美国选举词汇整理
换届大选英语
换届大选英语随着时间的推移，各级组织和机构不可避免地需要进行换届选举。
这些选举通常是为了选择新的领导人来代替现有的领导人。
在政治、商业、社会组织和学术机构等领域，换届选举都是非常重要的活动。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨换届大选的英语表达和相关的词汇。
一、换届选举的英语表达1. Election（选举）Election是指通过投票来选举某个人或某些人担任某个职位或某个组织的领导人。
例如：Presidential election（总统选举）、Mayoral election（市长选举）、Board election（董事会选举）等。
2. Campaign（竞选）Campaign是指候选人或政党为赢得选举而进行的活动和宣传。
例如：political campaign（政治竞选）、marketing campaign（营销活动）等。
3. Candidate（候选人）Candidate是指参加选举的人，通常是指有意竞选某个职位的人。
例如：presidential candidate（总统候选人）、mayoral candidate （市长候选人）等。
4. Nomination（提名）Nomination是指某个组织或团体提名某个人作为候选人。
例如：party nomination（政党提名）、committee nomination（委员会提名）等。
Ballot是指选举时投票所使用的纸张或电子设备。
例如：paper ballot（纸质选票）、electronic ballot（电子选票）等。
6. Polling station（投票站）Polling station是指选民在选举日前往投票的地点。
例如：school polling station（学校投票站）、community polling station （社区投票站）等。
7. Voter（选民）Voter是指有资格在选举中投票的人。
例如：registered voter （注册选民）、eligible voter（有资格选民）等。
U.S.AElection-美国总统选举流程中英文对照
U.S.AElection-美国总统选举流程中英⽂对照America’s Election美国实⾏总统制，总统选举每四年举⾏⼀次。
美国总统选举制度复杂，过程漫长。
选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表⼤会确定总统候选⼈、总统候选⼈竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举⼈”、“选举⼈”成⽴选举⼈团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等⼏个阶段。
The United States presidential system, presidential elections held every four years. American presidential election system is complex, the process is long. Election of the main program includes pre selection, the parties held a National Congress to determine that the presidential candidate, candidate for the presidency and national voters elected president "the elector", "the elector" established in the electoral college vote formally elect the president and President elect presidential inauguration in several stages.1、预选阶段：预选是美国总统选举的第⼀阶段，通常从⼤选年的年初开始，到年中结束。
预选有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。
前者是指两党在各州⾃下⽽上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表⼤会的代表。
美国选举知识简介
美国选举知识简介11月6日（星期二）将是时隔四年的美国大选日。
所谓“大选”，是指总统选举。
但事实上，这一天的选举内容非常丰富，远不止是总统选举，还包括联邦议员选举、某些州的州长选举、州议会议员等等。
不过，所有的选举事项，全部都是列于同一张选票上，这倒是真的。
一、联邦选举：1。
总统选举根据美国宪法，美国总统一届任期4年，任期不能超过2届。
美国的总统候选人要先经过各党的党内初选、获得党内提名。
无党派独立人士参选，也需要在全国范围内获得一定的支持率。
美国的总统/副总统候选人是搭对参选的，也就是说，总统与副总统是一起选的。
今年最终的总统/副总统候选人有四对，分别是民主党的BARACK OBAMA/JOE BIDEN，共和党的MITT ROMNEY/PAUL RYAN，自由党的GARY JOHNSON/JAMES P。
GARY以及宪法党的VIRGIL GOODE/JIM CLYMER。
2。
联邦参议员选举美国联邦参议员一届任期6年（无连任限制），参议院每2年改选三分之一。
联邦参议院由每州2名参议员（共100名联邦参议员）加上副总统组成。
所以，此次只有部分州需要选举联邦参议员。
通常，在联邦参议员选举中，为了体现代表性，每个州都是划为两个选区，每个选区只能选出一名联邦参议员。
所以，此次选民是否要投票选举联邦参议员，还要看其所在的选区的联邦参议员是否要改选。
3。
联邦众议员选举美国联邦众议员一届任期2年（无连任限制）。
美国联邦众议院由435名联邦众议员组成。
一个州的联邦众议员席位的多少，取决于该州的人口规模。
假设某个州有10个联邦众议员席位，则该州在选举联邦众议员时将划为10个选区，每个选区各选举产生一名联邦众议员。
二、地方选举：美国实行的是联邦制。
各州的立法、司法、行政主要官员直接由选民选举产生而非由联邦政府所任命。
各州都要遵守联邦法律、尊重总统作为国家元首和武装部队总司令的权威，但各州都有各自的法律，在立法、施政方面享有高度的自主权。
美国大选 介绍 英文版 Presidential Election
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THANKS!
in turn directly elect the President and Vice President.
Spring 2015
procedure
1
2 3 4
Eligibility requirements
Candidates announce their intentions to run, and (if necessary) file their Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission
The Procedure
National Representatives Conference
January June July August November
Primary election
Running
Inaugural address
Election
Political experience In recent decades, the presidential nominees of both major parties have been either incumbent presidents, sitting or former vice presidents, sitting or former U.S. Senators, or sitting or former state Governors.
