工业设计英文论文
工业设计概论全英文
Introduction to Industrial Design Design is a particular human beings in order to achieve the purposes of the creative activities, which includes all man-made goods in the formation process. Industrial design concepts: the current widely used definition of the international Federation of Associations of Industrial Design (ICSID) in 1980 for the annual meeting of the Paris industrial design under the amended definition: "the mass production of industrial products, by virtue of training, technical know-how , Experience and feelings and give visual materials, structure, shape, color, surface processing and decoration to a new quality and qualifications, called industrial design. "1.Traditional industrial designIndustrial design for the people truly understand and play a role in the outbreak of the industrial revolution, to the industrialized mass production conditions to develop. At that time, a large number of industrial products ugly, has seriously affected people's daily life, industrial design as a change in the situation at the time the inevitable means boarded the historical stage. The traditional industrial design refers to the means of production of industrial products conducted by the planning and design, so that with the use of achieving the best possible match between the creative activities. From this concept of the nature of industrial design: first, industrial design aims to obtain a product with the best match between people. This match, not only to meet the demand for use, but also with the physical, psychological and other areas to demand the right match, which precisely reflectsthe people-oriented design ideas. Second, the industrial design is a must? Quot; creative activities. "Industrial design of nature that it is a very broad coverage of the cross-integrate the science, get involved in the many areas of research disciplines, like the industrial society of the adhesive, so that the original Isolated disciplines such as: physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc., mutual contact and mutual exchanges, the form of organic unity. Realization of the objective to reveal the natural The laws of science and subjective, dynamic and creative activities for the arts once again joined hands.2.Modern Industrial DesignTraditional industrial design is the core product design. Accompanied by a history of the development, design content also tends to the development of more extensive and in-depth. Now, the development of human society has entered a modern industrial society, brought about by the design of the material achievements of human existence and its status and way of life is affected by the past can not compare any era, modern industrial design, the concept of this came into being . Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: general industrial design and narrow industrial design.General Industrial Design (Generalized Industrial Design) Means to achieve a particular purpose, from conception to the establishment of a practical implementation plan, with clear and that by means of a series of acts. It contains all the use of modern means of production and services in the design process. Narrow industrial design (Narrow lndustrial Design)Referring only to product design, that is, against man and nature in the relevance of the tools and equipment made by the response to the demand. In order to survive, including life and to maintain and develop the necessary such as tools, equipment and products, and other material and equipment carried out by design. Product design is the core of products on the user's body, the heart has a good affinity with the match.Narrow the definition of industrial design and industrial design of the traditional definition is the same. As industrial design since have always been based on product design, product design often referred to as industrial design.Industrial Design CategoryAs the field of industrial design increasingly expanding, and in different areas but also has their own characteristics, we can from different angles on the field of industrial design division: 1. The existence of art as a form of classification:1.The existence of art as a form of classification:One-dimensional design, refers only to the design time for the variable; two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is targeted at the plane change the subject, such as graphics, text, trademarks, advertising design. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as product, packaging, construction and the environment; four-dimensional design, is accompanied by one-dimensional three-dimensional space time (that is, in the form of 3 +1) the design, such as stage design.2.From the human, natural and social correspondence between starting, inaccordance with the disciplines form the essence of the meaning of Category: Human, natural, social composition of the most basic relations between the circles and classification of the relationship generally is:◆ product design: the equivalent narrow indus trial design, 3D design is based;◆ environmental design: including all types of building design, urban and regional planning, construction plans, environmental engineering, etc.;◆ spread to the design of the language, text or graphics as the media and achieve the transfer activities carried out by design. According to the different media Kegui Wei two categories: the text and graphics as the medium of visual communication; language and. Audio media for dissemination of the hearing.3.In accordance with the concept of industrial design and to define Category: With the development of technology and the use of modern technology, industrial design and process design of the boundaries are becoming blurred mouth benefits, some of the original Arts and Crafts design of the design activities of both the industrial design features, such as furniture design and fashion design . Industrial design as a connecting bridge between technology and the market, the rapid expansion of commercial areas in all its aspects:◆ advertising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.;◆ display design: including the pavement, Showcase, Showcase, signs, exhibitions, advertising tower;◆ packaging design: including wrapping paper, packaging, label ling and packagingof goods;◆ binding design: including magazines, books, artwork, cartoons and layout design. Even in Zichengtiji in the field of construction, industrial design also play an increasingly important role.The content of Industrial DesignIndustrial design in the enterprise has broad application of space. Therefore, enterprises in the industrial design from the level of demand for industrial design point of view of the contents of the enterprises make better use of industrial design, to create greater value, will provide great convenience.1.Product Design Product Designindustrial design is the core of enterprise application design is the key link, it will achieve a change in the form of raw materials for a more valuable form. Industrial designers of the people through the physical, psychological, living habits, and so on all the natural attributes of the cognitive and social attributes, product features, performance, form, price, location of the use of the environment, with materials, technology, structure, technology , Shape, color, surface treatment and decoration, cost and other factors, from the social, economic and technical point of view of creative design, production and management in enterprises in achieving design quality assurance, under the premise that the product is a product enterprises, market Of goods, but also the ordinary people of supplies to customer needs and business benefits of perfect unity.2.Corporate image design (Corporate ldenlti-fication System, referred to CIS)Enterprise recognition system from a unified corporate philosophy, standardize enterprise behavior and consistent posed by the visual image. Through the CIS design, so that enterprises have the visual impact can be clearly shows that corporate personality, strength and confidence in enterprises is a manifestation. A successful business must be a cohesive internal and external consumers can trust and identity, thereby enhancing corporate reputation, and corporate management objectives and development goals.3.Environmental Design (and the interface between the hardware design) Industrial design as a communication and the environment (construction, transportation, room, shopping malls, streets……) between the interface language to intervene in environmental design. Through the different acts, objectives and the needs of awareness, to object to the design - kind of language, people and the environment for the financial - physical, to give a cordial and convenient, comfortable feeling. Focus on solving urban environmental design of human interface between the building and all the problems, such as: information, signal systems, environmental protection programmes, so as to also participate in solving the social life of the major issues.4.Design Management (Des; 8n Mana8ement, referred to DM)Design activities soon as the operation of enterprises in important part in project management, interface management, design management systems, such as the development of product line management, be good at using design tools, and implementing design-oriented thinking and behavior, and with the strategy ortechnological achievements Into a product or service process. Design management into the enterprise is an indispensable element for the success of enterprises to follow the design principles and strategies in the development of enterprises in production and business activities of various departments for guidance, to achieve the design objective, value-added products. Successful use of design management, will enable enterprises in the strategic planning stage to contain the operating strategy, strategic advantages for products and enterprises in the competition-set a good foundation.The ultimate aim of industrial design is to meet the physical and psychological needs of many of the largest. Industrial products, arts and crafts people is to meet production and daily needs, no doubt for the industrial design is modern services, to meet the demands of modern people. Therefore, it is first necessary to meet people's physical needs - product features. 1 cup must be able to drink water, a pen must be able to write, a bike must be able to travel, a truck must be able to load and so on. The first industrial design is aimed through the rational planning of products due to people more easily use them to better play its effectiveness. In research on the basis of product performance, industrial design also adopted a reasonable shape means so that products can have very spirit of the times, in line with performance, and coordination of environmental products form so that people can have the enjoyment of the United States.Industrial design and industrial modernization is the inevitable product of market competition, designed to target the mass production methods of industrializedproducts, industrial design of modern human life has a huge impact, but also constrained by the realities of production and living standards.Industrial design companies in the position and role:• Design is a bridge between enterprises and the market: On the one ha nd, production and technology into the market demand for products, on the one hand the market feedback to promote the development of enterprises enterprises. • • design is a means of value-added products: the biggest role in the enterprise is to raise the value-added products. The value of this additional material is not visible presence, more of the performance of the invisible. Appearance, product image • • Design is an important enterprise resources: good design enterprises will have a better reputation, making enterprises more dynamic, a company's development tools• • design integrity of the enterprise is to establish a means of visual images: the visual image of business is to establish the appearance of the best brand image, which is the company a unique style.Industrial design creativity is a good product design the most important prerequisite for simplicity is an important indicator of good design, product design is a measure of applicability of another important criterion, a reasonable man-machine relations, human-computer interface harmony, their own language products should be good at self - Notes, and carefully handle every detail, emphasis on regional ethnic characteristics, contains cultural identity, attention to ecological balance, beneficial to the protection of the environment, product designof the eternal.Industrial design should pay attention to follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; principles of market demand; principle of giving priority to the user; business goals principle easy to grasp the principle of aesthetic principles, protection of ecological environment principles.Industrial design related to psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical construction, photography, color science, methodology and design of the three constitute a basis for Into the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries for industrial design and industrial design definition of the development processU.S. industrial design information ageThe United States is the first country to enter the information age, information technology is the most developed countries. Whether in the computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology in all aspects of the world's leading status. In particular, the popularity of the Internet, so that the United States more fully into society by the information industry as a leader of the new era. In the new economic, cultural background, the United States of industrial design from the beginning of the end of the 20th Century 80, great changes have taken place.At the same time, to Rowe as the representative of the U.S. pioneer in the design has passed away, despite their name to the design of some companies still exist, but these masters of the location of a number of new independent replaced by adesign firm. The new design firm in terms of knowledge structure, services or design with the traditional means in the clear very different firms, because they firmly grasp the pulse of the information age, design and rapid expansion of business, established in the industrial sector Good reputation, the U.S. business magazine called American industry a new generation of heroes. The new design consulting company no longer well-known designer for the signs, but in a "design" the name of the word named, stressed that the design is a team event rather than individual work, such as the New York Smart Design, Chicago Design Logic, such as California's Lunar Design. In many cases, the person in charge of these companies are the first generation or second generation of European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign is originally a German company, the new generation of designers to more European concept to the United States, which will U.S. advanced technology and the European deep historical and cultural traditions closer together so that the design of the United States in the information age has made a great leap forward. This is in California, particularly Silicon Valley, particularly conspicuous in this regard because there are many Europeans settled here, on the other hand is also here because of the emerging high-tech industry and the United States earlier in the design of machines predecessors did not have much contact. Here, the design of many new companies have been for Apple, and other high-tech companies. With the traditional industrial design firms to provide industrial products mainly different designs, the new design companies to be able to provide more comprehensive services, they can not only provide product design andengineering design of appearance, can also provide market research, consumer Investigation, human-computer research, public relations and corporate planning site design and maintenance, and other aspects of the services, and global activities. In fact, some new design company has established a global network of services to meet the increasing globalization of world economic trends. Industrial design such a change reflects the changes in the management of enterprises, more and more enterprises in the future in-house research organizations to reduce, instead of social cooperation, not only to reduce expenditure, but also the wider community to seek professional Resources cooperation. In addition, many enterprises to upgrade design as a business quality and to stimulate creative strategic management tool, not only confined to a single product design development activities, thereby greatly expanded the scope of application of industrial design. Given the design of a greater range of needs, design company personnel are not limited to design, but more professional cooperation. In addition, the design company's design also means a lot because of a computer-aided design and revolutionary changes have taken place, SGI (Silicon Graphic) graphics workstations and Alias, Pro-Designer, such as industrial design software to design more flexible, fast, industrial design itself so And the high-tech.U.S. industrial design in the 1990s Another major change is the high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment, communications equipment, and so became the main areas of industrial design. Industrial design in the high-tech humanity, in the process of commercializationhas played an important role as a bridge. It is the efforts of designers, the previously daunting become high-tech day-to-day work and life indispensable partners.Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Ziba (ZIBA) design companies is considered the best international design companies. Ziba's design philosophy is simple to win, and stressed that the products of the plane, the company's product design is the attention to detail, the "God in the details of." At the same time, Ziba also designed the pursuit of fun and harmony through color, shape, details and graphic design products so that a cordial and pleasant and cute humor to Yasugongshang. Ziba companies in recent years with Microsoft, HP, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design a number of excellent products, the company developed for Microsoft's "natural" keyboard of its ease of use, human-computer interface comfortable, unique and novel shape Users are welcome. Ziba also designed a large number of high-tech medical equipment, the design of such products by more concise and bright pieces of modeling to facilitate the operation and cleaning, and trying to make previously complex and daunting process of becoming a medical simple and easy. Ziba Design of the hemodialysis machines with clear, concise touch screen has replaced the previous complex controls and switches, automatic control and install the software, so that medical personnel can easily facilitate the operation, addition, since the use of a modular design, can also Easy entry, to provide on-site services.。
工业设计概论全英文
