车牌识别英文文献2翻译
车牌识别外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含:英文原文及中文译文)文献出处:Gao Q, Wang X, Xie G. License Plate Recognition Based On Prior Knowledge[C]// IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics. IEEE, 2007:2964-2968.英文原文License Plate Recognition Based On Prior KnowledgeQian Gao, Xinnian Wang and Gongfu XieAbstract - In this paper, a new algorithm based on improved BP (back propagation) neural network for Chinese vehicle license plate recognition (LPR) is described. The proposed approach provides a solution for the vehicle license plates (VLP) which were degraded severely. What it remarkably differs from the traditional methods is the application of prior knowledge of license plate to the procedure of location, segmentation and recognition. Color collocation is used to locate the license plate in the image. Dimensions of each character are constant, which is used to segment the character of VLPs. The Layout of the Chinese VLP is an important feature, which is used to construct a classifier for recognizing. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm is effective under the condition that the license plates were degraded severely.Index Terms - License plate recognition, prior knowledge, vehiclelicense plates, neural network.I. INTRODUCTIONV ehicle License-Plate (VLP) recognition is a very interesting but difficult problem. It is important in a number of applications such as weight-and-speed-limit, red traffic infringement, road surveys and park security [1]. VLP recognition system consists of the plate location, the characters segmentation, and the characters recognition. These tasks become more sophisticated when dealing with plate images taken in various inclined angles or under various lighting, weather condition and cleanliness of the plate. Because this problem is usually used in real-time systems, it requires not only accuracy but also fast processing. Most existing VLP recognition methods [2], [3], [4], [5] reduce the complexity and increase the recognition rate by using some specific features of local VLPs and establishing some constrains on the position, distance from the camera to vehicles, and the inclined angles. In addition, neural network was used to increase the recognition rate [6], [7] but the traditional recognition methods seldom consider the prior knowledge of the local VLPs. In this paper, we proposed a new improved learning method of BP algorithm based on specific features of Chinese VLPs. The proposed algorithm overcomes the low speed convergence of BP neural network [8] and remarkable increases the recognition rate especially under the condition that the license plate images were degrade severely.II. SPECIFIC FEA TURES OF CHINESE VLPSA. DimensionsAccording to the guideline for vehicle inspection [9], all license plates must be rectangular and have the dimensions and have all 7 characters written in a single line. Under practical environments, the distance from the camera to vehicles and the inclined angles are constant, so all characters of the license plate have a fixed width, and the distance between the medium axes of two adjoining characters is fixed and the ratio between width and height is nearly constant. Those features can be used to locate the plate and segment the individual character. B. Color collocation of the plateThere are four kinds of color collocation for the Chinese vehicle license plate .These color collocations are shown in table I.TABLE IMoreover, military vehicle and police wagon plates contain a red character which belongs to a specific character set. This feature can be used to improve the recognition rate.C. Layout of the Chinese VLPSThe criterion of the vehicle license plate defines the characters layout of Chinese license plate. All standard license plates contain Chinese characters, numbers and letters which are shown in Fig.1. The first one is a Chinese character which is an abbreviation of Chineseprovinces. The second one is a letter ranging from A to Z except the letter I. The third and fourth ones are letters or numbers. The fifth to seventh ones are numbers ranging from 0 to 9 only. However the first or the seventh ones may be red characters in special plates (as shown in Fig.1). After segmentation process the individual character is extracted. Taking advantage of the layout and color collocation prior knowledge, the individual character will enter one of the classes: abbreviations of Chinese provinces set, letters set, letters or numbers set, number set, special characters set.(a)Typical layout(b) Special characterFig.1 The layout of the Chinese license plateIII. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHMThis algorithm consists of four modules: VLP location, character segmentation, character classification and character recognition. The main steps of the flowchart of LPR system are shown in Fig. 2.Firstly the license plate is located in an input image and characters are segmented. Then every individual character image enters the classifier to decide which class it belongs to, and finally the BP network decides which character the character image represents.A. Preprocessing the license plate1) VLP LocationThis process sufficiently utilizes the color feature such as color collocation, color centers and distribution in the plate region, which are described in section II. These color features can be used to eliminate the disturbance o f the fake plate ’ s regions. The flowchart of the plate location is shown in Fig. 3.Fig.3 The flowchart of the plate location algorithmThe regions which structure and texture similar to the vehicle plate are extracted. The process is described as followed:Here, the Gaussian variance is set to be less than W/3 (W is the character stroke width), so 1P gets its maximum value M at the center of the stroke. After convolution, binarization is performed according to a threshold which equals T * M (T<0.5). Median filter is used to preserve the edge gradient and eliminate isolated noise of the binary image. An N * N rectangle median filter is set, and N represents the odd integer mostly close to W.Morphology closing operation can be used to extract the candidate region. The confidence degree of candidate region for being a license plate is verified according to the aspect ratio and areas. Here, the aspect ratio is set between 1.5 and 4 for the reason of inclination. The prior knowledge of color collocation is used to locate plate region exactly. The locating process of the license plate is shown in Fig. 4.2) Character segmentationThis part presents an algorithm for character segmentation based on prior knowledge, using character width, fixed number of characters, the ratio of height to width of a character, and so on. The flowchart of the character segmentation is shown in Fig. 5.Firstly, preprocess the license the plate image, such as uneven illumination correction, contrast enhancement, incline correction and edge enhancement operations; secondly, eliminating space mark which appears between the second character and the third character; thirdly, merging the segmented fragments of the characters. In China, all standard license plates contain only 7 characters (see Fig. 1). If the number of segmented characters is larger than seven, the merging process must be performed. Table II shows the merging process. Finally, extracting the individual character’ image based on the number and the width of the character. Fig. 6 shows the segmentation results. (a) The incline and broken plate image, (b) the incline and distort plate image, (c)the serious fade plate image, (d) the smut license plate image.where Nf is the number of character segments, MaxF is the number of the license plate, and i is the index of each character segment.The medium point of each segmented character is determined by:(3)where 1i Sis the initial coordinates for the character segment, and 2i S is thefinal coordinate for the character segment. The d istance between two consecutive medium points is calculated by:(4)Fig.6 The segmentation resultsB. Using specific prior knowledge for recognitionThe layout of the Chinese VLP is an important feature (as described in the section II), which can be used to construct a classifier for recognizing. The recognizing procedure adopted conjugate gradient descent fast learning method, which is an improved learning method of BP neural network[10]. Conjugate gradient descent, which employs a series of line searches in weight or parameter space. One picks the first descent direction and moves along that direction until the minimum in error is reached. The second descent direction is then computed: this direction the “ conjugate direction” is the one along which