中考14人教版初中英语考点十四 定语从句 口语

中考14人教版初中英语考点十四定语从句口语
Lesson14
Today,I`d like to talk about fighting stress.
Everybody gets stress from time to time.You may try taking this three steps the next time you are stressed.
Step One: Keep calm.It`s easy to let your feelings go worse when you`re upset.Think about why you feel that way.Do breathing exercises,listen to music,play with pets,go for a walk or bike ride ,or do some activities that help you calm down.
Step Two: Get supports.When you need help,talk to a trust adult,such as parents or school teachers.And don`t forget about your friends , you might get a lot of supports from them.
Step Three:Be positive.Stress would go away often when you start walking with confidence.If you can stay positive as you make a way through touch time ,you will help yourself feel better. “Ah,it feels so good when stress is gone.”
讲义纲要：1、本讲课程主要涉及（1）定语从句的概念；（2），定语从句的相关用法，如关系代词和关系副词的选用；
2、教学任务：掌握定语从句的基础知识，明确初中英语定语从句的考点与特殊
情况。

知识概况：定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，相当于形容词，在句中作定语。

被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。

关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why, how等。

知识站点：
知识精讲：
关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词3、在定语从句中担当一个成分一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、由who, whom, that, whose引导的从句
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。

whose 用来指人或物，只用作定语。

（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
（2）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。

（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
（3）The man whom you talked to just now is our English teacher.
你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。

（4）The man whose son is a doctor is our professor.
其儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。

2、由which，that引导的从句
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如：
（1）Football is a game which/that is liked by most boys.
足球是大多数男生都喜欢的运动。

（which / that在从句中作主语）
（2）This is the pen (which/that) he bought yesterday.
这是他昨天买的那支钢笔。

（which / that在从句中作宾语）
3、注意：代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which：
(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。

例如：
All that he said is true. 他说的所有都是真的。

(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。

例如：
He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.
他是唯一一个去过那个地方的的外国人。

(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。

例如：
He was the second person that told me the secret. 他是第二个告诉我这个秘密的人。

(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。

This is the best book (that) I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的最好的一本书。

(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。

例如：
He talked about the people and the things he remembered. 他谈起他所记得的人和事。

只用which不用that的情况：
（1）非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。

例如：The boy, who is good at English, comes from Xinjiang.
那个男孩来自新疆，他英语很棒。

That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday.
那条项链昨天不见了，它是你送给我做礼物的。

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

（非限制性)
There is somebody who wants to speak to you.
有人要和你说话。

(限制性)
(2) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。

在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。

例如：
He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
他在比赛中表现得非常出色，这使他的父母很开心。

二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用
I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
我仍然记得我初次来到学校的那天。

2、where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。

3、why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语，用在reason 后面。

Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你错过那班飞机的原因。

三、"介词＋关系代词"是一个普遍使用的结构。

1、"介词＋关系代词"可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。

"介词＋关系代词"结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that ,介词+关系代词的作用相当于关系副词。

例如：Is that the house in which you live ?那是你住的房子吗？
= Is that the house where you live?
I will never forget the day on which I went to college.
= I will never forget the day when I went to college.
我永远都不会忘记我去大学的那天。

Is this the reason for which he refuse me?这就是他拒绝我的原因吗？
= Is this the reason why he refuse me?
2、关系代词whom，which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom 与which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. 那是我们住了十年的房间。

= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
The girl to whom he spoke was Mary. 和他说话的那个女孩是玛丽。

= The girl whom he spoke to was Mary.
像listen to, look at, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动
词分开。

例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of. 这就是她照顾过的男孩。

3、先行词指物时，whose = the + 名词+ of which
Please pass me the book whose cover is red. 请把红色封面的那本书递给我。

= Please pass me the book, the cover of which is red.
I want a room whose window faces the south. 我想要一个窗户朝南的房间。