Candidates of 2016
Hillary Clinton Deocratic Party
Donald Trump Republic Party
The winner is…
美联英语：美国总统竞选相关词汇
美联英语提供：美联英语：美国总统竞选相关词汇小编给你一个美联英语官方试听课申请链接：/?tid=16-73374-0总统president白宫White House投票vote投票cast ballot否决veto演讲speech大会convention支持support竞选run for选举election，elect选民voter代表delegate挑战challeng任期term甩脱shake off争议controversy增加boost领袖leader初选primary election大选general election共和党Republican Party民主党Democratic Party候选人candidate提名者nominee投票箱ballot box投票率turnout投票站polling station摇摆州swing state参议员senator诋毁者detractor雄辩家orator组织者organizer变革者change-maker众议院House of Representatives 参议院Senate副总统Vice President就职日Inauguration Day总统选举presidential election总统职位presidency预选会议caucus提名大会nominating convention竞选集会campaign rally竞选伙伴running mate民意调查poll民意调查opinion poll竞选活动election campaign 选举过程election process选举人票electoral vote中期选举midterm election 重新选举re-election电视辩论TV debate总统选举团Electoral College 美联英语：。
美国总统选举英文介绍
election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50U.S. states or the District of Columbia cast ballots for members of the Electoral College, known as electors. These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, in their respective state capitals for President and Vice President of the United States. Each of the states casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress, while Washington, D.C. casts the same number of electoral votes as the least-represented state, which is three.Once the voting for the presidential election has concluded and all the votes for each state have been accounted for, the electors are then advised as to what candidate won the majority in their state. The electors of that state then will cast the vote of that candidate to represent the people of their regions majority decision. However, “Twenty one states do not have provisions that are fairl y specific in directing the electors to vote for the presidential and vice-presidential candidates of their party.”[1] This means that an elector could possibly vote against the majority decision of the state due to their being no law that binds electors otherwise in those states. In modern times, almost all electors vote for a particular presidential candidate that theirstates majority decided upon; thus, the results of the election can generally be determined based on the state-by-state popular vote. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for President or Vice President (currently, at least 270 out of a total of 538) is then projected to be elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for President, the House of Representatives chooses the President; if no candidate receives an absolute majority for Vice President, the Senate chooses the Vice President.These presidential elections occur quadrennially. Registered voters cast their ballots on Election Day, which since 1845 has been the Tuesday after the first Monday in November (i.e.,the first Tuesday after November 1),[2][3][4] coinciding with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races. The Electoral College electors then schedule to formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday of December (i.e., the first Monday after December 12) at their respective state capitals. Congress then certify the results in early January, and the presidential term begins on Inauguration Day, which since the passage of the Twentieth Amendment has been set at January 20.The Electoral College and its procedure is established in the U.S. Constitution by Article II, Section 1, Clauses 2 and 4; and the Twelfth Amendment(which replaced Clause 3 after it was ratified in 1804). Under Article II, Section 1, Clause 2, the manner for choosing electors is determined by each state legislature, not directly by the federal government. Many state legislatures used to select their electors directly instead of using any form of popular vote, but the political parties in the various states now conduct their own separate elections to help choose their slate of electors. The Twenty-third Amendment, ratified in 1961, then granted electoral votes to Washington, D.C. Electors can vote for anyone, butunpledged electors or faithless electors have been rare in modern times.The nomination process, consisting of the primary elections and caucuses and the nominating conventions, was not specified in the Constitution, but was developed over time by the states and thepolitical parties. These primary elections are generally held between January and June before the general election in November, while the nominating conventions are held in the summer. This too is an indirect election process, one in which voters in the various states, the District of Columbia, as well as those in U.S. territories, cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party's nominating convention, who then in turn elect their party's presidential nominee. Each party's presidential nominee or the convention may then choose a vice presidential running mate to join with him or her on the same ticket, and this choice is often rubber-stamped by the conventions, depending on that convention's rules. Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns, presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election (almost 18 months before Inauguration Day).[5]A 2016 general election ballot, listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates Contents[hide]∙1History∙2Procedureo 2.1Eligibility requirementso 2.2Nominating processo 2.3The popular vote on Election Dayo 2.4Electoral collegeo 2.5Election calendar∙3Trendso 3.1Previous experienceo 3.2Technology and media∙4Criticismso 4.1Proposed changes to the election process∙5Electoral college results∙6V oter turnout∙7Financial disclosures∙8Presidential coattailso8.1Comparison with other U.S. general elections∙9See also∙10Notes∙11External linksHistory[edit]Article Two of the United States Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections, including the Electoral College. This was a result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted the Congress to choose the president, and those who preferred a national popular vote.