the gr adient does not change its direction will not “ spoil ” the contribution from the previous descent iterations. This algorithm adopted topology 625-35-N as shown in Fig. 7. The size of input value is 625 (25*25 ) and initial weights are with random values, desired output values have the same feature with the input values.As Fig. 7 shows, there is a three-layer network which contains working signal feed forward operation and reverse propagation of error processes. The target parameter is t and the length of network outputvectors is n. Sigmoid is the nonlinear transfer function, weights are initialized with random values, and changed in a direction that will reduce the errors.The algorithm was trained with 1000 images of different background and illumination most of which were degrade severely. After preprocessing process, the individual characters are stored. All characters used for training and testing have the same size (25*25 ).The integrated process for license plate recognition consists of the following steps:1) Feature extractingThe feature vectors from separated character images have direct effects on the recognition rate. Many methods can be used to extract feature of the image samples, e.g. statistics of data at vertical direction, edge and shape, framework and all pixels values. Based on extensive experiments, all pixels values method is used to construct feature vectors. Each character was reshaped into a column of 625 rows’ feature vector. These feature vectors are divided into two categories which can be used for training process and testing process.2) Training modelThe layout of the Chinese VLP is an important feature, which can be used to construct a classifier for training, so five categories are divided. The training process of numbers is shown in Fig. 8.As Fig. 8 shows, firstly the classifier decides the class of the inputfeature vector, and then the feature vector enters the neural network correspondingly. After the training process the optimum parameters of the net are stored for recognition. The training and testing process is summarized in Fig. 9.(a) Training process(b)Testing processFig.9 The recognition process3) Recognizing modelAfter training process there are five nets which were completely trained and the optimum parameters were stored. The untrained feature vectors are used to test the net, the performance of the recognition system is shown in Table III. The license plate recognition system is characterized by the recognition rate which is defined by equation (5).Recognition rate =(number of correctly read characters)/ (number of found characters) (5)IV. COMPARISON OF THE RECOGNITION RA TE WITH OTHER METHODSIn order to evaluate the proposed algorithm, two groups of experiments were conducted. One group is to compare the proposed method with the BP based recognition method [11]. The result is shown in table IV. The other group is to compare the proposed method with themethod based on SVM [12].The result is shown in table V. The same training and test data set are used. The comparison results show that the proposed method performs better than the BP neural network and SVM counterpart.V. CONCLUSIONIn this paper, we adopt a new improved learning method of BP algorithm based on specific features of Chinese VLPs. Color collocation and dimension are used in the preprocessing procedure, which makes location and segmentation more accurate. The Layout of the Chinese VLP is an important feature, which is used to construct a classifier for recognizing and makes the system performs well on scratch and inclined plate images. Experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the error rate and consumes less time. However, it still has a few errors when dealing with specially bad quality plates and characters similar to others. This often takes place among these characters (especially letter and number): 3—8 4—A 8—B D—0.In order to improve the incorrect recognizing problem we try to add template-based model [13] at the end of the neural network.中文译文基于先验知识的车牌识别Qian Gao, Xinnian Wang and Gongfu Xie摘要- 本文介绍了一种基于改进的BP(反向传播)神经网络的中国车牌识别(LPR)算法。
实时的车牌识别系统 中英文
VISL 项目在完成了02年一种实时车牌识别(LPR)的系统由酒吧,母鸡罗恩指导单位约哈难埃雷兹该系统一个典型的模式:摘要这个项目的目的是建立从汽车板在门入口处时,例如A区牌照时停车一个真正的应用程序,它已承认。
该系统具有视频摄像机的普通PC机,渔获量的视频帧,其中包括一个明显的汽车牌照和处理它们。
一旦发现车牌,它的数字确认,并显示在用户界面或数据库核对一。
形象的重点是设计一个单一的算法车牌从用于提取,分离板的特点及识别单个字符。
背景:目前已在实验室过去类似的项目。
包括项目实施的整个系统。
这个项目的目的首先是改善方案的准确度,并尽可能其时间复杂度。
该实验室的所有项目在过去。
根据精度不佳的测试中,我们就程序设置的45个影像,我们用我们的成功,并只有在特定的条件感到满意。
出于这个原因,除了再次从非常罕见的情况下,整个程序写。
简要说明执行情况:我们的车牌识别系统可大致分为以下框图。
框图全球系统。
另外这个进程可以被看作是减少或地方的牌照抑制有害信息从携带信息的信号,这里是一个视频序列包含大量无关信息的特点,形式抽象符号的研究。
光学字符识别(OCR)已采用神经网络技术,采用神经元在输出层的前馈网络的3层,200个神经元在20输入层,中间神经元在10层,。
我们保留了神经网络数据集图像用在项目的先例,其中包括238位第我们的算法的详细步骤说明如下图:框图程序的子系统。
这里介绍捕获帧的一个给定的产出上面所述的主要步骤:示例捕获帧黄色区域捕获的帧过滤捕获帧地区扩张黄色车牌区域确定氡角度的变换板的使用改进的LP地区调整唱片轮廓-列和图调整唱片轮廓-线条和图唱片作物灰度唱片唱片二值化,均衡使用自适应阈值二进制唱片归唱片确定使用的LP水平轮廓图像总和先决行归唱片轮廓调节字符分割使用的山峰到山谷方法扩张型数位影像调整数字图像水平轮廓-线和图调整的数字图像轮廓调整大小的数字图像OCR的数字识别的神经网络方法工具该方案实施开发了基于Matlab。
车牌识别毕业论文
摘要车牌自动识别技术是实现智能交通系统的关键技术,对我国交通事业的发展起着十分重要的作用,进而影响我国的经济发展速度及人们的生活质量。
车牌识别系统运用模式识别、人工智能技术,能够实时准确地自动识别出车牌的数字、字母及汉字字符,进而实现电脑化监控和管理车辆。
一个车牌识别系统的基本硬件配置有照明装置、摄像机、主控机、采集卡等。
而软件则是由具有车牌识别功能的图像分析和处理软件,以及能够具体满足应用需求的后台管理软件组成。
车牌自动识别系统主要分为图像预处理、车牌定位、字符分割和字符识别等主要模块,也包括后续应用程序的开发。
针对不同的模块,本文研究分析了现有的理论算法,并提出了具有实际应用意义的解决方案。
1.在图像预处理模块,因为人眼对于不同颜色分量的敏感度不同,图像灰度化采用加权平均值法;二值化过程中阈值的选取至关重要,本文采用动态自适应阈值法,效果理想;边缘提取利用了拉普拉斯算子;去噪过程采用的是中值滤波方法;2.车牌定位模块包括粗定位和细定位,本文通过分析车牌的尺寸、类型、颜色,得到不同的特征向量,即车牌的几何特征、灰度分布特征、投影特征和字符排列特征等,利用这些特征进行车牌定位;3.在车牌字符分割模块,提出了双向对比垂直投影分割法,该方法基于车牌的垂直投影,能够将字符准确的分割开,利于车牌字符识别: 4.本文对车牌数字和车牌字母及汉字提出了不同的处理方法,数字识别采用投影技术,汉字和字母识别应用BP神经网络技术,兼顾了识别准确率和识别速度;根据上述方法原理,基于MATLAB软件进行程序设计,编制了车牌自动识别软件。
关键字:车牌图像;图像处理;字符分割;BP神经网络AbstractLicense plate recognition technology is to realize the key technology of intelligent transportation system of our country, the development of the cause of traffic plays a very important role, then affects the economic development of our country and speed and people's quality of life. License plate recognition system with pattern recognition, artificial intelligence technology, to real-time accurately recognize the license plate number of automatic, letters and Chinese characters, and achieve computerized monitoring and management vehicles. A license plate recognition system of basic hardware configuration have lighting devices, video camera, master control machine, acquisition card, etc. And software is with license plate identification function by the image analysis and processing software, and can meet the demand of the specific application background management software component. License plate recognition system mainly divided into the image preprocessing, license plate location, character segment and character recognition and other major modules, including the follow-up application development.In view of the different module, this paper analyzed the existing algorithm theory, and puts forward the practical significance of the solution. 1. In the image preprocessing module, for the human eye to different color the sensitivity of the component is different, the image intensity by weighted average method; In the process of binary of the threshold is very important to select is adopted in this paper, dynamic adaptive threshold value method, the effect ideal; Using the Laplace operator edge extraction; Denoising the process is the median filtering method; 2. The license plate localization module contains coarse position and fine positioning, the paper analyzes the license plate size, type, color, get different characteristic vector, namely the geometrical characteristics of the license plate, gray distribution, projection characteristics and characters arrangement characteristics, use these characteristics of the license plate location; 3. In the license plate character segmentation module, and put forward the two-way contrast vertical projection segmentation method, this method is based on the license plate vertical projection, can make the character of accurate separated, beneficial to the license plate character recognition: 4. This article on license plate Numbers and letters and characters put forward different processing methods, number recognition by projection technology, Chinese characters and letters recognition application BP neural network technology, and taking account of the identification accuracy and recognition rate; According to the above method, based on the MATLAB software program design, compiled the license plate recognition software.Keywords License plate image, image processing, character segment, the BP neural network目录摘要............................................. 错误!未定义书签。
车辆牌照字符识别2
车辆牌照字符识别2摘 要此论文所介绍的是中国的车牌识别系统。
在实际的环境下所获得的图像通常是失真的。
在这里设计了一种方法来调整失真的车牌。
