(牛津深圳版七年级上)
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C1: Find the words and choose the best meanings:
C Find the meanings
1 arguing a speaking noisily and angrily b hating someone 2 held out a took out b got out 3 aboard a onto a ship or boat b onto a piece of wood 4 to report a to give information about sth. b to do sth. important 5 a theft a the crime of taking someone away b the crime of stealing sth.
A
Dear Kurt exciting thing happened to us. My father Yesterday, an (1)_______ ferry and I waited for the (2)_____. Two women tourists and a arguing man began (3)______. One woman told my (4)_______ that three men (5)_____ her (6)______. Twopurse of the men (7) father stole ____ away. The woman and her friend (8)_______ the ran followed other man onto the ferry. My father and I did not get on the ferry. He hurried to an ice cream shop and quickly phoned the (9)_______. police He asked them to (10)_____ meet the ferry when it arrived. We went across the river on the (11)_____ next ferry. The police got there in time! The man was in(12)_________. handcuffs my father helped those women. He was really great. Write and tell me your news, Kurt. Best wishes Paul
Chapter three.认识
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Chapter three.认识“嘿少年你还好吗?”少女伸出手在唐晓翼面前晃了晃。
“嗯……好个鬼啊!你到底是谁干嘛莫名其妙找上我?!”唐晓翼终于回过神来,厉声叱问。
“凉沫悠。
”少女嘴角一勾,笑容好似乌云破晓。
“……我没有在问你名字啊怎么会有这种人,真的是我行我素。
”唐晓翼扶额。
“诶一般这个时候不应该伸手介绍自己的么?”凉沫悠疑惑地歪头。
唐晓翼略显无奈地轻叹了口气,伸出手,一字一顿:“唐晓翼,唐家,隶属烈焰神殿。
”凉沫悠脸上终于浮现出名为惊讶的表情:“唐老头子走狗屎运了啊孙子那么漂亮。
”唐晓翼感觉太一陽一穴一狠狠地跳了几下。
——唐战,烈焰神殿殿主,唐家之主,隶属诸神之殿。
“你哪里的,我可没听说过有姓凉这一家的。
”唐晓翼问。
若是有的话,凭这个实力,绝对可以称霸全大一陆。
“你猜!”凉沫悠丝毫不正经。
“猜你个大头鬼我没你那么无聊!”某唐炸一毛一。
“噫棕一毛一好凶啊居然吼人家,连小尘尘都不敢在他自己的地盘上凶本大人你造吗。
”凉沫悠泪眼盈盈,一副受委屈的样子。
——雪丹尘,原风雪神殿殿主,隶属诸神之殿。
“我不想变成傻一逼一请远离我谢谢。
”唐晓翼好不容易从牙缝里挤出几个字。
“诶诶棕一毛一你不要这么冷淡嘛,话说你叫啥?”某悠叽叽喳喳。
“……你是失忆还是智障?”“啧啧唐家人都改不了毒舌这一特点么,你爷爷和老爸也这样,好讨厌。
”唐晓翼转身就走。
“噫棕一毛一你走那么快干嘛?你不把那头狼的什么东西带回去一交一差拿钱?”凉沫悠一顿,迈开大长一腿跟上去。
“你杀的又不是我杀的。
而且要不是你的话说不定我就死了。
”后一句很小声,在喧嚣的冷风中几乎听不见。
“哎?”凉沫悠反应迟钝。
“……没什么,就是……谢了。
”唐晓翼偏过头,十分别扭地说道。
凉沫悠的目光呆滞了一会,下一秒就变成了一个很猥琐的笑容:“哎哟喂你个毒舌棕一毛一竟然会道谢真是百年一遇!哈真不愧本大人活了那么久真的是赚到了~!”“哪里来的滚回哪里去!”“噫棕一毛一不要这样子嘛!来来来我们来谈论一下理想这玩意儿!棕一毛一你的理想是啥看看本大人能不能帮助你实现愿望!”某悠叽叽歪歪。
景区开发与管理英文版Chapter 3(1)
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Brand extension
9. Packaging
1
2
3
4
Providing information and signposting to help visitors find the Attraction.