[6]Each state is allocated a number of electors that is equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined. With the ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961, the District of Columbia is also granted a number of electors, equal to the number of those held by the least populous state. However, U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College.Constitutionally, the manner for choosing electors is determined within each state by its legislature. During the first presidential election in 1789, only 6 of the 13 original states chose electors by any form of popular vote.[7] Gradually throughout the years, the states began conducting popular elections to help choose their slate of electors, resulting in the overall, nationwide indirect election system that it is today.Under the original system established by Article Two, electors could cast two votes to two different candidates for president. The candidate with the highest number of votes (provided it was a majority of the electoral votes) became the president, and the second-place candidate became the vice president. This presented a problem during the presidential election of 1800 when Aaron Burrreceived the same number of electoral votes as Thomas Jefferson and challenged Jefferson's election to the office. In the end, Jefferson was chosen as the president because of Alexander Hamilton's influence in the House of Representatives. This added to the deep rivalry between Burr and Hamilton which resulted in their famous 1804 duel.In response to the 1800 election, the 12th Amendment was passed, requiring electors to cast two distinct votes: one for President and another for Vice President. While this solved the problem at hand, it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the Vice Presidency, as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the Presidency. The separate ballots for President and Vice President became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state's Electoral College delegation. Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate (offered by the same political party). So, while the Constitution says that the President and Vice President are chosen separately, in practice they are chosen together.The 12th Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College. In the presidential election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority, of electoral votes cast. The election was thrown to the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams was elected to the presidency. A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay, who had also been a candidate in the election.Since 1824, aside from the occasional "faithless elector," the popular vote determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote, as each state or district's popular vote determines its electoral college vote. Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election, it does strongly correlate with who is the victor. In 52 of the 56 total elections held so far (about 93 percent), the winner of the national popular vote has also carried the Electoral College vote. The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote differ only in close elections. In highly competitive elections, candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority, so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one-party areas.[8]However, candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received the majority of electoral votes. According to the12th Amendment in the Constitution, the House of Representatives must choose the president out of the top 3 people in the election. Clay had come fourth, so he threw his support to Adams, who then won. Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay. Charges of a "corrupt bargain" followed Adams through his term.Comparison of the popular vote totals since 1900.RepublicanDemocratAll other candidates togetherThen in 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016, the winner of electoral vote lost the popular vote outright. Numerous constitutional amendments have been submitted seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote, but none has ever successfully passed both Houses of Congress. Another alternate proposal is the National Popular V ote Interstate Compact, an interstate compact whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote instead of just their respective statewide results.The presidential election day was established on a Tuesday in the month of November because of the factors involved (weather, harvests and worship). When voters used to travel to the polls by horse, Tuesday was an ideal day because it allowed people to worship on Sunday, ride to their county seat on Monday, and vote on Tuesday–all before market day, Wednesday. The month of November also fits nicely between harvest time and harsh winter weather, which could be especially bad to people traveling by horse and buggy.[9]Until 1937, presidents were not sworn in until March 4 because it took so long to count and report ballots, and because of the winner's logistical issues of moving to the capital. With better technology and the 20th Amendment being passed, presidential inaugurations were moved to noon on January 20–allowing presidents to start their duties sooner.[9]The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 was enacted to increase disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns. Subsequent amendments to law require that candidates to a federal office must file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission before they can receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000. Thus, this began a trend of presidential candidates declaring their intentions to run as early as the Spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising and spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.