Introduction to Industrial Design Design is a particular human beings in order to achieve the purposes of the creative activities, which includes all man-made goods in the formation process.Industrial design concepts: the current widely used definition of the international Federation of Associations of Industrial Design (ICSID) in 1980 for the annual meeting of the Paris industrial design under the amended definition: "the mass production of industrial products, by virtue of training, technical know-how , Experience and feelings and give visual materials, structure, shape, color, surface processing and decoration to a new quality and qualifications, called industrial design. "1.Traditional industrial designIndustrial design for the people truly understand and play a role in the outbreak of the industrial revolution, to the industrialized mass production conditions to develop. At that time, a large number of industrial products ugly, has seriously affected people's daily life, industrial design as a change in the situation at the time the inevitable means boarded the historical stage. The traditional industrial design refers to the means of production of industrial products conducted by the planning and design, so that with the use of achieving the best possible match between the creative activities. From this concept of the nature of industrial design: first, industrial design aims to obtain a product with the best match between people. This match, not only to meet the demand for use, but also with the physical, psychological and other areas to demand the right match, which precisely reflects the people-oriented design ideas. Second, the industrial design is a must? Quot; creative activities. "Industrial design of nature that it is a very broad coverage of the cross-integrate the science, get involved in the many areas of research disciplines, like the industrial society of the adhesive, so that the original Isolated disciplines such as: physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc., mutual contact and mutual exchanges, the form of organic unity. Realization of the objective to reveal the natural The laws of science and subjective, dynamic and creative activities for the arts once again joined hands.2.Modern Industrial DesignTraditional industrial design is the core product design. Accompanied by a history of the development, design content also tends to the development of more extensive and in-depth. Now, the development of human society has entered a modern industrial society, brought about by the design of the material achievements of human existence and its status and way of life is affected by the past can not compare any era, modern industrial design, the concept of this came into being . Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: general industrial design and narrow industrial design.General Industrial Design (Generalized Industrial Design) Means to achieve a particular purpose, from conception to the establishment of a practical implementation plan, with clear and that by means of a series of acts. It containsall the use of modern means of production and services in the design process.Narrow industrial design (Narrow lndustrial Design)Referring only to product design, that is, against man and nature in the relevance of the tools and equipment made by the response to the demand. In order to survive, including life and to maintain and develop the necessary such as tools, equipment and products, and other material and equipment carried out by design. Product design is the core of products on the user's body, the heart has a good affinity with the match.Narrow the definition of industrial design and industrial design of the traditional definition is the same. As industrial design since have always been based on product design, product design often referred to as industrial design.Industrial Design CategoryAs the field of industrial design increasingly expanding, and in different areas but also has their own characteristics, we can from different angles on the field of industrial design division: 1. The existence of art as a form of classification:1.The existence of art as a form of classification:One-dimensional design, refers only to the design time for the variable; two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is targeted at the plane change the subject, such as graphics, text, trademarks, advertising design. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as product, packaging, construction and the environment; four-dimensional design, is accompanied by one-dimensional three-dimensional space time (that is, in the form of 3 +1) the design, such as stage design.2.From the human, natural and social correspondence between starting, in accordance with the disciplines form the essence of the meaning of Category: Human, natural, social composition of the most basic relations between the circles and classification of the relationship generally is:◆ product design: the equivalent narrow indus trial design, 3D design is based;◆ environmental design: including all types of building design, urban and regional planning, construction plans, environmental engineering, etc.;◆ spread to the design of the language, text or graphics as the media and achieve the transfer activities carried out by design. According to the different media Kegui Wei two categories: the text and graphics as the medium of visual communication; language and. Audio media for dissemination of the hearing.3.In accordance with the concept of industrial design and to define Category:With the development of technology and the use of modern technology, industrial design and process design of the boundaries are becoming blurred mouth benefits, some of the original Arts and Crafts design of the design activities of both the industrial design features, such as furniture design and fashion design . Industrial design as a connecting bridge between technology and the market, the rapid expansion of commercial areas in all its aspects:◆ advertising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.;◆ display design: including the pavement, Showcase, Showcase, signs,exhibitions, advertising tower;◆ packaging design: including wrapping paper, packaging, label ling and packaging of goods;◆ binding design: including magazines, books, artwork, cartoons and layout design. Even in Zichengtiji in the field of construction, industrial design also play an increasingly important role.The content of Industrial DesignIndustrial design in the enterprise has broad application of space. Therefore, enterprises in the industrial design from the level of demand for industrial design point of view of the contents of the enterprises make better use of industrial design, to create greater value, will provide great convenience.1.Product Design Product Designindustrial design is the core of enterprise application design is the key link, it will achieve a change in the form of raw materials for a more valuable form. Industrial designers of the people through the physical, psychological, living habits, and so on all the natural attributes of the cognitive and social attributes, product features, performance, form, price, location of the use of the environment, with materials, technology, structure, technology , Shape, color, surface treatment and decoration, cost and other factors, from the social, economic and technical point of view of creative design, production and management in enterprises in achieving design quality assurance, under the premise that the product is a product enterprises, market Of goods, but also the ordinary people of supplies to customer needs and business benefits of perfect unity.2.Corporate image design (Corporate ldenlti-fication System, referred to CIS)Enterprise recognition system from a unified corporate philosophy, standardize enterprise behavior and consistent posed by the visual image. Through the CIS design, so that enterprises have the visual impact can be clearly shows that corporate personality, strength and confidence in enterprises is a manifestation. A successful business must be a cohesive internal and external consumers can trust and identity, thereby enhancing corporate reputation, and corporate management objectives and development goals.3.Environmental Design (and the interface between the hardware design) Industrial design as a communication and the environment (construction, transportation, room, shopping malls, streets……) between the interface language to intervene in environmental design. Through the different acts, objectives and the needs of awareness, to object to the design - kind of language, people and the environment for the financial - physical, to give a cordial and convenient, comfortable feeling. Focus on solving urban environmental design of human interface between the building and all the problems, such as: information, signal systems, environmental protection programmes, so as to also participate in solving the social life of the major issues.4.Design Management (Des; 8n Mana8ement, referred to DM)Design activities soon as the operation of enterprises in important part in project management, interface management, design management systems, such as thedevelopment of product line management, be good at using design tools, and implementing design-oriented thinking and behavior, and with the strategy or technological achievements Into a product or service process. Design management into the enterprise is an indispensable element for the success of enterprises to follow the design principles and strategies in the development of enterprises in production and business activities of various departments for guidance, to achieve the design objective, value-added products. Successful use of design management, will enable enterprises in the strategic planning stage to contain the operating strategy, strategic advantages for products and enterprises in the competition-set a good foundation.The ultimate aim of industrial design is to meet the physical and psychological needs of many of the largest. Industrial products, arts and crafts people is to meet production and daily needs, no doubt for the industrial design is modern services, to meet the demands of modern people. Therefore, it is first necessary to meet people's physical needs - product features. 1 cup must be able to drink water, a pen must be able to write, a bike must be able to travel, a truck must be able to load and so on. The first industrial design is aimed through the rational planning of products due to people more easily use them to better play its effectiveness. In research on the basis of product performance, industrial design also adopted a reasonable shape means so that products can have very spirit of the times, in line with performance, and coordination of environmental products form so that people can have the enjoyment of the United States.Industrial design and industrial modernization is the inevitable product of market competition, designed to target the mass production methods of industrialized products, industrial design of modern human life has a huge impact, but also constrained by the realities of production and living standards.Industrial design companies in the position and role:• Design is a bridge between enterprises and the market: On the one ha nd, production and technology into the market demand for products, on the one hand the market feedback to promote the development of enterprises enterprises.• • design is a means of value-added products: the biggest role in the enterprise is to raise the value-added products. The value of this additional material is not visible presence, more of the performance of the invisible. Appearance, product image• • Design is an important enterprise resources: good design enterprises will have a better reputation, making enterprises more dynamic, a company's development tools• • design integrity of the enterprise is to establish a means of visual images: the visual image of business is to establish the appearance of the best brand image, which is the company a unique style.Industrial design creativity is a good product design the most important prerequisite for simplicity is an important indicator of good design, product design is a measure of applicability of another important criterion, a reasonable man-machine relations, human-computer interface harmony, their own languageproducts should be good at self - Notes, and carefully handle every detail, emphasis on regional ethnic characteristics, contains cultural identity, attention to ecological balance, beneficial to the protection of the environment, product design of the eternal.Industrial design should pay attention to follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; principles of market demand; principle of giving priority to the user; business goals principle easy to grasp the principle of aesthetic principles, protection of ecological environment principles.Industrial design related to psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical construction, photography, color science, methodology and design of the three constitute a basis for Into the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries for industrial design and industrial design definition of the development processU.S. industrial design information ageThe United States is the first country to enter the information age, information technology is the most developed countries. Whether in the computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology in all aspects of the world's leading status. In particular, the popularity of the Internet, so that the United States more fully into society by the information industry as a leader of the new era. In the new economic, cultural background, the United States of industrial design from the beginning of the end of the 20th Century 80, great changes have taken place.At the same time, to Rowe as the representative of the U.S. pioneer in the design has passed away, despite their name to the design of some companies still exist, but these masters of the location of a number of new independent replaced by a design firm. The new design firm in terms of knowledge structure, services or design with the traditional means in the clear very different firms, because they firmly grasp the pulse of the information age, design and rapid expansion of business, established in the industrial sector Good reputation, the U.S. business magazine called American industry a new generation of heroes. The new design consulting company no longer well-known designer for the signs, but in a "design" the name of the word named, stressed that the design is a team event rather than individual work, such as the New York Smart Design, Chicago Design Logic, such as California's Lunar Design. In many cases, the person in charge of these companies are the first generation or second generation of European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign is originally a German company, the new generation of designers to more European concept to the United States, which will U.S. advanced technology and the European deep historical and cultural traditions closer together so that the design of the United States in the information age has made a great leap forward. This is in California, particularly Silicon Valley, particularly conspicuous in this regard because there are many Europeans settled here, on the other hand is also here because of the emerging high-tech industry and the United States earlier in the design of machines predecessors did not have much contact. Here, the design of many new companies have been for Apple, and other high-tech companies. With the traditional industrial design firms to provide industrial products mainly different designs, the new designcompanies to be able to provide more comprehensive services, they can not only provide product design and engineering design of appearance, can also provide market research, consumer Investigation, human-computer research, public relations and corporate planning site design and maintenance, and other aspects of the services, and global activities. In fact, some new design company has established a global network of services to meet the increasing globalization of world economic trends. Industrial design such a change reflects the changes in the management of enterprises, more and more enterprises in the future in-house research organizations to reduce, instead of social cooperation, not only to reduce expenditure, but also the wider community to seek professional Resources cooperation. In addition, many enterprises to upgrade design as a business quality and to stimulate creative strategic management tool, not only confined to a single product design development activities, thereby greatly expanded the scope of application of industrial design. Given the design of a greater range of needs, design company personnel are not limited to design, but more professional cooperation. In addition, the design company's design also means a lot because of a computer-aided design and revolutionary changes have taken place, SGI (Silicon Graphic) graphics workstations and Alias, Pro-Designer, such as industrial design software to design more flexible, fast, industrial design itself so And the high-tech.U.S. industrial design in the 1990s Another major change is the high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment, communications equipment, and so became the main areas of industrial design. Industrial design in the high-tech humanity, in the process of commercialization has played an important role as a bridge. It is the efforts of designers, the previously daunting become high-tech day-to-day work and life indispensable partners.Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Ziba (ZIBA) design companies is considered the best international design companies. Ziba's design philosophy is simple to win, and stressed that the products of the plane, the company's product design is the attention to detail, the "God in the details of." At the same time, Ziba also designed the pursuit of fun and harmony through color, shape, details and graphic design products so that a cordial and pleasant and cute humor to Yasugongshang. Ziba companies in recent years with Microsoft, HP, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design a number of excellent products, the company developed for Microsoft's "natural" keyboard of its ease of use, human-computer interface comfortable, unique and novel shape Users are welcome. Ziba also designed a large number of high-tech medical equipment, the design of such products by more concise and bright pieces of modeling to facilitate the operation and cleaning, and trying to make previously complex and daunting process of becoming a medical simple and easy. Ziba Design of the hemodialysis machines with clear, concise touch screen has replaced the previous complex controls and switches, automatic control and install the software, so that medical personnel can easily facilitate the operation, addition, since the use of a modular design, can also Easy entry, to provide on-site services.。
工业设计专业英文作文
工业设计专业英文作文英文回答：Industrial design is a field that combines creativity, engineering, and business acumen to create products that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Industrial designers collaborate closely with engineers, product managers, and marketers to bring new products from concept to market, ensuring they meet the needs of users while also being commercially viable.The process of industrial design typically begins with research and analysis, where designers gather information about the product's intended use, users, and competitive landscape. This information is used to develop design concepts that are then refined through prototyping and testing. Once the final design is approved, the industrial designer works with engineers to develop manufacturing specifications and production plans.Industrial design is a challenging but rewarding field that offers a unique blend of creativity and technical problem-solving. Industrial designers have the opportunity to make a real difference in the world by creating products that improve people's lives.中文回答：工业设计是一个将创造力、工程学和商业头脑相结合的领域，创造出既实用又美观的產品。
工业设计英文文献