Attractive entrances to attract passing trade
8. Branding
Kotler defines a brand as ‘a name, sign, symbol, or design or combination of them intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors’. But branding is weaker in attraction sector because: 1
Explore three levels of product Attraction and the product life cycle
Trends in attraction product
1. What is product
Product
A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption that might satisfy a want or need. It includes phsical objects, services, persons, • The product/service mix is the combination of products and services, aimed at Product -- expanding • Product/service mix
语言学教程第三章练习1
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语⾔学教程第三章练习1Chapter 3 LexiconI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD. addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD. blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD. acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. AllomorphII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An initialism is pronounced letter by letter, while an acronym is pronounced as a word22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with vocabulary.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: solid, hyphenated and open24. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to close class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to open class.26. Back-formation is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27.Conversion is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the morpheme level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a derivative, and a word formed by compounding is called a compound.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: affix and bound root.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31. Blending32. Allomorph33. Closed-class word34. Morphological rule31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective. V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they?36.What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN III II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculation。
Chapter One—Chapter Three
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Chapter One—Chapter Three hapter ne—hapter Three【本讲教育信息】一教学内容:Revisin: Fr hapter ne t hapter Three二重难点词汇:1 be een n 喜爱=lie ding stheg: He is een n plaing ftball =He lie plaing ftball2 be siilar t 与……相似,其反义词:be different fr 与……不同eg: T is siilar t ther students3 be respnsible fr 对……负责eg: The an is respnsible fr sales4 fail an exa 考试不及格,与fail有关的词组有:fail t d sth =fail in ding sth 做某事失败ntinue ding sth 继续做某事=g n ding sth6 shut at 对着……喊(不友善的)shut t 对……大喊(没有不友好的)7 stare at 盯着看:l at sth ith interest8 steal sth fr sb 从某人那里偷到什么,容易与它混淆的:rb sb f sth 从某人那里抢什么东西。
rb (v )抢劫--- rbber (n )抢劫犯---rbber (n )抢劫案9 be afraid f sth 害怕……与此相关的词组:be afraid f ding sth 害怕做某事be afraid t d sth 担心做某事这两个词组有时可以相等,但是有时不能替换。
eg: I a afraid f ging ut at night 不能说成I a afraid t g ut at night 10 hpe t d sth 希望做某事hpe+that 从句eg: I hpe u ill rite t e sn注意:绝对不能用hpe sb t d sth希望某人做某事可以说成:expet sb t d sth三重点句子:1 I a abut five feet tall 我大概有五英尺高。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter Three- Idiom Translation
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Idiom Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
Chapter Three
Translate another group of sentences to check your progress.
1.They offered me a good job at that company but I hear that the boss is as hard as nails: one little mistake and you're out on the street the next day looking for a new job。 [译文]:他们向我提供那家公司的一个很好的职位,但是我听说他们的老板是个 很难相处的人:只要你犯一个小错,他马上把你一脚踢出公司大门,让你另谋 生路。
Idiom Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
Listen to Doctor Translator
Chapter Three
1. The crafty enemy was ready to launch an attack while holding out the olive branch.
[译文]:那个年轻人对警察说他与这宗盗窃案无关,但警察看了他的汽车行李箱, 将其人赃并获。
[点评]:“caught red-handed ”原指手上沾满鲜血的杀人犯被逮个现行。在例句 中
译为“人赃并获”,也指犯有任何罪行者当场被捉。
4. Better get a hair cut before you go to that job interview tomorrow. You want to put a best foot forward because there are twenty other people after the same job.
朗文5A Chapter 3复习提要
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朗文5AChapterThree学习提要亲爱的同学们,学习了这个章节后,若你“消化”了下面的精神食粮,多么高大上啊~~快来检测吧PartAandBNewwordsandphrases(要求:知道中文意思,会读,会拼写。
)haveacough得了咳嗽haveastomachache肚子痛haveabrokenarm胳膊折了haveatoothache得了牙痛haveasorethroat患嗓子痛haveafever得了发烧haveaheadache患了头痛attheclinic在诊所Sentences(要求:会读,知道其中文意思,会拼,会写,会运用。
)当人们生病时,通常会去hospitalorclinic,那么这个时候朋友、家人或医护人员会怎么询问病情呢?请看示例:--What’sthematterwithyou?--Ihaveastomachache/acough/abrokenarm/acold/atoothache/asorethroat/afever/a headache.那么下面这个表达中为什么用冠词an呢?Ihaveanearache.哦,原来是earache在作怪呢,它是元音开头,所以用an吖。
PartCandDRecitePartC(头脑敏捷的你,快快挑战这个记忆力大考验吧~~熟练背诵C部分吖。
)Newwordsandphrases(四会)cheerful快乐的,高兴的broken坏的makesb.do让某人做。