[5]The first president, George Washington, was elected as an independent. Since the election of his successor, John Adams, in 1796, all winners of U.S. presidential elections have represented one of two major parties. Third parties have taken secondplace only twice, in 1860 and 1912. The last time a third (independent) candidate achieved significant success (although still finishing in third place) was in 1992, and the last time a third-party candidate received any electoral votes not from faithless electors was in 1968.Procedure[edit]Eligibility requirements[edit]The hand-written copy of the natural-born-citizen clause as it appeared in 1787 Article Two of the United States Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as President, the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years.A candidate may start running his or her campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency, but must meet the age and residency requirements byInauguration Day. The Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution also sets a term limit: a President cannot be elected to more than two terms.The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all federal offices in general, not just the presidency. Article I, Section 3, Clause 7 states that if the U.S. Congress convicts any officer on impeachment, they may also bar that person from holding any public office in the future. And Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who had held any federal or state office and then engaged in insurrection, rebellion or treason; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.In addition, the Twelfth Amendment establishes that the Vice-President must meet all of the qualifications of being a President.Although not a mandatory requirement, Federal campaign finance laws including the Federal Election Campaign Act state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000, among others, must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission.[10] This has led presidential candidates, especially members from the two major political parties, to officially announce their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising or spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign.[5] Potential candidates usually form exploratory committees even earlier to determining the feasibility of them actually running.Nominating process[edit]Main articles: United States presidential primary and United States presidential nominating conventionA 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in Iowa City, Iowa. The Iowa caucuses are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses.Madison Square Garden in New York City, the site of the 1976, 1980, and 1992 Democratic National Conventions; and the 2004 Republican National Convention.The floor of the 2008 Republican National Convention at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota.The modern nominating process of U.S. presidential elections consists of two major parts: a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each state, and the presidential nominating conventions held by each political party. This process was never included in the United States Constitution, and thus evolved over time by the political parties to clear the field of candidates.The primary elections are run by state and local governments, while the caucuses are organized directly by the political parties. Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election, with Iowa and New Hampshire traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary, respectively.Like the general election, presidential caucuses or primaries are indirect elections. The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions, usually all held in the summer before the federal election. Depending on each state's law and state's political party rules, when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary, they may be voting to awarddelegates "bound" to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions, or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention.Unlike the general election, voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions. Furthermore, each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory. In 2012 for example, the Democratic and Republican party conventions each used two different formulas to allocate delegates. The Democrats-based theirs on two main factors: the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections, and the number of electoral votes each state had in the Electoral College.[11] In contrast, the Republicans assigned to each state 10 delegates, plus 3 delegates per congressional district.[12] Both parties then gave fixed amounts of delegates to each territory, and finally bonus delegates to states and territories that passed certain criteria.[11][12]Along with delegates chosen during primaries and caucuses, state and U.S. territory delegations to both the Democratic and Republican party conventions also include "unpledged" delegates that have a vote. For Republicans, they consist of the three top party officials from each state and territory. Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called "superdelegates", who are party leaders and elected officials.Each party's presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same ticket, and this choice is rubber-stamped by the convention.If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates (including both pledged and unpledged), then a "brokered convention" results. All pledged delegates are then "released" and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate. Thereafter, the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political horse trading, and additional rounds of re-votes.