第一章_语法概念 2

第一章 语法概念
第一节 词类
词类(parts of speech)是指单词的分类.根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用可将英语单词分为十大类。

词类(parts of speech) 定义 示例
实
词 名词(noun ，n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词
Mary, book, UK , year, success 代词(pronoun ，pron.)
代替名词，兼有名词和形容词的作用 I/me, my/mine, all, this 形容词(adjective ，adj.) 表示人和事物的特征，修饰名词或代词的词 good, honest 数词(numeral ，num.) 表示多少和第几的词
one, first 动词(verb ，v.) 表示主语的动作或状态
come, be, look 副词(adverb ，adv.) 修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子
often, well, unfortunately 虚 词 冠词(article ，art.) 在名词前，帮助说明其意义 a, an, the 介词(preposition ，prep.) 表示一个词与句子里其它词的关系 in, on, from, above, behind 连词(conjunction ，conj.) 用来连接词，短语、从句或句子 and, but, before 感叹词(interjection ，int.) 表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情感
oh, well, hi, hello 第二章 句子成分
蓝图 释疑解惑
构成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分(Members of the Sentence)。

它们可以由单个单词来担任，也可以由短语或句子来担任。

总体说来，句子分为主语部分和谓语部分；具体来说，句子成分有主要成分和次要成分之分。

主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语、独立成分等。

一、主 语
句
子
成
分 主语
(it 作形式主语) 学习指导 谓语
英汉两种语言的句子成分很相似，只是英语里多了一个表语成分。

英语的补足语有主语补足语和宾语补足语之分。

例如:I saw him come in .句中come in 为不定式短语作宾补，变成被动语态后的句子为：He was seen to come in .不定式短语come in 变成了主语补足语。

最难掌握的是谓语，因为英语的谓语有时态、语态和语气的变化。

另外，还要注意定语的位置，英语里单个的形容词作定语一般都是放在所修饰的名词前，这与汉语完全相同；如果是短语或从句样定语，则要放在名词之后。

表语
宾语 直接宾语和间接宾语
it 作形式宾语 补足语 宾语补足语 主语补足语* 定语 前置：单个词 后置：某些单个词、短语、从句 同位语
状语
独立成分 感叹语* 呼语*
插入语
主语(Subject)是句子所要说的人或事/物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。

它是一个句子的主体，一般位于句首。

通常用名词或代词担任，数词、不定式、动名词、从句等也可做主语。

例如：I’m fond of my sister but she has one serious shortcoming.我喜欢姐姐，但她有个严重的缺点。

(人①U2)
My background is traditional Chinese music. 我的背景是中国传统音乐。

(外⑥M4)
To find a best friend is difficult. 找到一个好朋友不容易。

(译⑤U1)
No one knows for sure, and making predictions is a risky business. 谁也说不准，并且预测也是件冒险的事。

(外④Ml)
What is even more unbelievable is the fact that some murderers are let out of prison after three or four years. 更不可思议的是一些杀人犯三四年后被释出狱。

(师⑧U24)
二、谓语
谓语(Predicate)是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态，由动词或动词短语充当，一般位于主语之后。

例如：
Later land animals appeared. 随后，陆地上出现了动物。

(人③U4)
I bought a ticket at a discount and rode the underground three times. 我买了一张打折票，坐了三次地铁。

(译⑦U4)
The scene looks real. 场面看起来很真实。

(外⑧M2)
We do not have to put up with pollution. 我们不必忍受污染。

(人⑥U4)
It was too dark, and I couldn’t make out the words written on the wall. 太暗了，我都无法看清写在墙上的字。

(译⑦U2)
三、表语
表语(Predicative)说明主语的特征、状态、身份等，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。

表语位于系动词之后，与之构成系表结构。

名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等均可担任。

表语和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。

例如：My name is Jane. My ideal job is to be a journalist. 我的名字叫简。

我理想的工作是当一名记者。

(师⑤U14)
Both speakers seemed very knowledgeable about the Internet. 双方辩友看起来对互联网都很有见识。

(译⑦U3)
The whole class is here. 全班都在这。

(外③M1)
The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. 屋子的设计是当时流行的别致的建筑样式。