feelbetter感觉更好feelunwell感觉不舒服atleast至少onceaweek一周一次 tellsb.ajoke给某人说笑话feelapain感觉疼痛seetwoofeverything看到所有东西都是两个asksb.todosth.让某人做什么theChengs程夫妇/一家人getapaininone’shead得了头痛takethespoonout拿出勺子liketalkingtosb.喜欢与某人交谈funnyjokes有趣的笑话Sentences(要求:知道中文意思,会读,会拼写,会运用。
Chapter 3对外直接投资理论
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内部化理论(一) (Internalization Theory)
理论背景:Buckley&Casson,1976 理论建立基础:中间产品市场不完全 理论主要内容:要克服市场的不完全所造成 的问题,最好的办法就是实行市场内部化, 即通过直接投资建立多家子公司,把市场建 立在公司内部,以内部市场取代外部市场, 通过公司内部子公司之间的贸易来协调国际 分工,从而保证企业最佳的经济效益,当这 种内部市场的范围超出he Eclectic Theory of International Production) 理论认为:企业对外直接投资的产生是 企业优势、内部化优势和区位优势三大 因素综合作用的结果。用公式表示为: 国际直接投资 =所有权优势(O)+内部化优 势(I)+区位优势(L)
技术地方化理论(二)
理论评价:同威尔斯的小规模技术理论 相比,拉奥的技术地方化理论对发展中 国家对外投资的解释更前进了一步。威 尔斯对发展中国家跨国公司的解释,实 际上是一种技术被动论;而拉奥则更强 调企业技术引进的再生过程,即发展中 国家跨国公司不是在技术变动过程中进 行简单模仿和复制,而同样具有主动性 技术创新,正是这种创新活动给跨国公 司带来竞争优势。
解释了3W问题
企业优势(Ownership Advantage) What ?企业在国外市场进行生产经营活动,必然承担额外 的费用和风险。所以必须拥有当地企业所不具备的优 势。 内部化优势(Internalization Advantage) Why?企业为了避免市场不完全带来的影响而把企业的优 势保持在企业内部,从而实现企业或公司的全球战略。 区位优势(Location Advantage) Where?不同国家和地区在诸多方面存在差异,投资不同 的地区会带来不同的效果,企业只有投资到能产生区 位优势的地区才能产生好的收益。
翻译常用方法,2010.11,Chapter 3,
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2) For the international community, the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown rapidly to be the world’s sixth largest economy, and is set to grow further. 对国际社会来说,这些变化带来的最引人注 目的结果是中国已跃居为世界第六经济大国, 而且今后注定进一步发展。
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❖ Free translation, also known as sense-forsense translation, emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of sense-for-sense translation is to accommodate the needs of the target language reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture and which does not therefore sound “foreign” (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997: 151).
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e.g. 1) The rewards for the Chinese people are clear, most visibly in the dynamism and prosperity of Beijing and the coastal cities. 中国人民获得的实惠显而易见,北京和 沿海城市的勃勃生机和繁荣兴旺就是最 明显的见证。
3.chapter three
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Equivalents interwoven with one another
• Say ( 说 ) , speak ( 讲 ) , talk ( 谈 ) , tell (诉) • He speaks English. 说,讲 English. • He is telling a lie. 说 lie. • He says he is busy. 说,告诉 busy. • I’m unable to express myself clearly. clearly. 说不清 • It must not be mentioned. 这可说不 mentioned. 得 • Be reasonable! 别胡说八道
One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning
• • • • • • • The typical examples: wife: 妻子,爱人,老婆,媳妇,内人…… 妻子,爱人,老婆,媳妇,内人…… tomato: 西红柿,番茄…… 西红柿,番茄…… potato: 马铃薯,洋芋,土豆,山药蛋…… 马铃薯,洋芋,土豆,山药蛋……
II. Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word
• 1. Judging from the word formation • 2. Judging from the context and collocation • 3. Judging from the referential context • 4.Judging from different branches 4.Judging of learning and specialties
chapter3(第一课)
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Lesson 5 General Enquiry & Reply 1
Specimen Letter 1 An Enquiry for Sports Shoes
Lesson 5 General Enquiry & Reply 1
At present, we are particularly interested in sports shoes. We would appreciate it if you could send us your 2015 catalogue of sports shoes in various colors, sizes and styles. Please advise us the details of your terms of payment and any special discount you are offering. And also we shall be grateful if you would send us some sample cuttings of the vamp material for our reference.
Introduction and Writing Skill
3. Indicate terms of payment, shipment, packing, quantity ,etc. Example: Terms of payment: L/C at sight.
Shipment: During September and October. 4. State validity of the offer. Example: This offer is valid for a week from today.
chapter的相关用法
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chapter的相关用法chapter是一个英语单词,意思是章节、篇章。
在某些特定的语境下,它还有转折、起点、阶段等意思。
下面将详细介绍其用法和例句。
一、作为章节、篇章的含义作为单词的直接含义就是指书籍或文章中的一部分,如第一章、第二章、第三章等等。
通常,这些章节是按照一定的逻辑顺序连接在一起的,形成一个完整的整体。
例如:1. This book has seven chapters, and each chapter is an interesting story in itself.这本书有七个章节,每个章节都是一个有趣的故事。
2. The movie was divided into three chapters, and each chapter hada different plot and theme.这部电影被分成了三个章节,每个章节都有不同的情节和主题。
二、作为转折、起点、阶段的含义除了作为章节的含义外,chapter还可以表示转折、起点或阶段。
通常与关键词如“but”、“however”等一起使用,表示事情发展的转折点或重要阶段。
例如:1. After years of hard work, we finally reached a breakthrough in our research. This is a new chapter for our company.经过多年的努力,我们终于在研究中取得了突破性进展,这是我们公司的新起点。
2. Although they had a rough start in life, these children have grown up to become successful and contributing members of society. This is a great chapter in their story.尽管这些孩子在生活方面遇到了挫折,但他们现在已经长大成人,成为成功和有贡献的社会成员。
Chapter Three
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@
•
J _________________ W built PCs in gar. &
• 1976 W& J started Apple Comp.
