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如何获取PUBMAD全文

如何获取PUBMAD全文

如何获取PUBMED全文当很多人开始了解PubMed,并且逐渐得心应手的时候,都会面临一个棘手的问题,即如何获取全文?的确,PubMed真正向公众(public)免费开放的只是摘要部分,而绝大部分文章都没有全文提供。

当然,最省事最直截了当的做法是在PubMed上花钱购买,但一篇文章动辄十几甚至几十美金,使很多医学工作者只好望而却步。

其实,只要我们掌握一些技巧,还是有可能获得一些文章的全文的。

笔者查阅文献数年,为获取全文也做了不懈努力,积累了一些经验供大家参考。

一、PubMedPubMed上约有5%的文献是可以免费看到全文的,通常这些文献的左上角会有一个Free Full Text的小标记。

你只要点击这个图标,系统就自动链接入该文献的全文。

但有两点值得注意的是,第一,很多时候,这个图标在PubMed处于显示简要(summary)状态下并不出现,而只有在选择显示摘要(abstract)时才出现。

因此,如果你不只是泛泛浏览,而希望看到全文的话,我强烈建议你在display下拉菜单中选择摘要(abstract)状态。

第二,有些时候,小图标上仅标着Full Text,而并没有Free字样,但仍然可以链接入全文,你不妨试一试。

二、免费提供全文的期刊天下没有免费的午餐,这句老话也不一定正确。

有些期刊就提供全文免费检索。

比如著名的美国Science(科学)杂志,以前国内很多高校、研究所的资料室都流传着Science杂志的影印本,印刷质量低劣,而且有盗版之嫌。

后来Science的老板充分理解到中国的国情,干脆顺手做个人情,就与中国有关方面达成协议,使在中国大陆的读者都可以在网上免费看到Science的全文。

方法如下:(1)先登录Science网址:。

注意,不是,否则你得不到全文。

(2)点击中间那个SEARCH按钮,就进入查询页了。

你可以选择简单检索还是复杂检索。

(3)输入您要找的关键词(不一定是MESH标准主题词),再点击search就可以了。

煤炭质量指标

煤炭质量指标

1、煤炭质量的基本指标一、水分(M )煤的水分分为两种,一是内在水分(Minh ) ,是由植物变成煤时所含的水分;二是外水(Mf ) ,是在开采、运输等过程中附在煤表面和裂隙中的水分.全水分是煤的外在水分和内在不分总和。

一般来讲,煤的变质程度越大,内在水分越低。

褐煤、长焰煤内在水分普通较高,贫煤、无烟煤内在水分较低。

水分的存在对煤的利用极其不利,它不仅浪费了大量的运输资源,而且当煤作为燃料时,煤中水分会成为蒸汽,在蒸发时消耗热量;另外,精煤的水分对炼焦也产生一定的影响。

一般水分每增加2 % ,发热量降低100kcal/kg(大卡/千克);冶炼精煤中水分每增加1 % ,结焦时间延长5 一10min .二、灰分(A )煤在彻底燃烧后所剩下的残渣称为灰分,灰分分外在灰分和内在灰分。

外在灰分是来自顶板和夹研中的岩石碎块,它与采煤方法的合理与否有很大关系。

外在灰分通过分选大部分能去掉。

内在灰分是成煤的原始植物本身所含的无机物,内在灰分越高,煤的可选性越差。

灰是有害物质.动力煤中灰分增加,发热量降低、排渣量增加,煤容易结渣;一般灰分每增加2% ?发热量降低10okcal / kg 左右。

冶炼精煤中灰分增加,高炉利用系数降低,焦炭强度下降,石灰石用量增加;灰分每增加1 % ,焦炭强度下降2 % ,高炉生产能九下降3 % ,石灰石用量增加4 % .三、挥发分(V )煤在高温和隔绝空气的条件下加热时,所排出的气体和液体状态的产物称为挥发分。

挥发分的主要成分为甲烷、氢及其他碳氢化合物等。

它是鉴别煤炭类别和质量的重要指标之一。

一般来讲,随着煤炭变质程度的增加,煤炭挥发分降低。

褐煤、气煤挥发分较高,瘦煤、无烟煤挥发分较低。

四、固定碳质最(FC )固定碳含量是指除去水分、灰分和挥发分的残留物,它是确定煤炭用途的重要指标。

从100减去煤的水分、灰分和挥发分后的差值即煤的固定碳含量。

根据使用的计算挥发分的基准,可以计算出干基、干燥无灰基等不同基准的固定碳含量。

MAD马岩松-南京山水城市-文档资料

MAD马岩松-南京山水城市-文档资料

人造自然
ARTIFICIAL NATURE
自然与人工
NATURE VS ARTIFICIAL
72.000 sqm 50 floors
小型家庭办公室 SOHO 55.200 sqm
酒店式公寓 SERVICE APT 40.500 sqm
酒店 住宅 商业 办公室
办公室 OFFICE 55.200 sqm
山 水 之 南城 京
NANJING NANZHAN MAD ARCHITECTS
总平面图
MASTERPL AN
基地
SITE
CAR PARKING ENTRANCE TRAFFIC FLOW
PEDESTRIAN
AREAS
交通分析 图
TRAFFIC ANALYSIS
小型家庭办公室
SOHO 55.900 sqm max height 120m
小型家庭办公室 SOHO 45.200 sqm
酒店 HOTEL 35.000 sqm
办公室 OFFICE 60.500 sqm
PLOT A+B
3期 PHASE 3 PLOT A+B 168.000 sqm
2期 PHASE 2 PLOT C+D 129.900 sqm
1期 PHASE 1 PLOT E+F 141.700 sqm
ROPPONGI HILL - TOKYO
1期
PHASE 1
高端商店 国际大 牌奢侈品店 饭店
HIGH END SHOPS INTERNATIONAL LUXURY BRAND SHOPS RESTAURANT
长剖面
LONG SECTION
短剖面
SHORT SECTION

利妥昔单抗联合R—MAD方案治疗原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的效果观察

利妥昔单抗联合R—MAD方案治疗原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的效果观察

利妥昔单抗联合R—MAD方案治疗原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的效果观察目的探究利妥昔单抗联合R-MAD方案治疗原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(PCNSL)的效果。

方法选取20__年8月~20__年9月我院接诊的PCNSL患者60例纳入研究,根据抽签法分为对照组和观察组,各30例。

对照组予以甲氨喋呤(MTX)治疗,观察组予以利妥昔单抗联合R-MAD方案治疗。

对比两组治疗效果。

结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论对PCNSL患者予以利妥昔单抗联合R-MAD方案进行治疗的效果确切,有利于预后。

