自考国际商务英语lesson6
国际商务英语综合教程(第三版) Chapter 6
1. A market economy is an economic system in which prices determine how resources will be used and how products will be distributed. 市场经济是一种经济体制，在这种体制中价格决定如何 使用资源和如何分配产品。 1）In which 引导的定语从句修饰主句的表语economic system.译为“在这种经济体制中，价格决定……” 2）how resources will be used and how products will be distributed.两个how 引导的宾语从句作定语从句谓 语动词determine的宾语，译为“价格决定如何使用资 源和如何分配产品。”
5) What is price and its influence?
Price is the quantity of money or other products paid in exchange for something else. Therefore, the current price of something influences how much of it is produced and how much of it is consumed.
在商业中只有当有人既想得到某种商品或服务同时具有买下它的购买力时才会存在对于这种商品或服务的需求
Chapter 6 Market Economy
工商英语课程讲义Unit6(new).
Work B: Expressions (P.53)
Asking for more info:
Could you tell me some more about …? I’d like some more information about …? I’d also like to know … When/ How much/ Why exactly …? There’s something else I’d like to know … Can you give me some more details about …?
Work A (2): Outline for a letter answering an enquiry.
Thank the customer for their interest in your product(s) and confirm that you can (or can’t) help. ‘Sell’ your product and explain how it is suitable for your customer’s needs. Say that you’re sending a catalogue, price list, advertising literature, etc. Explain how the customer can get ‘hands-on’ experience of the product. a. Offer to send samples or get a rep to visit with samples/ demo; b. State the location of distributor’s showroom near enquirer’s address; c. Announce an exhibit at a forthcoming trade fair.
自考国际商务英语lesson5、6
• parative advantage 比较利益: It holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, i.e. it has absolute disadvantage in production both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.
• 4. Export duties 出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area
• 5. Ad valorem duty 从价税:
• 6. Specific duty 从量税 • 7. Compound duties 复税、混合关税 • 8. Drawback 退税: Duties paid on imported goods
• The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
• In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.
• With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.
大学自考英语UnitSixPPT
Analysis of listening material types
Lectures and presentations
Familiarize students with the structure and language used in academic lectures and presentations
reasoning, and examples
Reading Skills and Strategies
Skimming
Quickly scanning the text to get a general idea of the main points and topics covered
Scanning
• Critical thinking questions: These challenge your ability to analyze and evaluate the text critically They may ask you to assess the author's credibility, evaluate the effectiveness of the arguments presented, or discuss potential biases or limitations in the text
Narrative
Tells a story, usually in chronological order, with characters, settings, plot, and climax
03
Argumentative
Make a claim or argument and supports it with evidence,
秘书英语Unit6 When are you leaving for the business ev
Exporters by Commerce Arrange for the executive to be met at the foreign airport or for a car to
6.1 Sprsking Module
Task Two Pair Work
A: Please don’t worry about it. We’ll try our best. I think Grand Hotel is a nice option. It is within walking distance to the fair. You don’t have to take any taxi, shuttle bus or other vehicles. B: It is very considerate of you to do so. A: That’s all right. What projects should we discuss this time? B: We’d like to talk about your newly-developed decoration materials, especially Model XP. Please bring all the related samples if possible. A: Sure. Anything else? B: We’ll bring some samples of our kitchenware and bathroom appliances. We hope the cooperation between us will be expanded step by step. A: I’m glad to hear that. I’ll call you again when the reservation is made. B: Thank you for calling. Bye! A: Thank you. Bye!