• 1977 Apple →success
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_____________ mass prod PC 1st
•
Jobs 25= millionaire
SECOND LISTENING
PC b. & Steve Jobs
• 1955 Jobs_________ in CA—Silicon V.
b.
• 1969 J met S. Wozniak—built elec equip
• 1975 Woz. Designed 1st _________ PC
•
J. good______________buS
device
• 8. Three years later, Jobs_____ the iPad onto the market. released
Vocabulary Preview
• Match the words with their definitions.
• __g___ 1.equipment
animated device equipment founded mass profitable released strategy
• 1. Jobs’ friend Stephen Wozniak liked to design and build his own electronic__e_q__u_ip_m. ent
• Use your notes to create an oral summary of the lecture .
机电工程专业英语(第二版)(可编辑)
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机电工程专业英语(第二版)CatalogChapter One Chapter TwoChapter Three Chapter FourChapter Five Chapter SixChapter Seven Chapter EightChapter One Fundamentals of Mechanical EngineeringLesson 1 Properties of MaterialsLesson 2 Classification of SteelsLesson 3 Heat TreatmentLesson 4 Types of GearLesson 5 Rolling-Typedensity [ 5densiti ]n.密度, 比重specific heat 比热coefficient [ kEui5fiFEnt ]n.系数conductivity [ 7kCndQk5tiviti ]n.传导性, 传导率Lesson 1-1melt [ melt ]v.使融化, 使熔化, 使软化ductility [ dQk5tiliti ]n.展延性, 柔软性toughness [ 5tQfnis ] n.韧性, 坚韧abrasion [ E5breiVEn ]n.磨损girder [ 5^E:dE ] n.桁架, 大,纵,横梁armor [ 5B:mE ]n.装甲bumper [ 5bQmpE ] n.缓冲器,减震器stamp [ stAmp ]n.邮票, 印, 图章 v. 压印, 冲压penetration [ peni5treiFEn ] n.穿过, 渗透, 突破fender [ 5fendE ]n.防卫物, 挡泥板mill [ mil ] n.磨粉机, 磨床,工厂vt.碾磨Lesson 1-11.be distinguished fromThe true is to be distinguished from the false 真假必须辨明。
八年级英语chapter3语法重难点讲解3
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八年级英语chapter3语法重难点讲解3Chapter Three【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容:Chapter Three: Dealing with trouble: reading[学习过程]一、重点句子:1. Today my father and I were waiting for the ferry .今天我爸爸和我正在等渡轮。
在此句中所用的时态是过去进行时,这一时态的基本结构是was/were+ v.-ing 形式。
它与一般过去时态不同。
一般过去时态用于陈述过去的事实, 而过去进行时态用于描述过去某个时间里正在发生的动作,句中常有具体的表示过去的时间点或时间段。
I was watching the World Cup Final at 7 o’clock yesterday evening.昨晚7点,我正在看世界杯决赛。
He watched the World Cup Final yesterday evening. 昨晚他看了世界杯决赛。
这一时态用于描述过去某一时刻正在发生的动作。
而现在进行时描述的是目前正在发生的动作。
I was having my breakfast then. 那时我正在吃早餐。
I’m having my breakfast now.现在我正在吃早餐。
You were sleeping then. 当时你正在睡觉。
They are sleeping now. 现在他们正在睡觉。
wait for 表示:等候,等待.wait 是一个不及物动词,后接宾语时,必须用短语wait for.Please wait here. He will be back in a minute. 请等在这儿吧。
他一会儿就会回来。
We should wait for help. 我们应该等待帮忙。
Will you wait for me for a while?你等我一会好么?2. This afternoon we heard a big argument. 今天下午我们听见一场大声的争论。
语言学练习-Chapter Three
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Chapter ThreeI. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts1. A __________ is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.2. There are two fields of morphology: the study of __________ and the study of __________.3. Some morphemes like –ish, -ness, -ly, -dis, trans-, un-are never words by themselves but are always parts of words. These affixes are __________ morphemes.4. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __________II. Determine if each of the following statements is true of false1.The sound [z] is shared by “boys”and “moves”as a commonmorpheme.III. Give brief definitions of the following terms1.morpheme2. Functional morpheme3. bound morpheme4. morphologyKeys:I. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts1. bound2. inflectional, lexical / derivational3. bound4. allophonesII. Determine if each of the following statements is true of false1. F (The sound [z] is not morpheme. “s”is shared by “boys”and “moves” as a common morpheme.III. Give brief definitions of the following terms1. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example, in “boys”, there are two morphemes: “boy”and “-s”; in “international”, there are three morphemes: “inter-“, “nation” and “-al”.2. Functional morpheme: This is a subtype of free morphemes,which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about, when, on, near, the” and so on.3. Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example, in the word “careless”, “-less”is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.4. Morphology:the study of morphemes and their different forms (allomorphs), and the way they combine in word formation. For example, the English word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix –ly and the negative prefix un-.。
Chapter 3 Unit 1-Liaison Interpreting
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B: Excellent! What about visits to Shanghai Free Trade Zone? A: 根据您的要求,我们把您访问中国(上海)自由贸易试验区的时间安排在后
天上午。届时您可以有充足的时间了解洽谈。而您的回城飞机正好在后天晚上, 到时候我们直接把您送到机场。
9
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
INTERPRETING PRACTICE
场景一:机场迎宾 Greetings at the Airport A: 先生,请问您是从西雅图来的琼斯先生吗?