利妥昔单抗;R-MAD方案;原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤R739.4 A ISSN.2095-6681.20__.25.00.02Rituxan joint R-MAD scheme for observation the effect of treatment of primary central nervous system lymphomaYANG Shuo(shangqiu first people"s hospital,Henan shangqiu 476100,China)Objective To explore the rituxan joint R-MAD scheme for treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL).Methods In August 20__ to September 20__,the hospital departments of 60 patients with PCNSL were included in the study,according to the draw method of two groups,each group 30 cases.Control group to methotrexate(MTX)treatment,the observation group for rituxan joint R-MAD scheme forpared to two groups of therapeutic effect.Results Treatment group total effectiveness is higher than the control group,significant difference (P<0.05).Conclusion to patients with PCNSL rituxan joint R-MAD scheme for treatment effect is exact,is advantageous to the prognosis.Rituximab;R-MAD;Primary central nervous system lymphomaPCNSL是一种罕见的侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤,该病仅局限于中枢神经系统,却可累及至软脑膜、脑、眼及脊髓等部位,未表现出全身受累。

马岩松资料收集整理

马岩松资料收集整理

马岩松资料收集整理我只是表达自己的观点,不是为了反对谁从当年北京胡同里那个捣蛋王开始,马岩松就丝毫不会掩饰自己观点的与众不同。

中国人传统的中庸、求同存异的观念,在他这里完全行不通。

即便被指责为炒作、被视为异类,他也不以为然,“历史在发展,我的看法注定会和以前的人不一样,我只是坚持自己的观点,不是为了反对谁。

”在耶鲁上学时,给马岩松授课的建筑界大师们不仅肤色各异、语言不同,对建筑的观念也千差万别。

往往前一堂课老师讲的东西,后一堂课就被另一位老师彻底推翻,老师之间也经常大声争辩,各种建筑思想、方法都平等地受到尊重。

在毕业典礼上,校长更是严肃地说:“从今天开始,你们要忘记任何人曾经在这里说过什么,只要相信自己就好。

”马岩松身体力行着这种教诲,独立思考、判断,并勇于提出观点。

“中国现在不仅需要将西方知识学来的人,更需要有自我价值观、能代表东方未来价值观的声音。

这个声音不管谁发出来,都必定会受到重视。

而这个声音不会由老一辈,也不会是外国人发出来!”很多人认为马岩松的另类作风是成名后的狂妄,但他的逻辑却恰恰相反。

“如果进入了成名的膨胀状态,所有事情都顺理成章,哪方面都游刃有余,所有的资源都会顺着你的想法变化,不管你说什么别人都会认为对。

那我就不用思考了,这是非常可怕的状况。

”马岩松非常珍视曾经简单、清贫的生活,因为能让他清醒,知道自己在做什么,而且可以看到进展。

刚出名被媒体采访密集的那段日子,让他感觉疲惫,很多事情没有时间去做。

“有的记者喜欢问我穿什么牌子的衣服这种无聊问题,后来我开始拒绝一些采访,并将许多日常事务交给合伙人,让自己保持思想上的清贫状态。

”35岁的马岩松,现在最关心自己想法的成熟度,“我一直在保持看自己的状态,最困惑我的是自己在想什么,我的高兴和不高兴都是因为发现自己思想上的问题,比如这段时间做实际的工作太多了,都不知道自己为什么做;比如去欧洲参加展览和各国的同行交流的时候,会突然发现自己的视野太专注于某个方面了……我是会自己和自己说话的人。

CS-MAD 系列角度 倾角传感器说明书

CS-MAD 系列角度 倾角传感器说明书

154CS-MAD系列角度/倾角传感器1、概述CS-MAD系列角度传感器模块是利用美国公司出品系列低成本、低功能、功能完善的单轴、双轴加速度传感器为核心集传感器、信号处理和控制电路、接口电路、通信系统以及电源于一体的角度传感器测量模块。

它既能测量静态角度(倾角),又能测量动态角度(倾角)。

广泛应用于惯导、汽车自动驾驶、平台控制和玩具等。

2、功能采用MEMS(微机由系统)技术,具有低成本、功耗低、高可靠性:该模块是集单轴或双轴加速度传感器于一体的单模块化电路;频率响应:0~10KHz可任意选定;非线性:0.2%~1%F.S.;量程:0-360度/可选;直流工作电压24VDC±20%,每轴最大工作电流不大于2MA;60Hz带时的分辩率为5mg对应的角度;3、特点该模块具有体积小、重量轻、性能优异及功能强大等优点:它既能测量静态倾角,又能测量动态角度(如旋转角度);在测量角位移的应用中它既能检测到被测对向的翻滚,又能检测俯仰角;对比常规的电解质、水银、热能等斜度测量仪精度高;每根轴的带宽均可通过电容调整;抗过载能力强:可承受2000g的剧烈冲击;尺寸:64mm×58mm×35mm(最小);有两种工作温度范围:商业温度范围为:0℃-70℃,工业温度范围为:-40℃-+85℃;信号输出方式灵活:脉宽占空比输出;4-20MA(0-10MA)电流输出;1-5VDC(0-5VDC)电压输出;4、使用范围a 以重力矢量作为基准测定空间物体的方位当敏感辆被设置为与重力矢量垂直,即与水平面平行时可用作倾斜度测量仪,可测量-90--+90度范围斜度;当加速度计的X和Y两根辆定位与水平面平行时,可作为经向纬向斜度测量仪,可测量360度范围斜度。

b运动装置的斜度测量该模块既可检测侧面到侧面的倾斜(翻滚),还能检测前后方向的倾斜(俯仰),无需与某一固定结构建立实际的物理连接,就可控制运动参数,如转向和制动。

非OECD国家以及非OECDMAD经合组织安全性资料互相承认体系

非OECD国家以及非OECDMAD经合组织安全性资料互相承认体系

欧盟放宽REACH注册实验数据要求欧盟REACH法规监管机构---欧洲化学品管理局(ECHA)6月1日发文澄清REACH数据相关规定,非OECD国家以及非OECD MAD(经合组织安全性资料互相承认体系)国家的GLP实验室数据也可用于REACH注册并为ECHA 认可。

非欧盟注册企业有望节省数据费一半以上。

2008年,ECHA开始接受符合GLP标准(良好实验室规范)的实验数据,数据提供方应源自以下二个途径:1)OECD(经合组织)成员国或通过OECD MAD完全认证过的国家;2)经OECD MAD体系暂时认可的国家,且该国的实验室已通过相关GLP 监管当局及一家OECD成员国GLP监管当局的联合审查。