= I want a room, the window of which faces the south.
随堂训练：
一、用关系代词填空：that 、which 、who、whom 、whose
1. This is the man ________ wants to see you.
2. The student ___________ answered the question is Zhang Hua.
3. The man __________ you went to see has come.
4. The man __________I met yesterday lent me some money.
5. The woman _______________ you saw is our geography teacher.
6. The runner ________________ you are asking about is over there.
7. The person ______________ you should write to is Mr. Ball.
8. The man _________ was passing by saw what happened.
9. Here is the pen ________ you lost the day before yesterday.
10. These books ___________ you lent me were very useful.
11. The storybook ____________ I have just read cannot be easily forgotten.
12. A clock is a machine ______ tells people the time.
13. This is the shirt _______________I bought yesterday.
14. A dictionary is a book _____________ gives the meaning to the word.
15. The book ____________ is on the table is mine.
16. The film ____________ they are talking about is very interesting.
17. I will never forget the people and the places _____I have ever visited.
18. Is there anyone ____________ family is in Beijing?
19. Show me the boy ______________ mother is a well-known singer.
20. The boy______ father is a teacher is good at English.
二、单项选择
( ) 1. Your teacher of Chinese is a young lady____ comes from Beijing.
A. who
B. which
C. whom
D. whose
( ) 2. The students were all interested ____ you told them yesterday.
A. in which
B. in that this
C. all that
D. in everything
( ) 3. He was the only person in his office______ was invited.
A. whom
B. whose
C. that
D. which
( ) 4. Jack told his mother all____ had happened.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. who
( ) 5. Do you know the student_____?
A. whom I often talk
B. with who I often talk
C. I often talk with
D. that I often talk
( ) 6. I like the house_____ windows face the south.
A. whose
B. who’s
C. it's
D. its
( ) 7. Would you tell me where to get the dictionary _____?
A. what I need
B.I need
C. which I need it
D. that I need it
( )8. The young woman_____ I spoke just now is a young doctor.
A. who
B. to whom
C. whom
D. that
( )9. The letter is from my sister, _____ is working in Guangzhou.
A.which
B.that
C.whom
D.who
( )10. Can you lend me the book _____ the other day?
A.about which you talked
B.which you talked
C.about that you talked
D.that you talked
( )11. Is this the factory _____ he worked ten years ago?
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
( )12. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts
B. that against
C. who is against
D. who are against
( )13. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose
B. of which
C. in which
D. on which
( )14. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist __________ were in the concert we attended l ast night.
A. which
B. whom
C. who
D. that
( )15. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.
A. which
B. it
C. that
D. what
答案
一、1、who/that 2、who/that 3、(whom/that) 4、(whom/that) 5、(whom/that)
6、whom
7、whom
8、who/that
9、(which/that) 10、(which/that)
11、(which/that) 12、which/that 13、(which/that) 14、which/that
15、which/that 16、which 17、that 18、whose 19、whose 20、whose
二、1-5:ADCAC 6-10:ABBDA 11-15:BCADA
语音训正：
辅音/θ/ /ð/的例句
1. Health is better than wealth.
健康大于财富。

2. God helps those who help themselves.
天助自助者。

3. Half truth is always a big lie.
一半的真实通常是个大谎言。

一、英语阅读理解专项练习试卷
1．阅读理解
When I was about 12, I had an enemy, a girl who liked to point out my shortcomings (缺点). Sometimes she said I was thin. Sometimes she said I was lazy. Sometimes she said I wasn't a good student. Sometimes she said I talked too much, and so on. I tried to put up with(忍受) her as long as I could. At last, I became very angry. I ran to my father with tears in my eyes. He listened to me quietly, and then he asked, "Are the things she said true or
not? Mary, didn't you ever wonder what you're really like? Go and make a list of everything she said and mark the points that are true. Pay no attention to the other things she said." I did as he told me and to my surprise, I found that about half the things were true. I brought the list back to my dad. He refused to take it. "That's just for you," he said. "You know better than anyone else the truth about yourself. When something said about you is true, you'll find it will be helpful to you. Don't shut your ears. Listen to them all, but hear the truth and do what you think is right. "Many years have passed. The situation often appears in my mind. In our life we often meet with some trouble and we often go to someone and ask for advice. For some advice you will treasure all your life!
（1）How did the writer feel when her friend pointed out her shortcomings at first?
A. Happy.
B. Thankful.
C. Unhappy.
D. Nothing.
（2）What did the writer's father do after he heard her complaints(抱怨)?
A. He agreed with her "enemy".
B. He let her continue to put up with her "enemy".
C. He told her to write down all her "enemy" had said about her.
D. He told her not to pay attention to what her "enemy" had said.
（3）The writer felt _______ when she did the things as her father had told her.
A. surprised
B. angry
C. disappointed
D. sad
（4）Which of the following can we know from the passage?
A. The "enemy" thought the writer was pretty.
B. The "enemy" thought the writer studied hard.
C. The writer and her "enemy" became best friends at last.
D. The writer is thankful to her father.
（5）Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A. My Parents
B. A Good Friend
C. An Enemy
D. The Best Advice
【答案】（1）C
（2）C
（3）A
（4）D
（5）D
【解析】【分析】短文大意：本文主要讲述了作者得到爸爸给她的让她终身受益的建议。