Design is a particular human beings in order to achieve the purposes of the creative activities, which includes all man-made goods in the formation process.Industrial design concepts: the current widely used definition of the international Federation of Associations of Industrial Design (ICSID) in 1980 for the annual meeting of the Paris industrial design under the amended definition: "the mass production of industrial products, by virtue of training, technical know-how , Experience and feelings and give visual materials, structure, shape, color, surface processing and decoration to a new quality and qualifications, called industrial design. "1. Traditional industrial designIndustrial design for the people truly understand and play a role in the outbreak of the industrial revolution, to the industrialized mass production conditions to develop. At that time, a large number of industrial products ugly, has seriously affected people's daily life, industrial design as a change in the situation at the time the inevitable means boarded the historical stage. The traditional industrial design refers to the means of production of industrial products conducted by the planning and design, so that with the use of achieving the best possible match between the creative activities. From this concept of the nature of industrial design: first, industrial design aims to obtain a product with the best match between people. This match, not only to meet the demand for use, but also with the physical, psychological and other areas to demand the right match, which precisely reflects the people-oriented design ideas. Second, the industrial design is a must? Quot; creative activities. "Industrial design of nature that it is a very broad coverage of the cross-integrate the science, get involved in the many areas of research disciplines, like the industrial society of the adhesive, so that the original Isolated disciplines such as: physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc., mutual contact and mutual exchanges, the form of organic unity. Realization of the objective to reveal the natural The laws of science and subjective, dynamic and creative activities for the arts once again joined hands.2. Modern Industrial DesignTraditional industrial design is the core product design. Accompanied by a history of the development, design content also tends to the development of more extensive and in-depth. Now, the development of human society has entered a modern industrial society, brought about by the design of the material achievements of human existence and its status and way of life is affected by the past can not compare any era, modern industrial design, the concept of this came into being . Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: general industrial design and narrow industrial design.General Industrial Design (Generalized Industrial Design)Means to achieve a particular purpose, from conception to the establishment of a practical implementation plan, with clear and that by means of a series of acts. It contains all the use of modern means of production and services in the design process.Narrow industrial design (Narrow lndustrial Design)Referring only to product design, that is, against man and nature in the relevance of the tools and equipment made by the response to the demand. In order to survive, including life and to maintain and develop the necessary such as tools, equipment and products, and other material and equipment carried out by design. Product design is the core of products on the user's body, the heart has a good affinity with the match.Narrow the definition of industrial design and industrial design of the traditional definition is the same. As industrial design since have always been based on product design, product design often referred to as industrial design. Industrial Design CategoryAs the field of industrial design increasingly expanding, and in different areas but also has their own characteristics, we can from different angles on the field of industrial design division:1. The existence of art as a form of classification:One-dimensional design, refers only to the design time for the variable;two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is targeted at the plane change the subject, such as graphics, text, trademarks, advertising design. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as product, packaging, construction and the environment; four-dimensional design, is accompanied by one-dimensional three-dimensional space time (that is, in the form of 3 +1) the design, such as stage design.2. From the human, natural and social correspondence between starting, in accordance with the disciplines form the essence of the meaning of Category: Human, natural, social composition of the most basic relations between the circles and classification of the relationship generally is:◆product design: the equivalent narrow industrial design, 3D design is based;◆environmental design: including all types of building design, urban and regional planning, construction plans, environmental engineering, etc.;◆spread to the design of the language, text or graphics as the media and achieve the transfer activities carried out by design. According to the different media Kegui Wei two categories: the text and graphics as the medium of visual communication; language and. Audio media for dissemination of the hearing.3. In accordance with the concept of industrial design and to define Category:With the development of technology and the use of modern technology, industrial design and process design of the boundaries are becoming blurred mouth benefits, some of the original Arts and Crafts design of the design activities of both the industrial design features, such as furniture design and fashion design . Industrial design as a connecting bridge between technology and the market, the rapid expansion of commercial areas in all its aspects:◆advertising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.;◆display design: including the pavement, Showcase, Showcase, signs, exhibitions, advertising tower;◆packaging design: including wrapping paper, packaging, labelling and packaging of goods;◆binding design: including magazines, books, artwork, cartoons and layout design.Even in Zichengtiji in the field of construction, industrial design also play an increasingly important role.The content of Industrial DesignIndustrial design in the enterprise has broad application of space. Therefore, enterprises in the industrial design from the level of demand for industrial design point of view of the contents of the enterprises make better use of industrial design, to create greater value, will provide great convenience.1. Product DesignProduct Design industrial design is the core of enterprise application design is the key link, it will achieve a change in the form of raw materials for a more valuable form. Industrial designers of the people through the physical, psychological, living habits, and so on all the natural attributes of the cognitive and social attributes, product features, performance, form, price, location of the use of the environment, with materials, technology, structure, technology , Shape, color, surface treatment and decoration, cost and other factors, from the social, economic and technical point of view of creative design, production and management in enterprises in achieving design quality assurance, under the premise that the product is a product enterprises, market Of goods, but also the ordinary people of supplies to customer needs and business benefits of perfect unity.2. Corporate image design (Corporate ldenlti-fication System, referred to CIS) Enterprise recognition system from a unified corporate philosophy, standardize enterprise behavior and consistent posed by the visual image. Through theCIS design, so that enterprises have the visual impact can be clearly shows that corporate personality, strength and confidence in enterprises is a manifestation. A successful business must be a cohesive internal and external consumers can trust and identity, thereby enhancing corporate reputation, and corporate management objectives and development goals.3. Environmental Design (and the interface between the hardware design) Industrial design as a communication and the environment (construction, transportation, room, shopping malls, streets……) between the interface language to intervene in environmental design. Through the different acts, objectives and the needs of awareness, to object to the design - kind of language, people and the environment for the financial - physical, to give a cordial and convenient, comfortable feeling. Focus on solving urban environmental design of human interface between the building and all the problems, such as: information, signal systems, environmental protection programmes, so as to also participate in solving the social life of the major issues.4. Design Management (Des; 8n Mana8ement, referred to DM)Design activities soon as the operation of enterprises in important part in project management, interface management, design management systems, such as the development of product line management, be good at using design tools, and implementing design-oriented thinking and behavior, and with the strategy or technological achievements Into a product or service process. Design management into the enterprise is an indispensable element for the success of enterprises to follow the design principles and strategies in the development of enterprises in production and business activities of various departments for guidance, to achieve the design objective, value-added products. Successful use of design management, will enable enterprises in the strategic planning stage to contain the operating strategy, strategic advantages for products and enterprises in the competition-set a good foundation.The ultimate aim of industrial design is to meet the physical and psychological needs of many of the largest. Industrial products, arts and crafts people is to meet production and daily needs, no doubt for the industrial design is modern services, to meet the demands of modern people. Therefore, it is first necessary to meet people's physical needs - product features. 1 cup must be able to drink water, a pen must be able to write, a bike must be able to travel, a truck must be able to load and so on. The first industrial design is aimed through the rational planning of products due to people more easily use them to better play its effectiveness. In research on the basis of product performance, industrial design also adopted a reasonable shape means so that products can have very spirit of the times, in line with performance, andcoordination of environmental products form so that people can have the enjoyment of the United States.Industrial design and industrial modernization is the inevitable product of market competition, designed to target the mass production methods of industrialized products, industrial design of modern human life has a huge impact, but also constrained by the realities of production and living standards. Industrial design companies in the position and role:• Design is a bridge between enterprises and the market: On the one hand, production and technology into the market demand for products, on the one hand the market feedback to promote the development of enterprises enterprises.• • design is a means of value-added products: the biggest role in the enterprise is to raise the value-added products. The value of this additional material is not visible presence, more of the performance of the invisible. Appearance, product image• • Design is an important enterprise resources: good design enterprises will have a better reputation, making enterprises more dynamic, a company's development tools• • design integrity of the enterprise is to establish a means of visual images: the visual image of business is to establish the appearance of the best brand image, which is the company a unique style.Industrial design creativity is a good product design the most important prerequisite for simplicity is an important indicator of good design, product design is a measure of applicability of another important criterion, a reasonable man-machine relations, human-computer interface harmony, their own language products should be good at self - Notes, and carefully handle every detail, emphasis on regional ethnic characteristics, contains cultural identity, attention to ecological balance, beneficial to the protection of the environment, product design of the eternal.Industrial design should pay attention to follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; principles of market demand; principle of giving priority to the user; business goals principle easy to grasp the principle of aesthetic principles, protection of ecological environment principles.Industrial design related to psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical construction, photography, color science, methodology and design of the three constitute a basis for Into the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries for industrial design and industrial design definition of the development processU.S. industrial design information ageThe United States is the first country to enter the information age, information technology is the most developed countries. Whether in the computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology in all aspects of the world's leading status. In particular, the popularity of the Internet, so that the United States more fully into society by the information industry as a leader of the new era. In the new economic, cultural background, the United States of industrial design from the beginning of the end of the 20th Century 80, great changes have taken place.At the same time, to Rowe as the representative of the U.S. pioneer in the design has passed away, despite their name to the design of some companies still exist, but these masters of the location of a number of new independent replaced by a design firm. The new design firm in terms of knowledge structure, services or design with the traditional means in the clear very different firms, because they firmly grasp the pulse of the information age, design and rapid expansion of business, established in the industrial sector Good reputation, the U.S. business magazine called American industry a new generation of heroes. The new design consulting company no longer well-known designer for the signs, but in a "design" the name of the word named, stressed that the design is a team event rather than individual work, such as the New York Smart Design, Chicago Design Logic, such as California's Lunar Design. In many cases, the person in charge of these companies are the first generation or second generation of European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign is originally a German company, the new generation of designers to more European concept to the United States, which will U.S. advanced technology and the European deep historical and cultural traditions closer together so that the design of the United States in the information age has made a great leap forward. This is in California, particularly Silicon Valley, particularly conspicuous in this regard because there are many Europeans settled here, on the other hand is also here because of the emerging high-tech industry and the United States earlier in the design of machines predecessors did not have much contact. Here, the design of many new companies have been for Apple, and other high-tech companies.With the traditional industrial design firms to provide industrial products mainly different designs, the new design companies to be able to provide more comprehensive services, they can not only provide product design and engineering design of appearance, can also provide market research, consumer Investigation, human-computer research, public relations and corporate planning site design and maintenance, and other aspects of the services, and global activities. In fact, some new design company has established a global network of services to meet the increasing globalization ofworld economic trends. Industrial design such a change reflects the changes in the management of enterprises, more and more enterprises in the futurein-house research organizations to reduce, instead of social cooperation, not only to reduce expenditure, but also the wider community to seek professional Resources cooperation. In addition, many enterprises to upgrade design as a business quality and to stimulate creative strategic management tool, not only confined to a single product design development activities, thereby greatly expanded the scope of application of industrial design. Given the design of a greater range of needs, design company personnel are not limited to design, but more professional cooperation. In addition, the design company's design also means a lot because of a computer-aided design and revolutionary changes have taken place, SGI (Silicon Graphic) graphics workstations and Alias, Pro-Designer, such as industrial design software to design more flexible, fast, industrial design itself so And the high-tech.U.S. industrial design in the 1990s Another major change is the high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment, communications equipment, and so became the main areas of industrial design. Industrial design in the high-tech humanity, in the process of commercialization has played an important role as a bridge. It is the efforts of designers, the previously daunting become high-tech day-to-day work and life indispensable partners.Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Ziba (ZIBA) design companies is considered the best international design companies. Ziba's design philosophy is simple to win, and stressed that the products of the plane, the company's product design is the attention to detail, the "God in the details of." At the same time, Ziba also designed the pursuit of fun and harmony through color, shape, details and graphic design products so that a cordial and pleasant and cute humor to Yasugongshang. Ziba companies in recent years with Microsoft, HP, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design a number of excellent products, the company developed for Microsoft's "natural" keyboard of its ease of use, human-computer interface comfortable, unique and novel shape Users are welcome. Ziba also designed a large number of high-tech medical equipment, the design of such products by more concise and bright pieces of modeling to facilitate the operation and cleaning, and trying to make previously complex and daunting process of becoming a medical simple and easy. Ziba Design of the hemodialysis machines with clear, concise touch screen has replaced the previous complex controls and switches, automatic control and install the software, so that medical personnel can easily facilitate the operation, addition, since the use of a modular design, can also Easy entry, to provide on-site services。
关于工业设计大师英语作文
关于工业设计大师英语作文In the realm of industrial design, there stands an illustrious figure whose contributions have reshaped our perception of aesthetics and functionality. This mastermind, who has left an indelible mark on the industry, is none other than [Insert Designer's Name].[Designer's Name] is renowned for his/her innovative designs that blend art with engineering, creating objects that are not only visually appealing but also highly functional. His/Her works, ranging from household appliances to automotive designs, exude a unique charm that captivates the eye and satisfies the user's needs.The journey of this industrial design maestro began with a keen eye for detail and a passion for creating. [Designer's Name]'s early designs were already showing signs of the brilliance that would later define his/her career. Through years of hard work and dedication, he/she honed his/her skills and established a reputation as a force to be reckoned with in the world of industrial design.One of the most notable aspects of [Designer's Name]'s work is his/her ability to anticipate future trends. He/She has a profound understanding of human psychology and behavior, which allows him/her to create designs that are not just trendy but also timeless. His/Her designs often become icons of their era, setting the benchmark for others to follow.Moreover, [Designer's Name] is a strong advocate for sustainability and environmental friendliness in design. He/She believes that good design should not only be visually appealing but also contribute to the well-being of the planet. This philosophy is reflected in his/her works, which often utilize eco-friendly materials and energy-efficient technologies.In conclusion, [Designer's Name] is not just an industrial design master but also a visionary who has transformed the industry with his/her innovative ideas and designs. His/Her works will continue to inspire future generations of designers, setting the standard for excellence in the field of industrial design.。
工业设计有成就的名人英语作文