目前,未加入OECD MAD体系国家的实验室如满足以下条件,ECHA也认可其出具的实验数据等同GLP数据:1. 进行取得数据的实验前,符合GLP标准的实验室应通过以下主管部门的审查:一家欧盟GLP监管当局的审查,包括挪威监管当局,挪威属于《欧洲经济区协议》协约国(EEA);或通过以色列、日本和瑞士的GLP监管当局,此三国已加入OECD MAD体系;或通过OECD成员国GLP监管当局的审查或经由个案基础通过OECD MAD体系完全认证国家的审查。

2. 并且提供数据的实验室已证明按照GLP标准操作。

OECD MAD协议声明,为避免重复动物实验,依据GLP标准进行化学品实验所产生的数据应得到所有OECD成员国和经OECD MAD完全或暂时认证国家的认可。

REACH法规要求生态毒理学及毒理学测试与分析必须符合GLP 标准。

虽然我国目前通过OECD成员国GLP资质认证的实验室寥寥无几,且单个实验室无法全面涵盖欧盟REACH注册、中国新化学品申报等法规应对所必须的全部实验项目。

但依据ECHA的最新GLP政策,国内这部分领域的注册企业可直接通过国内具备GLP资质的实验室获取大量缺失数据,从而避免向国外联合体或大企业购买数据的高昂成本。

最新煤炭五大常用指标资料

最新煤炭五大常用指标资料

煤炭五大常用指标:第一个指标:水分。

煤中水分分为内在水分、外在水分、结晶水和分解水。

煤中水分过大是,不利于加工、运输等,燃烧时会影响热稳定性和热传导,炼焦时会降低焦产率和延长焦化周期。

现在我们常报的水份指标有:1、全水份(Mt),是煤中所有内在水份和外在水份的总和,也常用Mar表示。

通常规定在8%以下。

2、空气干燥基水份(Mad),指煤炭在空气干燥状态下所含的水份。

也可以认为是内在水份,老的国家标准上有称之为分析基水份”的。

第二个指标:灰分指煤在燃烧的后留下的残渣。

不是煤中矿物质总和,而是这些矿物质在化学和分解后的残余物。

灰分高,说明煤中可燃成份较低。

发热量就低。

同时在精煤炼焦中,灰分高低决定焦炭的灰分。

能常的灰分指标有空气干燥基灰分(Aad )、干燥基灰分(Ad)等。

也有用收到基灰分的(Aar )。

第三指标:挥发份(全称为挥发份产率)V指煤中有机物和部分矿物质加热分解后的产物,不全是煤中固有成分,还有部分是热解产物,所以称挥发份产率。

挥发份大小与煤的变质程度有关,煤炭变质量程度越高,挥发份产率就越低。

在燃烧中,用来确定锅炉的型号;在炼焦中,用来确定配煤的比例;同时更是汽化和液化的重要指标。

常使用的有空气干燥基挥发份(Vad )、干燥基挥发份(Vd )、干燥无灰基挥发份(Vdaf)和收到基挥发份(Var )。

其中Vdaf是煤炭分类的重要指标之一。

第四个指标:固定碳不同于元素分析的碳,是根据水分、灰分和挥发份计算出来的。

FC A V M=100相关公式如下:FCad=100-Mad-Aad-VadFCd=100-Ad-VdFCdaf=100-Vdaf第五个指标:全硫St是煤中的有害元素,包括有机硫、无机硫。

1%以下才可用于燃料。

部分地区要求在0.6和0.8以下,现在常说的环保煤、绿色能源均指硫份较低的煤。

常用指标有:空气干燥基全硫(St,ad )、干燥基全硫(St.d)及收到基全硫(St,ar)。

壮语声母韵母例词

壮语声母韵母例词

壮语声母韵母例词一.Singmeh声母(22个声母)1. b(a):baz妻子baj姨母.姑母baenz成bak嘴baet 扫bag劈buz祖母2. mb(e):mbaj蝴蝶.口吃mbaq肩mbang薄mbaw ()张mbat次.下.回mbatlaeng下次以后3. m(a):ma回来.狗mad袜子madfwngz手套mae 线mak果子.肾脏maenz红薯.块.元(钱)maij爱4. f(e):faex树faeg剁.孵faengx粽子fak打(耳光)fangz鬼feq 轻浮5. v(e):vaq裤子vah话vad瓢vaiz水牛vat挖vut 扔vunz人vuet割6. d(a):daengq吩咐.凳子daengz到daeng灯dauq 回来dawz拿de他她它dek裂开7. nd(a):ndaq骂ndaej得ndaek团.快.个ndaem黑ndaeng鼻子ndang身体8. n(a):naz水田naj脸nax舅.姨naq箭nae雪namh泥土nanz久9. s(e):saw书.字.清澈.败seiq四seng生sim心soh 直sup吸10. l(e):lae梯子laeg深laeng后laep黑laux大lumj 像lwg儿子lan孙子laenj重孙子leq 重重孙子11. g(a):ga腿gaxgonq以前gaej别gaeq鸡gaemh抓gak各gangj讲12. gv(a):gvaq过gvai聪明gvangq宽大gviq挑(疮.刺)gvej小青蛙.割13. ng(a):ngaz芽ngah馋ngaek点(头)ngaenz银子.钱ngaeuz影子ngaiz午饭14. h(a):haq嫁haj五haz茅草hab合并haemz恨haemh晚haengx瞪大眼睛15. r(a):ra找raez长raek佩戴raemx水raemh荫raeuz 我们ranz家16. c(a):caj等cax刀cix就cae犁caengz还没有coux 接ciq借ciuhvunz一辈子17. y(a):yah老婆yaek才.挖yaem隐瞒yak凶yawj 看yiengz羊youq在18. ny(a):nyaengq忙.杂草nyaij嚼nyangj稻草nywj 草nyi听.偏要nyaenj捏19. ngv(e):ngviz骨髓ngwz(dangh)蛇ngveih粒ngvanz 顽皮ngvej跛20. by(a):bya鱼.山byaj雷电byaek菜byaeu烧byai 稍.末端byaij走byoq烤(火)21. gy(a):gyae远gyaez爱gyaeq蛋gyaep迫.驱逐gyaeuj头gyang中间gyong鼓22. my(a):myaex生锈myaiz口水myaix溶烂myok(va)花myonx蒙混二.Yinhmeh韵母(108个韵母)1. 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中国与OECD GLP

中国与OECD GLP

GLP及其在中国实施的趋势与可能蔡磊明王捷(国家沈阳新药安全评价研究中心, 10021)一、GLP的历史良好实验室规范(good laboratory practice ,GLP),最早是二十世纪70年代美国FDA 为审查新药登记申请的非临床安全评价资料而提出来的。