B: Yes, I am David Jones from Seattle, U.S.A.. If I'm not mistaken, you must be Miss Zhou from Datong Group.
BUSINESS ENGLISH INTERPRETING 商务英语口译
朱佩芬 周媛
CHAPTER THREE
UNIT ONE
Liaison Interpreting
© ZHU Peifen, ZHOU Yuan
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After learning this chapter, students should be able to: know different categories of liaison interpreting know the requirements for interpreters be familiar with key words and phrases do liaison interpreting
语言学 chapter 3 总结
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Chapter 3 Lexicon3.1 What is Word?As different criteria may identity and define different phenomena, it is hard to define “word” scientifically. However, it is agreed that there are three ways of defining “word”, though they can’t cover everything.3.11 Three Senses of “WORD”reference:指称论(the relationship between symbols and the things in outside world that refers to)Sense:词与词的关系(use other words to explain a word, just as we look up the dictionary to find the meaning of a word)(1)A physical definable unitLanguage is produced as a continuous stretch of speech or writing, but one can still pauses and blanks every now and then. Thus, word maybe seen asa set of sound segments or writing letters between two pauses or blanks.For example: It is wonderful.Phonological: /it is wandәful/O rthographic: it’s wonderful(2) Word both as a general term and as a specific termWord may be used both as a general term (then boy and boys are just one word) and as specific terms ( boys and boy are two words). For example:Write/writes/wtote/writing/written(3) A grammatical unitThe grammar of a language contains a set of layers, and word is one of them. ( rank-----hierarchical scale 等级)Clause complex---clause---phrase/ word group---word---morpheme 3.1.2 Identification of words(1) Stability:A word can’t be rearranged, but a se ntence can.Word: nothingness **nessnothing(F)Sentence: a. John is a clever boyb. A clever boy John is(2) Relative uninterruptibility:A word can’t be separates or insertedwith other elements, but a sentence can.Word: disappointment *dis(#)appoint(#)mentSentence: Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.(3) A minimum free form: Word is the smallest unit that can be used, byitself, as a complete utterance.Expression: ---Is Jane coming this evening?--- PossiblyException: ----what is missing in a sentence such as ”Dog isbarking ”----- A3.1.3 Classification of Word(1) Variable and invariable wordsWord including①variable words (having inflective changes. E.g.follow/follows/followed/following)②invariable words (not having inflective changes.E.g. since, when, hello)(2) Grammatical words(虚词) and lexical words(实词)①Grammatical words, known as FOUNCTION WORDS, mainly workfor constructing group, phrase, clause, clause, complex clause, such asconj., prep, articles, pron..②Lexical words, known as CONTENT WORDS, mainly work forreferring to substance, action and quality, such as noun, verb, adj., adv.(3) Closed- class and opened-class words①Closed-class word is one whose membership is fixed or limited, thiskind of words can’t easily odd or deduce a new member. such aspronouns, prep, articles and others.②Opened-class word is one whose membership is in principle orunlimited. As noun, verb, adjective, adv.③exception: auxiliary verbs some preposition(regarding, by means of)(4) Word class⑴9 word classes: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition,conjunction, interjection, and article.