工业设计有成就的名人英语作文Industrial Design is a field that has seen many talented individuals leave their mark on the world, creating products that not only serve a purpose but also enhance the aesthetic appeal of everyday life. Among these visionaries, a few have risen to prominence, becoming household names synonymous with innovation and creativity. This essay will highlight some of the most accomplished figures in the realm of industrial design.One such luminary is Dieter Rams, a German industrial designer associated with the consumer products company Braun. Rams is revered for his principle of "less but better," which emphasizes the idea of creating products that are environmentally friendly, aesthetically pure, and innovativein their simplicity. His designs, such as the famous BraunET66 calculator and the TL series of radios and phonographs, have become icons of modern design.Another influential designer is Jonathan Ive, the man behind many of Apple Inc.'s most iconic products. Ive's minimalist approach to design has shaped the look of the iMac, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, among others. His work has not only transformed the technology industry but also influenced the design of various consumer goods across different sectors.The Italian industrial design scene has also produced a star in the form of Achille Castiglioni. With a careerspanning several decades, Castiglioni's work is characterized by its humor and intelligence. His designs, such as the Arco lamp and the Mezzadro stool, are not only functional but also tell a story and provoke thought.The field of industrial design would not be complete without mentioning the contributions of Ray and Charles Eames. This American husband-and-wife team are known for their significant role in the development of modern architectureand furniture. Their Eames Lounge Chair and Ottoman are perhaps the most recognized pieces of mid-century modern furniture, celebrated for their comfort, elegance, and use of materials like plywood and leather.Lastly, the contemporary design landscape is enriched by the likes of Yves Béhar, a Swiss designer known for his work with technology and sustainability. Béhar's company, fuseproject, has designed everything from electronics to furniture, always with an eye for the intersection of design and social impact.In conclusion, the world of industrial design has been graced by the talents of many accomplished individuals. Their work has not only shaped the physical objects we interactwith daily but also influenced the way we perceive and value design in our lives. These designers have left an indelible mark on the industry, inspiring future generations to think creatively and design thoughtfully.。
关于工业设计大师英语作文
关于工业设计大师英语作文Industrial design masters have a unique ability to blend art and functionality in their creations, creating products that not only look aesthetically pleasing but also meet the needs of the user. 工业设计大师有着独特的能力，能够将艺术与功能融合在他们的作品中，创造出不仅外观漂亮而且满足用户需求的产品。
Their work often becomes iconic symbols of a certain era or brand, showcasing their keen sense of innovation and creativity. 他们的作品往往成为某个时代或品牌的标志性符号，展示了他们敏锐的创新和创造力。
Industrial design masters play a crucial role in shaping the way we interact with products on a daily basis, influencing our lifestyle and behaviors. 工业设计大师在塑造我们日常与产品互动方式方面发挥着至关重要的作用，影响着我们的生活方式和行为。
The work of industrial design masters goes beyond just creating visually appealing products; it also involves understanding human behavior and needs to design products that enhance the user experience. 工业设计大师的工作不仅仅是创造外观吸引人的产品；还需要理解人类行为和需求，以设计出能够提升用户体验的产品。
工业设计英文文献
industrial designdesign of products made by large-scale industry for mass distribution. Designing such products means, first, planning their structure, operation, and appearance and then planning these to fit efficient production, distribution, and selling procedures. Clearly, appearance is but one factor in such a complex process. Nevertheless, in consumer goods especially, appearance design is widely accepted as the principal virtue of industrial design; it is that portion of the whole least subject to rational analysis and, like craft secrets of the past, most advantageous in commercial competition. On the other hand, design of equipment for production, for services, and for sports is expected to demonstrate utility; but in these products, too, appearance design is increasingly important.Industrial design is supplied to manufacturers by three kinds of designers: staff designers, fully employed by one firm; designers under contract, who may serve several clients simultaneously, generally avoiding conflicts of interest; and free-lancers, who sell designs, often with royalty agreements, to the best-paying manufacturer.The first industrial designer recognized as such worked under admirable conditions: Peter Behrens (1868–1940) in 1907 was hired by the Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft in Germany to be their architect, industrial designer, and graphic designer—in fact, to give unified visible character to the numerous activities of a giant enterprise. Behrens had other clients and professional duties besides. A member of the architectural profession, Behrens applied its standards and ethics to his work as industrial designer, founding in 1907, with others, an important association of designers and businessmen, the Deutscher Werkbund. As a direct result, a number of these German and Swiss associations became well-established professional organizations of industrial designers. In the United States and Great Britain industrial designers initiated legally recognized professional associations, with codes of conduct, educational standards, etc. In London the Royal Society of Arts designates qualifying practitioners as Royal Designers for Industry; in the United States the Industrial Designers Society of America grants memberships only to those subscribing to codes and limitations of practice. In Britain the Council of Industrial Design was established in 1944 to advise on design, recommend designers, and provide courses in design appreciation for trade and exhibitions for the public. The International Council of Societies of Industrial Design was founded in London in 1957, and within 25 years it had members in more than 40 countries.Industrial design has evolved no unified style, even for industries in which handwork is minimized. There have been, however, four significant style trends. The first of these is an emphasis on impersonality that Behrens was the first to establish. Design for industry, whether determined by an individual or by a group, shows a certain neutrality of expression. Impersonality has, on the one hand, been acclaimed as a natural aspect of mass production and marketing, of average taste in a democratic community; on the other hand, it has been criticized as submission to the machine, contradictory to free, individual expression. The style has, so far, persisted.A second trend in industrial design is packaging, such that the designer provides a protective case for a product, leaving the inner workings to engineers. Complicated mechanical and electronicassemblies that have come into common use require protective shells for safety, cleanliness, and orderly appearance. In this instance, industrial designers are sometimes accused of superficial embellishment of a sort suitable to package design and fashion.The third trend is streamlining, a design principle pioneered by Raymond Loewy and others in the 1930s and still widely employed, although the term itself has fallen out of fashion. As the name suggests, streamlining is characterized by contours designed to minimize resistance to motion through a fluid (as air). Originally associated with trains, automobiles, and other vehicles, the bullet shapes and sleek lines of streamlining were seized by industrial designers and applied to objects (e.g., toasters) intrinsically unassociated with speed.The fourth trend is artificially accelerated obsolescence, that is, design changes that intentionally tempt owners to replace goods with new purchases more frequently than would be necessary as a result of normal wear and tear or established custom. Beginning in the field of fashion, artificial obsolescence has become something of a custom itself in industrialized countries. It operates through public opinion molded by advertising, through price changes, and through improvement and change in utility as well as through appearance change provided by designers. Its assessment must be established on wide social and economic considerations, not on design values alone. Especially in the design of automobiles and large home appliances, artificial obsolescence has aroused strong criticism; yet, because of its demonstrable economic effectiveness, it is used increasingly. It is an essential aspect of fashion and has met with wide approval in the form of disposability in health and hygiene products.Industrial design is a growing force, influencing and influenced by world economy, private efficacy and enjoyment, the arts, engineering, and, not least, education. It has contributed more to economic activity than to aesthetic achievement, and many see the latter as its greatest challenge. The Museum of Modern Art, New York City, among other institutions, has sought to recognize outstanding contributions to industrial design.。
工业设计专业英语作文
工业设计专业英语作文Industrial Design。
Industrial design is a specialized field that focuseson the creation and development of products that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. It is a multidisciplinary profession that combines aspects of engineering, art, and business to create products that meet the needs of consumers while also being commercially viable.The process of industrial design begins withidentifying a need or opportunity in the market. This could be a new product that solves a problem or improves upon an existing product. Once the need is identified, designers begin the process of researching, brainstorming, and conceptualizing ideas for the product. This often involves creating sketches, 3D models, and prototypes to test and refine the design.One of the key principles of industrial design is thatform follows function. This means that the design of a product should be driven by its intended use and purpose. Designers must consider how the product will be used, who will use it, and in what context it will be used. This requires a deep understanding of human behavior, ergonomics, and usability.In addition to functionality, industrial designers also consider the aesthetics of a product. A well-designed product not only works well but also looks and feels good. This involves considerations such as color, materials, texture, and overall visual appeal. The goal is to create products that are not only useful but also evoke an emotional response from the user.Another important aspect of industrial design is sustainability. Designers must consider the environmental impact of their products and strive to create designs that are eco-friendly and sustainable. This involves using recyclable materials, reducing waste, and designingproducts that have a long lifespan.Industrial designers work closely with engineers, manufacturers, and marketing professionals to bring their designs to life. They must have a strong understanding of production processes, materials, and manufacturing techniques in order to create designs that can be mass-produced at a reasonable cost.In conclusion, industrial design is a complex and multifaceted profession that requires a deep understanding of engineering, art, and business. Industrial designers play a crucial role in creating products that improve people's lives, enhance the human experience, andcontribute to a more sustainable future. As the demand for innovative and well-designed products continues to grow, the field of industrial design is poised to play an increasingly important role in shaping the world around us.。
工业设计专业英文文献及翻译
工业设计专业英文文献及翻译'Green design' and emotional return'Green design' is a late 20th century, there at the moment 80 international design trends. As early as the late 20th century, 60 well-known industrial designer and educator-dimensional multi-Peipanike on the publication aroused strong repercussions in the design world works 'is designed for real-life', presented in the book and the public at the time different points of view, he considered that the things around us are created by designers, designers in the Marketingand customer satisfaction is not only just play 'beautify' the role of the designer should also be emphasized that the social and moral ethics Worth . Far-reaching impact of this book has continued to this day.Into the 21st century, because of the world's governments on environmental issues seriously. The establishment of laws and regulations relating to environmental protection, competition among enterprises, making with the idealism of 'green design' step by step with the trend of practical significance. Based on the attention and understanding of environmental issues, people from the 20th century,60's too radical a 'green movement', developed to present a relatively mature 'green consumption' behavior, which is 'green design' has brought new opportunities.The main planning as a product designer and creator of the productat all stages of the environmental issues will have a direct andindirect effects. In particular,often by their decision to use the product key materials, products, how to make? Adopt in a special surface treatment method to achieve the final surface effect? Products How to use? How to deal with the waste after use? Whether to use recyclable or re-use of materials? design players a decisive role in many issues.More importantly, designers connecting link between the product and people. They can lead and change the way people use products, while responsible for these products and services.Designed to influencepeople's lifestyles and sociol-cultural changes. It has gradually grown accustomed through the design to reflect their social status and personal taste. Design is 'consumerism' of the promoter of products from style 'planned obsolescence', speed up the pace of product replacement. Design is also involved in advertising activities, thus further boosting consumer spending. Is designed to make social and cultural changes took place, while the majority of them represents a certain lifestyle, so in theory, 'green lifestyle' could also be that people praise and follow, this lifestyle is not unusual to be frugal, but is to promote a low-key and simple way of life as much as possible.The commercial value of Industrial Design increasingly recognized and valued by anumber of manufacturers, designers in a number of the company's R& D department has been entrusted with the task, all this allowsdesigners to have the opportunity to demonstrate their ability to deal with environmental issues, as well as environmental issues, ethical a sense of responsibility.'Green design' from the scope of non-mainstream areas to expand into the mainstream.With the 'Green Design' approach and the associated name of the many people in this article follow the common concepts, collectively referred to as the design from an environmental point of view of the design method for 'green design'. 'Green design' focuses on the impact of nature and the resolution of certain individual issues, such as resource andenergy efficiency, reducing waste through recycling and so on. In some developed countries, abandoned most of metals and plastics can now be sorted and recycled, or re-use of the sorting carried out. To enhance household garbage sorting and 'emerged' in the product design, waste management has become one of the hot contemporary industrial design.Eco-design, also known as life cycle design, namely the use of ecological thinking, in the product life cycle, to give priority products environmental attributes, in addition to considering the product performance, quality and cost, but also take into account the product recovery and processing. The product must also take into account the economic, functional and aesthetic factors.Product eco-design its basic theoretical foundation of industrial ecology in the theory of industrial metabolism and life cycle assessment.Sustainable design is a broader design approach than the earlier ones. Involved in more aspects, such as the nation's future development phase and the sharing of resources in the development of future generations, how to ensure the functionality of the product at the same time, reducing the burden on the entire planet. A typical theory is to improve the efficiency of products, while promoting the services associated with development of the system: To study the products of the necessary functions for the user to extend the life of the product; for product development of the sustainability of the overall system design, rather than just the design of the product itself is more important.The focus of sustainable product design, product life-cycle impact of external factors analysis.In addition, there is other product design optimization method. Such as environmentalmaterials (recyclable and recycled materials) use. Studies have shown that, in order to change the impact on the environment of the wasteful consumption of the status quot to the earth's resources for sustainable development in the consumption level of development, our long-term goal should be to strive to build stronger long-term with the product links. For these originally, in the development of environmentally friendly products to extend the life of the product is more important than other strategies, while also encouraging consumers to form sustainable, long-term consumption patterns.Designer is also the founder of design style and taste, the product of the visual image of environmental protection will also have an indirect impact.Is mainly reflected in the product lifetime of two aspects of the relative choice of materials. Because people in the past way of life caused by a large number of product varieties obsolete, and the frequent replacement of the speed of products for environmental protection had a bad effect, if they can extend the product life time, we can reduce the unnecessary waste of resources. Studies have shownthat in promoting existing products obsolete, consumers of psychological factors and materials play an important role. Relative prosperity in the material economy of today, often likes and dislikes of consumers for some products directly to determine the 'life'.In some point of view, 'green design' cannot be seen as a style of performance.The success of 'green design' products from the designer a high degree of awareness of environmental issues, and in the design and development process, designers and relevant organizations to use the experience, knowledge and creativity of crystallization. At present there are several general design themes and trends:1) The use of natural materials in order to 'raw' form of furniture products, building materials and fabrics to be reflected and utilized.2) The nostalgia of the simple style, well into the 'high tech' factor, allowing users to find product is amiable, warm.3) Utility and energy conservation.4) Emphasized the use of the material economy, get rid of useless features and purely decorative style, and create vivid shape and return to the classic simplicity.5) The multi-purpose product design, changes can increase the fun by design, to avoid boredom and replacement needs; it can upgrade, update, by as little as possible to use other materials to extend the life; the use of 'add-on smart' or dismantling components.6) The products and services, the non-materialistic.7) The combination of design and cycle schemes.We do not simply believe in a clear recyclable materials, theproduct will certainly be a 'green product', because the product recyclability of products may become obsolete to accelerate the speed of an excuse, people have recognized the appearance of recyclable materials, the degree may also be would have an impact on product sales.When the'Green Design' gradual integration into the mainstream product design, designers face is not only a small number of 'green fanatics', but ordinary consumers. If you only focus on the design functionality, while the neglect of the aesthetic needs of the user, you cannot extend the product life.People-oriented design ideas from the European Renaissance of the humanitarian ideology. To promote care of people pay attention to people, people-centered world view. In terms of modern product design, human-centered thinking that is the core of the design process, the coordination of product - social - environment relationships betweenthese three. Of human knowledge and transform the nature, purpose is simply to create a good human being living conditions and environmentfor development. However, this simple truth, have repeatedly been vague and misinterpreted. In the past quite a long