图像总是受到了天气和光线的影响,这是得灰度比例不均一。
一个预处理操作被用来解决这个问题。
利用模板匹配来进行字符识别,我们能够避免孤立字符,提高提取字符的正确性。
基于少数几个字符容易红混淆这个问题,我们建立了BP 神经网络来有效的完成字符识别。
1、 引言我们研究的目标是中国车辆牌照的识别。
车牌识别是实现自动车辆管理,交通管制,无人的征收通行税的关卡等等所必需的能力。
在车牌中的字符包括固定了字型的汉字,字符和数字。
随着所获得的条件的改变,图像的主要的缺点能够被概述如下:没有聚焦,几何上的扭曲和噪音的存在。
这使得字符变形,识别任务不容易解决。
近年来,很多研究人员致力于理论的研究,出现了很多算法。
在这个领域出现了快速的进步。
车牌识别系统由两个模块组成:车牌图像定位模块和识别模块。
我们主要讨论识别模块。
基于很好的定位,我们计划的主要计算阶段如下:调整变形的车牌,预处理,归一化和使用模板匹配法来识别字符。
鉴于有些字符容易混淆,我们提取细节特征和创建BP 神经网络来解决。
2、 调整变形的车牌汽车牌照通常会出现变形,就像在火柴盒外壳用力,使他呈平行四边形状扭曲。
这种变形遵循如下准则: '11'21x s x y s y ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫= ⎪ ⎪⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭在此式中,s1是沿x 坐标轴上的扭曲量,s2是沿y 坐标轴上的扭曲量,x ’,y ’是扭曲以后的像素,x,y 是扭曲以前的像素。
通常来说,s1ⅹs2≠1,也就是11021s s ≠,所以矩阵1121s s ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭是可逆的。
我们能够得到111'21'x s x y s y -⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫= ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭,这是变形图像的校正公式。
因为s1,s2在调整过程中不能积分的,所以必须有非网格点,他们的灰度等级应该通过三次插值计算得出,从而获得一个更好的结果的。
汽车车牌识别系统毕业论文(带外文翻译)解析
汽车车牌识别系统---车牌定位子系统的设计与实现摘要汽车车牌识别系统是近几年发展起来的计算机视觉和模式识别技术在智能交通领域应用的重要研究课题之一。
在车牌自动识别系统中,首先要将车牌从所获取的图像中分割出来实现车牌定位,这是进行车牌字符识别的重要步骤,定位的准确与否直接影响车牌识别率。
本次毕业设计首先对车牌识别系统的现状和已有的技术进行了深入的研究,在此基础上设计并开发了一个基于MATLAB的车牌定位系统,通过编写MATLAB文件,对各种车辆图像处理方法进行分析、比较,最终确定了车牌预处理、车牌粗定位和精定位的方法。
本次设计采取的是基于微分的边缘检测,先从经过边缘提取后的车辆图像中提取车牌特征,进行分析处理,从而初步定出车牌的区域,再利用车牌的先验知识和分布特征对车牌区域二值化图像进行处理,从而得到车牌的精确区域,并且取得了较好的定位结果。
关键词:图像采集,图像预处理,边缘检测,二值化,车牌定位ENGLISH SUBJECTABSTRACTThe subject of the automatic recognition of license plate is one of the most significant subjects that are improved from the connection of computer vision and pattern recognition. In LPSR, the first step is for locating the license plate in the captured image which is very important for character recognition. The recognition correction rate of license plate is governed by accurate degree of license plate location.Firstly, the paper gives a deep research on the status and technique of the plate license recognition system. On the basis of research, a solution of plate license recognition system is proposed through the software MATLAB,by the M-files several of methods in image manipulation are compared and analyzed. The methods based on edge map and das differential analysis is used in the process of the localization of the license plate,extracting the characteristics of the license plate in the car images after being checked up for the edge, and then analyzing and processing until the probably area of license plate is extracted,then come out the resolutions for localization of the car plate.KEY WORDS:imageacquisition,image preprocessing,edge detection,binarization,licence,license plate location目录前言 (1)第1章绪论 (2)§1.1 课题研究的背景 (2)§1.2 车牌的特征 (2)§1.3 国内外车辆牌照识别技术现状 (3)§1.4车牌识别技术的应用情况 (4)§1.5 车牌识别技术的发展趋势 (5)§1.6车牌定位的意义 (6)第2章MATLAB简介 (7)§2.1 MATLAB发展历史 (7)§2.2 MATLAB的语言特点 (7)第3章图像预处理 (10)§3.1 灰度变换 (10)§3.2 图像增强 (11)§3. 3 图像边缘提取及二值化 (13)§3. 4 形态学滤波 (18)第4章车牌定位 (21)§4.1 车牌定位的主要方法 (21)§4.1.1基于直线检测的方法 (22)§4.1.2 基于阈值化的方法 (22)§4.1.3 基于灰度边缘检测方法 (22)§4.1.4 基于彩色图像的车牌定位方法 (25)§4.2 车牌提取 (26)结论 (30)参考文献 (31)致谢 (33)前言随着交通问题的日益严重,智能交通系统应运而生。
汽车牌照识别系统的车牌定位技术研究外文资料翻译(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
建立一个自动车辆车牌识别系统车辆由于数量庞大的抽象,现代化的城市要建立有效的交通自动系统管理和调度.最有用的系统之一是车辆车牌识别系统,它能自动捕获车辆图像和阅读这些板块的号码在本文中,我们提出一个自动心室晚电位识别系统,ISeeCarRecognizer,阅读越南样颗粒在交通费的注册号码.我们的系统包括三个主要模块:心室晚电位检测,板数分割和车牌号码识别。
在心室晚电位检测模块,我们提出一个有效的边界线为基础Hough变换相结合的方法和轮廓算法.该方法优化速度和准确性处理图像取自不同职位。
然后,我们使用水平和垂直投影的车牌号码分开心室晚电位分段模块.最后,每个车牌号码将被OCR的识别模块实现了由隐马尔可夫模型。
该系统在两个形象评价实证套并证明其有效性是适用于实际交通收费系统。
该系统也可适用于轻微改变一些其他类型的病毒样颗粒。
一.导言车牌识别的问题是一个非常有趣,且困难的一个问题.这在许多交通管理系统中是非常有用的。
心室晚电位识别需要一些复杂的任务,如车牌的检测,分割和识别。
这些任务变得更加复杂时,处理各种倾斜角度拍摄的图像或含有噪音的图像。
由于此问题通常是在实时系统中使用,它不仅需要准确性,而且要效率.大多数心室晚电位识别应用通过建立减少一些复杂的约束的位置和距离相机车辆,倾斜角度。
通过这种方式,车牌识别系统的识别率已得到明显改善.在此外,我们可以更准确地获得通过一些具体的当地样颗粒的功能,如字符数,行数在一板,或板的背景颜色或的宽度比为一板高。
二.相关工作心室晚电位的自动识别问题在20世纪90年代开始就有研究。
第一种方法是基于特征的边界线。
首次输入图像处理,以丰富的边界线的一些信息如梯度算法过滤器,导致在一边缘图像.这张照片是二值化处理,然后用某些算法,如Hough 变换,检测线。
最终,2平行线视为板候选人[4] [5]。
另一种方法是基于形态学[2]。
这种方法侧重于一些板块图像性质如亮度,对称,角度等。
英语作文中车牌号格式
英语作文中车牌号格式标题,The Format of Vehicle License Plate Numbers。
Introduction:Vehicle license plate numbers serve as uniqueidentifiers for vehicles around the world. Each country has its own format and regulations governing the structure of these numbers. In this essay, we will explore the different formats of vehicle license plate numbers and the significance behind their designs.1. The Structure of License Plate Numbers:Vehicle license plate numbers typically consist of a combination of letters and numbers arranged in a specific format. The structure varies from country to country, but there are some common elements. For example, in many countries, license plate numbers contain both letters and numbers, with the letters often representing the region orjurisdiction where the vehicle is registered.2. Examples of License Plate Formats:a. United States:In the United States, license plate numbers typically consist of a combination of letters and numbers. The format varies by state, but it often includes a combination of letters representing the state followed by numbers or a mix of numbers and letters. For example, in California, a license plate number might look like "ABC 1234", where "ABC" represents the state code and "1234" is a unique identifier.b. United Kingdom:In the United Kingdom, license plate numbers follow a specific format consisting of two letters, followed by two numbers, followed by three more letters. The first two letters represent the region where the vehicle is registered, the two numbers indicate the age ofthe vehicle, and the final three letters are randomly assigned. For example, a UK license plate number might appear as "AB12 CDE".c. China:In China, license plate numbers vary depending on the region where the vehicle is registered. In major cities like Beijing and Shanghai, license plates typically consist of a single letter followed by a series of numbers and then another letter. The first letter often represents the city or province, while the numbers are a unique identifier. For example, a license plate number in Beijing might be "京A12345", where "京" represents Beijing and "A" is a series code.3. Significance of License Plate Designs:The design of license plate numbers serves several purposes. Firstly, it allows for easy identification of vehicles by law enforcement officers, government agencies, and the general public. Secondly, it helps in regulatingand tracking vehicle registration and ownership. Additionally, the format of license plate numbers can have cultural or historical significance, reflecting regional identities or traditions.4. Conclusion:In conclusion, vehicle license plate numbers play a crucial role in identifying and regulating vehicles on the road. The format of these numbers varies by country, with each nation adopting its own system based on regulatory requirements and cultural norms. Understanding the structure and significance of license plate numbers provides insight into the complexities of vehicle registration and ownership worldwide.。
德汉汽车工程词典_车牌译名
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车牌识别英文文献1翻译
提出的模型本文的主要目的是要开发一个系统可以从没有虚假质量的复杂的现场图像中提取车牌号码,相机和车牌之间的距离,其中的相对车牌已被抓获在相机等。
对车牌识别系统概述见图1,在车辆图片由相机拍摄后,它会被传递到预先处理单位由系统作进一步处理。
其主要功能是消除图像采集子系统所造成的噪声,提升图像的其他两个子系统使用的功效。
图像将被板提取模块扫描以找到车辆的车牌。
下一阶段是对于车牌中字符的分割。
最后每个字符将传递给光学字符识别(OCR)模块来进行识别确定,最终结果将是ASCII字符和车牌号码。
3.1.预处理输入图像的最初处理是为了提高其质量,并为系统的下一阶段执行作准备。
首先,该系统使用的NTSC标准的方法将RGB图像转换为灰度图像。
G=0.299*R+0.587*G+0.114*B第二步,用中值滤波(5x5)对灰度图像进行处理,以消除噪音,同时也能保持图像的清晰度。
中值滤波是一种非线性滤波器,它用各像素5x5邻里的计算得出中位值来取代该像素的值。
3.2.板块提取板块提取处理包含五个不同的阶段进行,如图2所示;在这里每个阶段执行灰度图像分割过程以消除不属于车牌区域的多余的像素。
例如,水平定位阶段是负责寻找水平部分可能包含一个车牌。
在下面的讨论中,每一个阶段都会被细细展开讨论。
马来西亚车牌由一排白色字符在黑色的背景底色,所以我们可以说,车牌区域的特点是从一排黑色过渡到一排白色,反之亦然,这样转换被称为“边缘”。
从车牌字符到其背景在色彩强度上总的变化叫做边缘的强度。
最强边缘值,能够在从一个黑色像素过渡到一个白色像素或从白色像素变为黑色像素情况下被找到。
在理想的情况下,马来西亚的车牌是白色的字符绘制在黑色的背景上,因此这种搭配产生了高强度边缘值,用于查找出可能的板区域。
在本文中我们将使用Sobel算子来查找边缘。
Sobel运算在图片上执行一个2-D空间梯度测量。
通常它是用来寻找近似绝对的梯度幅度对在每一个点在输入的灰度图像上。
毕业设计BP神经网络方法对车牌照字符的识别(含外文翻译) (1)
摘要为了对车牌字符的识别,本文将BP神经网络应用于汽车车牌的自动识别,在车牌图像进行预处理后的基础上,重点讨论了用BP神经网络方法对车牌照字符的识别。
首先将训练样本做图像预处理,对车牌上的字符进行分割,得到单个字符。
对大小不一的字符做归一化后,对字符进行特征提取,把长为15,宽为25的归一化后的图像中的字符信息提取出来,图像中白点置为0,图像中的黑点置为1,这样就得到了15×25的特征向量,这个特征向量记录的就是字符的特征。
把这个特征向量送到BP网络中进行训练,得到了训练好的权值,把他保存到“win.dat”和“whi.dat”中。
然后打开要识别的图片(即车牌),对图像进行预处理后就可以识别了。
识别率也在90%以上,表明该方法的有效性。