⑵other word classes:①Particles(小品词,语助词): e.g. infinite marker “to”; negative marker “not”②Auxiliaries(助词):can,has, seems③Pro-form(代动词):pro-adj(so is mine); pro-v(did);pro-adv(so);pro-locative(there)④Determiners(限定词):a. Pre-determiners: all, both, half, twiceb. Central-determiners: this, those, every, no, either, yourc. Post-determiners: cardinal numerals(基数),ordinal numerals(序数),general ordinals(next, last, other, several, little, a great deal of)3.2 The Formation of Word3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology①Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language.②Morphology is the study of morpheme and a branch of linguistics. Itstudies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words areformed.3.2.2 Types of Morphemes(1) Free morpheme and bound morpheme①Free morpheme can make up words by itself.(dog, nation)②Bound morpheme must appear with at least another morpheme. (-dis,-ed)(2) Root, affix, and stem①Root is the base form of a word that cannot be further be analyedwithout destroying its meaning(NOTICES: a. Root can be free morpheme or bound morpheme.b. I t can be bound morpheme, such as –ceive inconceive and perceive; -mit in commit and permit.c. I t can be both free morpheme and bound morpheme.Child and child- in children))②Affix is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be usedonly when added to another morpheme(the root or stem), including prefix(para-, mini-, un-,) , suffix(-ise, -tion),infix(abso-bloomingly-lutely)③Stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which aninflectional affix can be added. For example:a.friend- in friends shows that a stem may be the same as a rootb.friendship- in friendships indicates that a stem may contain a rootand one, or more than one, derivational affix.3) Inflective affix and derivational affixThe differences between inflective affix and derivational affix:①.inflective affixes are generally less productive than derivational affixes;②.inflective affixes do not change the word class of the word they attach to,while derivational affixes often change the lexical lexical meaning;③.inflective affixes are mostly suffixes, which are always word final(e.g.-s). But derivational affixes can both be prefixes(e.g. sub-, de-) andsuffixes(e.g. -er, -able )3.2.3 Inflection and word formationTo be more specific, there are two fields that morphology is concerned with: (ⅰ).The study of inflections( also called as INFLECTIONA MORPHOLOGY);(ⅱ). The study of word formation( often referred to as LEICAL or DERIV ATIONAL MORPHONOLOGY)⑴INFLECTION indicates grammatical relations by addinginflectional affixes, such as number, person, finiteness, aspect andcase; and when inflectional affixes are added, the grammatical classof the stem(to which they are attached) will not change. Forexample,(a)number: table/tables(b)person: finiteness and aspect;open/opens/opening/opened(c)case: boy/boy’s⑵Word formationWord-formation, in its restricted sense, refers to the process of how words are formed.Two sub-types: a. the compositional type(COMPOUND)b. the derivational type(DEROV ATION)ⅰ、Compound⑴(a)NOUN COMPOUNDS(构成词是名词)e.g. day+brea k→daybreak(b)VERB COMPOUNDS(构成词是动词)e.g. lip+rea d→lipread(c)ADJECTIVE COMPOUNDS(构成词是形容词)e.g. dut y+free→dutyfree(b)PREPOSITION COMPOUNDS(构成词是介词)e.g. in+t o→into⑵two kinds of compound: (a)endocentric compound(self-control)(b)exocentric compound(breakthrough)⑶the ways of written(a) as a single word(wardrobe, birdseed, bodyguard)(b)joined with a hyphen”-”(rest-room, wedding-ring)(c)with ordinary space between two words(washingmachine)ⅱDerivationDerivation shows a relationship between roots and affixes, and make the word class of the original word either changed (length--lengthen)or unchanged (non+smoker=nonsmoker)3.2.4 Sememe & Morpheme and Phoneme & Morpheme⑴Sememe vs. morphemeSememe is the smallest component of meaning, while morpheme is smallest unit of meaning①one morpheme vs. one sememe②one morpheme vs. more than one sememe③one sememe