[13][14][15][16]The conventions have historically been held inside convention centers, but since the late 20th century both the Democratic and Republican parties have favoredsports arenas and domed stadiums to accommodate the increasing attendance.The popular vote on Election Day[edit]A Texas voter about to mark a selection for president on a ballot, 2008 Election Day Under the United States Constitution, the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state's legislature. Although each state designates electors by popular vote, other methods are allowed. For instance, insteadof having a popular vote, a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself.However, federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day, which is "the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November," i.e., a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8.[17] Today, the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on Election Day to help determine their respective slate of electors. Thus, the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate and simultaneous state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government.Like any other election in the United States, the eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level. The Constitution states that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex or age for citizens eighteen years or older. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility.Generally, voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice. The presidential ballot is a vote "for the electors of a candidate" meaning that the voter is not voting for the candidate, but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate.Many voting ballots allow a voter t o “blanket vote” for all candidates in a particular political party or to select individual candidates on a line by line voting system. Which candidates appear on the voting ticket is determined through a legal process known as ballot access. Usually, the size of the candidate's political party and the results of the major nomination conventions determine who is pre-listed on the presidential ballot. Thus, the presidential election ticket will not list every candidate running for President, but only those who have secured a major party nomination or whose size of their political party warrants having been formally listed. Laws are in effect to have other candidates pre-listed on a ticket, provided that enough voters have endorsed the candidate, usually through a signature list.The final way to be elected for president is to have one's name written in at the time of election as a write-in candidate. This is used for candidates who did not fulfill the legal requirements to be pre-listed on the voting ticket. It is also used by voters to express a distaste for the listed candidates, by writing in an alternative candidate for president such as Mickey Mouse or comedian Stephen Colbert (whose application was voted down by the South Carolina Democratic Party). In any event, a write-in candidate has never won an election for President of the United States.Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College, U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for President. Guam has held straw polls for president since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact.[18]Electoral college[edit]Main article: Electoral College (United States)Electoral College map showing the results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Republican candidate Donald Trump won the popular vote in 30 states (denoted in red) to capture 305 electoral votes (plus 1 electoral vote from Maine's second congressional district). Democraticcandidate Hillary Clinton won the popular vote in 20 states and Washington, D.C. (denoted in blue) to capture 232 electoral votes.Most state laws establish a winner-take-all system, wherein the ticket that wins a plurality of votes wins all of that state's allocated electoral votes, and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College. Maine and Nebraska do not use this method, instead giving two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district.Each state's winning slate of electors then meets at their respective state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for President and Vice President. Although Electoral College members can technically vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution, 24 states have laws to punish faithless electors,[19] those who do not cast their electoral votes for the person whom they have pledged to elect.In early January, the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting Vice President, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate, and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the President.If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (at least 270), the President is determined by the rules outlined by the 12th Amendment. Specifically, the selection of President would then be decided by a contingent election in a ballot of the House of Representatives. For the purposes of electing the President, each state has only one vote. A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the Vice President. In this ballot, each senator has one vote. The House of Representatives has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice, in 1800 and 1824; the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once, in 1836.If the President is not chosen by Inauguration Day, the Vice President-elect acts as President. If neither are chosen by then, Congress by law determines who shall act as President, pursuant to the 20th Amendment.Unless there are faithless electors, disputes, or other controversies, the events in December and January mentioned above are largely a formality since the winner canbe determined based on the state-by-state popular