关键字:车牌识别;LPR;字符识别;特征提取; BP神经网络;AbstractFor the discernment to the number plate character, this text applies BP neural network to the automatic discernment of the automobile number plate, on the basis that the number plate picture goes on in advance treated , is it use BP neural network method to car discernment , license plate of character to discuss especially. Will train samples to do the pretreatment of the picture at first, character in number plate cut apart, get the individual character. After making normalization to the character not of uniform size, drew the characteristic to the character 15, wide to draw out for character information of 25 picture behind the normalization, picture white point it puts to be 0, black point of picture is it as 1 , receive 15* 25 characteristic vector quantity like this to put, what the vector quantity of this characteristic is written down is the characteristic of the character . Send the characteristic vector quantity BP network train, get good right value of training, keep him in win.dat and whi.dat. Open picture (namely number plate) discerned to want, go on to picture in advance treated to can discern. The discerning rate is above 90% too; show the validity of this method.Key word:The number plate discerning;The character discerning;LPR;The characteristic is drawn;BP neural network;目录摘要 (Ⅰ)ABSTRACT (Ⅱ)第一章概述 (1)1.1 基本概念 (1)1.2 字符识别简介 (2)1.2.1字符识别发展概况 (2)1.2.2字符识别系统用到的方法 (3)1.2.3字符识别原理 (4)1.3 国内外研究现状和发展趋势 (5)1.4 基于神经网络的字符识别系统 (6)1.4.1 系统简介 (6)1.4.2 系统的基本技术要求 (7)1.4.3系统的软硬件平台 (7)第二章字符识别系统中的关键技术 (8)2.1 特征提取 (8)2.1.1 基本概念 (8)2.1.2 区域内部的数字特征 (10)2.1.3 基于边界的形状特征 (13)2.2 神经网络 (18)2.2.1 人工神经元 (18)2.2.2 人工神经网络构成 (22)2.2.3 人工神经网络的学习规则 (23)2.2.4 BP神经网络 (24)第三章系统的实现 (31)3.1 系统流程图 (31)3.2 程序实现 (31)3.3 程序的总体框架 (36)第四章系统使用说明、测试及注意事项 (37)4.1 系统使用说明 (37)4.2 系统测试 (39)4.2.1 数字识别 (39)4.2.2 字母识别 (40)4.2.3 汉字识别 (40)4.2.4 车牌识别 (41)4.3 注意事项 (41)第五章结论和展望 (42)致谢 (43)参考文献 (44)外文原文与译文 (46)●外文原文 (46)●译文 (57)第一章概述1.1 基本概念随着21世纪经济全球化和信息时代的到来,计算机技术、通信技术和计算机网络技术迅猛发展,自动化的信息处理能力和水平不断提高,并在人们社会活动和生活的各个领域得到广泛应用。
智能车辆中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology. It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way.With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people. Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almostevery time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education. Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many. Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is greatThe design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical. First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc. On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn rightSubject partsIntelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, is an important part of intelligent transportation system.In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect. The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system2.1 theory is put forwardThe progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science. Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer. This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word. In operation of stepping motor and a drivingcircuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts. After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole. Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed. Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming. For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove the correctness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1) electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way; (2) electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance; (3) are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time; (4) electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching websiteUsing 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside,in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-8 - Z/BX inductive proximity switch as garage iron detecting element, the microcontroller after receiving sensor detects the signal through the corresponding procedures to control the car forward, backward, turn, so that the car's performance indicators meet the requirements of the design.Intelligent car is a branch of intelligent vehicle research. It with the wheel as mobile mechanism, to realize the autonomous driving, so we call it the smart car. Smart car with the basic characteristics of the robot, easy to programming. It with remote control car the difference is that the latter requires the operator to control the steering, start-stop and in a more advanced remote control car can also control the speed (common model car belong to this type of remote control car); The smart car Is to be implemented by computer programming for the car stop, driving direction and speed control, without human intervention. Operator the smart car can be changed by a computer program or some data to change its drive type. This change can be controlled through programming, the characteristics of the car driving way is the biggest characteristic of smart car. The control system of smart car research purpose is to make the car driving with higher autonomy. If any given car a path, through the system,the car can get system for path after image processing of data moving and Angle (a), and can be scheduled path, according to the displacement and Angle information.The control system structure analysisAccording to the above design idea, the structure of the intelligent car control system can be divided into two layers1, the planning layerPC control system, the planning layer provides the information of the whole car driving, including path processing module and communication module. It has to solve the basic problem(1) using what tools to deal with the car path graph;(2) the car movement model is established, the data to calculate the car driving;(3) set up the car's motion model, the data to calculate the car driving;Layer 2, behaviorLower machine control system, the behavior is the underlying structure of a smart car control system, realize the real-time control of the car driving, it includes communication module, motor control module and data acquisition module. It to solve the basic problems are:(1) receiving, processing, PC sends data information;(2) the design of stepping motor control system;(3) information collection and the displacement and Angle of the car, car positioning posture, analysis system control error;The total design schemeSmart car control system are obtained by system structure, order process:(1) start AutoCAD, create or select a closed curve as the cart path, pick up the car starting $path graph(2) to choose the path of the graphics processing, make the car turning exist outside the minimum turning radius of edges and corners with circular arc transition(3) to generate a new path to simulate the motion process of car;(4) to calculate the displacement of the car driving need and wheel Angle, and then sends the data to the machine(5) under the machine after receiving data, through software programming control the rotation speed and Angle of the car wheels and make it according to the predetermined path A complete control system requirements closely linked to each function module in the system, according to the order process and the relationship between them, the total design scheme of the system is available.Design of basically has the following several modulesPart 1, the information acquisition module, data collection is composed of photoelectric detection and operation amplifier module,photoelectric detection were tracing test and speed test of two parts. To detect the signal after budget amplifier module lm324 amplifier plastic to single chip, its core part is several photoelectric sensor.2, control processing module: control processing module is a stc89c52 MCU as the core, the microcontroller will be collected from the information after the judgement, in accordance with a predetermined algorithm processing, and the handling results to the motor drive and a liquid crystal display module, makes the corresponding action.3, perform module: executable module consists of liquid crystal display (LCD), motor drive and motor, buzzer of three parts. LCD is mainly based on the results of single chip real-time display, convenient and timely users understand the current state of the system, motor driver based on single chip microcomputer instruction for two motor movements, can according to need to make the corresponding acceleration, deceleration, turning, parking and other movements, in order to achieve the desired purpose. Buzzer is mainly according to the requirements in a particular position to make a response to the report.译文一、引言智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。
车牌识别英文文献2翻译
实时车辆的车牌识别系统摘要本文中阐述的是一个简炼的用于车牌识别系统的算法。
基于模式匹配,该算法可以应用于对车牌实时检测数据采集,测绘或一些特定应用目的。
拟议的系统原型已经使用C++和实验结果已证明认可阿尔伯塔车牌。
1.介绍车辆的车牌识别系统已经成为在视频监控领域中一个特殊的热门领域超过10年左右。
随着先进的用于交通管理应用的视频车辆检测系统的的到来,车牌识别系统被发现可以适合用在相当多的领域内,并非只是控制访问点或收费停车场。
现在它可以被集成到视频车辆检测系统,该系统通常安装在需要的地方用于十字路口控制,交通监控等,以确定该车辆是否违反交通法规或找到被盗车辆。