vs. more than one morpheme④morphemes that have no specific sememe⑤function changes in both sememe and moepheme without morphemechange⑵Morpheme vs. phoneme①a single phoneme vs. a single morpheme②a single morpheme vs. multiple phoneme③allomorph④morphemic conditionsa. phonological conditionedb. morphonologically conditioned3.3 Lexical Change3.3.1 Lexical change proper⑴Invention: Coke, Nylon, granola⑵Blending: transfer(initial)+resister(final)=transistor. digital(initial)+computer(initial)=digicomAnother sort of blending is called FUSION, such as rippe(ripple+shuffle), stample(trample+stample), and spinwheels(pinwheel+spin)(3) Abbreviatiom(also called CLIPPING)缩写词e.g. advertisemen t→adbicylc e→bike(4) Acronym(缩略词)e.g. CI A→Central Intelligence Agency(5) Back-formation: editor---edit(6) Analogical creation: work→wrough t→worked; sla y→sle w→slayed(7)Borrowing: a Loanwords: borrow both form and meaning(au pair fromFrench);b .Loanblend: borrow the meaning, the form isblended(china-town);c Loanshift: meaning is borrowed and the form isnative(bridge); loan translation(翻译借词)::black humor 3.3.2 Morph-Syntactical Change(词素句法变化)(1) Morphological change: third person; plural form, possessive case(2) Syntactical changes:--Split infinitive:e.g.. I have tried to consciously stop, worrying about it--Postponed Preposition:e.g.The person is impossible to work with--Objective case of relative pronoune.g. The girl who(m) he talked about is a violinist3.3.3 Semantic change(1) Broadening is a process to extend or elevate the meaning from itsoriginally specific sense to a relatively general one.e.g. “holiday”→”holy day” in religious Englis h→”a day for rest”(2) Narrowing is contrary to broadening: the original meaning of a word canbe narrowed or restricted to a specific sense.e.g. meat→“food”→the edible flesh of mammals.(3) Meaning shift here understood in its narrow sense, that is, the change of meaning has nothing to do with generalization or restriction as mentioned above.e.g. “bead”→“the prayer bead”→“small, ball-shaped piece of glass,metal or wood”(4) class shift: By changing the word class one can change the meaning of aword from a concrete or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as ZERO-DERIV ATION, or CONVERSIONe.g. hog→N(a pig)→V(to take and keep (all of something) foroneself )(5) folk stymology(民俗词源学) refers to the change of a word or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaningof the term, or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenlytaken to be analogous.e.g. Spanish cucaracha changed into English cokroach3.3.4 Phonological change(1) loss(省音):temperature /’tempәrәt ә/----/’temprәt /(2) Addition(增音):a(n) article(3) Metathesis(换位):is a process involving a change in the sequence ofsound.e.g. They taxed him with his failures. (accused)They took him to task for his failures. ( scolded)(4) Assimilation: 同化cap----can3.3.5 Orthographic changea. The same day went Iesus(sun)out of the house, and sate by theseaside.b. And when the Sunne (sun) was up, they were scorched。
英语词汇学chapter3wordformation(1)
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The percentage of firmly
established new words since World
War II
1. The three major processes of word-formation: 2. a) Compounding or composition (about 27%): raindrop, snow-white, baby-sit; (b) Derivation or affixation (about 17.5 %): Prefixation: deescalate(逐步缓和,逐渐降级),
and less about them. ③
③ The encyclopedia provides a comprehensive survey of formal education and lifelong learning.
④ Given China's long history, the new gender balance is something recent.
(h) Others (about 3%): pizzazz(时髦派头), gazump(索高价).
Words formed by these minor processes account for 26.5% of the new vocabulary. The remaining 18.5% is from borrowing, e.g. discotheque,