vote results. Between the general election and Inauguration Day, this apparent winner is referred to as the "President-elect" (unless it is a sitting President that has won re-election).Election calendar[edit]The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows, with the dates corresponding to the 2016 general election:∙Spring 2015 – Candidates announce their intentions to run, and (if necessary) file their Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission ∙August 2015 to March 2016 – Primary and caucus debates∙February 1 to June 14, 2016 – Primaries and caucuses∙April to August, 2016 – Nominating conventions (including those of the minor third parties)∙September and October, 2016 – Presidential election debates∙November 8, 2016 – Election Day∙December 19, 2016 – Electors cast their electoral votes∙January 6, 2017 – Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes∙January 20, 2017 – Inauguration DayTrends[edit]Previous experience[edit]See also: List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience and List of Presidents of the United States by other offices heldJohn Adams was the first of a record-high 26 presidents who had been lawyersA number of trends in the political experience of presidents have been observed. Between 1956 and the last completed 2012 election, the presidential nominees of both major parties have been either incumbent presidents seeking re-election, sitting or former vice presidents, sitting or former U.S. Senators, or sitting or former state Governors.Fourteen Presidents have served as Vice President. However, only John Adams (1796), Thomas Jefferson (1800), Martin Van Buren (1836), Richard Nixon (1968) andGeorge H. W. Bush (1988) began their first term after winning an election. Among the remaining nine who began their first term as President according to thepresidential line of succession after their respective predecessor died or resigned from office, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, andLyndon B. Johnson were reelected. John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, and Gerald Ford served as President but became president through succession and not election. Ford became President after Nixon's resignation in 1974 through the processes of the Twenty-fifth Amendment and then lost the 1976 presidential election, making him the only President to have not to have been elected to national office. Sixteen presidents had served in the Senate, including four of the five Presidents who served between 1945 and 1974. However, only three were sitting U.S. Senators at the time they were elected president (Warren G. Harding in 1920, John F. Kennedy in 1960, and Barack Obama in 2008). Major-party candidate Senators Andrew Jackson (1824), Lewis Cass (1848), Stephen Douglas (1860), Barry Goldwater (1964), George McGovern (1972), John Kerry (2004), and John。
与美国大选有关的英语词汇
Air war：空中大战美国总统候选人为尽可能争夺电视与广播中的广告而发起的竞争活动。
Balancing the ticket：优势互补候选人名单当候选人赢得党内总统提名之后，他/她一定要挑选一名副手。
而这名副手一定要弥补总统候选人的不足，从而优势互补增加获胜的砝码。
比如在2000年的大选中，人们认为小布什相对年轻且缺乏从政经验，所以他挑选了越战老兵切尼为副手。
Ballot initiative：公民投票美国举行联邦及地方选举时，各州通常会同时举行一些关系公共政策及社会民生提案的公民投票。
Battleground states：战场州从民意调查结果中看不出哪位候选人占据明显优势的州。
与之类似的词是swing states（摇摆州）。
有专家认为大选的最终结果将取决于这些州把选票投给了谁，因此候选人常在这些州展开激烈角逐。
Bellshepherd state：领头州从历史上来看，这个州的选举结果也就预测了将来的总统大选获胜者。
因为，从人口上讲，这个州的选举情况也就是整个国家选举的缩影。
最经典的一个领头州就是密苏里州，除了1956年，此州在历届选举中都没有错过。
Bellshepherd一词原意是牧羊犬。
Beltway：环形公路从政治上来讲，这个词主要指的是在华盛顿特区绕城高速公路(495号州际公路)内执行的国会事务，比如：“环形公路事物”特指某项政治事务或争议非常重要，它只限于政界，对于公众来说没有什么意义。
Bill of rights：权利法案即宪法修正案的前十条。
1791年，《权力法案》在美国11个州获得通过，从而成为美国宪法的一部分。
法案中大部分条款是对政府施加限制--规定联邦政府所不能做的事。
Blue state：蓝色州特指此州选民倾向支持民主党。
Brokered convention: 讨价还价会议在初选或者党代表大会的第一轮投票中，旨在获得该党提名的候选人未获得大多数选票时，这次会议就被称之为“讨价还价会议”。
政 治选举词汇
政治选举词汇Caucus（核心会议）特指旨在决定政治上或组织上改变的会议。
在美国总统竞选政治中，本词指各党地方组织在总统提名期间召开的骨干党员会议。
“层次分明的”骨干党员会议体制指党的区一级骨干分子选举出席县一级会议的代表；县级会议则选举州级会议代表；州级会议选举出席该党全国总统提名大会的代表。
骨干党员会议体制旨在通过代表的遴选显示该党各州党员究竟倾向谁为总统候选人，其实效是使总统提名民主化，因为候选人的挑选基本上决定于区一级，即整个进程的最初阶段。
Conservative（保守派）指从温和的中右派到坚定右派之间不同色彩的各种政治观点。
就美国两大政党而言，共和党一般被认为偏于保守。
在美国，一般来说，“政治上”的保守派主张自由市场经济原则以及低税收；就政府权力分配来说，偏重州政府和地方政府分权，而反对联邦政府集权。
“文化上”的保守派则反对堕胎或无节制的大众媒体的宣传。
Debate（辩论）就一个问题的两个或两个以上矛盾面所进行的辩论。
美国政治中，近年来辩论与电视节目挂钩，即总统或副总统候选人在电视上亮相，阐述本人及该党的观点，回答媒体或观众提出的问题。
辩论可以通过广播，也可在社区群众大会上进行。
各级政府公职人员的选举均可进行辩论。
Divided government（分治的政府）一般指总统属于一个政党，而国会的参众两院至少有一院由反对党控制的政治局面。
此种情况也可能发生在州一级，即州长属于一个党，而另一党控制州议会。
在美国政府制度中，常出现两党分治。
其历史影响则是减少急剧改革，促使两党政治家在立法提案上进行妥协。
Federal Election Campaign Act(FECA)（联邦竞选法）这项1971年制定的法律规定了联邦选举的财务事项，曾于1974、1976及1979三度修订。
该法要求候选人及政治委员会公开资金来源及开支情况，同时规定联邦大选期间接受捐款及开支款项事宜。
该法并对用公共资金资助总统竞选作出了规定。
美国政体词汇
General introduction1.The State System国家体制A state of dictatorship of the bourgeoisie 资产阶级专政国家Federalism 联邦制度The separation of powers 三权分立Respect for the constitution and the rule of law 尊重宪法和法律规定2.The Constitution 宪法3.The Federal Government 联邦政府The executive 行政权→president 总统The legislative 立法权→congress 国会→Senate 参议院& the House of Representatives 众议院The judicial 司法权→Supreme Court 最高法院& Lower Federal Courts 下属联邦法院Checks and balances 制约与平衡"Tripartite" Political System 三权分立1.Executive Branch 行政机构Propose legislation to Congress 向国会建议立法Veto 否决Override 推翻Vacant occur 有空缺Succession 继任Impeachment 弹劾2.Legislative BranchLevy(征收)federal taxescongress 国会Senate 参议院the House of Representatives 众议院Representative 众议院议员Senator 参议院议员3.Judicial BranchThe Supreme Court 最高法院The chief justice 首席法官Associate justices 大法官Federal courts of appeal 上诉法院Federal district courts 地方法院Interpret the Constitution of the United States 解释宪法Resolve disputes 调解争端judicial review（司法审查）13 departmentsState 国务院Treasury 财政部Defense 国防部Justice 司法部Interior 内政部Agriculture农业部Commerce商业部Labor劳工部Education 教育部Transportation 交通部Energy 能源部Health and Human Service卫生与公共服务事业部Housing and Urban Development住房与城市发展部American electionCaucus 核心会议Conservative 保守派Debate 辩论Divided government 分治的政府Federal Election Campaign Act(FECA) 联邦竞选法Federal Election Commission(FEC) 联邦选举委员会Front loading 前期吃重Front runner 领先者Gender gap 性别差异Hard money/Soft money 硬钱/软钱Liberal 自由派Matching funds 对等资金Midterm election 中期选举Platform 政纲Plurality rule 简单多数原则Primary 初选Protest vote 投抗议票Public funding 公共资助Push polling导向性民意调查Redistricting 选区重划Single member district 单一席位选区Super Tuesday 超级星期二Coattails燕尾提举力Convention bounce会后弹升Front-loading前置Electoral College选举团Plurality简单多数Primary election预选选举Single-member district单一席位选区Ticket splitting选票分散Town meeting社民会议Tracking survey跟踪调查universal sufferage 普选exit poll 出口民意Political Parties 政党Democratic Party 民主党Republican Party 共和党Ballot 投票presidential campaign 总统竞选Presidential candidate 总统候选人。