当时FDA检查发现某些研究机构提供一些研究报告存在明显错误,如实验设计不合理、不完整;实验方法和结果论述不严谨,甚至存在造假现象,例如用新的实验动物替换在试验过程中死亡的动物(导致实验动物没有接受足够的处理剂量),但没有记载动物替换情况;又如为了修改最终报告的结论而篡改原始记录数据以符合最终报告中的数据等等。

针对化学品安全评价研究过程中出现的造假和舞弊行为,肯尼迪总统委员会(Kennedy Hearings of the US Congress)责成PMA(制药企业联合会)从企业规范角度制定了企业GLP草案(1975年),责成FDA从法律上的规范,制定GLP(Good Laboratory Practice)的提案,以解决安全评价试验过程中的舞弊行为。

FDA于1976年11月制定了GLP草案,并发表在官方联邦法规集F.R(Federal Register)上,在听取多方面的意见后,于1978年12月22日公布了最终GLP,并于1979年6月20日生效(21 CFR 58)。

FDA的GLP特点是以联邦食品、医药品、化妆品法律的形式,不是以指导原则的形式,它不仅包括了医药品,还包括了食品添加剂、医疗用具、动物用医药品。

1984年10月29日,FDA在F.R.上发表了GLP修改案,听取各方意见之后,于1987年9月4日在F.R.上公布了最终GLP修改版。

本规范于1987年10月5日生效。

这次修改的特点是,根据FDA的检查经验,使非临床试验设施更具有弹性,力图减化GLP手续,主要对可信性保证、计划书的制定、受试物质、对照物质以及标本、样品的保管等进行了修正。

MAD研究

MAD研究
至于以后还会用到的3DS MAX以及MAYA我就不说了...因为我也还没开始用,大家可以自己去查阅一下相关资料.上面提到的VV和PR是同一类软件,因此选其一即可,个人意见如果只想做比较简单的MAD,就选VV好了,操作简单,功能也强;如果想做很华丽的MAD,那就选PR,很容易和AE配合.
2.MAD创作的灵感来源.
DVDRIP是DVD品质的,我到现在也没用过,在此就不做评价了.不过质量肯定是很好的,当然容量也是很大的,品质比较好的一集动画差不多就快1G了吧
MKV,首先说明它不是一种视频格式,而是一种封装模式,就象一个容器将AVI(视频)和MP3(音频)装进去就成了MKV,我对于MKV的分离也很小白...也很头疼,所以一直没研究过...有兴趣的朋友可以自己研究一下
注意积累零散的技巧 我所说的零散的技巧简单点说就是一个特效,当你遇到了,如果喜欢,不妨弄清楚是怎么做出来的,可以自己先猜测一下,用的什么插件,大致是怎么做的,能猜出来就动手做一下,能做出相似的效果,那么它就是属于你自己的技巧了.其实我们所见到的很多特效并非我们的技术实力不够而做不出来,而是我们没想到这样的效果,我个人比较喜欢的一句话就是"没有做不出的,只有想不到的".技巧积累的足够多了,就会发现这些特效就是"障眼法".很简单的层,很简单的关键帧,就能渲染出华丽的效果,所以要注重积累
好了,也不知道哪跟神经搭错了,居然一下子写了这么多....加上最近比较脑残,能想到的就这么多了,很不完整,而且有些地方逻辑有问题,由于知识有限,说不定某些地方也存在错误,欢迎各位路过的高手指出.大家多多运用拿来主义吧.最后祝各位MAD初心者们做出自己理想的作品
制作 很辛苦,而且可能会很枯燥,一遍又一遍的听同一首曲子直到对其免疫,一遍又一遍的翻阅同样的镜头直到脑残,不过只要始终保持创作初期最原始的冲动,我想一定能完成这个艰巨的任务...所以制作切忌急功近利,要有耐心不能浮躁.大家可以尝试一下这个方法:每首歌就象文章一样也有"起,承,转,合"几个部分,大家可以先把歌按这几个部分拆开,一段一段做,每做完一段可以休息一下,这样感觉可能会轻松点

mad中位数偏差

mad中位数偏差

mad中位数偏差下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成,希望大家下载以后,能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改,请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,如想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts,other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!在数据分析领域中,中位数偏差(Mad Median Absolute Deviation)是一种常用的统计量,用于衡量数据集中各个数据点相对于中位数的离散程度。