1) “negative” prefixes (un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-); 2) “reversative or privative”(“非” “缺”)
prefixes (un-, de-, dis-); 3) “pejorative” prefixes (贬损) (mis-, mal-);
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0
0
0
0
因此,当把周期信号 x ( t ) 表示为傅里叶级数
x (t )
k
a k e jk 0 t 时,就可以将 x ( t ) 表示为
gggg a3
a2
a1
a0
a1
a2
0 0
a3 gggg
这样绘出的图 称为频谱图
频谱图其实就是将 a k 随频率的分布表示出来, 即 ak ~ 的关系。由于信号的频谱完全代表了信 号,研究它的频谱就等于研究信号本身。因此, 这种表示信号的方法称为频域表示法。 三.傅里叶级数的其它形式 若 x(t )是实信号,则有 x (t ) x (t ) ,于是
k
x(t ) y(t ) a1H (s1 )e s1t a2 H ( s2 )e s2t a3 H (s3 )e s3t
即:
s t
y (t ) ak H ( sk )e k
k
s t
n x ( n ) a Z 同理: k k k
y (n) ak H ( Z k )Z kn
1 j0t 1 j0t x(t ) cos 0t e e 2 2
1 显然该信号中,有两个谐波分量,a1 为相应 2 分量的加权因子,即傅立叶系数。
例2: x(t ) cos 0t 2 cos 30t
1 j0t j0t j 30t j 30t [e e ] e e 2
T 1 不变 T0 时
2T1 1 T0 2
2T1 1 T0 4
2T1 1 T0 8
周期性矩形脉冲信号的频谱特征: 1. 离散性 2. 谐波性 3. 收敛性
考查周期 T0 和脉冲宽度 2T1 改变时频谱的变化: 1. 当 T1 不变,改变 T0 时,随 T0 使占空比减小,谱 线间隔变小,幅度下降。但频谱包络的形状不 变,包络主瓣内包含的谐波分量数增加。 2. 当 T1 改变, T0不变时,随 T1 使占空比减小,谱 线间隔不变,幅度下降。频谱的包络改变,包络 主瓣变宽。主瓣内包含的谐波数量也增加。
z
st
n
h( n)
y ( n)
由时域分析方法有,
y(t ) e
s ( t )
h( )d e
h( )e s d H ( s)e st
h(k ) z k H ( z ) z n
y (n)
k z来自(nk )h(k ) z
n
k
信号对称性与频谱的关系: 当 x(t ) x(t ) 时,有
1 ak T0
T0
2 2
T0
2 jk 0 t x (t )e dt T0
T0 0
2
x ( t ) cos k 0 tdt
表明:偶信号的 ak 是关于 k 的偶函数、实函数。 当 x(t ) x(t ) 时,有
x(t )
k
Ak e e
jk
jk0t
a0
jk0t
k
1
Ak e
j ( k0t k )
Ak e j ( k0t k )
k 1
a0 [ A k e
k 1
e
j k
Ak e
jk0t
e ]
j k
j k
Q a a k
傅里叶生平
1768— 1830
1768年生于法国 1807年提出“任何周 期信号都可以用正弦 函数的级数来表示” 拉格朗日反对发表 1822年首次发表“热 的分析理论” 1829年狄里赫利第一 个给出收敛条件
傅里叶的两个最重要的贡献— —
“周期信号都可以表示为成谐波关系的正弦信 号的加权和”— — 傅里叶的第一个主要论点
a0 2 Bk cos k0t Ck sin k0t
k 1
— — 傅里叶级数的另一种三角函数形式
四.连续时间傅里叶级数系数的确定 如果周期信号 x(t )可以表示为傅里叶级数
x (t )
k
ae
k
jk0t
,
2 0 T0
则有
x (t )e jn0t
在该信号中,有四个谐波分量,即 k 1, 3, 时对应的谐波分量。 傅里叶级数表明:连续时间周期信号可以按傅立叶 级数分解成无数多个复指数谐波分量的线性组合。
二.频谱(Spectral)的概念 信号集 k (t ) 中的每一个信号,除了成谐波关 系外,每个信号随时间
t 的变化规律都是一样
e st 、 z n 是一切LTI系统的特征函
数。 H ( z)分别是LTI系统与复指数信号相对 H (s) 、 应的特征值。
H ( s ) h(t )e dt
st
H ( z)
k
n h ( n ) z
只有复指数函数才能成为一切LTI系统的特征 函数。
对时域的任何一个信号 x(t ) 或者 x( n) ,若能将
成谐波关系的复指数信号集: k (t ) {e
jk0t
}
中所有的信号都是彼此独立的。 如果将该信号集中所有的信号线性组合起来,
有 x (t )
k
a k e jk 0 t ,
2 0
k 0, 1, 2
显然 x(t ) 也是以
为周期的。该级数就是傅里
叶级数, ak 称为傅立叶级数的系数。 这表明用傅里叶级数可以表示连续时间周期信 号,即: 连续时间周期信号可以分解成无数多个复 指数谐波分量。 例1:
其中
sin x Sa( x ) x
sin x sinc( x ) x
1
0
Sa ( x)
1
x
sin c( x)
1
0
1
2 1
1
x
0
2T a x ( t ) 根据 k 可绘出 的频谱图。 称为占空比 T
T0不变 T1 时
2T1 1 T0 2
2T1 1 T0 4
2T1 1 T0 8
可见LTI系统对复指数信号的响应是很容易求得 的。这说明 求。 特征函数 (Eigenfunction)
e
st
和 z 符合对单元信号的第一项要
n
如果系统对某一信号的响应只不过是该信号乘以
一个常数,则称该信号是这个系统的特征函数。系 统对该信号加权的常数称为系统与特征函数相对应 的特征值。
结论: 复指数函数
Q a a k
* k
Bk jCk Bk jCk
因此 B k B k 即
Ck Ck
ak的实部关于k偶对称,虚部关于k奇对称。
将此关系代入,可得到
jk 0 t jk 0 t x (t ) a0 ( B jC ) e ( B jC ) e k k k k k 1
“非周期信号都可以用正弦信号的加权积分来 表示”— — 傅里叶的第二个主要论点
3.2 LTI系统对复指数信号的响应
The Response of LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials
n z 考查LTI系统对复指数信号 e 和 的响应
st
e
st
h(t)
y (t )
k
*问题:究竟有多大范围的信号可以用复指数信号的 线性组合来表示?
3.3 连续时间周期信号的傅里叶级数表示
Fourier Series Representation of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals 一. 连续时间傅里叶级数
2 k 0, 1, 2, ,其中每个信号都是以 k 0 2 为周期的,它们的公共周期为 ,且该集合 0
T0
T0
x (t ) e
0 T0
0
0
0, T0 ,
kn k n
jn0 t
1 dt anT0 即 a n T0
T0
0
x (t ) e jn 0 t dt
在确定此积分时,只要积分区间是一个周期即 可,对积分区间的起止并无特别要求,因此可表示 1 jk 0 t 为 a 1 x (t )e dt a0 x ( t ) dt k T0 T0 T0 T0
s 3t s1t s2t x ( t ) a e a e a e 其表示为下列形式: 1 2 3
利用系统的齐次性与叠加性
s1t s1t e H ( s ) e 由于 1
e s2t H ( s2 )e s2t
所以有
e s3t H ( s3 )e s3t
x(t ) ak e k
k 1
— — 傅里叶级数的三角函数表示式 若令 ak Bk jCk 则
x(t ) a0
k
jk0t jk0t ( B jC ) e ( B jC ) e k k k k k 1
1
jk 0 t jk 0 t a0 ( B jC ) e ( B jC ) e k k k k k 1
的,差别仅仅是频率不同。 在傅里叶级数中,各个信号分量(谐波分量) 间的区别也仅仅是幅度(可以是复数)和频率不同。 因此,可以用一根线段来表示某个分量的幅度,用 线段的位置表示相应的频率。
分量 e
j0t
可表示为
1
1 j0t cos 0t (e e j0t ) 表示为 2