period of time, people's respect through a variety of activities are acts of science and technology as a means to conquer nature for the purpose, to growth of material wealth as the driving force of the traditional development model, to a certain extent, the destruction of human Lai basis in order to survive, people at the same time trying to conquer nature, often become the object of being a natural punishment. Large industrial era machinery of industrial product is a very typical example, their presence to meet people's material needs, can bring with it more of an emotional loss and the living environment of the hit. Repeatedly by natural warnings, people began to realize that the essence of people-oriented is a real concern of humanity, people started digging people and the harmonious relationship between society and nature. The product design, product-oriented pursuit of emotional and humane products emphasize the purpose of people-oriented under the natural. And people - society - environment, harmonious relations in product design can also be understood as personal qualities - products - emotional harmony. Materials, environmental protection, technology is simple, beautiful shape, making excellent products is the people really psychologically acceptable.Second, the values of stress also contributed to people foremotional awareness. In the past quite a long period of time, the design process is seen as an artistic process, the artist's aesthetic choices to replace the more often the user can only be passively accepted. Such an outcome, making the distance between the product and the user has become increasinglyalienated, people even do not feel the product, with any function other than to enjoy. The feelings of the people and therefore become numb up. As the market changes in the mode of operation, the user's thinking of a more active participation in the design process, the designer is no longer an artist, a professional designer should be to reconcile a variety of design factors. The pursuit of good design is the recognition of values, ideas of resonance, emotional touch. Thoughts on design-related emotions also were born in the fertile soil where the values set.In addition, the design of the regional culture and promote the protection of people also reflects the concern for the feelings. Design is no longer the pursuit of volume, standardization brought about by a single aesthetic, but to diversify into account. The emotional needs of the design was gradually realized that it was multi-directional. Regional differences in the deposition as well as the name of ethnic culture, customs and practices which are in the design to be discussed and explored. In the end, be able to reflect the name of ethnic identity and personality of the product is designed for success stories. This isthe design of emotion-oriented evidence. Of modern product design, product and make people aware of the relationship between communication, the design also focused on how to locate the user object's emotional needs and how to express such feelings, the design of various forms of emotional factors for considerations change is more comprehensive than ever.If the design theory for the design of the improvement means that people re-think, then the birth of a new design type is the mostrealistic and practical needs and the most direct response is all about. More and more on the emotional issues were referred to the process of designing for, so people were the design, interface design, interaction design, accessible design, and so a series of related to the design of communication and emotional way of thinking has been more and more to attention and research, and ultimately applied to the design and production process. Product design and all kinds of psychology,sociology and other disciplines related to human characteristics of the study of collaborative research between the guidance has become an important part of the design.ConclusionWhether the product design and development from the vertical profile view, or from the horizontal status of a modern product design, look at the relationship between the various disciplines, Emotional Design has undoubtedly become a contemporary design, one of the most popular topics. People gradually realize that product design process, designers of theproduct of the soul to give the process is essential. Here the soul refers to the expressed product, and can communicate with the user-generated emotions. In other words, modern product design should be a planning activities related to emotion, early stage of development is no longer a simple physical modeling process. Its entire design process, a certain sense, is a physical emotional process. Contemporary designers should also be taken fully into account in the design of emotional factors, grasp the emotional positioning, designed to communicate with the real products. Such a materialistic in the modern information era of rapid change, due to the severe lack of emotional feeling, it is the demand for the emotional satisfaction of a period of time than ever before are obviously urgent. Designers will face more challenges and responsibilities of a good design to meet the function, on the basis of serving other, and more are expected to return is the emotional.The requirements of sustainable development of society indicatesthat 'green design' remains will be the 21st century, one of the hot industrial design. In order to reduce environmental problems, designers should be the product environmental performance improvement, environmental issues and want to have a good understanding of their impact; this was in science and Technology than ever before to learn more about, and needs tocreativity, new thinking and imaginative. 'Green design' to the Industrial Design has broughtadditional challenges, it also brings more opportunities.The impact of "3r" principles to industrial design 1. Introduction Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines， it is closelyrelated to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized: First， it services for industrial mass production， making industrialproducts enhance the value and value-added. Second， It leads the fashion， to effectivelystimulate consumption， so that consumers not only use the product at the same time， butalso enjoy the new technology and material; Third， it puts technology to link up with themarket， making products enhance competitiveness; Last but not the least， it can bringthe innovation into the enterprise. Therefore， the economic development needs industrialdesign which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .However， along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds upthe consumption of resources and energy. What's more ，it dose harm to the ecologicalbalance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit， the implementation of "merchandise has plans toabolish the system" without taking into account production， use，process waste， suchas the environment， the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomesessential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume， which is countered to theessence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development， in the 20thcentury， people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry outa profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ， the principle of circular economy is "3r" (is Reduce， Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability， sustainable development Against this background， the conceptof sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design， based on this ongoing exploration and practice. "3r" principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role， and attempts toexplore the "3r" principles of industrial design at the extension.2. Cycle economic model and the principle of "3r"Economy is engaged in production， consumption and reproduction activities， whichis to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy， the agricultural economy， industrial economy after thetime of the post-industrial economy， with the industrial economy is different between theresources and environment relationship.Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production， resource recycling and efficient recycling characterizedeco-economic development patterns， also known as eco-economy，green economy.2.1 The relationship between economic model， environment and the resourcesHuman survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment.On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system; on the other hand， itbears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited， even though it must have the ability to purify， howeverit is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy， this openness has ledto a global depletion of resources and waste， as well as the serious deterioration of theecological environment.Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources， one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process， this closed loop system， can maintain economic production of low，high-quality， low-waste， which will be economic activity ofnatural resources andenvironmental impacts to minimize damage.2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode "3r" principle"3r" principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle，and its specificcontents are as follows:"Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source ofcontrol method， which requires the source of economic activity -the design stage， payattention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas， usually the energy-saving production processes， materials andconservation of resources， the products of small size and lightweight， and easy andsimple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions;In the consumer area， reduction of the supremacy of the principleof a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy， that is， process control methods， with theaim to improve the products and resources use efficiency， it calls for product design toinitial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design， to the use of standard-sized parts， repair and upgrade in order to replace， thusprolonging the service life of products; In the consumer area， to promote the purchase ofdurable consumer goods， to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-salesservice by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste."Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is， terminalcontrol method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated， throughthe "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products， sub-resource is the waste ofresources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.3. The impact of the "3r" principle of to industrial design"3r" principle is not only on products from the design，production， sales， use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect， but also on theindustrial design itself， a more extensive and profound changes:3.1 The impact of design conceptIn modern industrial economy， the product design is often to serve the people， justfrom the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point， and do notconsider the follow-up products， use of resources and energy consumption and emissionson the environment and other ecological problems. "3r" principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design， while respecting the needs of people， but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept， putpeople and nature live in harmony and common development in thefirst place， the use ofsystems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，from product design at thebeginning of the macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here， the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points， through the design， efforts to improve and reduce the products inthe production， use， recycling process， such as the adverse impact of the environment.So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature， the principle of human -machine system one considers the environment， a comprehensive optimization of theindustrial design of a new concept.3.2 The impact of design styleSimple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style， popular in the20th century， in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people， then in therecycling economy mode， the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials， the most beautiful modeling， the most pristine appearance simplicity ofproduct design， sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. "3r" Productsdoctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific， practicalsignificance.First， the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled， such as biological materials， so less material on refined， appropriate;Second， to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"， the lightweight and pleasantform of products. Third， the design features of the object collation， evaluation，definition， must always focus on the merger， to simplify，optimize， and makes thecore functions briefly products; Fourth， the product is intended to be simple and clearlanguage; Fifth， the structure of simple， easy to create; Sixth，the choice ofdegradable material， the structure of easy solutions， such as withholding together.3.3 The impact of design methodThe impact of the "3r" principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are: modular design， removable design， recyclable design， long-lifedesign.Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance， different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，and design into a series of functional modules， through the selection and combination ofmodules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design: First，make products with good performance Recyclingdemolition， settled design different types of products and waste of resources; Second，it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery， enhancethe versatility of the components， once the end-of-life products，they can re-use orrecycling; Third， improve the repair of products can extend thelife of the product.Product design is removable at the design stage， so that parts of the Products has agood performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials . The demolition of the design requirements，Product First， connect the various parts and components， as far as possible the use of detachable connection， such as threaded connections， unified typefasteners， reducing the number of fasteners， try not to use welding， riveting，bonding and other non-removable the connection; Second， in the selection andprocessing of raw materials， the demolition of the connection; to use and reuse ofrecyclable materials， the types of materials， such as less as possible.Recyclable design refers to product design， to take full account of the variousmaterials Product components the possibility of recycling， recovery treatment， recyclingand product recovery of costs related to a series of questions，thus saving materials andreducing waste， minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products， value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following: First， improving product reliability and durability;Second， products are easy to repair and maintenance; Third，using standard， modularproduct structure.3.4 The impact of design material。
工业设计外文文献翻译及原文
The impact of “3r” principles to industrial designAbstractWhile industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development,proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” princ iple,were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle,the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industrial design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last．Key words3 R principle；industrial design;recycling economy；Redesign1 IntroductionIndustrial design as a cross—cutting technology and the arts disciplines, it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society。
工业设计专业英语结课论文
Design and Design ManagementprefaceThe current design is each company, every manager inevitably, we all have to design than a few years ago, and we on personal concept in the higher living standard requirements, such as: in decorate our home aspects in the hotel when I hope if have such experience, in the new car hope to have the same comfortable. Looking for uniqueness will never end of competition, graduallyenhanced product and service level.In indicated below and integration of product or service process, main determines whether any personal enterprise in first profit success or failure, and among the selected markets continue to have profit performance. In other words, the key is to design how to properly appointed and management. Therefore, the design is each enterprise is indispensable, and with all other business activities as needed to management skills, all of the company is to provide consumers with product or service exists, must also from sketch design or will have the idea of painting down. Of course, for those who own the companyor in the midst of people need more work is to meet the needs of the consumers, reasonable salary, social interactions, the knowledge and the value of the mission needs, all is leading companies and part of the culture, but sometimes, especially in large companies, some employers even subprime managers, also depend on company provides consumers to buy the product and lost some life basic requirements. If began to be satisfied and full, the design can be ignored and cause antiquated product or service, consumers will refuse and choose another better company, If sustained ignore them, this market will disappear forever, the problem is more complicated because of the many market factors is no longer just enough to provide satisfying consumers' demands, or suitable demand, consumer not expecting to go from suit of things to find suitable for product quality and performance. With the recent different is, challenge to prison sometimes only for a particular product one or two manufacturers can provide useful and durability of things, these basics of quality of life and has now been is taken for granted.Further, buyers have even more prepared to pay a higher than normal quality products and only in order to enjoy theexpenses, such as the most advanced technology, or attractive appearance, but, consumer any explore all have the same properties as distinctive, changes, flexibility and money price. The same prep above is average quality, reliability level determines the design stage larger space, can attract consumption and not just general price or bonus attract consumers, also has caused the successful supplier better by interest rates.Good design representing successful businessSome commentators, says the current competitive market design is to determine the key success factors, they noted that the second world war from shortage period of stability revolution, almost any product, whether bad design and manufacture all can find a stable market, via 1960 and 1970s supply and demand balance, then placed in price competition, key delivery speed and basic quality level. Today many manufacturers were achieving similar prices, qualities, durability and reliability. Design decision factors appearing, different satisfy demand and variability makes consumer can make a choice.In the post-war period, for manufacturing methods will be more focused in reliability and durability, having better project and quality control, only a small part is and design correlation. Today, in addition to design, product quality request outside than other to paragraph influence come more big.Based on this part, more and more types of products manufacturers have been and automobile company to reach consensus - appearance or performance is usually consumer decision key factor, The same is, car appearance has become keep niche market and to stimulate main revising element, we now also found applicable to other products of the same phenomenon. Such as across spectra, from high fax to climbing boots, from long handle-pot to sofa, from computer to carpet ─ appearance is always the main factor that influence consumer purchases, consumers will pay much money and how fast they will repeat purchase.Though it was so said, but if we say, external shape is only