(人②U1)
Her first delight was going to the Tower. 第一件使她高兴的事是去参观伦敦塔。

(人⑤U2) This is how the story goes. 事情的经过就是这样的。

(人⑤U4)
四、宾语
宾语(Object)一般表示及物动词的对象或结果, 是动作的承受者。

回答做的是“什么”。

名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等均可用作宾语。

例如：
We often do homework together and we enjoy helping each other. 我们经常一起做作业，乐于彼此帮忙。

(人①U1)
He also writes film music. 他也写影视音乐。

(外②M3)
I’ve tried and failed to make paper with all these plants.我尝试了，但是没能用所有这些植物造成纸。

(译②U3)
I hope I can go there to study. 我希望能去那里学习。

(师⑤U13)
五、宾语补足语
宾语补足语(Object Complement)用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么。

可由名词、形容词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语等充当。

例如：
They called him the prince of gymnasts. 他们称他为体操王子。

(外⑤M5)
We found the ruins most interesting. 我们发现废墟极其有趣。

(译③U3)
We invite you to bring your family, and friends on that special day. 我们邀请您届时带上亲朋好友。

(人①U4)
I’ve never heard the word used in spoken English. 我从未听到这个词用在英语口语中。

六、定语
定语(Attribute)修饰名词或代词，用来说明人或事物的品质或特征。

形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等均可用作定语。

单个词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面；短语或从句作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。

例如：
Mozi founded the philosophy called Mohism. 墨子创立了墨家学说。

(外③M5)
Health care is free for everyone living in Britain. 每个英国居民都享有免费保健服务。

(外②M1)
OK, I’m going to make a project book with lots of pictures in it. 好的，我打算制作一本项目手册，里面附上许多插图。

(师③U7)
It contains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes. 它含有一种强效的药物防治蚊虫叮咬。

(人②U4)
七、同位语
同位语(Appositive)用来说明或解释同一事物，通常放在其所说明的名词或代词之后。

名词、代词、数词、动名词、从句等均可用作同位语。

例如：
The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. 第一批入侵者是古罗马人，他们留下了城镇和道路。

(人⑤U2)
We each have a computer. 我们每个人都有一台电脑。

They two went, and we three stayed behind. 他们俩去了，我们仨留了下来。

The fact that ocean ships can go there surprises many people. 远洋船能去那里，这一事实使许多人感到吃惊。

(人③U5)
八、状语
状语(Adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句。

形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式、从句等均可用作状语。

状语的位置很灵活，可置于句首、句中或句末。

按其用途，状语可表示时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况等。

例如：
I like talking on the phone. 我喜欢电话聊天。

(人⑩U4)
She went back to China, to study journalism at Peking University. 她回到中国，在北京大学学习新闻。

(译⑥U2)
Everyone in the world can access the Internet using his World Wide Web system. 世界上的每个人都可以用他的万维网系统访问互联网。

(外①M6)
When we arrived, we found Wang Li was extremely charming. 我们到了以后，发现王丽极有魅力。

(人⑤U4)
Personally, I think the team that won first place cheated. 我个人认为得第一名的那队作弊了。

(人③U3)
九、独立成分
句子的独立成分(Independent Element)是一种与全句没有语法关系的成分。

感叹词、呼语和插入语一般都充当独立成分。

例如：
1. 感叹语*
多置于句首，也可置于句中或句末。

例如：
Oh look，here’s your bus. 哦，看，你要坐的车来了。

(译③U1)
In about ten minutes, OK? 十分钟以后，好吗？(师④U12)
2. 呼语*
可置于句首、句中或句末。

例如：
Yes, Your Majesty. 是的，陛下。

(人⑩U2)
Hi, Waled, I see you are giving a lecture again! 嗨，瓦利德，我看你又在作演讲了！(译⑥U3)
3. 插入语
插入语是指插入句中的词语。

例如：
Oh, by the way, I don’t have many friends yet. 哦，顺便说一下，我的朋友还不多。

(译④U2)
I eat a lot of sweet things, for example, chocolate. 我吃很多甜的东西，比如巧克力。

(外②M1)
Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how hard it is to stop. 相信我吧，我知道吸烟容易戒烟难。