一些用于识别车牌的技术到目前为止有如BAM(双向联想回忆)神经网络字符识别[1],模式匹配[2]等技术。
应用于系统的技术是基于模式匹配,该系统快速,准确足以在相应的请求时间内完成,更重要的是在于阿尔伯塔车牌识别在字母和数字方位确认上的优先发展。
由于车牌号码的字体和方位因国家/州/省份的不同而不同,该算法需要作相应的修改保持其结构完整,如果我们想请求系统识别这些地方的车牌。
本文其余部分的组织如下:第2节探讨了在识别过程中涉及的系统的结构和步骤,第3节解释了算法对于车牌号码的实时检测,第4节为实验结果,第5节总结了全文包括致谢和参考文献。
2.系统架构系统将被用来作为十字路口的交通视频监控摄像系统一个组成部分来进行分析。
图1显示了卡尔加里一个典型的交叉口。
只有一个车牌用在艾伯塔,连接到背面的车辆照相机将被用于跟踪此背面车牌。
图1 卡尔加里一个的典型交叉口系统架构包含三个相异部分:室外部分,室内部分和通信链路。
室外部分是安装摄像头在拍摄图像的不同需要的路口。
室内部分是中央控制站,从所有这些安装摄像头中,接收,存储和分析所拍摄图像。
通信链路就是高速电缆或光纤连接到所有这些相机中央控制站。
几乎所有的算法的开发程度迄今按以下类似的步骤进行。
一般的7个处理步骤已被确定为所有号牌识别算法[3] 共有。
车牌识别外文翻译讲解学习
车牌识别外文翻译中英文翻译A configurable method for multi-style license platerecognitionAutomatic license plate recognition (LPR) has been a practical technique in the past decades. Numerous applications, such as automatic toll collection, criminal pursuit and traffic law enforcement , have been benefited from it . Although some novel techniques, for example RFID (radio frequency identification), WSN (wireless sensor network), etc., have been proposed for car ID identification, LPR on image data is still an indispensable technique in current intelligent transportation systems for its convenience and low cost. LPR is generally divided into three steps: license plate detection, character segmentation and character recognition. The detection step roughly classifies LP and non-LP regions, the segmentation step separates the symbols/characters from each other in one LP so that only accurate outline of each image block of characters is left for the recognition, and the recognition step finally converts greylevel image block into characters/symbols by predefined recognition models. Although LPR technique has a long research history, it is still driven forward by various arising demands, the most frequent one of which is the variation of LP styles, for example:收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除(1) Appearance variation caused by the change of image capturing conditions.(2)Style variation from one nation to another.(3)Style variation when the government releases new LP format. We summed them up into four factors, namely rotation angle, line number, character type and format, after comprehensive analyses of multi-style LP characteristics on real data.Generally speaking, any change of the above four factors canresult in the change of LP style or appearance and then affectthe detection, segmentation or recognition algorithms. If one LP has a large rotation angle, the segmentation and recognition algorithms for horizontal LP may not work. If there are morethan one character lines in one LP, additional line separation algorithm is needed before a segmentation process. With the variation of character types when we apply the method from one nation to another, the ability to re-define the recognition models is needed. What is more, the change of LP styles requires the method to adjust by itself so that the segmented and recognized character candidates can match best with an LP format. Several methods have been proposed for multi-national LPs or multiformat LPs in the past years while few of them comprehensively address the style adaptation problem in terms of the abovementioned factors. Some of them only claim the abilityof processing multinational LPs by redefining the detection and segmentation rules or recognition models.In this paper, we propose a configurable LPR method which is adaptable from one style to another, particularly from one收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除nation to another, by defining the four factors as parameters. Users can constrain the scope of a parameter and at the sametime the method will adjust itself so that the recognition canbe faster and more accurate. Similar to existing LPR techniques, we also provide details of detection, segmentation and recognition algorithms. The difference is that we emphasize onthe configurable framework for LPR and the extensibility of the proposed method for multistyle LPs instead of the performance of each algorithm.In the past decades, many methods have been proposed for LPR that contains detection, segmentation and recognition algorithms. In the following paragraphs, these algorithms and LPR methods based on them are briefly reviewed.LP detection algorithms can be mainly classified into three classes according to the features used, namely edgebased algorithms, colorbased algorithms and texture-based algorithms. The most commonly used method for LP detection is certainly the combinations of edge detection and mathematical morphology .In these methods, gradient (edges) is first extracted from theimage and then a spatial analysis by morphology is applied to connect the edges into LP regions. Another way is counting edges on the image rows to find out regions of dense edges or to describe the dense edges in LP regions by a Houghtransformation .Edge analysis is the most straightforward method with low computation complexity and good extensibility. Compared with edgebased algorithms, colorbased algorithms depend more on收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除the application conditions. Since LPs in a nation often have several predefined colors, researchers have defined color models to segment region of interests as the LP regions .This kind of method can be affected a lot by lighting conditions. To win both high recall and low false positive rates, texture classification has been used for LP detection. In Ref.Kim et al. used an SVM to train texture classifiers to detect image block that contains LP pixels.In Ref. the authors used Gabor filters to extract texture features in multiscales and multiorientations to describe the texture properties of LP regions. In Ref. Zhang used X and Y derivative features,grey-value variance and Adaboost classifier to classify LP and non-LP regions in an image.In Refs. wavelet feature analysis is applied to identify LP regions. Despite the good performance of these methods the computation complexitywill limit their usability. In addition, texture-based algorithms may be affected by multi-lingual factors.Multi-line LP segmentation algorithms can also be classified into three classes, namely algorithms based on projection,binarization and global optimization. In the projection algorithms, gradient or color projection on vertical orientation will be calculated at first. The “valleys” on the projection result are regarded as the space between characters and used to segment characters from each other. Segmented regions arefurther processed by vertical projection to obtain precise bounding boxes of the LP characters. Since simple segmentation methods are easily affected by the rotation of LP, segmenting the skewed LP becomes a key issue to be solved. In the收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除binarization algorithms, global or local methods are often used to obtain foreground from background and then region connection operation is used to obtain character regions. In the most recent work, local threshold determination and slide window technique are developed to improve the segmentation performance. In the global optimization algorithms, the goal is not to obtain good segmentation result for independent characters but to obtain a compromise of character spatial arrangement and single character recognition result. Hidden Markov chain has been used to formulate the dynamic segmentation of characters in LP. The advantage of the algorithm is that the global optimization will improve the robustness to noise. And the disadvantage is that precise format definition is necessary before a segmentation process.Character and symbol recognition algorithms in LPR can be categorized into learning-based ones and template matching ones. For the former one, artificial neural network (ANN) is the mostly used method since it is proved to be able to obtain very good recognition result given a large training set. An important factor in training an ANN recognition model for LP is to build reasonable network structure with good features. SVM-based method is also adopted in LPR to obtain good recognition performance with even few training samples. Recently, cascade classifier method is also used for LP recognition. Template matching is another widely used algorithm. Generally, researchers need to build template images by hand for the LP characters and symbols. They can assign larger weights for the收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除important points, for example, the corner points, in thetemplate to emphasize the different characteristics of the characters. Invariance of feature points is also considered inthe template matching method to improve the robustness. The disadvantage is that it is difficult