concerned about factor is wrong, product technical level is still very important. In fact, in product functional point of view, there are updated interests, butnot because of the quality of importance but because before the new technology can be many to utilize. Cheap and reliable electric appliances, contains precision instrument, computer unit, also means the many traditional (and not so traditional) products have a new life, this example include sewing machines, answering machine, typewriter, cameras and appliances. These lasting impact is for more product creativity and ability, has the more keen interests (but not only those can be incorporated into &electric appliance product), such as the pram, decoration system, garden equipment and suitcases observationally, etc.And the product itself is, after packing content trafficking objects in today already especially important, it symbolizes the more new decoration store in senior streets already appear, if some retailers and install horizontal division increasingly be replaced and redesign to comply with new product conditions, of course the subject is retained, or resurrects the interests of consumers to keep lite-on technology level, in addition to product packaging and displays, all along the related literature must needs. n the laser printer age, frominferior photographic photocopier printed out the spotted files will not is have high quality impression associations.The same arguments also apply in the service: competition strength promoted basic level to the same level until design has become the main difference elements, at any price, within the scope of the company to provide the services such as hotel chains, airlines, banking, insurance companies, or retail, seem to whether the company is to properly use homogeneity, but design can make a company profit and beyond its competitors, and this is part of the market by developing a tenth.For example, many insurance companies for specific ethnic (more than 50 years old, don't smokers, freelancer, etc.), then go to new strategy worked to strengthen specific different place, use charts design to make special brochures, suggest format and related documents required, although the traditional conservative for reform footsteps very slow, a few insurance companies are to their relationship with customers do a thorough reform, using the main levels design to improve business performance, it mustalso go to do with technology, service not only uniqueness, also is not related to the persistent, too much of the design concept will confuse the consumer and lack of direction and quality control.Design uneasiness sexAll the designs are considered mentioned demand with products, market, accounting, business functions, and need to strenghten the same management skills, some managers reactions will have two different conditions, not to neglect of all sorts of evidence and refusal to design importance, or can the importance of cognitive design but will remain responsible add on the other projects, managers will not dream let financial status, or individual to product decided go downhill (for example), may from the design can do anything to help close the distance. Abhor design reason usually focus on actual surface and the explanation on the culture, including the disputed point is: managers when bad judgment next decisive, or appropriate inappropriate design, typically feel greater difficulties and anxiety, as their technical knowledge allseem to be obtained in (for example analysis principle of mechanical or accounting). Often, they are not ready when it related to the similar design concept of case, outstanding visual (more than hand-tuned good) information and subjective assessment the formulation of demand, special is, they will not go to assess a design case results.Besides the interpretation is that the appearance of the base, color and appearance will be regarded as the main point of women, and many men cannot apply (or present is not suitable for). Because management continues to by male manipulation, especially high-level supervisors, lack of design of hobbies, another cultural impact may have relations; In education, early special means directly non-academic ones related creative themes, such as: art design and art institute, deprived clever student to develop field technical opportunity.This part may implement to industry and obvious many companies - even a little on the reform of good design can revitalize company, but we must consist of accounting,committed to the existing management control activities instead of cultivating new idea to manage it.Whether these explain why the message, undoubtedly, when need to do something about the design and management design case decision is a little uneasy, achieve good design results need, is no longer uncertainty but other management work.The key to success in the design case before the start of sufficient preparation, and design begins to run the control of work, a lot of unsuccessful design occur due to the manager for what is what they needed to achieve no clear idea, or because they cannot step-by-step plan to determine whether there will be the correct results, the design of direction and control must be formulated by the most senior executives, but a few companies obviously by the council theme cognitive decide design, even a few distribution specific liability for managers, but most fabricated design for important things.Managers and designer, different viewsWhen managers and design was trying to understand each other's opinions, mentality in change, but still to bet on cultural conflicts eye is interested in.To have reached a consensus of managers speaking, design is a can increase the added value of the product and the service resources, if use proper, just like cleverly put money on ads or manufacturing department of streamline, on the design line of investment can produce good profit and increases an enterprise's won rates; On the contrary, stylist will focus on their work in other priorities, and opposes trying to measure in finance and plan project in their efforts to the results.With stylist dialogue sometimes can show more wide concern things, such as: improving the environment, the desire to make the public art and design taste enhance or even to help social or political change, however, management will focus on these projects is better or less, their interest in the design of the main almost invariable called "design for the benefit of". Consecutive, what is good or bad design with more different. In business is that good design simple definition is to sell well, but sometimes stylist criticism popular design by winningdesign results to replace, on the secular perspective it seemed to understand and impractical.Even agree with each other is so ambiguities, when design magazines and design project product characteristics such as furniture, it is easy to here, mass sales project has rarely be covered in, even though they may for millions of consumers to purchase, present a is money higher value and provide much more job opportunities and prospects, in those seems filled with odd theme photographs with some business potential. Some extraordinary and of weird thought perhaps for evaluation of new direction provides a goal. But unfortunately, about daily things change, sometimes to the designer is totally incomprehensible, but hard to discover stylist can simply to explain the process, FeiKeJi language.Put these problems is extremely important because these future the fundamental basis, the main point is to design as a business resources, which is in business interests in the competition is an important determinant, it doesn't mean that the benefits or non-commercial organization related design, they design plan fordifferent purposes, but decided to design direction skill is the same, briefing designer and operations of the case also is the same.Design is what?After we design management make further understanding before, we should start to design what is what some concepts and designers, "design" this word is often use (maybe too often), the dictionary definition into plans or plan, this word is also sometimes used to refer to the final result, especially the design process of appearance as we know as "car design".Perhaps to design sense of understanding is the best introductory ideas, I can be used as appearance shape, or things, such as material configuration, shape, sketches, color, texture, design etc., sometimes in technology perspective view design is a product or the use of convenience, including human engineering point of view and economics similarly, purchase price or service value appeared, perhaps will see (correctly) some parts and design related.Use the design common reason is can help findings into successful reform - or expand an existing reforms of use, many of the examples can be proof of basic reform market potential for design and diversified development already.Also, there are about design skills of good ideas from our personal life experience, at the same time ripping occasional is our most others, for example: to decorate a room, heavy build gardens, or clothing, all design lies in us to change the existing condition, can reach a new, more useful or more attractive results. We can say this is fine adjustment to achieve a suitable for our demand results, and this is a good method of thinking about the design.Such fine adjustment suggests we have on the basis of introduction idea has the product concept, and almost always so, design must be started with a clean SLATE statement is a myth, in 99 per cent of new cases, more or less range is determined by a existing products derivatives, for those management design planners concerned deal with various beneficial relationship has important cognitive, good use of stylist time, more rapid case program, etc.Beware that there is - in described the design also focuses on the demand of the consumers design can clearly define these demand; Stylist is seldom provide all the information they need and they must know how to find themselves, so design is a more extensive than general imagination in more complex activities, deservedly should not be regarded as a in response to specific input and produce output of black.Stylist do?In order to solve the design management related work problems, we need to think of the problem, cultivating designer work by some public opinion and discussions to decide, seems to stylist itself with a certain degree of trouble. Design of definition, like the following Jones from textbooks (1980) listed items, describes a wide range of cognition:A goal oriented problem solving activities.In a related product status give satisfaction.From the current facts cross into the future possibilitythings of imagination.Have about popular part of the product inspection factors.These descriptions are not completely each other a relationship, but they are not the same, for those who seek to design a simple understanding of others can emphasize its different managers.Design may be as in marketing problem (or timing) appropriate solution before buy the preparatory work, these questions may be clear or showing no signs of, any cases, design of key activities is to review relevant token or the environment, and clearly defined or further define the problem.Then analysis, evaluation, repeat past habits of deprived of possible solutions.In part of the design process, many activities should be related, including cultivation of novel ideas, to review and revise the existing concept on experimental production samples, and seek constructive opinions and other judgement, therefore, those engaged in the work must be creative, analytical, combination and communication skills, ability to solution of plus nowadays technical knowledge and current and future design trend.In the design products need special technology includes understand user demand, longing, taste and priority hobby of ability and choose the right materials and manufacturing process ability, create quite aesthetic conception, ergonomics, quality and economic benefit of product ability, as well as to pattern and description and enterprise working inside person communicate design finally completed phase.The design process of the modelIn fact, some stylist to undertake the case and those that did not design department of the company is similar, because design work management method and skill already for managers cognitive (perhaps with a experienced way, for example, define design problems), will also design work and other specialized knowledge as equally important, as judge of a fixed design way, in order to accurately implement management concept to think construct an design process model is useful, but ZongKuo speaking, attempt to construct a typical design model is its danger, not only it is implied that a applies to all status of ordinary method. Therefore, it emphatically lies in a model in design work mode can be described the point of applications.Systematic solution of the problemResults transmute into products and marketBasic simple model can see in figure 1.1, in many public design work can find similar models, this model is its main shortcoming of linear type can be reached a perfect design, but in the design process and need a subsequent further work.Real life this is not true, design the perfect, but can still find some particular strengths, even if the human is not the case, persistent market changes will also for further design work to create needs, the linear model architecture lack the market reaction of related description.Will the design performance into a ring of process is more practical, even though sometimes also can interrupt (i.e., a not apply new materials). Therefore, lead to other spiral portion of the internal and external somewhat impact; Secondly, spiral form can be independent out before each part of activities closely together.yes.Computer-assisted system links to other computer control process development and transformation phase already will link up. Finally, technology will be extremely fast design process of tremendous influence, large quantities of products or services diversity is possible, and can meet the individual needs of consumers. In figure 1.2 four stages, a series of independent activities.Design special art wordsStylist is used by vocabulary for manager and the design of the imperial caused because of interference. In product work, "product design" and "product designers" said may be used, but all kinds of project name is usually in individual projects more or less to meet the needs of specific project.Packaging designMost of the product is different contents appear in front of consumers, thus packaging is on the product has great influence, and part of the same, and the service is more packaging accompanied with instructions and individual with formats service, etc. In fact, sales performance depends on the packaging factor than the basic product or service come high. However, packaging designer is concerned with the material selection of (plastic, paper class, glass, etc.) and manufacturing process along with appearance, color, decoration and title.Pattern designThe pattern design of experts and many types of design related (including packaging design), such as the arrangement, brochure office stationery, selling the products selling point and transportation tool logos. In all of the design work creatively prison ear is a must elements, but design designers must have better techniques in a high class or low class of case proper use to convey different colorand appearance, how to make a balanced printed arrangement in order to achieve legibility are pattern of the basic principles.Architectural designThis is a design of another special field, are usually more subdivided into exterior and interior of work. The building is one of the special type products and most of the program are and other design is similar, especially in service industry, appearance and sketches are by local contractor disposaled easily. Now, the consumer and the user for building design more choosy, public buildings and bar is a good example of how ─ for architectural design in commercial advantage than providin g comes greatly influence the basic products (beer, wine, food, etc.).In the retailshang part, more and more companies are not only focus on building's design also seek other design field, including product packaging continuous contact and signs.More s pecialized fields ─ weaving design, jewelry design, display design etc., but most subdivision areas are already discussed, besides can make the designer confusion, these fields outside the actual problem is presupposed company with many different design activities in troubled and an increase in the conceptual conflicts. In order to avoid these conditions, design elements must use company recognition system to be integrated and systematized for consumers suppliers and other ethnic performance appropriate and unity of the image. In a good enterprise recognition within the company, products, services, buildings, public goods and stationery are sharing the unity of properties, such as the standard "space style", colour preferences and unique shape or form. Sometimes, design handbook will be compiling these details, record and the provisions approved design format.The importance of cognitive enterprise recognition and all related design special field is important to the success of a key business, just concentrate on a field, such as product design is very dangerous, for example, computer. To this,there is great cognition, basic product is of course, but the post-sale service, the peripheral equipments and information system must also provide, consumer must again go to confirm that they are purchasing equipment is reliable, safe system (but involves they essentially familiar), through integration, high quality design can provide higher levels of again assurance, also with the supplier of products and other activity interconnected, however, for a company internal design method is still have an obstacle, with may be creative and reform the opposition impact, stylist and others fear that their efforts will be discounted.For product design on a deeper level of confusion exists in the so-called industrial design and engineering design of the difference between; The former is with consumers or user related product concepts, special appearance and style, the latter is focused on the product structure and function and economically manufacturing. But, industrial design required technical usually and engineering design overlap, sometimes with architecture or and for engineering laws concerning the overlap. In many cases, the overlap is almost impossible in industrial design and engineering design do one obvious difference, the correct can only call the overall design - or just design. Unfortunately, in many companies its boundaries still exist, in order to understand the maximum design business, it is not easy to managers to overcome.conclusionThis text has provided exploration theme background and guide, each entries are enthusiastically provide him or her special field of view. In some cases seems to have several authors focus on the same theme, but still some different ideas or relevant instruction appear. Similarly, art management still is the most important than a science design management inevitable with elasticity and judgment relevant, but, overall message is clear. Design is an important resource, at least in the same competitive business activities must manage, the purpose of this article is to helpachieve - qing important concept ability and provide information, ideas and Suggestions of ability.。
工业设计专业英文作文