（1）细节题，根据文章When I was about 12, I had an enemy, a girl who liked to point out my shortcomings (缺点)和I tried to put up with(忍受) her as long as I could.可知，作者当她的朋友指出她的缺点时，她非常的不开心，A开心的，B感激的，D没什么，均不符合题意，故选C。

（2）推断题，根据文中Go and make a list of everything she said and mark the points that are true.可知，爸爸建议作者把朋友提到的这些缺点列出来，标出哪些是正确的。

可知C项与原文意思一致，故选C。

（3）细节题，根据文章I did as he told me and to my surprise, I found that about half the things were true.可知，作者按照爸爸告诉她的去做后，感到非常惊讶。

A惊讶的，B生气的，C失望的，D伤心的，A符合题意，故选A。

（4）推断题，根据文章末句For some advice you will treasure all your life!可知，作者认为爸爸的建议很珍贵。

D项作者很感激她的爸爸，所以该选项正确。

根据文章内容可知，The "enemy"指出了作者的很多缺点，所以A项错误。

B和C项文章并未提到，故选D。

（5）主旨题，纵观全文以及文章的末尾两句点题，主要介绍了爸爸给自己提的很珍贵并让自己受益终生的建议。

A、B、C项文章均有提到，但是都很片面，不是全文的主旨，所以The best advice最符合题意，故选D。

【点评】考查阅读理解。

本文涉及细节题、推断题和主旨题三种常考题型，注意细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息；主旨题需要通读全文，了解大意之后找出中心思想。

2．阅读理解
Calabash brothers(葫芦娃兄弟) live in the Calabash Mountain with their grandfather. They are all very brave. They wear different clothes. The red calabash is the other six brothers 'elder brother. He is powerful. His body can be bigger or smaller. But he doesn't have his own ideas. The orange calabash has enhanced hearing and sight. He can see and hear far places clearly. The yellow calabash's body is very strong. Nothing can injure(伤害)him, but he is arrogant(傲慢的). The green calabash is the god of fire. He can eat fire and make fire. The cyan(青色的) calabash can drink water and make flood. The blue calabash is the cleverest of all. Nobody can find him when he makes himself invisible. And the purple calabash has a magic gourd(葫芦). The gourd can absorb(吸收)
everything.
One day a pangolin(穿山甲) broke the cave and two monsters came out.
They were Monster Scorpion(蝎子精) and Monster Snake. The calabash brothers must fight with them and save the world. Unluckily, their grandfather who helped them beat the monster, was killed by the monsters finally.
（1）How many calabash brothers are there?
A. Five.
B. Six.
C. Seven.
D. Eight.
（2）What does the red calabash look like?
A. He is powerful.
B. He has enhanced eyes.
C. He has two big eyes.
D. He has a hard head.
（3）If there is a fire, you may find the _______.
A. red calabash
B. orange calabash
C. green calabash
D. cyan calabash
（4）What does the underlined word "invisible" mean in Chinese?
A. 微不足道的
B. 看不见的
C. 暴露的
D. 赤裸的
【答案】（1）C
（2）A
（3）C
（4）B
【解析】【分析】文章大意：主要介绍了七个葫芦娃的故事，分别介绍了他们的颜色与特长。

（1）细节理解题。

根据文中语句The red calabash is the other six brothers 'elder brother. 提示可知葫芦兄弟一共七个，故选C。

（2）细节理解题。

根据文中语句The red calabash is the other six brothers 'elder brother. He is powerful. His body can be bigger or smaller. 提示可知，红葫芦娃他很强悍，故选A。

（3）细节理解题。

根据文中语句The green calabash is the god of fire. He can eat fire and make fire. 提示可知，青葫芦娃会造火，故选C。

（4）词义理解推断题。

根据文中语句 Nobody can find him when he makes himself invisible. 提示可知，invisible表示看不见，故选B。