(人⑥U3)
第一章语法概念
基础演练
I. 找出下列句子的主语部分和谓语部分：
1. Studying English takes time.
2. The first step is always the hardest.
3. Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun.
4. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
5. A poor man is not necessarily unhappy.
6. A good knowledge of grammar is important to good writing.
7. Living without an aim (目标) is like sailing (航行) without a compass (罗盘).
8. Confidence (信心) in yourself is the first step on the road to success,
9. The early bird catches the worm(虫子).
10. The novel won the author a Nobel Prize.
II. 请找出下列句子的主语(==)、谓语(____)和宾语（﹏）。

1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
5. He managed to finish the work in time.
6. Tom came to ask me for advice.
7. He found it important to master English.
8. Would you please tell me your address?
9. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
10. He noticed a man enter the room.
III. 分析下列句子中的双宾语，并试着用适当的介词改写句子：
1. Give a thief enoug h rope and he’ll hang himself.
2. Can you recommend me a good novel?
3. He built them a hut.
4. He ordered himself a bottle of champagne.
5. Will you choose me an interesting novel?
6. Can you spare me a few minutes of your valuable time?
7. Jack doesn’t o we me anything.
8. May I ask you a favor?
9. That will save you a lot of time.
10. The novel won the author a Nobel Prize.
11. It cost me three dollars.
IV．请找出下列句子的主语(==)、系动词(____)和表语(﹏）。

1. His job is to train swimmers.
2. His wish is to become a scientist.
3. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.
4. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
5. The apples tasted sweet.
6. He seems interested in the plan.
7. The man proves to be innocent.
8. My father looked very happy.
V. 请找出下列句子中的宾语补足语< >。

1. His father named him Dongming.
2. They painted their boat white.
3. Let the fresh air in.
4. We saw her entering the room.
5. You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.
6. We found everything in the lab in good order.
7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.
VI. 分析下列句子中宾语补足语：
1. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
2. The telescopes of the 1600’s magnified objects thirty-three times their original size.
3. The boy’s sharp remark left the teacher speechless.
4. The chairman has declared the meeting over.
5. I prefer my steak medium.
6. Dick set the caged animals free.
7. The pot calls the kettle black.
VII.请指出下列黑体部分分别做什么成分。

①March 11 ②is a day ③that I will never forget. I was on my way home from school ④at about five o’clock that afternoon and ⑤hoped ⑥ that I could get home in time to watch my favorite TV program.⑦When I got to the bus stop, I ⑧noticed ⑨people ⑩waiting in line. This 11greatly surprised me ⑿because normally people push their way into the bus. Before I had time to reason, ⑬my bus ⑭came along. ⑮Without a second thought, I jumped the queue. ⑯The moment I did that, I heard ⑰someone ⑩shouting, “Please queue up.” I turned around and saw a ⑲smiling old gentleman ⒇signing to me to stand in line.㉑Then he explained 22that day was “Queue Day”, 23intended to promote people’s civic consciousness. On hearing that, I felt 24ashamed of my behavior. I know that I will 25never jump the queue26again and I hope 27every day will be a “Queue Day”. This will make our city 28a much better place to live.
VIII. 判断下列句子属于何种句型并翻译成汉语：
1. Time flies by.
2. It slipped my mind.
3. I can't stand the heat.
4. Fools seldom differ.
5. I sent you an E-mail.
6. It cost me three dollars.
7. Old habits die hard.
8. You can leave the door open.
9. He speaks English well.
10. Teachers will make your English better.
11. They elected George W. Bush US President.
12. The novel won the author a Nobel Prize. 13. That will save you a lot of time.
14. They found the dead boy.
15. They found the boy dead.
16. I found the book easily.
17. I found the book easy.
18. Tom found Jim an apartment.
19. We found John a loyal (忠心的) friend.
20. I will find you a good teacher.
21. I find you a good teacher.
22. She will make him a good wife.
23. She will make him a good husband.
IX. 翻译下列短文，并分析每个句子的类型：
A sentence normally has a subject (主语) and a predicate (谓语). The subject identifies a person, place or thing. The predicate tells what the subject does or is.
The predicate always includes a verb, and a verb is one of three types—linking, intransitive, or transitive verbs.
The most widely used linking verb is a form of be, such as am, is, are, was, or were. Other linking verbs include: seem, become, feel, sound, taste, smell. The word or phrase that follows a linking verb is called a subject complement.
高考检验
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以一入空白处的最佳选项。