电影MadDogs疯狂之旅字幕文件

电影MadDogs疯狂之旅字幕文件

I'm recording this for my daughters, Emma and Lindsay.People are going to be saying...But no matter what this looks like, you need to know.....I didn't do anything bad.I didn't do anything wrong.And I love you both very much.Amy.I've never lied to you.Sometimes shit just happens.Nina.I love you.And I always will.You're a good person.Just tell your kids you love them.I don't...I don't know if they'll believe me.Be true to yourself.That's all I've got to say.<font color="#4096d1"> -==ÆÆÀÃÐÜÀÖÔ°ÇãÇé·îÏ×==- ±¾×ÖÄ»½ö¹©Ñ§Ï°½»Á÷£¬ÑϽûÓÃÓÚÉÌÒµÓÃ;</font>E-Lyric<font color=#4096d1>-=ÆÆÀÃÐÜ×ÖÄ»×é=- ·-Ò룺ÑÌ ØÊ×Ó Ð£¶Ô£ºÕÔСÅÖÍôÍôÍô ʱ¼äÖ᣺ÖÕµã</font>Bax!Hey.How's it going? Yeah, not bad.It's good to see you.I mean what kind of dickhead checks in luggage?The kind that doesn't want to get sweaty lugging it around.You alright? Yeah, you?Good, Bax? Hey, Quinn.Hey up!Hello, mate. How are you?Beautiful.Hey, Wood. Come on.When did you last see him?Er, a year ago?Haven't seen you for... what is it?It's nearly a year.Longer since I've seen those two.We've been avoiding you, Quinn.Yeah, when you did that second degree, we just thought,"What a cock."Here you are, look at this.Hola.Bienvenidos a Majorca.Lovely, thank you. Is that leather? Thank you.I want to sit in the front boys, if that's alright? Yeah, I'll sit here.Bienvenidos.Hey up.Fucking hell, eh! Digital camera.Not bad, is it? Thanks, Alv.How can he retire at his age? What's he going to do? Eat grapes.So basically, we're just celebrating himbecoming a rich slacker, is that it?* Like a virgin* touched for the very first time* When your heart beats next to mine* I-I-I-I* Oh-oh-oh-oh-ohHello.Yeah, I'd love to help you, but I'm, erm...I'm out of the business, aren't I?No.Retirado.Ci, ci. Terminado.Yes, yeah, yeah.Yes, he knows.No. No, not even for Dominic.Yeah, well, tell him thanks.Gracias, for asking.OK. Adios.Alvo!Bienvenidos, amigos!How are you?You got any drink in?Give us a kiss. Woody!Alright, Woods.Alright, Bax. How you doing?Quinny!Here we are.Bedrooms.Lucky dip. First-come, first-served.Bathroom.Mine. Mine, mine, mine!Makes you want to burst into song, Woods.The hills are alive...Maybe not.Out!That moody?Like I'd wear a fake.It's a nice one. Cost a few bob?No, it was a present.Blimey, who buys you presents like that?Someone who cares very deeply about me.Me.From me to me.The watch, the villa, the ride all came from my sweat, my toil. And infinitely resourceful???I'm very rich, you know.Well, here's to you, Alvo.Here's to the next six days.Pretty generous thing to do, mate. Cheers.Money can't buy real friends, Bax.Buys you detractors.Insincerity.But.....you guys have always been there for me.And I really appreciate that, I do.Nothing significant has ever been typed using thumbs.But they're all at it!I gave away my cell.I don't even have a computer up here now.I read books.I refuse to have a conversation with somebody who's going to sit there going neh neh neh... Quinn's turned into our dad.Alright, 50 quid... says that none of you lotcan go the next 24 hours without using your phone.50 quid? Yeah.Alright. You're on.Let me make one more call... And me...and you're on, my friend.Nina? It's me.No, I'm not in jail. No, it's good.Hello, darling, it's Dad. Very nice.Yeah, he's good. Put on a bit. Yeah, I'm fine. You OK?No, he looks well.I'm just reminding you I'mI know you know. He's confiscating the phones.Yeah, cos he's a control freak. Oh, you've got to go? OK.Before you go... If there's an emergency.....don't forget next weekend. ..I left the number on the fridge. Yeah, next weekend we're - No, it'll be fine.Give them a kiss from me.Ta-da.Alright, then, let's have it.Lock 'em up and see who sweats.He's shivering already.How many Freudians does it take to change lightbulb?How many?two, twoOne to change the lightbulb and the other one to hold my cock. Mother! Ladder!That's alright, isn't it?Come on, Rick. You're next.Hang on. Hang on.Alright, a horse walks into -No, a whore walks into a bar.Sorry, guys, Alvo, correct me if I'm wrong,but you've got something floating in your pool.What's that? It's a dog.It's a goat, innit?Look at it.Sizzling like a big strip of bacon.Woody. Mmm?Would you like me to massage some sun cream into your nuts?You think it just wandered in by mistake?Senor Hernandez?The pool man, Handy Mandez?The goat. Oh, the goat.You reckon the goat had issues?One too many San Miguels?Didn't realise how out of it it was and boom...Straight in the drink.Tragic misadventure.Never to be explained.He was the Brian Jones of goats.Are you wearing Speedos?No, they're not Speedos.They look like Speedos.Nah, Nina picked them out for me.I don't... I don't think they're Speedos.How is lovely Nina?She's good, mate. She's great, thanks. Yeah.Do you ever think about, you know, like, her and Quinn... That he used to go out with her.That's nearly 20 years ago, isn't it?But he loved her though, didn't he?Do you think they still keep in touch?No way.I was just going to go down the pool. - In your Speedos?I just think she got the wrong size.Are you happy?Yeah. Oh, yeah. Why wouldn't I be?No, no, I just wondered, I wondered if you ever......regretted not getting involved with this.You know, with me.When you had the chance.I don't really think like that, Alv. Maybe you should. Next time you're in your little office.With its fluorescent lighting.And vertical blinds.And lumped hours.I knew what you were...I'm winding you up! I knew you were. I could tell.You've done... You've done great, mate!You wearing Speedos? They're not Speedos.Nina picked them out for him.Sweet She does his shopping for him.How is, Nina?Yeah, she's good.Sends her love.You scared the shit out of me, you arseholes!Hope nobody's watching, looks rather dodgy.The dodgy ones go under the terrace.I don't care for his aftershave.Decomposition, the new fragrance from John Paul Gauthier. Don't you think someone should say a few words?OK.Goodbye, goat.Yeah, that should do it. Good luck, Woods.Be honest, Alv, is there anything you miss about home?I'll have to think about that.Watching Woody dig holes made me quite parched.Be a mother, Bax.Cerveza's in the fridge.Woody's doing OK then?Yeah, apparently.When he smiles he still looks like a retard, but hey.Boy's a fighter, can't knock him.How's the teaching working out for you?It's lecturing.Same thing, isn't it?Hardly.Touchy.I'm not touchy.It's different.Only a pair of cretins would play tennis in the midday sun. Alright, boys?Beat him like a Peter.Sorry, Alv.Lost a couple of your balls.We would have looked for them but we were worried about a goat attack. One's in the pool.Well, don't worry.One thing I'm not short of is balls.???Gracias.Cheers. Cheers.I bet you are a bit of a dab hand at the old cooking.What makes you say that?Divorced.Two teenage daughters that you have to prove to themyou can do everything their mum can.What's it like being single.....again?Who says I was single?Yeah?Yeah, I'm single. I thought so.I never could get my head around you giving up the law,especially after all that studying.I didn't work for me.I bet you miss it though, especially the old money.And for what? Selling antiquesWell, they're not -I know, I know, Asian artefacts, niche market, blah, blah, blah.It's a bit fucking minty though, innit?In the end, I guess you've just got to do what you enjoy.Boys?Hello?OK, whatever you want, on me.You don't have to pay??Yeah, we're not the poor relations. Rick can afford matching luggage. No, your money is no good here. I'll have four lobsters, then.I'll get the next one in. We should take turns anyway.Those of us that can.I'll order for us, shall I?Bit of everything? Fish, some steak.Surf and turf action?How's your Spanish?Que sera seraIt's embarrassing isn't it, really?Everybody else in the world speaks two languages except us.I suppose, historically speaking,it was always going to be easier for us to colonise them.Rather that than learn another bloody language, hey?Drive on the left-hand side, this is a train, this is a cricket ball. Now speak ruddy English.I bet you miss the booze, don't you? Times like this?Out with your mates, having a laugh?You mean do I miss waking up covered in sick,not having any clue what happened the night before?Nah, not really.I expect everyone asks you that.Usually it's the ones who think they might have a problem themselves. Still, it's cool, you know, having you as our designated drunk driver? That supposed to be funny?I didn't mean it like that, I just meant, you know... What?Well, it's great. That you've...You're not drinking.Just... driving.You could probably have one though, couldn't you?I mean, you are on holiday.See your kids much?Erm...They're at that age when having any kind of conversation with meis sort of just awkward.There's nothing I can do or say that doesn't make them look like they're annoyed or embarrassed.That's your job really, innit?Yeah, I suppose so.We just don't seem able to connect any more.Are they both at uni?Yeah, both at uni. Mother lives in Edinburgh.Just me rattling around in a big house now.Here we go.Ruddy hell! They're huge!Blimey, ask them if they'll race them.Ask if we can ride them!They're still moving.He's coming off.Imagine what would be doing now if we were still in our twenties. On the prowl! On the piss.On the fucking brink! Not allowed to do that anymore.Hey, hey!Let's go clubbing. Bit of old school!Come on! No way.Absolutely no fucking way.You alright? Where'd you get that?Sweet Jesus!I feel like I've just relocated the keys to my chi.Maybe.I haven't done that in a long time.It showed.You know what? I think I've pulled my glutes.So are we all, like.....middle-aged now, then?Speak for yourself.How did that happen?It's like...One minute, you're looking forward to everything.And the next minute, you're looking over your shoulder...And you go from thinking you're gonna live forever.....to thinking you've got a brain tumourevery time you got a headache.It's all green tea and fish oil from here on in, mate.Good.Meet the boys.Alright, guys. This is, erm, Laurie.Lottie. Lottie.She's from Bradford. Barnsley.I just thought I'd bring her back,have a drink, show her the mountains.Mi casa su casa.Ahh. Mi casa su casa.Come here, I want to give you a big kiss.Yeah, he's nice. He's a good-looking lad.Do you think we should say something?The guy is married. We went to both his kids' christenings.He obviously doesn't know whatRick! Rick!Ricky!What you doing? Hey?We're