to define new template bythe users who have no professional knowledge on pattern recognition, which will restrict the application of the algorithm.Based on the abovementioned algorithms, lots of LPR methods have been developed. However, these methods aremainly developed for specific nation or special LP formats. In Ref. the authors focus on recognizing Greek LPs by proposing new segmentation and recognition algorithms. The characters on LPs are alphanumerics with several fixed formats. In Ref. Zhang et al. developed a learning-based method for LP detection and character recognition. Their method is mainly for LPs of Korean styles. In Ref. optical character recognition (OCR) technique are integrated into LPR to develop general LPR method, while the performance of OCR maydrop when facing LPs of poor image quality since it is difficult to discriminate real character from candidates without format supervision. This method can only select candidates of best recognition results as LP characters without recovery process. Wang et al. developed a method to recognize LPR with various viewing angles. Skew factor is considered in their method. In Ref. the authors proposed an automatic LPR method which cantreat the cases of changes of illumination, vehicle speed,routes and backgrounds, which was realized by developing new收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除detection and segmentation algorithms with robustness to the illumination and image blurring. The performance of the methodis encouraging while the authors do not present the recognition result in multination or multistyle conditions. In Ref. the authors propose an LPR method in multinational environment with character segmentation and format independent recognition. Since no recognition information is used in character segmentation, false segmented characters from background noise may be produced. What is more, the recognition method is not a learning-based method, which will limit its extensibility. In Ref. Mecocci et al. propose a generative recognition method. Generative models (GM) are proposed to produce many synthetic characters whose statistical variability is equivalent (for each class) to that showed by real samples. Thus a suitable statistical descriptionof a large set of characters can be obtained by using only a limited set of images. As a result, the extension ability of character recognition is improved. This method mainly concernsthe character recognition extensibility instead of whole LPR method.From the review we can see that LPR method in multistyle LPR with multinational application is not fully considered. Lots of existing LPR methods can work very well in a special application condition while the performance will drop sharply when they are extended from one condition to another, or from several stylesto others.多类型车牌识别配置的方法收集于网络,如有侵权请联系管理员删除自动车牌识别(LPR)在过去的几十年中的实用技术。
有关智能小车的外文文献翻译(原文+中文)-英文文献翻译
Intelligent VehicleOur society is awash in “machine intelligence” of various kinds.Over the last century, we have witnessed more and more of the “drudgery” of daily living being replaced by devices such as washing machines.One remaining area of both drudgery and danger, however, is the daily act ofdriving automobiles. 1.2million people were killed in traffic crashes in 2002, which was 2.1% of all globaldeaths and the 11th ranked cause of death . If this trend continues, an estimated 8.5 million people will be dying every year in road crashes by 2020. in fact, the U.S. Department of Transportation has estimated the overall societal cost of road crashes annually in the United States at greater than $230 billion .when hundreds or thousands of vehicles are sharing the same roads at the same time, leading to the all too familiar experience of congested traffic. Traffic congestion undermines our quality of life in the same way air pollution undermines public health.Around 1990, road transportation professionals began to apply them to traffic and road management. Thus was born the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Starting in the late 1990s, ITS systems were developed and deployed。
关于车牌号的英语作文
关于车牌号的英语作文标题,The Significance of License Plates。
License plates, those alphanumeric codes affixed to vehicles, may seem like mundane identifiers, but they carry significant importance in the realms of law enforcement, vehicle registration, and personal identification. In this essay, we will delve into the multifaceted roles of license plates and explore their impact on society.Firstly, license plates serve as unique identifiers for vehicles. Each plate is assigned a combination of letters, numbers, or both, creating a distinct code that is registered to a specific vehicle. This allows authorities to easily identify and track vehicles for various purposes, such as enforcing traffic laws, recovering stolen vehicles, and conducting investigations into accidents or criminal activities involving automobiles.Moreover, license plates play a crucial role in vehicleregistration and taxation. In many countries, vehicles must display valid license plates to legally operate on public roads. These plates are linked to vehicle registration documents, which contain important information about the vehicle and its owner, including ownership details, vehicle specifications, and compliance with safety and emissions standards. By requiring vehicles to display license plates, governments can ensure that motorists comply with vehicle registration requirements and pay the necessary taxes and fees for using public infrastructure.In addition to their practical functions, licenseplates also have cultural and historical significance. The design of license plates often incorporates symbols, colors, or slogans that reflect regional identities, historical events, or cultural heritage. For example, somejurisdictions feature iconic landmarks or natural sceneryon their license plates, while others display state or provincial flags. These designs not only serve as sourcesof pride for residents but also contribute to the visual landscape of roadways, creating a sense of place and identity.Furthermore, license plates serve as a form of personal expression for vehicle owners. Many jurisdictions allow motorists to customize their license plates with personalized messages, known as vanity plates, for an additional fee. These custom plates can feature a widerange of alphanumeric combinations, from names and initials to slogans, hobbies, or inside jokes. By selecting personalized license plates, vehicle owners can showcase their individuality, interests, or sense of humor to other motorists and pedestrians, turning their vehicles into personalized statements on wheels.However, the proliferation of personalized licenseplates also raises concerns about potential misuse or abuse. In some cases, motorists may attempt to create offensive or inappropriate messages using vanity plates, prompting authorities to regulate or restrict the issuance of personalized plates to prevent public outrage or controversy. Balancing the rights of vehicle owners to express themselves with the need to maintain public decency and respect for diverse communities remains a challenge forpolicymakers and authorities tasked with overseeing license plate regulations.In conclusion, license plates serve as more than just alphanumeric codes—they are integral components of vehicle identification, registration, taxation, and personal expression. By providing unique identifiers for vehiclesand their owners, license plates facilitate law enforcement, promote road safety, and contribute to cultural identityand individuality. However, the customization of license plates also poses challenges in regulating public discourse and maintaining societal values. As technology advances and societal norms evolve, the role and significance of license plates in our daily lives will continue to evolve, shaping the way we perceive and interact with automobiles and the world around us.。
车牌识别某英文翻译
车牌自动识别摘要——车牌自动识别(LPR)在众多的应用程序和一些已经被提出的重要技术中扮演了重要的角色。
然而,他们中的大多数工作在特定的约束条件下,如固定照明,有限的车辆速度,设计好的路线,和固定的背景。
在这项研究中,考虑尽可能减少约束工作环境。
LPR技术包括两个主要模块:车牌定位模块和号码识别模块。
前者是试图从的输入图像中提取车牌上模糊的字符,后者就神经学科概念化而言的目的是识别车牌的号码。
各个模块已进行了实验。
在定位车牌实验研究中,1088个图像从各种场景和不同的条件下拍摄得出。
其中,23个图像未能在图像上找到车牌;车牌定位的成功率是97.9%。
在识别车牌号码实验中,1065个被成功定位的车牌图像进行实验。
其中,47个图像未能识别位于图像中车牌号码,识别成功率是95.6%的。
结合上述两个比率,对于我们的车牌识别算法的总体成功率是93.7%。
索引术语——色彩边沿探测器,模糊化,识别号码许可,车牌定位,车牌识别(LPR),自行组织(SO),字符识别,弹性模型、拓扑分类、两级模糊聚集。
一、引言自动车牌识别(LPR)在许多应用中占有重要的位置,,如无人值守的停车地段[ 31 ],[ 35 ]安全控制限制区[ 8 ]交通执法[ 7 ],[ 33 ],和堵车调查[ 5 ],,自动收费[ 20 ]。
由于不同的工作环境,车牌识别技术的程序多种多样。
大多数以前的技术从某些方面限制了他们的工作环境[ 9 ],如限制他们只能在室内工作,固定的背景[ 30 ],固定的照明[ 7 ],规定的车道[ 22 ],[ 26 ]限定车辆速度[ 1 ],或指定相机和车辆之间的距离范围[ 23 ]。