【点评】考查阅读理解。

本文考查细节题与词义推断题。

细节题要注意从文中抓住关键词寻找答案；词义题需要通读上下文，了解大意之后找出正确选项。

3．根据短文内容出选择正确答案。

A
A farmer had a brother in town who was a gardener, and his brother had a garden full of the finest fruit trees. So his skill and his beautiful trees were famous everywhere. One day the farmer went into the town to visit his
brother, and was surprised at the trees that grew quite well.
"Look, my brother," said the gardener. "I will give you an apple tree, the best from my garden, and you, and your children, and your children's children will enjoy it."
Then the gardener called his workmen and ordered them to take up the tree and carry it to his brother's farm. They did so, and the next morning the farmer began to wonder where he should plant it.
"If I plant it on the hill," he said to himself, "the wind might catch it and shake down the delicious fruit before it is ripe. If I plant it close to the road, passersby will see it and take away the apples--but if I plant it too near the door of my house, my children may pick the fruit." So, after he had thought the matter over, he planted the tree behind his barn (谷仓).
Time passed, but the tree had no fruit the first year, nor the second-then the farmer called his brother. When the gardener came, the farmer said angrily, "You have cheated me, and given me a useless tree instead of a fruitful one. This is the third year and still it brings out nothing but leaves! "
The gardener laughed and said, "See where the tree was planted, it has no sun or warmth. How could you expect flowers and fruit?"
（1）From the passage, we can see the farmer planted the apple tree
A. behind his barn
B. on the hill
C. close to the road
D. near his house
（2）The underlined word "ripe" means "__________" in Chinese.
A. 挂果
B. 成熟
C. 开花
D. 成长
（3）What is NOT mentioned in the fifth paragraph?
A. What happened to the apple tree.
B. Why the farmer got angry with his brother.
C. What kind of man the farmer was.
D. Why the farmer called his brother.
（4）Which of the following is NOT true?
A. The farmer's brother had a garden full of the finest fruit trees.
B. The gardener gave his brother the best apple tree from his garden.
C. No flowers, fruit or leaves were on the apple tree.
D. The farmer thought his brother gave him a useless tree.
（5）What do you know from the end of the story?
A. The farmer moved the tree to the roadside.
B. The gardener took the tree to the roadside.
C. The tree will have no fruit any more.
D. The gardener taught the farmer a lesson.
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）C
（4）C
（5）D
【解析】【分析】农民从城里的园丁那里移植了一棵苹果树，把它种在他的谷仓后面，三年了，果树没有长出像园丁说的那样的果子。

这是为什么呢？园丁来了一看恍然大悟。

（1）细节理解。

根据文章第四段So, after he had thought the matter over, he planted the tree behind his barn (谷仓).可知选A。

（2）词义猜测。

句意：“如果我把它种在山上，在果实成熟前大风会吹果树，把可口的果实晃掉。

”因此选B。

（3）细节理解。

根据第五段可知，两年树没有结果实；农民很生气，给哥哥打电话说他哥哥骗他。

没有提到农民是怎么样一个人，故选C。

（4）细节理解。

根据第五段This is the third year and still it brings out nothing but leaves! 可知树没有开花结果，但是长有叶子。

故选C。

（5）推理判断。

根据最后一段，园丁告诉农民树不结果的原因，故选D，给他上了一课。

【点评】阅读理解考查对篇章的把握和对细节的识别能力，答题时注意紧扣问题中的关键词，在文章中寻找答案。

4．阅读理解
The Mid-Autumn Festival is a very important Chinese festival. It falls on the 15th day of the eighth month of lunar calendar. A few days before the festival, everyone in the family will help to make the house clean and beautiful. Lanterns will be hung in front of the house.
On the evening of the festival there will be a big family dinner. People who work far away from their homes will try to come back for the reunion (团聚). After dinner, people will light the lanterns which are usually bright and round. Children will play with their own toy lanterns happily.
At night the moon is usually round and bright. People can enjoy the moon while eating mooncakes which are the special food for this festival.
Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June in the US and the UK. Sonora Smart Dodd, a loving daughter from Spokane, had the good idea that society must celebrate a day to honour fathers, because they make important contributions to the raising of children.
People celebrate the festival by honouring their fathers and expressing love to them by giving popular gifts like cards, flowers, chocolate and ties. Little children often give handmade gifts to their dads.
（1）What will people do before the Mid- Autumn Festival?
A. Light the lanterns.
B. Have a big family dinner.
C. Clean their houses and hang the lanterns.
D. Enjoy the moon.
（2）What does the moon usually look like on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival?
A. Red and round.
B. Round and bright.
C. Red and bright.
D. Red and small.
（3）When is Father's Day in the US?
A. On the third Sunday of June.
B. On the second Sunday of June.
C. On the third Saturday of June.
D. On the second Saturday of June.
（4）Who came up with the idea of celebrating Father's Day?
A. Some little children.
B. A father.
C. Sonora Smart Dodd.
D. A loving son.
（5）Why did people set up Father's Day to honour fathers?
A. Because fathers want to get together with their children.
B. Because fathers express great love to their children.
C. Because fathers give popular gifts to their children,
D. Because fathers make contributions to the raising of children.
【答案】（1）C
（2）B
（3）A
（4）C
（5）D
【解析】【分析】主要讲了中国重要的节日——中秋节。