just having a drink. What are you doing?Do you want one?You don't think he's going to -He's just showing her his matching luggage.I'll just... shut this.Like it, don't ya?I do.Ooh, shall we make a dirty video?Yeah, definitely. They're my favourite kind.Brilliant.What do you want me to do? Get them off then.Now? Get them off. Go on, don't be shy.Let's see what you've got for me.Ooh, here he goes.Look at that! Is he a big boy? Is he a small boy?Let's have a look. It is big. Is it?Let's have a look at it then. Don't be shy.Go on, go on!Are you ready for him? Are you ready? I'm ready for him. Ooh! Very good.Whoa! Hang on!Whoa!Go on, give me a little danceI'll do a dance for you. Come here.Fuck! Oh!Put a sock in it!Put a sock on it!What you doing?I'm going to blackmail the little fucker.Oh, yeah! Yes! Yes!Oh! Yeah!Shh.Oh, I'm gonna fuck you so hard.Si?Uno momento.Business.At three in the morning?I thought he'd retired.Oh! Oh, yeah!D'you like it? Do you want it harder?Fuck!Terminado. Ci. Ci.Oh! Yeah! Yeah!No, no.No, no.???Oh! Oh!Slow down.You can understand me, speak English.No. Dominic, right.Dominic said we were good.I don't want to be in this fucking packet!Oh, yeah!Oh, fuck! Fuck!Fucking hell.I'm not fucking having it!I don't know whether to drive it or play it.You could start by turning it on, genius.Bax, you want one?Yeah. I'll take a cappuccino.Isn't it supposed to be "I'll have a cappuccino"?Or is it the done thingto use the grammar of an American sitcom when ordering one's coffee? Wow, Quinn, sorry,I had no idea you were such a custodian of the English vernacular. Cheers, Wood.Or indeed such a wanker.Alright.I'll make you a brew. Cheers.You lot were well lashed last night.I think you've all been barred. Yes!Two years clean and sober and the boy's still got it.You're funny.Did he tell you he was married? What?Rick. He's married, he's got kids.So?It doesn't bother you? He's on holiday, isn't heThere you go. Ta.Fuck me.It's the ghost of arseholes passed.Nice place, this. Is it yours? I wish.I bet it's yours, then.Dunno.You look... successful.Well, it's...No, it belongs to a friend of mine.Right.Rick, you want coffee? No, you're alright.Check him out.Part accountant, part member of Motorhead.I'm not an accountant.Oh...I'm a financial consultant.What's going on? Hairy dog.No, with her.What are we supposed to tell Nina if she asks about it?She won't. What if she does?It's just an activity, Quinn, alright?Who made you the moral compass of the expedition all of a sudden? Dear, oh dear, oh dear.Look at the state of you lot.And you are a naughty, naughty boy.Yeah.You got a number for a cab? I've got to get her home.Yeah, there's a card on the desk by the phone.Hola. Err...Rick. Una taxi...Intercourse remorse, Rick?Right, a bit of brunch, then we can either.....go round the oldest church on the islandor take a look at the Botanical Gardens,which are actually really rather nice.Calm down, Woody.Or we can take out my mate's massive fuck-off boatand do a bit of deep-sea fishing.Well, the botanical gardens are pulling me, I don't know about you. Quinnalot? He'd prefer to look at the church.Shut it, Woody. Mopey!Because he's not getting anyOut in front in half-an-hour and bring your cossies.And Randy Pandy, don't forget to put lolita in her taxi, alright? Coming through. Out the way, boys.What's all that about? Mind your own business.If something happened to Alvo,I wonder what would happen to his villa.Mum and Dad are gone, never been married...Alvo! If you die before us, can we have your villa?It's already yours, man.Seriously, I put it in all your names.When? Just before you came out.Then if I fall off my moped, I know you're going to enjoy it rather than some corrupt local official.You'd do the same for me, right?Who's this mate of yours?Jesus.Izus? Izoos? What kind of a name is that?It's Serbian for Jesus, innit.Well, now we go for a little walk.I want you all to see my idyllic island up close and personal. "Sun is Shining" - Bob MarleyIs that it?Yeah, I know.* Sun is shining* The weather is sweet, yeahOle! Ole, ole, ole!* Make you wanna move* Your dancing feet* When the morning* Gather the rainbow* Want you to know* I'm a rainbow too* To the rescue* Here I amAlright, Rick.Why don't you get one of these, Alv?Yeah, I might, Rick. I might.Here, pal.Nah, you're alright.So, he's a mate of yours, is he?This Izus, Jesus,???No, he's a cunt actually.Quite a lot of them are cunts out here, as it goes.How come he lent you the boat then? No, he didn't.What, so we nicked it? He put a goat in my pool.He fucking nicked it. Oh, I knew it!We nicked it. You're fucking joking!Oh, boo hoo hoo! We're scared of getting into trouble!Boo hoo hoo! We want to go home!What a bunch of fanny merchants.Oi, some of us have got responsibilities, mate.Listen, Alv, turn the boat around. Take it back now.No, I don't want to.Why are you being such a prick?You can't tell me what to do. I'm the captain.I'm Captain Prick.Come on, Alv, enough's enough, eh? Don't worry!We're not really nicking it, you pussies.We're just leaving it somewhereit will take Jesus a little while to find it.Right, jump off, Bax.Go on. Jump off. Woody. Woody! Chuck him the rope.Hang on.OK. OK.Sorry, mate.Oi. Oi! Captain Pugwash!You going to pull us in or what?Alright! Alright!Fucking Woody.I just had to flex a bit of muscle,show them I'm not to be pushed around. Right.So what are we going to do, Alv? Get a cab or something?A cab?Where do you see a cab round here? We're walking.It's miles!We're all a bit knackered, Alvo.And my glasses are bust."My glasses are bust"Quinn was telling me how we're not allowed to call him teacher anymore. We have to refer to him as 'a lecturer' or he gets very upset.I just call him sir.Shit. Shit, shit!I've left me camera on the boat.I'm not going back for it. Do think we should go back, Alv?I'll just leave it then, shall I?Bax said you're lonely, Quinn.That you're going into your shell,Is that true? No idea, Alvo.He said you had an inability to form meaningful relationships.I didn't say that. I didn't say that.Mind you, maybe you're better off in the long term.I mean, look at him.She's taken you to the cleaners, hasn't she, the missus?Why would you say that?Who's got the house? The car?She needs the car for the school run.And then there's the maintenance.She hasn't just taken you to the cleaners,she's sticking your head inside the washing machineand making you sniff her dirty knickers.We're just over this.Why don't we just.....follow the road round?You're past it, mate.Let's go.Hey. I honestly think he's a bit cracked.Maybe it's living here on his own. He's got no mates, has he?It's like we're the only people he's got in his lifeand we're never around, so... < Come on!I knew we should have gone???> So speak English!Well, fuck off then! I don't care! No!Is he speaking to that Jesus?If he's going to carry on like this, I'm going home.How?Just get on a plane. Bit ungrateful, innit?He'd never speak to us again.We've known him 25 years, we can't just fuck off and leave.He just gave us his villa.Maybe he just got over-excited because we're all hereand he's just trying to show off.We can stand up to him, you know?We don't have to do everything he says. We're not fucking kids. Alright, then.We all stick together on this, OK?United front.Yeah. Right.It's nothing too fancy, just, sort of, little Spanish nibbles.To high-jinks.On the high seas.You, erm... you going to go out on the pull again tonight, Ricky? Quiet night in, I think.Mmm. Yeah.Alv, have you got any after-sun?Aloe Vera or something?After-sun?'Allo, VeraYeah, no, yeah.Let's all go and moisturise.So, Alv, who bought the business? Was it... English company?You're not seeing anyone new yet, are you, Baxter?There's no lucky lady?You've asked me that. Twice. What was that......mad, crazy bird you saw last time you split up with your missus before you bottled it and went back to her?Brazilian! Brazilian, wasn't she?She was nuts.Tasty, but nuts.They're the best in bed, though, ain't they?You can't beat a bit of low self-esteem in the sack.You know, cos they're like, up for everything!They're so grateful!I bet your Jenny, she was a bit like that, wasn't she?Because she topped herself, didn't she?How much lower can self-esteem get?What?It's OK. I know what he was trying to say.Do you?Well, it's not like it didn't happen.Talk about timing, though.Just when you get clean, she offs herself.Right, listen, why don't we change the subject?You do know he was going to leave her, don't you?That's the irony! You -Shut up, Alvo.Whatever you say, man. Whatever you say.What shall we talk about them?What about Rick's little liaison?And now he's got to try and stop the Quinnsterfrom telling Nina all about it, because, as we all know, deep down, he's still in love with her. You're out of order, Alvo.Yeah, I know, I know. I don't need this.Thank you for including me but I don't want any part of your villa. Of course you don't, because you think you're better than me.You always thought you were better than me.Cleverer, smarter, and now, now, you can't for the life of you work out how I have ended up with all this.And you have got... exactly...What do you have, Quinn?Come on, boys. Let's take a breather.I mean, we are on holiday.Or we could just talk about what a total shitpileBaxter's made of his life.There is absolutely nothing you can say to me that will have any effect. You're a fraud. Right?You want people to believe you're something you're not.OK, come on, just get it all off your chest.Spew it all out. Let's hear it.Isn't it fucking ironic that the man who has everything, underneath it all, is just a deeply unhappy human being. Unlike you, Quinn, the person who has absolutely fuck all I want Nina back!What you banging on about her for?He's just had a little too much to drink.Yeah, unhappy living like this...Since when did happiness become about buying stuff? Listen, Alvo, I'd like my phone back now. Now.Look...I'm sorry. I'm sorry.The thing is, is I... I.....needed you all to...Well, I didn't need you, I wanted to see you.No, I needed to see you.This is... This is my fault.This is my fault really.But, I mean, like, like I said...Did I say that...?Who are the people that you turn to?You know, when...It's Tony Blair.Tiny Blair, more like.I don't know anything about a fucking boat, mate.DNA! I'm like a walking fucking Petri dish of evidence. You can't phone the police.People don't get away with stuff like this.。