工业设计专业英文作文英文回答：Industrial design is a multidisciplinary field that combines engineering, art, and business to create products that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Industrial designers work closely with clients to understand their needs and develop products that meet those needs while also considering factors such as manufacturing costs, environmental impact, and user experience.Industrial designers use a variety of tools and technologies to create their designs, including sketching, 3D modeling, and prototyping. They also work closely with engineers and other specialists to ensure that their designs are feasible and can be manufactured efficiently.Industrial design is a challenging and rewarding field that offers a variety of career opportunities. Industrial designers can work in a variety of settings, includingdesign firms, manufacturing companies, and government agencies. They can also specialize in a particular area of industrial design, such as product design, furniture design, or automotive design.If you are interested in a career in industrial design, there are a number of things you can do to prepare yourself. First, you should develop a strong foundation in math, science, and art. You should also take courses in design, engineering, and business. Additionally, you should develop a portfolio of your work that demonstrates your skills in sketching, 3D modeling, and prototyping.中文回答：工业设计是一个多学科领域，它结合了工程、艺术和商业，创造出既实用又有美感的产品。
工业设计名人英语作文
工业设计名人英语作文Title: The Legacy of a Renowned Industrial Designer.In the vast landscape of design, there are few names that resonate with such profound influence and enduring legacy as that of the renowned industrial designer, whose contributions have transformed not only the physical objects we interact with but also the way we perceive and engage with technology.Born into a family of craftsmen, the designer was exposed to the intricate beauty of handmade objects from a young age. However, it was his fascination with the marriage of art and functionality that led him to pursue a career in industrial design. His journey began at a prestigious design institute, where he honed his skills in form, color, and material manipulation, while also developing a keen understanding of ergonomics and user-centered design principles.Upon graduation, the designer embarked on a journeythat would eventually reshape the design landscape. His early works were notable for their elegant simplicity and innovative use of materials. He challenged the conventional notion of what industrial products should look like, introducing sleek curves and minimalistic aesthetics that were in stark contrast to the boxy, utilitarian designs of the time.One of his most iconic designs was a household appliance that revolutionized the kitchen. By focusing on the user's experience and eradicating unnecessary features, he created a product that was not only visually appealing but also intuitive and efficient to use. This appliance quickly became a household name, and its design has influenced generations of designers and consumers alike.The designer's reputation grew with each subsequent project. He was commissioned.。
工业设计专业简介英文范文
工业设计专业简介英文范文工业设计专业简介英文(一)Four years of campus life, so that my own overall quality,self-cultivation, human ability and communication skills have a qualitative leap; let me know in addition to learning the importance of personal ability and the ability to communicate the necessity.I went to university with my dream, my major is industrial engineering, I earnestly learn the profession, expand knowledge, and strengthen the principle of ability to exercise, a lot of knowledge of wealth, exercise their own ability. I strive to learn basic courses, deep research expertise, and achieved excellent results, many times among the best, year after year scholarships.In school, I love socialism, support the Chinese Communist Party and his leadership. Consciously abide by national laws and school discipline.Actively participate in various activities within the party school, to move closer to the party organization, and achieved a certificate of party school graduation. In school, I actively participate in classes from the class, the schools various collective activities, and make suggestions for the collective. Alwaysconcerned about the students, and we harmonious relationship. As a class cadre, I try my best to serve my classmates, actively assist my teachers in my work, carry out various forms of activities, coordinate the relationship between my classmates and the class, and make my class a vibrant and dynamic class.After-school life, I also adhere to cultivate their extensive hobbies, adhere to physical exercise, so that they always remain in the best condition. In order to improve their social interaction and the use of all aspects of knowledge, I actively participate in social practice. Four years, I joined the young volunteers, attended the school party school training, these experiences not only enhance my hard-working, self-reliance ability, but also improve my cooperation and exchanges with others ability.I understand my shortcomings and advantages, I have is young and knowledge. Young may mean lack of experience, but young also means enthusiasm and vitality, I am confident that with their own ability and knowledge in the work and life after graduation to overcome various difficulties, and constantly realize the value of life and the pursuit of self-goal. Heaven and earth, learning is endless, I know that in addition to theoretical knowledge, my experience and experience is still shallow. I am convinced that the opportunity willbe favored people who have prepared, I look forward to a better future, always ready to work with you, I am always looking forward to a better future!Four years of campus life, so that my own overall quality,self-cultivation, human ability and communication skills have a qualitative leap; let me know in addition to learning the importance of personal ability and the ability to communicate the necessity.I went to university with my dream, my major is industrial engineering, I earnestly learn the profession, expand knowledge, and strengthen the principle of ability to exercise, a lot of knowledge of wealth, exercise their own ability. I strive to learn basic courses, deep research expertise, and achieved excellent results, many times among the best, year after year scholarships.In school, I love socialism, support the Chinese Communist Party and his leadership. Consciously abide by national laws and school discipline.Actively participate in various activities within the party school, to move closer to the party organization, and achieved a certificate of party school graduation. In school, I actively participate in classes from the class, the schools various collective activities, and make suggestions for the collective. Always concerned about the students, and we harmonious relationship. Asa class cadre, I try my best to serve my classmates, actively assist my teachers in my work, carry out various forms of activities, coordinate the relationship between my classmates and the class, and make my class a vibrant and dynamic class.After-school life, I also adhere to cultivate their extensive hobbies, adhere to physical exercise, so that they always remain in the best condition. In order to improve their social interaction and the use of all aspects of knowledge, I actively participate in social practice. Four years, I joined the young volunteers, attended the school party school training, these experiences not only enhance my hard-working, self-reliance ability, but also improve my cooperation and exchanges with others ability.I understand my shortcomings and advantages, I have is young and knowledge. Young may mean lack of experience, but young also means enthusiasm and vitality, I am confident that with their own ability and knowledge in the work and life after graduation to overcome various difficulties, and constantly realize the value of life and the pursuit of self-goal. Heaven and earth, learning is endless, I know that in addition to theoretical knowledge, my experience and experience is still shallow. I am convinced that the opportunity will be favored people who have prepared, I look forward to a betterfuture, always ready to work with you, I am always looking forward to a better future!工业设计专业简介英文(二)No.29 Beisanhuan Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100029, ChinaEMPLOYMENT OBJECTIVEElectronics engineer with a foreign enterprise in Beijing City.BACKGROUND SUMMARYOver eleven years of extensive computer/electronics experience.Versed in both digital and analog electronics withspecific emphasis on computer hardware/ software.Special expertise in system and component evaluation. Network supervisor responsible for installing/maintaining Arcnet LAN system.Proficient in assembly and C programming languages.Excelent communication skills including written,verbal and interpersonal.PROFESSIONAL WORK EXPERIENCEStevenson Data Systems,Los Angeles,CA 1981-1993??Components Evaluation Engineer 1992-1993Responsible for the characterization and evaluation of, and approved vendors list for:Power supplies, oscillators,crystals,and programmable logic used in desktop and laptop computers. Evaluated and recommended quality components that increased product profitability.Created adn developed power supply test plan used for evqluating third party power supplies.Interacted with vendors to resolve problems associated with components qualification. Technical advisor for Purchasing. Promoted to engineer II.??Design Evaluation Engineer 1990-1992Evaluated new computer product designs ,solving environmental problems on prototype computers. Conducted systems analysis on new computer profucts to ensure hardware,software and mechanical design integrity.Designed hardware and software for PC,ISA bus programmable load board used for environmental testing.Performed reliability lift testing on computer systems. Installed/maintained 20 user. Novell,Arcnet LAN system.Examined system and sub-system susceptibility to electrostatic discharge in order to meet IEC-801-2 industry standards.Analyzed complete power and load of computer system and subsystem to verify power and load estimations.??Assistant Engineer 1981-1990Performed extensive hardware evaluation ion prototype computers,tested prototype units for timing violation using the latest state-of-the-art test equipment,digital oscilloscopes and logic analyzers. Performed environmental, ESD and acoustictesting.Designed and built a power-up test used to test prototype computers during cold boot.EDUCATIONBachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering--University of Southern California 1990Associate in Engineering Electronics--University of Southern California 1981PERSONAL INFORMATIONSex ：MaleBirthday：November,8th,19xxMarital Status：Single Nativeplace：BeijingTele：(86-10)1234-5678工业设计专业简介英文(三)curriculum vitaename: gender: maledate of birth: place of birth: chinamarital status: singlelanguage: english, proficienttelephone: email:education experienceseptember 1989 - july 1993department of electrical engineering, shenyang institute of aeronautics* majored in radio engineering* won a third-class award in the contest of technological facture experimental skills in electronics and electrician, for students from the colleges affiliated to the ministry of aeronautics astronautics*masterful in analog circuit, power circuit, switching power circuit, operation and amplification; proficient in solving problems related to analog circuit.* bachelor of engineering degree obtained in july 1993september 1993 - july 1996nanjing university of aeronautics astronautics* majored in communication electrical system* main field of research was contemporary communication circuit, especially on high efficiency, high frequency power amplifier (class e and class s).*instructed undergraduate students in their research on wide band frequency multiplier* my diploma thesis was the electromagnetic compatibility testing system of an airplane* read extensively on electromagnetic compatibility and its testing, obtained a through knowledge on the test of electromagnetic compatibility, and on the solutions (methods and instrument) to the issues of electromagnetic compatibility. familiar with the testing standards, especially the gjb and the mtl-std * master of engineering degree obtained in july 1996work experiencejanuary 1994 - december 1995* chairted the research and development work in the nanjing leader electronics company* independently developed 3 types of charging devices and management systems for telephones, ldjf-i, ldjf-ii and ldjf-1, and their volume of sales exceeded a total of 5,000.* became the copartner and chief engineer of the company at the end of 1995january 1996 - august 1999chief engineer, nanjing leader electronics company* hosted the refinement of htd-80 program controlled telephone exchanger by adding an e m trunk.*primary designer of the htd-120 program controlled telephone exchanger* perfection of the ssc-2 telecontrol system, which obtained the commercial approval from the ministry of electrical power resource*took charge of the quality control and production of the company*perfection of the fft algorithm program for alternative current sampling in the ssc-2 system, which was used to measure harmonic wave* in the research and development processes, read extensively on production reliability and solved many problems related to production reliability and electromagnet compatibility* designed the management board by using an intel 80c188eb processor, studied the tc 2.0 compiler and rewrote its startup code, and developed a locator and a simple debugging tool* lead the development of the supervision system for petroleum tanks, based on the ssc-2 system, for the yangtze petroleum chemical works* chaired the development of the data collection device for electrical power charging system, which was not finished before my departure from the company* retrieved a lot of literatures on field bus and real time operating systems, including can, hart, lonworks, profibus, ff, arcnet, ethernetoctober 1999 - march XX* technological center for operation maintenance, the beijing telecommunication administration* tracing and research on internet media technology* developed a dial boxmarch XX - october XXbeijing orienttech network telecommunication technology ltd. co.* project manager of the automatic call distribution in a call center, and the manager of the hardware department simultaneously* as the head of the research development division, took charge of four projects, including adsl (asymmetric digital subscriber line) modem (pci, usb); adsl router; dslam with 16 adsl ports and one 100 m ethernet port; migration of the routeware protocol stackskills capability* masterful in electronic circuit; mcs 51, mcs 96, x86 series; adsl, msdsl, hdsl, e 1; industrial supervision and control; program controlled telephone exchanger and tcp/ip* a thorough knowledge on mpc 8xx, mpc 82xx and field bus* as far as software ability is concerned, i am good at assembler of mcs 51, x86; pl/m-51, pl/m-96, pl/m-86; turbo c, and visual c++position desired* department manager* project manager* research development engineer* advanced field engineer。
工业设计英文论文(有中文版)
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENTProduct design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human.In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products.Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product.Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores.Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface.Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.With the development of science and technology ,more and more attention is paid to austerity of environmental promblems ,such as polluting ofatmosphere,destroy of forest, soilerosion,land desertification, water resource polluting, a great deal of species becaming extinct,exhansting of petroleum , natural gas and coal and so on . A designer should have a strong consciousness of protecting environment and to make his\her design to be based on avoiding destroying environment and saving natural recourse.Nowadays ,greenhouse effects,destroyed ozone layers and acid rain are three global environmental questions.Greenhouse effect is phenomena of the atmosphere becoming warmer . The forming principle of greenhouse effect is that the Sun short wave radiation can penetrate into ground through atmosphere ,long wave radiation emitted from ground after ground is warmed ,is absorbed by carbon dioxide of atmosphere , and then atmosphere gets warmer.The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changes the earth to a large greenhouse like a thick layer of glass . Methane ,ozone,chlorine,Fluorine,hydrocarbon and aqueous vapor also make some contribution to greenhouse effects. With rapid increase of population and rapid development of industry ,more and more carbon dioxide of atmosphere enters into atmosphere. Because forest is cun down in a large amount also ,carbon dioxide increases gradally ,and the greenhouse effects are strengthened constantly .The results of the greenhouse effects are very serious. The great changes will take place in the natural ecology ,such as desert expanding ,land corroding aggravating, forest retreating to the polarregion, calamity of drought and waterlog serious and rainfall increasing. The temperate zone will be wetter in water and will be droughtier in summer . Tropical zone will become wetter and subtropical zone will become more arid . All of these above will forces the existing irrigation works to be adjusted. Coastal regions will be threatened seriously .Because the temperature is rising , ice-cubes will be melted at the two poles so to the sea level will be rising and a lot of cities and ports will be submerged.The ozone layer destroyed shocked academia and the whole international aommunity .American scientists,Monila and Rowland , pointed out that it is human activities bring ozone hole of today . arch-criminal that we now well know is freon and Kazakhstan dragon.Acid rain has already become a kind of air pollution phenomenon in extensive range,crossing over national boundaries at present. Acid rain destroys soil, makes lake acid and endangers growing of abimals and plants. It also stimulates people's skin, brings out the skin disease, causes lung hydronces, lung harden ,and corrodes the metal product,paint ,leather, fabrics and building with carbonate .In a word , the environment of human life has already worsened day by day. The reasons of the worsening mostly come from the human own bad life style, disrespecting the objective law, eager for quick success,use of the earth resource without scientific plan ,and lack of consciousness pratecting the environment in design . So they destroy home by themselves,which not only harm human on contemporary, but also seriously influence existence of descendants.The environmental question is caused by people's bad design and life style to a great extent , which puts forward a serious question for a designer that designers should undertake the historical important task of environment protection.Industry has brought the disaster to world while creates a large amount of wealth for mankind . Industry design has accelerated the consumpition of the resource and energy resource and has caused enormous destruction to the ecological balance of the earth while creating modern life style and living environment for mankind.So as industry designers, setting up environmental awareness incarnates their morals and social sense of responsibility. Designers must be responsible for their own designs, and must take human health and blessedness , and harmonically coexisting of nature with the human as the rules necessarily obeyed in their own design.Designers must also master the necessary knowledege in material, craft, chemical industry, manufacturing,ect.,in order to be possible for avoiding to danger to environment causing by his design.The concept of "Sustainable development design"has epoch-maling meanings of humanity and real development of the world .It reflects the designer's morals and responsibility , and has already become the trend of designing development in the 21st century .Hence ,mankind's development made of traditional industrial civilization was turned to one of the modern ecological civilization. It is the coordination of social progress,economic growth and environmental protestion.Sustainable development is a kind concept of brand-new ethics,morals and values that people should follow. Its essence lies in fully utilizing the modern science and technongy ,exploiting green resources ,development constantly, impelling harmonious development between human and nature and pramoting inter-harmony of population ,resource and environment .Solving the problem of sustainable development is a change of technological innovation and behavior made.Sustainable development strategy