美国大选热词：选举人团(英汉对照)
美国大选热词：选举人团（英汉对照）来源：中国日报网11月8日是美国大选投票日，近1亿美国选民将在这一天前往投票站投票，选出美国第58届总统。
共和党总统候选人特朗普和民主党总统候选人希拉里也将迎来终极大考，谁能获得半数以上的选举人票，谁就能最终登顶总统宝座。
在大选结果最终出炉之前，我们来给大家简单科普一下美国的选举人团制度。
美国大选热词：选举人团简单来说，美国实行选举人团的间接选举制度，共有538张选举人票。
1亿多美国选民投票并不能直接选出总统，而是决定各州的选举人票归属哪位总统候选人，最终获得至少270张选举人票的候选人胜出。
The United States Electoral College is the body that elects the President and Vice President of the United States every four years. Citizens of the United States do not directly elect the president or the vice president; instead they choose electors, who usually pledge to vote for particular candidates.每隔四年选出美国总统和副总统的就是美国的选举人团。
美国民众并不直接选出总统或副总统，他们投票选出的是选举人，而每个选举人通常都会按照最终的选民意愿投票给某个候选人。
There are currently 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 Representatives and 100 Senators, plus the three additional electors from the District of Columbia. The Constitution bars any federal official, elected or appointed, from being an elector.美国目前共有538名选举人，代表435名众议院议员和100名参议员，另外还有3名来自哥伦比亚特区的选举人。
美国大选热门英语词汇(下)
在美国总统选举政治中，指政党表达 其原则和目标的正式书面声明，起草 于总统候选人提名程序的尾声。
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近年来，由于 电视越来越注 重候选人的个 性及其显现给 人们的领导才 能，政纲的重 要性逐渐消失。
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18. Plurality
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“ 简单多数 Plurality
由竞选班子雇用的媒 体顾问或政治顾问， 专门用来确保让候选 人在任何场合下都得
到最佳宣传报导。
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例如，在两位总
统候选人辩论结
束后，双方的"抬
轿人"都同新闻界
联系向记者指
出他们的候选人
在辩论中的优势，
要让新闻界，进
而要让公众相信，
他们的候选人是
这场辩论的胜利
者。这种媒体顾
问的鼓吹做法被
明知没有得胜希望、但仍然投给第 三党或某个小党的票，目的是表达 对两个主要政党的候选人的不满。
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21. Redistricting
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21. 选区重划 （Redistricting）
重新划分国会选 区的地理界线 （国会选区指各 州内由联邦众议 员代表的选区）。
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调查人在第一 次调查中，连 续三天晚上向 人数相同的选 民提问，例如 每晚 400人， 三晚共1200人。 在第四天晚上， 调查人再向另 外400人提问， 并将他们的回 答输入资料库， 同时删除第一 晚的调查结果。
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如此循序不断，始 终保持最近三天来 1200人的反应。经 过一段时间，选举 班子可以对调查的 全部信息进行分析， 观察某些事件对选 民态度产生的影响。
在同一场选举中，把选 票投给不同的政党。
与选举相关的英语词汇总结
与选举相关的英语词汇总结1.vote [vəʊt] n. /v. 选票，投票2.voter [ˈvəʊtə(r)] 选民，投票人例句：The turnout was at least 62 percent of registered voters. 至少有62％的登记选民参加了投票。
3.neck and neck 并驾齐驱，难分高低例句：The latest polls indicate that the two main parties are neck and neck. 最近的一次民意测验显示两个主要政党难分高下。
4.front runner [ˌfrʌnt ˈrʌnə(r)]（赛跑或竞赛中）最可能获胜者，领先者5.exit poll [ˈeksɪt pəʊl] 投票后民意调查6.too close to call 难分胜负，势均力敌7.president-elect 已当选但未就任的总统，候任总统8.vice-president-elect 当选副总统9.Election Day 选举日ndslide [ˈlændslaɪd] n. (山坡或悬崖的)崩塌，塌方，滑坡;一方选票占压倒多数的选举; 一方占绝对优势的选举，大获全胜例句：He won last month's presidential election by a landslide.11.candidate [ˈkændɪdət] (竞选或求职的)候选人，申请人12.campaign [kæmˈpeɪn] 运动(为社会、商业或政治目的而进行的一系列有计划的活动)13.deliver [dɪˈlɪvə(r)] a speech 发表演说; 发表讲话14.concession speech [kənˈseʃn spiːtʃ] 败选演讲，让步演说15.acceptance speech [əkˈseptəns spiːtʃ] 获胜演说, 获奖感言16.inaugural speech [ɪˈnɔːɡjərəl spiːtʃ] 就职演说；就职演讲；就任演说17.democracy [dɪˈmɒkrəsi] 民主，民主政体，民主制度18.democratic [ˌdeməˈkrætɪk] 民主的，民主政体的19.political party [pəˈlɪtɪkl ˈpɑːti] 政党20.politician [ˌpɒləˈtɪʃn] n. 从政者, 政治家, 政客21.turnout [ˈtɜːnaʊt] n. 出席人数, 到场人数, 投票人数22.voter turnout 投票率, 投票人数23.debate [dɪˈbeɪt] v. /n. 辩论24.polling station 投票站, 投票点25.voting booth 投票亭26.ballot [ˈbælət] n. (无记名)投票选举, 投票表决, 选票, (选举中的)投票总数27.ballot box 投票箱28.mail-in ballot 邮寄选票29.absentee ballot [ˌæbsentiːˈbælət] a ballot that is cast while absent (usually mailed in prior to election day) 缺席投票，外地选举人票30.fill out a ballot 填写投票31.poll [pəʊl] 民意调查, 选举投票, 计票32.cast a ballot [kɑːst əˈbælət] 投票。
美国习语学习：总统候选人_
美国习语学习：总统候选人_例句-1: “every election year iowa gets lots of national attention because it is the first state to show which candidates it wants. but this year other presidential hopefuls did not spend much time in iowa because senator harkin from iowa was a favorite son candidate."这段话的意思是：“每次大选爱奥华州总是全国注视的中心，因为它总是第一个举行初选，表明他们喜欢哪个候选人。
可是，今年其他州的候选人并没有在爱奥华州花很多时间进行竞选活动，因为哈金参议员就是来自爱奥华州的，他就是爱奥华州的宠儿。
”意思也就是：别人没有办法和他在那个州竞争。
哈金参议员由于在其他州举行的初选中节节败退早已宣布退出竞选。
sound bite就是插入电视新闻节目当中的一个和选举有关的录像片段。
比如，有几个候选人同时在一个州进行竞选，当地的电视播音员就可能做一个节目介绍这几位候选人，其中包括他们的讲话片段。
这些片段虽然很短，不会超过十五秒钟，可是候选人却把这种机会看的很重要，因为全国各地的选民都能看到。
为了要公平对待每个候选人，给他们同等的时间，新闻节目有时会出现一些问题，就像下面这个例子一样：例句-2: "we have a problem in our six o'clock newscast. we have sound bites of four candidates and we better squeeze in all four. which means we'll have to cut some other story out of the show."这句话的意思是：“我们六点钟的新闻节目有个问题。
美国选举制度知识点
美国选举制度知识点
1、总统候选人由政党推荐产生。
2、美国是一个典型的两党制国家。
3、美国的国会即众议院、参议院议员一般由政党推荐参选,由全民投票直接选举产生,拥有立法权。
4、美国的总统尽管名义上是所在党的领袖,但当选后更多的是以“全民总统”的面目出现,美国总统不由国会选举产生,他不对国会负责。
5、这一政治体制模式的优点是：美国总统的权力较大,总统受政党的约束小,独立性较大,有利于较快地作出政治决断,提高执政效能.其弱点是：美国三大权力体系的相互制约与牵制明显,造成一些体制消耗。
看懂美国大选必知的12个英语表达
看懂美国大选必知的12个英语表达2016美国总统选举正在如火如荼地进行中……目前，民主、共和两党（Democrat vs Republican）的竞选人（candidates）正在进行每个州的初选（primary election），争取各州的党代表选票。
最终，在7月份的两党全国代表大会上，赢得最多党代表支持的候选人将成为本党的正式候选人。
两名正式总统候选人将在11月8日的大选日一决高下。
目前呼声较高的三位候选人是：初选至此，各种政治术语也在媒体上泛滥成灾。
如果你关注美国大选，就会发现这下面12个用语在各种报道中出现的频率很高。
赶快学起来吧。
1.flip flopper改变立场的人，骑墙派“Flip-flop”是“平底人字拖”，但“flip flopper”这个词却与拖鞋没有任何关系，而是指“骑墙派，反复无常者，改变立场的人”。
在表示“翻转、突然转变”意义时，“flip-flop”属于美式说法，其对应的英式说法为“U-turn”。
2004年美国大选小布什对阵克里时，该词被使用得最多，克里在许多议题中被指是“flip flopper”，政策骑墙派。
例句：Cruz put out a video painting Trump as an unprincipled flip-flopper.科鲁兹发布视频，把特朗普描绘成一个毫无原则、不断转换立场的人。