LM317MADTRK资料

LM317MADTRK资料
and Control Changes
Vin Vin
Vout
LM317M
Vout
* Cin 0.1mF
IAdj Adjust
R1 240
** + CO
1.0mF
R2

Heatsink surface connected to Pin 2
TO-220AB T SUFFIX CASE 221AB
元器件交易网
LM317M, NCV317MAB, NCV317MB
500 mA Adjustable Output, Positive Voltage Regulator
The LM317M is an adjustable three-terminal positive voltage regulator capable of supplying in excess of 500 mA over an output voltage range of 1.2ĂV to 37 V. This voltage regulator is exceptionally easy to use and requires only two external resistors to set the output voltage. Further, it employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe area compensation, making it essentially blow-out proof.
PD
Internally Limited
qJA
70
°C/W
qJC
5.0
°C/W
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libmad音频解码库分析2008-07-25 11:46MAD(libmad)是一个开源的高精度MPEG音频解码库,支持MPEG-1标准。

libmad提供24-bit的PCM输出,完全定点计算,非常适合在没有浮点支持的嵌入式硬件平台上使用。

使用libmad提供的一系列API可以实现MP3文件的解码。

“mad.h”头文件定义了libmad的数据结构及API函数[15]。

表4 libmad中的主要数据结构MAD通过回调函数机制来实现解码,每个回调函数会返回一个枚举类型mad_flow,通过mad_flow可以控制解码的过程。

在未经处理的情况下,MAD一般输出32bit,以little endian格式存放在mad_fixed_t中的数据。

但是大多数的声卡并不能支持输出高达32bit精度的数据,因而还必须对mad_fixed_t进行量化,圆滑处理以及抖动,使到采样信号降到16bit精度。

MAD负责的只是解码的过程,它工作过程是:从外部获取输入,逐帧解码,在解码的过程中返回信息,然后得到解码结果。

开发人员要手动设置输入输出。

编程实现解码的方法为:初始化mad_decoder,里面包含了指向输入、输出、滤波、错误和消息回调函数的指针。

通过mad_decoder_init()实现初始化[16]。

struct mad_decoder decoder;struct my_playbuf playbuf; //设置数据缓冲区mad_decoder_init(&decoder,&playbuf,input_func,header_func,/*filter*/0 , output_func, /*error*/ 0, /* message */ 0);在这个初始化函数里面,回调输入函数指向了input_func,处理帧头信息的函数指向了header_func,而输出函数则为output_func。