（1）细节题。

根据A few days before the festival, everyone in the family will help to make the house clean and beautiful. Lanterns will be hung in front of the house.可知在中秋节前人们帮助打扫房子和挂灯笼，故选C。

（2）细节题。

根据At night the moon is usually round and bright.可知月亮是圆的和明亮的，故选B。

（3）细节题。

根据Father's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June in the US and the UK.可知在美国和英国父亲节在六月的第三个星期天，故选A。

（4）细节题。

根据Sonora Smart Dodd, a loving daughter from Spokane, had the good idea that society must celebrate a day to honour father可知Sonora Smart Dodd提出庆祝父亲节的主意，故选C。

（5）细节题。

根据because they make important contributions to the raising of children.可知因为他们为养育孩子做出了重要贡献。

故选D。

【点评】考查阅读理解，主要考查细节题，注意从文中仔细寻找答案。

5．阅读理解
These days haze(雾霾) is around us here and there. In fact, everyone has the power to change their living habits to help reduce it. Many local governments call on their people to take action to make the air cleaner.
Transport is one of the biggest contributors(促成物) to haze. When, where, bow, why and what you drive all affect air quality. When one drives to work for one year, he uses as much energy as a bus rider uses in 10 years. So walk or ride your bicycle to work or school whenever possible. If it is necessary, you can use public transport instead of your car. Each person using public transport for a year instead of a car can save nearly a tonne of pollutants, including CO2, from going into the atmosphere.
Carpooling is another way to reduce carbon emissions (排放). Carpooling is the sharing of car journeys so that more than one person travels in a car. It immediately reduces your car's emissions by half.
What you do inside your living space can have a big effect on the air quality outside it. You can do a lot of things inside and around your home that will help you pollute less and save some money.
A large amount of our energy supply comes from burning coal, another contributor to haze. By cutting down your electricity use, you are cutting down on haze. So you may try to reduce your use of electricity by turning off lights, using your air conditioner wisely during the summer months, or updating some of your electrical appliances to low-energy models. For example, you can use energy-saving lamps that require less energy and last 10 times longer than common bulbs.
（1）Which does the writer think should play an important role in reducing haze?
A. City cleaners.
B. Haze producers.
C. Local governments.
D. Common people.
（2）We can infer(推断) from the passage that the writer thinks .
A. cars can be used only when people have to
B. cars should be given up as soon as possible
C. cars must be improved to reduce air pollution
D. cars may cause the most serious pollution of all
（3）We should reduce the use of electricity mainly because .
A. we can save a lot of money by using less energy
B. coal is now becoming rarer and rarer on our planet
C. harmful things come out while electricity is produced
D. electrical appliances send out something harmful to our air
（4）Which can be the best title for the passage?
A. What Are Causing Haze Around Us
B. What You Can Do to Reduce Haze
C. How Dangerous Haze Is to Our Life
D. How Important It Is to Reduce Haze
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）C
（4）B
【解析】【分析】文章大意：文章主要介绍了几种减少雾霾的方法，第一种为尽量使用公共交通工具外出，
第二种为尽量拼车出行，第三种为减少电力的使用。

（1）细节题。

结合第一段第二句In fact, everyone has the power to change their living habits to help reduce it. 可知，每个人都有能力通过改变自己的生活习惯来减少雾霾。

因此，作者认为在减少雾霾上，普通人应该发挥重要作用，故选D。

（2）推断题。

由第二段So walk or ride your bicycle to work or school whenever possible. If it is necessary, you can use public transport instead of your car. 可知，尽可能步行或骑自行车，必要时乘坐公共交通工具也不要开车。

因此作者认为仅当不得已的时候才应该才去开车，故选A。

（3）细节题。

结合第五段第一句A large amount of our energy supply comes from burning coal, another contributor to haze. 可知，发电时，我们需要烧煤等，而这会释放出有害物质，进而污染空气。

C项意为“当生产电力时会释放有害物质”，符合题意，故选C。

（4）主旨题。

通读全文，文章主要介绍了几种减少雾霾的方法，第一种为尽量使用公共交通工具外出，第二种为尽量拼车出行，第三种为减少电力的使用。

故文章主旨在于普通人可以做些什么、采取什么措施来减少雾霾，故选B。

【点评】考查阅读理解能力，首先通读全文，掌握大意，然后根据问题在文章中找到依据，选出正确答案，注意阅读方法的运用。