商务英语阅读教案lesson
商务英语阅读教案Lesson 1-5一、Lesson 1: Introduction to Business English ReadingObjective:To introduce students to the importance of business English reading and develop their basic skills for understanding and analyzing business texts. Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business textsProcedure:1. Expln the importance of business English reading in the global business environment.2. Skills development: Practice reading and prehension skills using sample business texts.3. Group discussion: Students work in groups to analyze and discuss the mn ideas and detls of the texts.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson and answer any questions from the students.二、Lesson 2: Understanding Business DocumentsObjective:To help students develop the skills necessary for understanding and analyzing different types of business documents.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business documents (e.g., memos, letters, reports) Procedure:1. Expln the purpose of business documents and their importance in business munication.2. Skills development: Practice reading and prehension skills using sample business documents.3. Group activity: Students work in groups to identify and analyze the mn ponents of the business documents.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson and answer any questions from the students.三、Lesson 3: Analyzing Business NewsObjective:To help students develop the skills necessary for understanding and analyzing business news articles.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business news articlesProcedure:1. Expln the importance of business news in the global business environment.2. Skills development: Practice reading and prehension skills usingsample business news articles.3. Group discussion: Students work in groups to analyze and discuss the mn ideas and detls of the articles.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson and answer any questions from the students.四、Lesson 4: Reading Business ReportsObjective:To help students develop the skills necessary for understanding and analyzing business reports.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business reportsProcedure:1. Expln the purpose of business reports and their importance in decision-making processes.2. Skills development: Practice reading and prehension skills using sample business reports.3. Group activity: Students work in groups to identify and analyze the mn sections and findings of the reports.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson and answer any questions from the students.五、Lesson 5: Enhancing Reading Comprehension StrategiesObjective:To help students develop effective reading prehension strategies for better understanding business texts.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business texts with acpanying prehension questions Procedure:1. Discuss the importance of using prehension strategies while reading business texts.2. Skills development: Practice using various prehension strategies (e.g., predicting, skimming, scanning) while reading sample business texts.3. Group activity: Students work in groups to answer prehension questions based on the texts they have read.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson and answer any questions from the students.六、Lesson 6: Interpreting Business StatisticsObjective:To help students develop the skills necessary for interpreting business statistics and data presented in various formats.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business texts with statistics and data tablesProcedure:1. Expln the importance of interpreting business statistics in decision-making processes.2. Skills development: Practice interpreting business statistics and data using sample texts and tables.3. Group activity: Students work in groups to analyze and interpret the statistics and data presented in the texts and tables.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson and answer any questions from the students.七、Lesson 7: Understanding Financial StatementsObjective:To help students develop the skills necessary for understanding and analyzing financial statements.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample financial statements (e.g., balance sheets, ine statements, cash flow statements)Procedure:1. Expln the purpose and importance of financial statements in business.2. Skills development: Practice understanding and analyzing financial statements using sample texts and statements.3. Group activity: Students work in groups to analyze and interpret the financial statements provided.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson and answer any questions from the students.八、Lesson 8: Reading Case StudiesObjective:To help students develop the skills necessary for understanding and analyzing business case studies.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business case studiesProcedure:1. Expln the purpose of business case studies and their importance in learning about real-world business situations.2. Skills development: Practice reading and prehension skills using sample business case studies.3. Group discussion: Students work in groups to analyze and discuss the mn issues and solutions presented in the case studies.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson and answer any questions from the students.九、Lesson 9: Writing Summaries for Business TextsObjective:To help students develop the skills necessary for writing effective summaries of business texts.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business texts and summary guidelines Procedure:1. Expln the importance of writing summaries for business texts and their usefulness in munication and decision-making.2. Skills development: Practice writing summaries of sample business texts using provided guidelines.3. Group activity: Students work in groups to write summaries of the texts they have read, and then exchange and discuss their summaries.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson, provide feedback on the students' summaries, and answer any questions from the students.十、Lesson 10: Evaluating Business Information SourcesObjective:To help students develop the skills necessary for evaluating the credibility and reliability of business information sources.Materials:Textbook: Business English ReadingHandouts: Sample business information sources (e.g., articles, websites, reports)Procedure:1. Expln the importance of evaluating business information sources and the potential risks of using unreliable information.2. Skills development: Practice evaluating the credibility and reliability of sample business information sources.3. Group activity: Students work in groups to evaluate the provided business information sources and identify their strengths and weaknesses.4. Summary: Review the key points of the lesson, discuss the students' evaluations, and answer any questions from the students.重点和难点解析一、Lesson 1: Introduction to Business English Reading补充说明：强调商务英语阅读在全球商务环境中的作用，以及如何通过练习阅读和理解商务文本来提高基本技能。
商英第六课
3) nervous anxiety , worry or pressure紧张；焦虑
Eg: nervous tension神经性紧张
4) an anxious, untrusting, and perhaps dangerous condition in the relationship between people, countries, etc.紧张关系，紧张局势
municative Skills: expressions of “ Apologizing”
4.Phonetic Review: plosives
Step 1:Offer some questions around business and require them to have a discussion in group.