其它的滤波,错误和信息函数没有设置,置0。

接着,MAD进入了一个解码的循环过程:当解码函数里面的数据解码完毕时,调用input_func函数;当input_func函数告知解码函数全部数据已经解码完毕,则MAD处理退出;对帧头进行解码,调用header_func函数;对帧中的主数据进行解码;调用filter_func函数;将解码数据输出,调用output_func函数;重复上述步骤。

MAD在每进行一帧的解码结束后都会询问mad_flow的状态,以决定是否进行下一帧的解码。

enum mad_flow的数据结构定义如下:enum mad_flow{MAD_FLOW_CONTINUE = 0x0000, /*继续进行下一帧的解码*/MAD_FLOW_STOP = 0x0010, /*停止对该比特流的解码并正常退出*/MAD_FLOW_BREAK = 0x0010, /*停止对该比特流的解码并返回错误*/MAD_FLOW_IGNORE = 0x0020 /*不解码该帧,跳入下一帧*/};大多数情况下回调函数会返回MAD_FLOW_CONTINUE。

要自定义实现的回调函数的声明格式为:enum mad_flow (*input_func)(void *, struct mad_stream *);enum mad_flow (*header_func)(void *, struct mad_header const *);enum mad_flow (*filter_func)(void *, struct mad_stream const *, struct mad_frame *);enum mad_flow (*output_func)(void *, struct mad_header const *, struct mad_pcm *);enum mad_flow (*error_func)(void *, struct mad_stream *, struct mad_frame *);enum mad_flow (*message_func)(void *, void *, unsigned int *);其中void *指针将缓冲数据传递给这些回调函数,由回调函数对数据进行处理。

Input_func函数一般会执行以下操作:if (more_data_available)buffer = refill_buffer();mad_stream_buffer(stream, buffer, length_of_buffer);return MAD_FLOW_CONTINUE;else return MAD_FLOW_STOP;header_func函数会根据mad_header指向的帧头从中读取重要的帧信息,如将读取到的帧长度赋值给mad_timer_t,可以从mad.h中得知存放这些信息的数据结构。

在output_func函数中,利用指向PCM数据的指针mad_pcm,执行类似以下操作:mad_fixed_t *left_ch = pcm->samples[0], *right_ch=pcm->samples[1];//将采样数据分别输出到左右声道int nsamples = pcm->length;signed int sample;unsigned char * buffer = some_buffer;unsigned char * ptr = buffer;while (nsamples--){sample = (signed int) do_downsample(*left_ch++)*ptr++ = (unsigned char) (sample >> 0);*ptr++ = (unsigned char) (sample >> 8);sample = (signed int) do_downsample(*right_ch++)*ptr++ = (unsigned char) (sample >> 0);*ptr++ = (unsigned char) (sample >> 8);//处理左右声道采样数据,输出16bit little endian格式PCM}定义好各回调函数之后,便可以开始解码:mad_decoder_run(&decoder, MAD_DECODER_MODE_SYNC);解码完毕后,调用mad_decoder_finish(&decoder);Linux音频设备操作2008-07-25 11:47音频设备操作为了将libmad解码后的PCM数据输出到本地的音频设备,需要调用OSS音频驱动API函数,具体的操作过程为[17] [18]:(1)包含必要的头文件,并定义合适的输出缓冲区#include <ioctl.h>#include <unistd.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/soundcard.h>#define BUF_SIZE 4096int audio_fd;unsigned char audio_buffer[BUF_SIZE];(2)打开音频设备/dev/sound/dspif ((audio_fd = open("/dev/sound/dsp", O_WRONLY, 0)) == -1) {perror("/dev/sound/dsp"); //如果打不开,提示出错exit(1);}(3)设置采样格式、声道数和采样速率int format; //设置采样格式format = AFMT_S16_LE; //设置为16bit little endian格式if (ioctl(audio_fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT, &format) == -1) {perror("SNDCTL_DSP_SETFMT"); //如果设置格式失败,提示出错exit(1);} //退出程序int channels = 2; //设置两声道if (ioctl(audio_fd, SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS, &channels) == -1) {perror("SNDCTL_DSP_CHANNELS"); //如果设置声道数失败,提示出错exit(1);}int speed = 44100; //设置采样速率if (ioctl(audio_fd, SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED, &speed)==-1) {perror("SNDCTL_DSP_SPEED"); //如果设置速率失败,提示出错exit(1);}(4)关闭音频设备close(audio_fd);audio_fd=-1;采用libmad+libao实现最简单的mp3播放器2008-07-25 13:28一、概述1.libmad介绍MAD (libmad) is a high-quality MPEG audio decoder. It currently supports MPEG-1 and the MPEG-2 extension to Lower Sampling Frequencies, as well asthe so-called MPEG 2.5 format. All three audio layers (Layer I, Layer II, and Layer III a.k.a. MP3) are fully implemented.MAD does not yet support MPEG-2 multichannel audio (although it should bebackward compatible with such streams) nor does it currently support AAC.MAD has the following special features:- 24-bit PCM output- 100% fixed-point (integer) computation- completely new implementation based on the ISO/IEC standards- distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)2.libao介绍libao is a cross platform audio library that allows program to output audio using a simple API on a wide varity of platform. It currently supports: . Null output (handy for testing without a sound device). Wav files. AV files. OSS (open sound system, used on linux and freebsd). ALSA (advanced linux sound archiecture). PulseAudio (next generation GNOME sound server ). esd (EsounD or enlightened sound daemon). AIX. Sun/ NetBSD/OpenBSD. IRIX. NAS (network audio server)二、源代码说明libmad附带了一个示例程序minimad, 但是仅仅是将解码结果输出到屏幕上,而libao则是基于OSS、ALSA等之上的音频高级API,可以将pcm输出,通过多种方式播放出来,因此将两者结合起来,编写一个可以播放mp3的程序。

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