2.grass roots草根群体，底层选民虽然“grass roots”一词已经存在了一个多世纪，但直到2008年美国大选，它才真正“出人头地”。
2008年11月，美国总统大选落幕，打着“变革”旗帜和代表底层选民利益的奥巴马以压倒性优势战胜麦凯恩，成为美国历史上首位黑人总统。
这里的“底层民众”除了用“the ordinary people”表达，还可以用“the grass roots”指代。
例句：The feeling among the grass roots of the Party is that the leaders are not radical enough.广大基层党员认为他们的领导行事不够彻底。
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a)美国选举2.presidential candidate总统候选人3.opinion polls民意调查4.high gasoline prices高油价5.drilling oil石油开采6.political analysts政治分析师7.gun control枪支管理8.equal pay for equal work同工同酬9.electoral votes选举人票10.Obamacare奥巴马医改11.mark his ballot投票辩论第一场12.domestic issue国内问题13.submitted for approval申请批准14.health care卫生保健,15.closing statements结束陈词16.creating new job提供新的工作机会17.coin toss掷币猜先18.Great Depression经济大萧条19.the brink of collapse倒塌边缘20.. cut taxes减税21.roll back击退；把压低到标准水平22.invest in education教育投资23.wind down平静下来24.deficit赤字25.economic patriotism经济爱国主义26.crack down on 制裁27.balanced budget平衡预算28.trickle-down government垂滴式投资29.corporate tax rate公司税率30.extraordinary recession超常衰退31.loophole漏洞32.middle-income families中等收入家庭33.payroll tax工资税,34.property tax不动产税35.sales pitch推销商品的言辞36.tax breaks税收减免37.surplus剩余的38.Economic growth this year slower than last year, and last year slower thanthe year before39.tackle the deficit problem处理赤字问题40.massive economic crisis巨大的经融危机.41.deficit-reduction plan赤字消减计划.42.nomination提名,43.recession衰退44.revenue-neutral不会谋取额外收益45.autistic自闭的；孤僻的46.the federal government联邦政府47.Social Security社会保障48.prescription drug处方药49.under that scenario在这种情况下50.in fairness公正地51.decent相当好的52.primary beneficiary首要受益人53.private sector私营部门54.premium保险费，附加费55.administrative cost管理费用56.excessive过分的、过多的.57.boon恩惠福利58.leverage手段、影响力59.mortgage抵押60.churn out艰苦做出61.capital requirements资本的必要条件62.taxpayer bailouts纳税人救助63.repeal废除64.designate指定的65.blank check空头支票66.Congressional Budget Office国会预算局67.additional premium追加保费、附加保险费.68.arbitrary武断专制的69.lifetime limit终生最高赔偿限额70.irony讽刺71.identical完全相同的72.senator参议员73.partisan党派的74.fend 照料75.pay premiums付保险费76.institutionalize制度化77.get a rebate获得折扣.78.pre-existing condition已存在的医疗状况79.run for office竞选80.incentive动机81.vibrant economy充满生机的经济.82.create frameworks创建框架nd grant colleges政府赠地学院,yoff裁员85.the Constitution宪法the Declaration of Independence独立宣言.86.endow赋予87.Creator 造物主88.the pursuit of happiness当幸福来敲门89.pursue their dream追逐梦想90.food stamps粮票91.primary responsibility首要责任92.have commitment to恪守承诺93.legislative functions立法功能94.in a state of paralysis处于瘫痪状态95.partisan gridlock党派僵局96.undiminished未衰退的辩论第三场97.Democrats 民主党98.Republicans.共和党ernor州长100.foreign policy外交政策101.installed nuclear missiles102.national security 国防安全103.the challenge of a changing Middle East and the new face of terrorism 中东的新变化和恐怖主义新形势104.controversy争议105.ambassador大使106.spontaneous自然而然发生的107.an intelligence failure情报错误108. a pretty dramatic reversal in the kind of hopes事与愿违prehensive and robust strategy全面坚定的计划110.radical violent extremism激进极端的暴力，极端恐怖主义111.an enormous threat巨大的威胁112.extremism极端主义mander in chief军队总指挥114.refocused our attention on将关注点重新放在。
115.decimated摧毁116.transition out撤军117.rebuild alliances重结盟友bat future threats应对未来的威胁119.bring them to justice绳之以法anizing an international coalition组织全国各国联合起来121.putting troops on the ground派驻军队122.the yoke of dictatorship独裁政治123. a despot 独裁者，暴君124.straightforward直截了当125.jihadists圣战者126.foreign aid对外援助127.direct foreign investment对外直接投资128.coordinate调整，协调129.gender equality性别平等130.civil societies公民社会131.tumult骚动132.Al Qaida基地组织133.duplicating重复134.troops驻军135.execute foreign policy实施外交政策136.weapons of mass destruction大规模杀伤性武器137.nuclear treaties核武器条约138.Democrats and Republicans两党139.have a timeline最后期限140.troops and our allies军队盟友.141.strong, steady leadership坚实有力的领导142.reckless鲁莽不顾后果143.the long haul从长远来看.144.concur with同意145.reject the kind of terrorism摆脱恐怖主义146.agenda议程.147.stem the tide of this violence制止住这场暴力的趋势. 148.geopolitical foe地缘政治上的对手.149.tie us down束缚.150.have a status of forces agreement驻军协定151.concurred in赞成152.allies and our enemies盟友和敌人itarily军事154.presidency任期155.counterterrorism efforts反恐行动.156.religious minorities宗教民族157.economic capabilities经济实力.158.do nation building in these regions在这些地区高国家建设.159.spilled over波及160.refugees难民.anize the international community组织国际社会162.mobilized sanctions against that government对政府实行了禁运163.humanitarian assistance人道主义援助164.mobilizing the moderate forces inside of Syria调动中间势力.165.ultimately最终166.in consultation with经与磋商167.our partners in the regioncoordinating with合作168.T the opposition反对派169.get more entangled militarily in Syria在军事上更多地参与叙利亚事务170.putting arms in the hands of folks把军事权利交给。
手中171.heavy weapons重型武器,172. a humanitarian disaster人道主义的灾难173.arm in 提供。
武器itary involvement军事参与175.get drawn into a military conflict.陷入军事冲突176.council议会177.hurt us down the road. coordinate this effort with our allies和同盟们一起努力,178.insurgent起义者179.have a ceasefire停火.180.mobilizing humanitarian support动员人道主义力量181.stop the massacre制止大屠杀182.coalition联盟183.mission creep使命偏离,184.forces of moderation 缓和力量185.put in no-fly zones建立禁飞区186. a democratically elected government民主选举的政府187.abide treaty with遵守协议188.counterterrorism反恐189.. organizing entrepreneurship conferences召集企业家会议190.crushing his people压迫人民191.be blessed with享有192.human rights, human dignity, free enterprise, freedom of expression人权，尊严，言论自由，选举自由193.indispensable不可缺少194.reduce our deficit减少赤字195.take-home pay实得薪水196.renewables可再生能源197.budget proposals预算草案198.on a bipartisan basis 一两党为基础199.institution of higher learning高等院校200.the discretionary budget弹性预算201.cyber security网络安全202.aircraft carriers航空母舰203.sanction制裁204.diplomatically在外交上205.crippling sanctions暂时的严厉制裁206.reenter the community of nations重回国际社会207.imposing sanctions实行制裁208.fundraisers募集资金者209.bombers轰炸机210.trade deficit贸易逆差bat troops作战部队212.veterans退伍军人213.start from scratch白手起家214.corrupt腐败215.maintain vigilance保持警惕216.adversary敌人217.transitioning过渡218.bounce back迅速恢复活力219.protectionism保护主义。