Eg: Irish immigrants来自爱尔兰的移民
相关词：immigrate v.immigrate toenter a foreign country in order to live there permanently
Immigration n.移民
Immigration control (对外来)的移民管制pass through immigration通过移民局检查
8.It was very careless of me, I’m afraid.
9.It wouldn’t happen again.
10.We shall ensure that similar mistakes will not occur again.
(2)Diamondis a cleat, very hard and valuable stone, used in jewelry and in industry, for example, a diamond engagement ring. Diamond was discovered in 500 B.C. inIndia.
自考国际商务英语_句子翻译
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
国际商务英语Lesson6InternationalTrade(II)PPT教学课件
appealing, especially a choice food.美味佳
肴使人愉悦高兴的，吸引人的东西，尤指食 物
abhorrent：disgusting, loathsome, or
repellent.令人生厌的，令人反感的，引起厌
cargo compartment: 货舱
charter：to hire (a bus or an airplane,
for example) for the exclusive, temporary use of a group of travelers. 包租租（如公共
汽车或飞机）以供一群旅游者短时内独自专 用
duty
2020/12/10
compound duties
drawback most-favored-
nation (MFN) tariff schedule non-tariff
barrier visible trade invisible trade
2
Words and Expressions
Lesson 6 International Trade（II）
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1
Commercial terms
tariff quota customs area customs union import duties export duties specific duty Ad valorem
involving, or affecting only one side:一方的
属于、在、有、包含或影响仅一边的：
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5
maritime：of, relating to, or adjacent
国际商务英语课文电子版lesson (6)
Where there are no differences among countries in the basic capabilities at producing goods, other bases for trade among them may still exist. First, patterns of demand may differ among nations. For example, most consumers in one country may consider dog meat a delicacy(delicious food), while in another country the consumption of dog meat is abhorrent. In this case the second country may sell its dog meat to the first country. Trade will be based not on differences in theproduction capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences.Second, trade may occur out of economies of scale,that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production. For example, Country A and Country B may have the same capability in producing cars and computers, but the cost for the production of both commodities will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale. Both countries might find it advantageous if eachwere to specialize completely in the production of one commodity and import the other.Third, trade takes place because of innovation or style.Even though Country A produces enough cars at reasonable costs to meet its own demand and even to export some, it may still import cars from other countries for innovation or variety of style.To summarize, the theory of international specialization seeks to answer the question which countrieswill produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them. Differences in production conditions, the element highlighted (stressed) by the theory of comparative advantage, provide the most important part of the answer. But a complete answer must also take into account other factors such as patterns of demand, economies of scale and innovation or style.In reality, however, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economicallyadvantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport cost. Goods and raw materials have to be transported around the world and the cost of the transport reduces the benefit of trade. The case will be more serious with transporting bulky or perishable goods. Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers totrade, and typical examples are tariffs and quotas.Tariff barriers are the most common form of trade restriction. A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.A customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union. Import duties are tariffs levied on goods entering an (customs) area while export dutiesare taxes levied on goods leaving an (customs) area. The former type is more common than the latter as most nations want to expand exports and increase their foreign exchange earnings (income). Import duties may be either specific, or ad valorem, or a combination of the two –compound duties. The term drawback refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported. The term most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment refers to a tariff treatment.Under this treatment, a country is required to extend to all signatories (contracting parties) any tariff concessions(关税减让) granted (given) to any participating country. However, MFN treatment is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff’s schedule, but it is still possible to have lower tariffs.Quotas or quantitative (quantity) restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quotalimits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries. They may be imposed unilaterally and can also be negotiated on a so-called voluntary basis. Obviously, exporting countries do not readily agree to limit their sales. Thus, the “voluntary” label generally means that the importing country has threatened to imposeeven worse restrictions if voluntary cooperation is not forthcoming.In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between countries.Transportation service across national boundaries is an important kind of invisible trade. International transportation involves different means of transport such as ocean ships, planes, trains, trucks andinland water vessels. However, the most important of them is maritime ships. When an exporter arranges shipment, he generally books space in the cargo compartment of a ship, or charter a whole vessel. Some countries such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and earn a lot by way of this invisible trade.Insurance is another important kind of invisible trade. In the course of transportation, a cargo is vulnerable to many risks such ascollision, pilferage, fire, storm, explosion, and even war. Goods being transported in international trade must be insured against loss or damage. Large insurance companies provide service for international trade and earn fees for insuring other nation's foreign trade. Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service.Tourism is yet another important form of invisible trade. Many countries may have beautiful scenery, wonderful attractions,places of historical interest, or merely a mild and sunny climate. These countries attract large numbers of tourists, who spend money for travelling, hotel accommodations, meals, taxis, and so on. Some countries depend heavily on tourism for their foreign exchange earnings, and many countries are making great efforts to develop their tourism.The fourth type of invisible trade meriting (deserving) attention is called immigrant remittance. Thisrefers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land. Import and export of labour service may be undertaken by individuals, or organized by companies or even by states. And this is becoming an important kind of invisible trade for some countries.Invisible trade can be as important to some countries as visible trade is to others. In reality, the kinds of trade nations engage in are varied(various) and complex(complicated), often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.。
国际商务英语教程第三版课后答案
Lesson 2II1.In recent years, as the country’s vigorous economic development hasfacilitated its foreign trade, its total export and import value between 193 and 2003 increased by 20%, as compared with only 7.5% between 1982 and 1992.2.The greatly improved communications and transportation resultingfrom technological progress have speeded up the movements of merchandise, personnel and information between different countries and lowered operating costs, thus bringing about the rapid growth of international business.3.Today fewer restrictions on the cross-border movements ofmerchandise and services imposed by governments of all countries enable these countries’ residents to have access to goods and services at lower prices and make it possible for domestic enterprises to raise efficiency because of foreign competition.4.In order to support and facilitate international business, companies andgovernments have developed relevant services such as the establishment of bank credit agreements, the conclusion of clearing arrangements and the enactment of the international postal agreement, thus ensuring the successful handling and growth of international business.5.Under the pressure of increased foreign competition, in order tomaintain competitiveness and seek survival and development, companies have to extend their operations to international markets, respond to foreign sales opportunities and vigorously increase their international business.Lesson 3I.1. Large increase in industrial and agricultural production in manycountries and regions2. Lead to industrial countries’rapidly rising demand for food and rawmaterials3. The import volume of industrial products that has increased 15 times4. A drastically/sharply increased demand for agricultural exports fromdeveloping countries5. A decrease in the demand for natural raw materials such as cotton andnatural rubber.6. The development of the production of synthetic substitutes and anincrease in their output.7. Contribute to the industrial development and economic growth ofdeveloping countries8. The important beneficial effects that international trade has on theeconomic development of all countries9. be conducive to the development of less developed countries’manufacturing and production of manufactured goods.10 stimulate and facilitate the international flow of capital betweendeveloped and developing nations11. The vehicle for the transmission of new technology and newmanagerial skill12. The less developed countries that have reaped major benefits frominternational trade.13. The relationship between international trade and long-run economicdevelopment14. Absorb advanced technology from developed nations at a faster rate. II.1.The emergence and development of international trade has promotedthe normal operation and constant expansion of all countries’ process of reproduction, raise their levels of productive forces, contributed to the internationalization of production and capital and brought about the economic development in other fields.2.Focusing on the effects of exports on employment and income,Keynes and his followers hold that a trade surplus can expand means of payment, lower interest rates and spur a price increase and investment, thus contributing to the alleviation of a country’s domestic crisis and an increase in employment.3.Some other economists believe that the emergence and developmentof international trade can expand commodity markets, promote