的目标,这次研究的目的是减少这些限制。
在不同的工作条件下,室外场景和非平稳的背景这两个因素可能是最影响获得图像的质量并且在技术上的需要更加复杂的技术支持。
在一个室外环境中,白天的照明条件变化虽然缓慢,但是由于天气条件和传递的对象(例如,汽车,飞机,云,和立交桥)的变化可能导致的迅速改变。
车牌倾斜校正 英文原文及翻译
英文原文及中文翻译(一)英文原文One: A Method of Slant Correction of Vehicle License PlateBased on Watershed AlgorithmIn a vehicle license plate recognition system, slant vehicle license plate has a bad effect on the character segmentation and recognition. A method of slant correction of vehicle license plate is proposed in this paper. The method consists of five main stages: (1) the extraction of the boundaries of characters using watershed algorithm;(2) dividing the boundaries of vehicle license plate into small segments using verticaldifferential method; (3) connection of the fracture characters using expansion and corrosion; (4) computing centroids of the left and the right part in the vehicle license plate respectively; (5) finding the slant angle by means of two centroids. Experimental results show that the error rate of using the method is 6.13%, which is lower than that of the principal component analysis. The running time of using this method is less than that of Hough transform. The method improves accuracy of the slant correction.With the rapid development of highways and the wide use of vehicles, people have started to pay more and more attention on vehicle license plate recognition system.Vehicle license positioning, extraction and character segmentation are one of the most difficult topics in the vehicle license plate recognition system. Slant vehicle license plate has a bad effect on the character segmentation and recognition. In the last few years some achievements in vehicle license positioning and slant correction have been obtained. These achievements have distinguished effects in special conditions.However, under a complex background, the effect of slant correction needs to be enhanced further. Many problems such as: small contrast, non-uniform illumination, image distortion as well as the contaminate dlicense plate and so on may bring difficulty in slant correction of vehicle license plate. This article presents a method (called SCWA method) of slant correction of vehicle license plate based on watershed algorithm. As documented in the experiments of 460 vehicle license plates, the error rate of using the SCWA method is 6.13%, which is lower than that of the principal component analysis. The running time of using SCWA method is less than that of Hough transform. Good slant correction is achieved with SCWA method. The paper is outlined as follows: section I presents the introduction, section II describes the SCWA method and section III presents a conclusion of the experiments of 460 vehicle license images.II. SCWA METHODA. Extraction of the Boundaries of Characters UsingWatershed Algorithm There are many boundaries of characters in the vehiclelicense plate. These characters are very important to slant correction of vehicle license plate.The steps of extraction of the boundaries of characters are as follow:1) Produce gradient image The watershed algorithm is sensitive to noise and has excessive segmentation. In order to avoid these problems,we apply prewitt operator to produce gradient image of vehicle license.The prewitt operator is as follow:where H1 is x direction border, H2 is y direction border, gradient magnitude is:Watershed segmentation on gradient imageThe gradient magnitude of the gradient image of the vehicle license plate is considered as a topographic surface for the watershed transformation. The idea of watershed segmentation can be viewed as a landscape immersed in a lake; catchment basins will be filled up with water starting at each local minimum. Dams must be built in order to avoid the merging of catchment basins. The water shed lines are defined by the catchment basins divided by the dam at the highest level. As a result, watershed lines can separate individual catchment basins in the landscape. The result of watershed segmentation is shown in Figure 1. The watershed segmentation is as follow: Assume that G is a simple connected graph, the distance between pixel x and pixel y in G graph is the minimal route from pixel x to pixel y, min ( ) h I refers to minimal gradient magnitude in license image I when the altitude is h, hmin and hmax denote minimum and maximum in gradient magnitude domain DI respectively, h value changes from hmin to hmax.Watershed segmentation orders gradient magnitudes according to increase and then scans from hmin to hmax according to width preferential algorithm.Step 1. These pixels whose gradient magnitude is h are marked with a flag sign. The pixels which are marked with a flag sign are put into first-in-first-out queue.Step 2. A pixel P is got from the queue. Assume that P’ around pixel P is the same flag region as P. P’ and P are merged if the distance between P’ and P is smaller than the current distance.Step 3. P' is put into first-in-first-out queue if the distance between P' and the marked regions is not computed. P' distance is that the current distance adds 1.Step 4. The current distance adds 1 when the computation of current distance has finished.Step 5. Go to step 2 if the queue is not empty.Step 6. Sign a new mark for these pixels which are not handled from step 2 to step 4 and which are min ( ) h I .B. Dividing the Boundaries of Vehicle License Plate into Small Segments UsingVertical Differential Method Respecting the more intensive density of the verticaledge than the level edge of vehicle license plate region and the regular characteristics of characters spacing of vehicle license plate, we divide the boundaries of vehicle license plate into small segments using vertical differential method(shown in Fig.2).where I(i,j) is a matrix of the vehicle license plate image, G is a border matrix.C. Connection of the Fracture Characters Using Expansion and Corrosion Operation The boundaries of vehicle license plate are divided into small segments using the vertical differential method(shown in Fig. 2). The white area of less than 10 points is set to background-color in order to eliminate the boundaries of vehicle license plate. The fracture characters are connected by using expansion and corrosion operation. The erosion operation is defined as:The expansion operation is defined as:where I is a matrix of the vehicle license plate image, B is structuring element set. D. Computing Ccentroids of the Left and the Right Partin the Vehicle License Plate RespectivelyAssume that I is an image of vehicle license plate which contains m×n pixels, Sum_x1 and Sum_y1 is the sum of X coordinate value and Y coordinate value of the white pixel of left part in the image I respectively, Sum_x2 and Sum_y2 is the sum of X coordinate value and Y coordinate value of the white pixel of right part in the image I respectively.Assume that num1 and num2 is the number of pixels ofthe left and right part in the image I respectively, (centX1,centY1) and (centX2,centY2) is the centroids of the left part and the right part in the image I respectively.E. Finding the Slant Angle by Means of Two CentroidsThe connection of two centroids constitutes a main axes of the license plate. The angle between the main axes and the horizontal is θ(shown in Fig. 3).The angle of θ of counterclockwise rotation is:The transformation matrix of counter-clockwise rotation is:The angle of θ of clockwise rotation is:The result of slant correction of vehicle license plate is shown in Figure 4.Figure 3. The angle between the main axis of License plates and horizontal line. (a)angle of θ of counterclockwise rotation;(b) the angle of θ of clockwise rotation.Figure 4. Slant correction of vehicle license plateIII. CONCLUSIONSFor testing the MWF algorithm, the experiment of 460vehicle license plate images is carried on. The error rate of slant correction of vehicle license plate using the different methods is 6.13% (SCWA method) and 10.25% (PCA method). Comparison of the results of SCWA method and PCA method is shown in Figure 5.The conclusion is that the SCWA method is more effective than the PCA method. The running time using this method is less than that one of Hough transform. Our future work will be to test rigorously the SCWA method over a wide variety of images and improve further accuracy of the slant correction of vehicle license.Figure5. Comparison of the results of SCWA method and PCA method. (a) the original Slant Vehicle License Plate; (b) slant correction of vehicle license plate using PCA method. (c) slant correction of vehicle license plate using SCWA method. Two:A Method of Slant Correction of Vehicle License PlateBased on Hough Transform and Mathematics MorphologyIn a real Vehicle License Plate Recognition System, the