1. No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ______ silent.
A. remain
B. be remaining
C. having remained
D. to remain
2. I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should either study regularly or __ his job.
A. quits
B. to quit
C. quitting
D. quit
3. The next thing he saw was smoke _____ from behind the house.
A. rose
B. rising
C. to rise
D. risen
4. Today we have chat r ooms, text messaging, emailing…but we seem __ the art of communicating
face to face.
A. losing
B. to be losing
C. to be lost
D. having lost
5. _____ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.
A. Gather
B. To gather
C. Gathering
D. To be gathering
6. The island _____ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.
A. joining
B. to join
C. joined
D. having joined
7. They use computers to keep the traffic ______ smoothly.
A. being run
B. run
C. to run
D. running
8. I’m amazed to hear from my school teacher again. _____, it is ten years since we met last.
A. In a Word
B. What’s more
C. That’s to say
D. Believe it or not
9. To save class time, our teacher has _____ students do half of the exercise in class and complete the
other half for homework.
A. us
B. we
C. our
D. ours
10. _____ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.
A. This
B. That
C. What
D. It
能力评估
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以一入空白处的最佳选项。

1. The daily business, whether _____ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
A. that is
B. we were
C. it was
D. they are
2. The Internet was designed to make _____ easier for people to access the information they need.
A. this
B. that
C.不填
D. it
3. By the 1950’s, Mahalia Jackson’s powerful music style had gained her _____.
A. and she had an international reputation
B. with an international reputation
C. which was her international reputation
D. an international reputation
4. The first glass factory _____ on the North American Continent was started in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607.
A. being established
B. established
C. was established
D. that established
5. These surveys indicate that many crimes go_____ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.
A. unrecorded
B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording
D. to have been unrecorded
6. It is so nice to hear from her. _____, we last met more than thirty years ago.
A. What’s more
B. Believe it or not
C. In other words
D. That is to say
7. When I caught the salesman _____ me, I stopped buying the things there and started dealing with another shop.
A. to be cheating
B. cheat
C. to cheat
D. cheating
8. Anything for You, _____, was published while he was still at college and continues to be a bestseller.
A. is his first book
B. it is his first book
C. his first book
D. that is his first book
9. Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _____ directed.
A. like
B. so
C. which
D. as
10. They are going to have the service man _____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A. install
B. to install
C. installing
D. installed
11. _____ were all very tired, but none of _____ would stop to take a rest.
A. We; us
B. Us; we
C. Us; us
D. We; we
12. I never feel _____ while I am sitting in Richard's car.
A. safely
B. being safe
C. safe
D. safety
13. I, who _____ your teacher, will try my best to help you with your studies.
A. being
B. am
C. are
D. is
14. —What happened to Jack?
—Oh dear, he fell off his bike and hurt _____.
A. him
B. his
C. he
D. himself
15. The only piano is _____ thing in my house.
A. the valuable only
B. the only valuable
C. only the valuable
D. valuable the only
16. _____ at the examination results, the top student sat there in silence.
A. Disappointed
B. Disappointing
C. To disappoint
D. Disappoint
17. Walking along the river, we heard someone _____ for help.
A. shout
B. shouting
C. shouted
D. having shouted
18. _____ they said sounds reasonable.
A. That
B. Which
C. What
D. How
19. We will do _____ to reduce the costs.
A. possibly everything
B. everything possibly
C. possible everything
D. everything possible
20. My parents won’t _____ me play computer games even on Saturday evenings.
A. let
B. allow
C. permit
D. agree
21. Willa Cather considered her novel of life in nineteenth-century Nebraska, My Antonia, ____.
A. was her best work
B. her best work
C. her best work it was
D. being her best work
22. The novelist Edith Wharton considered the writer Henry James _____.
A. that a strong influence on her work
B. as strong influence on her work
C. a strong influence on her work
D. was a strong influence on her work
23. In 1952 Ernest Hemingway published The Old Man and the Sea, _____.
A. won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954
B. and the Nobel Prize for Literature won in 1954
C. in 1954 won the Nobel Prize for Literature for this work
D. a work that won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954
24. Her work in genetics won United States scientist Barbara McClintock ____ in 1983.
A. was the Nobel Prize
B. the Nobel Prize was
C. the Nobel Prize
D. for the Nobel Prize。