technological progress and an improvement in the process of production, spur an increase in output and contribute to a change in the structure of investment, thus leading to the development of the entire national economy.4.The development of foreign trade achieved by developing countriesbrings about an increase in foreign exchange earnings and the introduction/ importation of advanced/ up-to-date foreign technology, which plays an important role in making good these countries’shortage of capital and promoting their technological progress.5.In the past years, along with absorbing foreign capital, China hasspared no effort to develop its foreign trade, imported large quantities of precision machinery and equipment and sophisticated technology, exported various kinds of industrial and agricultural products, thus greatly contributing to economic development and the achievement of socialist modernization.Lesson 4 II1．Nontariff trade barriers，which refer to the protectionist measures characterized by quantitative import restrictions，are used by developed countries and some developing countries to interfere with and impede the free flow of merchandise and services be．tween nations．2．Since the mid．1970s，as a result of the outbreak of the global economic crises，accompanied by the intensification of contention for international markets, the developed countries have been forced to resort to nontariff trade barriers designed to restrict imports, in an attempt to overcome their difficulties．3．Like tariff trade barriers，nontariff trade barriers have the effects of restricting imports and bringing about price increases in the domestic market of an importing country，thus imposing a heavy burden on the people of Western developed countries.4．In recent years, some trade policies and regulations carried out by the United States have discriminated against China and imposed severe restrictions on some of its exports to the United States．5．It is likely that in the future the United States and other Western countries will still impose restrictions 011 the exports of China’s textiles and other labor—intensive products，to which China will strongly(decidedly)0biect．Lesson 5II1.In order to move efficiently the goods to importing country, the exportfirm must perform three essential functions involving a series of activities in the export transaction.2.Before an export transaction is carried out, the exporter must eitherconduct a check on the new customer’s financial and credit standing through an international credit report or revise the old customer’s credit standing and payment record.3.As an important component of the export process, the exporter andimporter negotiate the sales terms and conditions, the obligations of both parties, and other terms of the sales contract.4.An agreement that the exporter and importer have entered into onsales terms and conditions becomes a binding contract, which is a firm commitment that is acceptable to both buyer and seller after it is confirmed by both parties in writing.5.In the whole export process, the importer is often required to obtain animport license and sometimes also a foreign exchange permit in order that the goods conform to the importing country’s import regulations and smoothly reach the importer.Lesson 6II1．A sales channel in international trade refers to the process of circulation in which goods flow from a country’s producer to the foreign ultimate customer or user and to the intermediary commercial establishments through which title to goods is transferred．2. In the process of international commodity circulation，whether a saleschannel is unimpeded and highly efficient or not directly affects the turnover rate，profit and market share of goods．3．Acting as the export sales department for many manufacturers，an export management company either purchases goods directly from manufacturers and then resells them overseas for its Own account Or operates on a commission basis．4．Acting as an independent sales agent on a case-by-case basis, an export trading agent on a case-by-company performs a sourcing or wholesale function between buyer and seller without assuming any responsibility to either party in a transaction．5．Local distributors in the host country are used by many manufacturers as a sales channel to facilitate foreign sales，since they are familiar with the host country’s market situation and its social and economic environments and are able to carry out the best market strategy and manage after-sale customer service．Lesson 7 II1. Trade terms are used to specify the structure of export prices and thedivision of responsibility and liability between the seller and the buyer with regard to procedures, cost and risks that are involved in delivering goods to the buyer by the seller.2. Under the CIF term, the seller must also provide a complete set ofshipping documents including transportation and insurance documents at his own expense.3. If we conclude business with you on CFR basis, how much can youreduce from your CIF price so that we can make a comparison (…so that we can compare them)4. Will you please make us an offer for Forever Brand Bicycles 26”?Please quote your lowest CIF New York price based on a minimum order of 10,000 units.5. We can make the following offer:Article: HL 302 Drawer LockPrice: at U.S. $5 per piece EXW ShanghaiAnnual minimum