license images obtained by vidicon are usually slantwise. The slant of vehicle licenses will do harm to the Character Segment and Recognition. The paper advances a new method combining Hough Transform and Mathematics Morphology by the analysis of the vehicle licenses’ slant pattern and the interference characteristics. Compared with the conventional methods, it overcomes the perplexity that too many disturbed lines and imperfect detection criterions. The experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of the slant correction. It is confirmed that the noise immunity of the method is excellent, and the performance is robust. The correctionrate of the newly developed algorithm has reached over 95%.The typical steps involved in a video-based Vehicle License Plate Recognition System are Obtaining Image, Plate Location, Character Segment and Character Recognition. The obtained license image is usually slantwise and not a normal rectangle because of the CCD vidicon’s perspective warps. The slant of Vehicle Licenses will do harm to the Character Segment and Recognition, and it will affect the accuracy and reliability of the whole system. Therefore, it is necessary to do slant correction before character recognition. According to the analysis, there are several characteristics of the slant license image. The information comprised in the image is complex, and quite a number of information is the interference. The slant of the license mainly reflects on the horizontal warp. At present, the existing researches in Slant Correction have been developed on the basis of Hough Transform. Hough Transform can detect the plate’s frame lines, obtain the incline information and realize the correction. (1) Combining with Edge Detection, viz. doing edge detection firstly before Hough Transform processing. This method is liable to infection by the non-frame lines, and the veracity is not good. (2) The Longest Line Detection method (Yen, 1995). Its idea in nature is detecting the slant angle of the longest straight line to correct the plate. This method demands a high integrality of the frame lines. However, the plates in real can hardly satisfy the demands on account of the external disturbance, and the effect is also not good. This paper proposes a new approach combining Hough Transform and Mathematics Morphology. The steps for slant correction can be summed up as the following: At first, binarize the image of the vehicle license, than using Mathematics Morphology methods to exact the framework of it; Then, do erosion operation to filter the portrait lines which interfere with the slant correction; At last, use Hough Transform and knowledge reasoning to detect the transverse parallel lines, reckon the slant angle of the vehicle license, and design the rotation algorithm adapted for the situation that the rotated information region will become larger.Available Lines Picking-up based on Mathematics MorphologyThe straight line detection using the method of Hough Transform is subject to interference from non-straight line information. Therefore, Mathematics Morphology is employed to pick up the available lines in advance.Image ThinningGenerally speaking, image thinning is getting rid of some points in the original image but holding the former shape of the objective region. Thinning is the variant of the erosion manipulation in nature. The course of t hinning is to decide a point’s remove-or-reserve according to its 8 neighborhood points continually.Image ErosionBecause the longitudinal lines in the thinned image will interfere to the extraction of the available slantwise information, the erosion manipulation is applied and the structure elementG=[0]1×n =[g1, g2, ……, g n] gi=0, i=1, ……, nis chosen. It is considered that the width of the thinned framework is single element, and the detected lines are longer and parallel. If the chosen value of n in formula (4) is big, the framework lines might be eroded. Therefore, the 1×3 horizontal structure element is selected. The discrimination rule is: The current point will be eroded in the case of that there is one background point in the three (itself, its former point and its after point).Slant Information Extracting and Slant CorrectionHough Transform is an important method to detect and describe the linetype object, and the accuracy is quite high. It can be used to detect the lines in the license image which is thinned and eroded, and then gain the incline information then we can correct it to use traditional Hough Transform which we are so familiar with.(二)中文翻译一:基于分水岭式算法的车牌图像倾斜校正在车辆牌照自动识别系统中,车牌倾斜对车牌的分割和识别有很大的影响。
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实时车辆的车牌识别系统摘要本文中阐述的是一个简炼的用于车牌识别系统的算法。
基于模式匹配,该算法可以应用于对车牌实时检测数据采集,测绘或一些特定应用目的。
拟议的系统原型已经使用C++和实验结果已证明认可阿尔伯塔车牌。
1.介绍车辆的车牌识别系统已经成为在视频监控领域中一个特殊的热门领域超过10年左右。
随着先进的用于交通管理应用的视频车辆检测系统的的到来,车牌识别系统被发现可以适合用在相当多的领域内,并非只是控制访问点或收费停车场。
现在它可以被集成到视频车辆检测系统,该系统通常安装在需要的地方用于十字路口控制,交通监控等,以确定该车辆是否违反交通法规或找到被盗车辆。
一些用于识别车牌的技术到目前为止有如BAM(双向联想回忆)神经网络字符识别[1],模式匹配[2]等技术。
应用于系统的技术是基于模式匹配,该系统快速,准确足以在相应的请求时间内完成,更重要的是在于阿尔伯塔车牌识别在字母和数字方位确认上的优先发展。
由于车牌号码的字体和方位因国家/州/省份的不同而不同,该算法需要作相应的修改保持其结构完整,如果我们想请求系统识别这些地方的车牌。
本文其余部分的组织如下:第2节探讨了在识别过程中涉及的系统的结构和步骤,第3节解释了算法对于车牌号码的实时检测,第4节为实验结果,第5节总结了全文包括致谢和参考文献。
2.系统架构系统将被用来作为十字路口的交通视频监控摄像系统一个组成部分来进行分析。
图1显示了卡尔加里一个典型的交叉口。
只有一个车牌用在艾伯塔,连接到背面的车辆照相机将被用于跟踪此背面车牌。
图1 卡尔加里一个的典型交叉口系统架构包含三个相异部分:室外部分,室内部分和通信链路。
室外部分是安装摄像头在拍摄图像的不同需要的路口。
室内部分是中央控制站,从所有这些安装摄像头中,接收,存储和分析所拍摄图像。
通信链路就是高速电缆或光纤连接到所有这些相机中央控制站。
几乎所有的算法的开发程度迄今按以下类似的步骤进行。
一般的7个处理步骤已被确定为所有号牌识别算法[3] 共有。
它们是:触发:这可能是硬件或软件触发。
硬件触发是旧的方式,即感应圈用于触发和这个表述了图像通过检测车牌的存在何时应该被捕获。
硬件触发现在在操作上在许多地方被软件触发取代。
在软件触发,图像分为区,通过图像对于分析的车辆的检测的执行。
图像采集:硬件或软件触发启动图像捕捉设备来捕捉和存储图像来进一步的分析。
车辆的存在:这一步是只需要如果在确认一定时间间隔后触发完成不需要知道车辆存在于捕获的图像中。
这一步背景图像与捕获的图片作比较,并检测是否有任何重大改变。
如果没有,拍摄的图像被忽略,否则进入到下一个步骤。
寻找车牌:此步骤是在捕获的图像中定位车牌。
一些技术的可用于这一步,例如颜色检测[4],特征分析[5],边缘检测[6]等。
在捕获的图像中的任何倾斜是纠正在这一步。
一旦车牌已被定位,图像即准备进行字符识别。
字符分割:分割可以通过检测浓到淡或者淡到浓的过渡层。
车牌中的每个灰色字符产生了一个灰色带。
因此,通过检测类似灰度带每个字符可以被分割出来。
识别过程:这是光学字符识别的一步。
一些技术可以被用于到这一步包括模式匹配[2],特征匹配[7][8]和神经网络分类[9]。
发布过程:这是应用程序的特有的一步。
根据应用此步骤可保存已被检测出来的车牌用于交通数据收集,尝试匹配号牌与被盗车辆数据库或在停车场中为认可停车的车辆打开汽车门等等。
3.算法该算法用于在处理捕获的图像和车牌检测后的车牌字符识别。
基于模式匹配,系统沿用了一个智能算法用于艾伯塔车牌字母和数字的识别。
图2显示了一个艾伯塔省车牌样本其中包含三个字母,3个数字和破折号在内。
所以通过基本的字符确认方法,模糊的字符比如有:数字'0'和字母'O',数字'8'和字母'B已被解决。
此外,由于前三个字符是字母,所以只需与A-Z这一段的字母作比较比较。
类似的,在最后三个字符,它门只需与0-9这一段数字作比较。
图2. 阿尔伯塔省的车牌首先字符识别问题是要找出字符的印刷区域。
这一区域通常是垂直和水平居中的。
因此,通过采取颜色的浓度,我们可以得到字符垂直的顶部和底部。
一旦图像中字符的顶部和底部位置被找到,该区域可以从生成的图像中分割出来,生成图3一样的图像。
这个图像现在为字符分割和识别作准备。
图3. 分割的图像只包含字符作进一步处理字符分割可通过横向颜色的浓度来进行。
为了模式匹配有效地进行,需要在车牌上找到一个与之相匹配的字体。
Arial字体在阿尔伯塔省的车牌字符识别用起来相当好。
在用到这种字体时一个库首先被建立起来。
这个库包含直方图字母AZ和数字0-9。
15个不同的直方图已为了库生成各自相应的字符。
它们是:水平直方图对应的(1)全尺寸,(2)下半部分,(3)上半部分,(4)下部三分之一,(5)上部三分之一,(6)下部四分之一,(7)上部四分之一,(8)上部的三分之二的字符和垂直直方图对应的(9)全尺寸,(10)左半部,(11)右半部,(12)左边三分之一,(13)右边三分之一,(14)左边四分之一以及(15)右边四分之一的字符。
识别的流程图已在图4中给出。
如图所示,3段在每次用于识别以及库在每次被调用时取决于这‘三段’是否被采用。
如果3段设定被检测的为字母,'字母'库将被调用来进行比较,否则就是'数'库被调用来进行比较。
有15个不同的直方图每个字母的排序为A-Z在‘字母'库中与15位不同的直方图每个字符排序为从0-9在‘数字’中。
图4中所示的算法要运行两次,将‘三段’设置各自运行一次,为了完整地识别车牌。
i在流程图中迭代算子。
s 和p是匹配的参数。
图4. 字符识别的流程图i的值随着每个循环而改变并且这个值指示了库中的哪个直方图应该被用来作比较。
如流程图中所示,从段提取的直方图(通过i的变化而定)在作比较之前应该首先被正常化。
一旦正常化过程完成后,该段准备与存储在库中的模式作匹配。
每个匹配过程提供了一套在检查下与段相似匹配的字符。
因此,用不同的直方图模式通过进行几次这样的过程,最不可能的字符被过滤掉留下最正确的。
4.实验结果系统已经使用C++建立原型并且用艾伯塔省的车牌样本进行测试。
图5显示通过采取图像中垂直颜色浓度来确定车牌字符位置的过程。
从中心到上和从中心到下进行水平扫描,图像中字符顶端(H1)和底端(H2)的位置找到。
图5。
垂直颜色浓度图6显示了字符分割的过程。
这是通过利用颜色的浓度水平进行完成的。
因为我们知道,前三个字符是字母而最后三个字符是数字,我们可以很容易在分割后将他们分组进行下一步:模式匹配。
图6。
字符分割如图所示的流程图中的15个不同的模式在系统中使用的是随i的值而定,并此方式分配:0(水平直方图,全尺寸),1(垂直直方图,全尺寸),2(水平直方图,上半部),3(垂直直方图,左半部),4(垂直直方图,右半部),5(水平直方图,下半部),6(水平直方图,下部三分之一),7(垂直直方图,右三分之一),8(水平直方图,上部三分之一),9(垂直直方图,左三分之一),10(水平直方图,下部四分之一),11(水平直方图,上部四分之一),12(水平直方图,上部三分之二),13(垂直直方图,右四分之一),14(垂直直方图,左四分之一)。
从段提取的直方图在作比较之前应该首先被正常化。
图7.正常化进程正常化通过段的宽度与库作比较来完成。
例如,如果拿水平直方图来进行比较,三段中水平方向的最大宽度要与库中的最大宽度进行比较。
如果该段的宽度更大,直方图通过邻近位置的直方图的平均值在水平方向均匀缩小。
类似的过程已被用于放大,如果是偏小的。
图7说明正常化时,段的宽度比库的要大。
图7(a)显示了库中字母F的水平全直方图。
图7(b)显示了字母F的水平直方图在段中被找到。
如果F的直方图的宽度在库中最大(在16的情况下),从段中找到的直方图宽度(在19的情况下)在进行比较之前应该被缩减到16这种情况。
这个过程完成并表述在图7(c)中。
由于宽度的差值为3,直方图3这个段直方图中均匀分配位置的值将被删除,计算邻域的平均值。
如图7(c)中所示,5号,10号与15号位置的值被删除通过对4号,6号,9号,11号,14号与16号位置值的平均计算。
4号位置的新值是原来4号与5号位置的值的平均值。
类似的,5号位置的新值是原来5号和6号位置原来的值的平均值等。
经过规范化,进行模式匹配。
这是通过比较每个直方图中两个比率来完成。
一个来自段,另一个来自库。
该比率是直方图每个位置的值对应图中的最大值。
如果这两个比率的差值在某值设置通过参数s以内,匹配计数增加。
因此,通过在横向(水平直方图)/垂直(垂直直方图)的位置部分,我们得到一个匹配计数说明段与字符如何密切匹配。
对于库中的每一个字符重复这个过程,获得库中每一个字符的匹配计数。
现在,通过假设最高匹配计算为100%匹配,字符的匹配小于70%(由参数 p设定)的算法过滤器。
因此,下一次,当算法采用不同的直方图时,将这段与先前检测到的字符作比较。
如果在做这些比较进行了15个不同的直方图之后,仍有存在多个匹配,整个过程将重复进行伴随具有较高的灵敏度(S随灵敏度增加而下降),直到找到一个。
5.结论本文提出了一种实时的车牌识别系统,突出的一些地区在此应用系统执行都可以。
该系统结构对于识别识别过程中涉及的复杂的步骤进行了讨论。
该实验已经进行,澄清了系统作为一个潜在的候选用于实时识别。
实验表明了本文假定的理想的天气条件。
研究的各种假设天气状况正在进展中。
该原型系统将整合到路口监控录像作流量测量或一些应用在特定用途的文件中进行讨论。
6.致谢作者在此感谢支持这项研究的自然科学加拿大与工程研究理事会(NSERC),卡尔加里大学和卡尔加里市。