order: 100,000 piecesPacking: in cartonsPayment: by irrevocable L/C available by sight draftDelivery: 60 days after receipt of L/CRevision 1IV.1.In 1980, the average annual growth rate of low income developingcountries’GDP was 5.9 percent, as compared with 3.5 percent of middle-income countries and 1.4 percent for industrialized countries.2.The completion of this railroad and its opening traffic will contributeto the expansion of economic exchange between China’s southwesternregion and its coastal region and the economic development and prosperity of the country’s entire southwestern region.3.The economic situation of this less developed country resulting/arising from the drastic/ sharp decrease in foreign market demand is characterized by a substantial decline in exports, the reduced industrial and agricultural production, a drastic increase in unemployment and an enlarged payments deficit.4.As the management of this large supermarket realized that theemployees were most familiar with/ were well aware of the problems in business management, it decided to rely more on them rather than on a few managerial personnel in improving the enterprise’s business management.5.The renowned/ well-known economist stated at a symposium thatprivate enterprises could play an important role in the country’s economic construction by virtue of their large numbers of business units and personnel scattered all over the country and their enormous capital and facilities.6.In 2004 the huge U.S. current account and budget deficits and theselling of U.S. dollars in large amounts in international financial markets brought about the continuous devaluation in the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies.7.The foreign exchange regulations recently issued by the financialauthorities of that Asian country are designed mainly to crack down on foreign exchange speculation and stabilize foreign exchange markets.8.At that time, the top executives of many large U.S. companies stressedthat the restrictions imposed on the exports of high-tech products to China by the U.S. government caused/did great harm not only to China but also to the U.S. economy.9.In late 2003, the former Vice Minister of the Ministry of ForeignTrade and Economic Cooperation held the post as dean of that university’s School of Management on a full-time basis.10.As the United States has restricted some of the European Union’sagricultural exports to it, it is likely that the European Union will retaliate by imposing restrictions on the imports of some agricultural products from the United States.11.As a result of the rapid development of the Chinese economy, China,which has a population of 1.3 billion and makes up about one-fifth of the world population, accounts for an increasingly large share in the consumption of goods and products in the world ranging from aluminum to washing machine.12.In the all of that year, at a meeting held in New York, the U.S.Secretary of State and the Chinese Foreign Minister discussed a series of important bilateral and international issues, focusing on China’s accession to the WTO.13.Since China’s resumption of its legitimate seat at the United Nations,it has had access to loans from the World Bank used to finance the important projects in its economic and cultural construction.14.A s a high-tech enterprise producing sophisticated products, the jointventure has access to preferential loans in both the domestic and foreign currencies so as to ensure the funds needed for the development of its production.15.T hat year, at the U.N. General Assembly, the representative of thatdeveloping country strongly objected to the proposal made by a few developed countries designed to discriminate against the developing countries in the field of international trade.Lesson 81.In export trade/ in exporting, railroad transportation, which ischaracterized by large shipments and high speed of transportation and is not subject to seasonal changes and climatic conditions, can be undertaken/ conducted regularly, systematically, accurately and throughout the year.2.Air transportation, which ensures the quick and punctual arrival at adestination of goods of small size, light weight and high value as well as those of timeliness, has accounted for an increasing share in the transportation in international trade.3.The insurer is obligated to compensate for a total loss or partial loss ofor damage to goods incurred in an accident to the carrier in the process of transportation in international trade.4.The insurer is not obligated to compensate for any losses or costsaccounted for by decreases in the prices and delays in the transportation of goods insured in the process of international air transportation.5.The departmental manager of an exporting firm, who is acquaintedwith shipping and insurance maters, arranges for shipping and insurance of export goods after receiving an order for goods from abroad.Lesson 91.In export transactions/ in exporting, the export firm is required topresent various documents issued/ made out by itself and other units or government agencies, which represents the partial fulfilment of export contractual obligations.2.A commercial invoice, which is a list of delivery sent/ issued/ madeout to the importer by the exporter and with which the latter receives payment from the former, is the major document for the delivery of goods and clearance of accounts between the seller and the buyer.3.An ocean bill of lading, a document issued by the captain or an agentof the carrier, certifies the receipt of the specified goods and ensures the shipment of them to the named destination and the delivery ofthem to the consignee.4.Special inspection certificates are those issued by the commodityinspection agency after its inspection and identification of the content of containers or means of transport in the shipment of import and export goods.5.The adoption by the customs of the importing country of differentpolicies toward and different kinds of tariff treatment for imports from different countries is based on a certificate of origin, which is designed to certify the place of origin or production of the merchandise. Lesson 101.The choice of the international commercial terms of payment dependson such factors as the burden of funds, market conditions and costs and procedures as well as the credit standing of the opposite party in the transaction.2.For the exporter, letters of credit are the most favorable term ofpayment except for cash in advance, under which he ordinarily can receive payment if he presents proper documents to a specified bank in the exporting country.3.With the issuance of a letter of credit, payment must be made by thebuyer when proper documents are presented by the seller, but since the seller sometimes fails to comply with the terms of the contract, the buyer should assume the seller’s credit risk.4.A bill of exchange is a document drawn by the exporter which ordersthe importer as the drawee to make an unconditional payment of a certain amount of money to a specified payee either immediately or within a certain period.5.Cash in advance is the most favorable term of payment for theexporter, for sine he can receive payment before getting the goods ready for shipment, he hardly needs to assume the buyer’s credit risk and can complete the transaction without need of investing any funds.。
自考0794综合英语（一）课程讲义全下册Lesson6
Lesson Six Another School Year -- What For?打印本页一、Word Listdisaster n. 不幸；灾难career n. 职业，事业，生涯（不可数名词）job 指具体的工作（可数名词）damn v. 诅咒；骂hip n. 臀部pharmacist n. 药剂师；药商pharmacy n. 药剂学；药学；制药stuff n. 作品等的内容；题材；素材as conj. （引出让步从句）尽管，即使faculty n. 大学的系、科、院（的全体教员）put v. 表达；表述working day n. 工作日usefully adv. 有用地engineering n. 工程（学）professional adj.具有专门知识的，专业的，职业的 /amateur 业余的cyanide n. 氰化物aspirin n. 阿斯匹林（一种镇痛解热药）bull n. （未阉割的）公牛client n. （律师的）当事人；（医生的）患者incompetence n. 不胜任，不称职involve v. 包含，需要，涉及rear v. （美）养育（女子等）sufficient adj. 足够的，充足的raise v. （美）养育（孩子等）expose v. 使接触，使……处于某种作用或影响之下profound adj. 深刻的，深奥的civilization n. 文明社会；文明civilized adj. 文明的，开化的intellectually adv. 与智力（或思维）有关地；理智地intellect n. 智力，思维能力head n. 头目，领导，首脑contact n. 接触；联系continuity n. 连续（状态），连续性business n. 职责；工作；生意philosophy n. 哲学fine arts n. 美术（如绘画、雕刻等）mechanized adj. 机械的；呆板的savage n. 野蛮人；野人push-button adj. 用按纽操纵的unaided adj. 无助的invent v. 创造，发明essentially adv. 本质上，基本上spiritual adj. 精神的，心灵的resource n. 资源；财源store v. 储存，储备acquire v. 获得，学到，得到fragment n. 部分，片断；碎片necessarily adv. 必定，必然literal adj. 实际的；字面的；直译的limitation n. 局限（性）humanity n. 人性；人类developed adj. 成熟的existence n. 存在specialist n. 专家；专业人员二、Text1 Let me tell you one of the earliest disasters in my career as a teacher. It was January of 1940 and I was fresh out of graduate school starting my first semester at a university.我来告诉你一件我的教师生涯中最早的一次令我啼笑皆非的经历。
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Trade Terms
• • 1. Tariff 关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area. 2. Quota 配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers. 3. Import duties 进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an area 4. Export duties 出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an area
(2) The reasons why complete specialization may never occur
(3) Tariff barriers-the most common form of trade restriction A. Export duty B. Import duty a. Specific duty b. Ad valorem duty c. Compound duty (4) Quotas-the most common form of non-tariff barriers
• The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.
International Business English
Lesson பைடு நூலகம் International Trade II
Business Knowledge
(1) Other bases for trade among countries A. Patterns of demand: different consumption preference B. Economy of scale: the cost advantages of large-scale production C. Innovation or style
• Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.
• The visible trade is the import and export of goods, and the invisible trade is the exchange of services between countries.
• The cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale.
• In reality, complete specialization may never occur even though it is economically advantageous.
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5. Ad valorem duty 从价税:
• •
6. Specific duty 从量税 7. Compound duties 复税、混合关税
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8. Drawback 退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.
9. Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment 最惠国待遇 : A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country
10. Tariff schedule 税率表、税则
11. Non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒
12. GSP 普惠制: Generalized system of preferences. 13. Reasonable costs 合理的成本
14. Customs area 关税区
15. Customs union 关税同盟 16. Tariff barriers 关税壁垒: The traditional protectionism measure