is to solve the problem of meeting contemporary people's demands in maximum under the precondition of un-hurting several generations' demands of the future . It will realize the unity of the present interests and long-term interest and leave the development space for descendants.The question of the strategic consideration of sustainable development should include circulation, green energy and ecological efficiency.Green design comes from introspection on environmental and ecological disruption caused by design of modern technology and culture. Green design focuses on the balance relation of persons and natural ecology . Designers should consider the environmental benefits at every decision of the disign process, and try their best to reduce the destruction to environment.For industry design, the core of green design is "3R",namely Reduce,Recycle and Reuse.It is necessary not only to reduce consunption of substance and energy sources,and reduce letting of harmful substance,but also to classified reclaim, recycle and reuse products and parts conveniently.Green design is not only technical ,but alsoan innovative idea. It requires designer to give up some rat-fuck method excessively emphasizing at the style of products, and to focus on the real innovative. He or she would design the form of the products with more responsible method and make the products lengthen their wervice life as much as possible through succinct and permanent modeling.For materials,stock and regeneration of raw materials, consumption and pollution of environmental energy during obtaining materials,machining performance infollow-up manufacturing,low consumption and low pollution of energy ,and reclaimable during discarded should be considered.Problems of manufacturing are that pollution should be reduced or died out during beginning of manufacturing.Consideration on packing, transporting , sale, ect. is meant the environmental performance of packaging, green packing ,good performance oftransportation ,decreasing self weight , reducing energy consumption , localized production and reducing consimption of work flow.Consideration on the use of product concerns with waste of energy and resources while produces are used , the modularization of environmental performance , recombined ability , and the mades of using product while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature , convenient decomposition and classification , reclaaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removes for other use should all be considered during the period while products are renewed , as well as other factors.Easy disassembled feature, convenient decomposition and classification , reclaimable and reusable features of materials, and recombined feature of parts or removed for other use should all be considered during the period while products are discarded .Clean energy souces should be Considered , such as solar ernergy , water, electricity and wind power .Clean materials concern with low pollution , innocuity, disaggregation and reclaimable . Clean manufacturing process is meant production with energy saving and environment protection while used, and reclaimable while discarded.Regeneration and reuse of parts are powerful measure of sustainable strategy. The fact has proved that through disassembly and analysis the proportion of reusable material would be higher after improving design and retread.For example , in a scrap car , metal meterial accounts for 80%.Among them , nonferrous metal accounts for 3%~4.7%. 45%of output of steel comes from scrap steeel in world and 25% output of steel comes from scrap steel in our country.Product Lifecycle Management is meant all life course of product from people's demand for product to be washed out , including the main stages of demand analysis, praduct planning , conceptual design , produce design , digitized simulation, proceess preparation , process planning,production testing and quaality control , sell and distribution, use \maintaining and maintain, as well as scrap and reclaiming . Advanced management idea and first-class information technology are taken into industrial and commercial operation in modern enterprises , which makes enterprises be able to adjust management means and management ways effectively in digital economic era , inoder to exert enterprise's unprecedented competition advantage . Helping enterprise to carry on products innovation , to win the market , and to obtain additional profit would improve the value of the enterprise products.。
工业设计概论全英文
Introduction to Industrial DesignDesign is a particular human beings in order to achieve the purposes of the creative activities，which includes all man-made goods in the formation process。
Industrial design concepts：the current widely used definition of the international Federation of Associations of Industrial Design (ICSID) in 1980 for the annual meeting of the Paris industrial design under the amended definition：”the mass production of industrial products，by virtue of training，technical know-how ，Experience and feelings and give visual materials，structure, shape, color, surface processing and decoration to a new quality and qualifications，called industrial design. ”1.Traditional industrial designIndustrial design for the people truly understand and play a role in the outbreak of the industrial revolution，to the industrialized mass production conditions to develop。
工业设计师英语作文
工业设计师英语作文Dear Mr. / Ms.Personnel Manager, shalom!I am an industrial designer from the School of Mechanical Engineering, East China University. I have learned of the recruitment of your company in our college. According to the requirements of your company, I fully meet the recruitment requirements. I have excellent academic performance in my professional courses and basically mastered the basic knowledge of my major. During my university study, I won the second "Learning Excellence Award"; I can skillfully use computer software such as Solidworks, 3-ds max and photoshop required for product design positions. I have obtained the national recognized computer certificate. I have good English ability. At present, I have obtained the certificate of CET-6, and I am participating in the training of intermediate English interpretation class. I can complete the training task in May and am expected to obtain the training certificate, which will remove the language barrier for my work in a foreign-related enterprise like your company in the future. I now serve as the class dormitory leader and "intellectual disabled"volunteers, have love to serve everyone; I actively organize and participate in the school and class collective activities; I have a good hard-working and hard work spirit and good cooperation with others. I learned through understanding, your company is saic and its international control investment co., LTD., the company products —— car starter, generator is Shanghai Volkswagen, faw group and other famous enterprises with important parts of the car, a new generation of permanent magnet deceleration starter, double fan cold generator products, high technology content, has good development prospects.I really want to be hired as a product designer in your company. I learn is industrial design professional, for your company product designer recruitment has high closeness, please believe that I work in this position, not only can make me get professional knowledge to study and further sublimation, perhaps, my serious, good work, also can make a small contribution to your company's growth. I am always looking forward to your face-to-face guidance, which also helps you and the company to have a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of my ability.I will cherish and appreciate how you and your company for providing me withjobs. Qi hopes to get your personal advice as soon as possible. thanks! referee:xxx YTD。
工业设计概论全英文
Introduction to Industrial DesignDesign is a particular human beings in order to achieve the purposes of the creative activities, which includes all man-made goods in the formation process. Industrial design concepts: the current widely used definition of the international Federation of Associations of Industrial Design (ICSID) in 1980 for the annual meeting of the Paris industrial design under the amended definition: "the mass production of industrial products, by virtue of training, technical know-how , Experience and feelings and give visual materials, structure, shape, color, surface processing and decoration to a new quality and qualifications, called industrial design. "1.Traditional industrial designIndustrial design for the people truly understand and play a role in the outbreak of the industrial revolution, to the industrialized mass production conditions to develop. At that time, a large number of industrial products ugly, has seriously affected people's daily life, industrial design as a change in the situation at the time the inevitable means boarded the historical stage. The traditional industrial design refers to the means of production of industrial products conducted by the planning and design, so that with the use of achieving the best possible match between the creative activities. From this concept of the nature of industrial design: first, industrial design aims to obtain a product with the best match between people. This match, not only to meet the demand for use, but also with the physical, psychological and other areas to demand the right match, which precisely reflectsthe people-oriented design ideas. Second, the industrial design is a must? Quot; creative activities. "Industrial design of nature that it is a very broad coverage of the cross-integrate the science, get involved in the many areas of research disciplines, like the industrial society of the adhesive, so that the original Isolated disciplines such as: physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc., mutual contact and mutual exchanges, the form of organic unity. Realization of the objective to reveal the natural The laws of science and subjective, dynamic and creative activities for the arts once again joined hands.2.Modern Industrial DesignTraditional industrial design is the core product design. Accompanied by a history of the development, design content also tends to the development of more extensive and in-depth. Now, the development of human society has entered a modern industrial society, brought about by the design of the material achievements of human existence and its status and way of life is affected by the past can not compare any era, modern industrial design, the concept of this came into being . Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: general industrial design and narrow industrial design.General Industrial Design (Generalized Industrial Design) Means to achieve a particular purpose, from conception to the establishment of a practical implementation plan, with clear and that by means of a series of acts. It contains all the use of modern means of production and services in the design process. Narrow industrial design (Narrow lndustrial Design)Referring only to product design, that is, against man and nature in the relevance of the tools and equipment made by the response to the demand. In order to survive, including life and to maintain and develop the necessary such as tools, equipment and products, and other material and equipment carried out by design. Product design is the core of products on the user's body, the heart has a good affinity with the match.Narrow the definition of industrial design and industrial design of the traditional definition is the same. As industrial design since have always been based on product design, product design often referred to as industrial design.Industrial Design CategoryAs the field of industrial design increasingly expanding, and in different areas but also has their own characteristics, we can from different angles on the field of industrial design division: 1. The existence of art as a form of classification:1.The existence of art as a form of classification:One-dimensional design, refers only to the design time for the variable; two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is targeted at the plane change the subject, such as graphics, text, trademarks, advertising design. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as product, packaging, construction and the environment; four-dimensional design, is accompanied by one-dimensional three-dimensional space time (that is, in the form of 3 +1) the design, such as stage design.2.From the human, natural and social correspondence between starting, inaccordance with the disciplines form the essence of the meaning of Category: Human, natural, social composition of the most basic relations between the circles and classification of the relationship generally is:◆ product design: the equivalent narrow indus trial design, 3D design is based;◆ environmental design: including all types of building design, urban and regional planning, construction plans, environmental engineering, etc.;◆ spread to the design of the language, text or graphics as the media and achieve the transfer activities carried out by design. According to the different media Kegui Wei two categories: the text and graphics as the medium of visual communication; language and. Audio media for dissemination of the hearing.3.In accordance with the concept of industrial design and to define Category: With the development of technology and the use of modern technology, industrial design and process design of the boundaries are becoming blurred mouth benefits, some of the original Arts and Crafts design of the design activities of both the industrial design features, such as furniture design and fashion design . Industrial design as a connecting bridge between technology and the market, the rapid expansion of commercial areas in all its aspects:◆ advertising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.;◆ display design: including the pavement, Showcase, Showcase, signs, exhibitions, advertising tower;◆ packaging design: including wrapping paper, packaging, label ling and packagingof goods;◆ binding design: including magazines, books, artwork, cartoons and layout design. Even in Zichengtiji in the field of construction, industrial design also play an increasingly important role.The content of Industrial DesignIndustrial design in the enterprise has broad application of space. Therefore, enterprises in the industrial design from the level of demand for industrial design point of view of the contents of the enterprises make better use of industrial design, to create greater value, will provide great convenience.1.Product Design Product Designindustrial design is the core of enterprise application design is the key link, it will achieve a change in the form of raw materials for a more valuable form. Industrial designers of the people through the physical, psychological, living habits, and so on all the natural attributes of the cognitive and social attributes, product features, performance, form, price, location of the use of the environment, with materials, technology, structure, technology , Shape, color, surface treatment and decoration, cost and other factors, from the social, economic and technical point of view of creative design, production and management in enterprises in achieving design quality assurance, under the premise that the product is a product enterprises, market Of goods, but also the ordinary people of supplies to customer needs and business benefits of perfect unity.2.Corporate image design (Corporate ldenlti-fication System, referred to CIS)Enterprise recognition system from a unified corporate philosophy, standardize enterprise behavior and consistent posed by the visual image. Through the CIS design, so that enterprises have the visual impact can be clearly shows that corporate personality, strength and confidence in enterprises is a manifestation. A successful business must be a cohesive internal and external consumers can trust and identity, thereby enhancing corporate reputation, and corporate management objectives and development goals.3.Environmental Design (and the interface between the hardware design) Industrial design as a communication and the environment (construction, transportation, room, shopping malls, streets……) between the interface language to intervene in environmental design. Through the different acts, objectives and the needs of awareness, to object to the design - kind of language, people and the environment for the financial - physical, to give a cordial and convenient, comfortable feeling. Focus on solving urban environmental design of human interface between the building and all the problems, such as: information, signal systems, environmental protection programmes, so as to also participate in solving the social life of the major issues.4.Design Management (Des; 8n Mana8ement, referred to DM)Design activities soon as the operation of enterprises in important part in project management, interface management, design management systems, such as the development of product line management, be good at using design tools, and implementing design-oriented thinking and behavior, and with the strategy ortechnological achievements Into a product or service process. Design management into the enterprise is an indispensable element for the success of enterprises to follow the design principles and strategies in the development of enterprises in production and business activities of various departments for guidance, to achieve the design objective, value-added products. Successful use of design management, will enable enterprises in the strategic planning stage to contain the operating strategy, strategic advantages for products and enterprises in the competition-set a good foundation.The ultimate aim of industrial design is to meet the physical and psychological needs of many of the largest. Industrial products, arts and crafts people is to meet production and daily needs, no doubt for the industrial design is modern services, to meet the demands of modern people. Therefore, it is first necessary to meet people's physical needs - product features. 1 cup must be able to drink water, a pen must be able to write, a bike must be able to travel, a truck must be able to load and so on. The first industrial design is aimed through the rational planning of products due to people more easily use them to better play its effectiveness. In research on the basis of product performance, industrial design also adopted a reasonable shape means so that products can have very spirit of the times, in line with performance, and coordination of environmental products form so that people can have the enjoyment of the United States.Industrial design and industrial modernization is the inevitable product of market competition, designed to target the mass production methods of industrializedproducts, industrial design of modern human life has a huge impact, but also constrained by the realities of production and living standards.Industrial design companies in the position and role:• Design is a bridge between enterprises and the market: On the one ha nd, production and technology into the market demand for products, on the one hand the market feedback to promote the development of enterprises enterprises. • • design is a means of value-added products: the biggest role in the enterprise is to raise the value-added products. The value of this additional material is not visible presence, more of the performance of the invisible. Appearance, product image • • Design is an important enterprise resources: good design enterprises will have a better reputation, making enterprises more dynamic, a company's development tools• • design integrity of the enterprise is to establish a means of visual images: the visual image of business is to establish the appearance of the best brand image, which is the company a unique style.Industrial design creativity is a good product design the most important prerequisite for simplicity is an important indicator of good design, product design is a measure of applicability of another important criterion, a reasonable man-machine relations, human-computer interface harmony, their own language products should be good at self - Notes, and carefully handle every detail, emphasis on regional ethnic characteristics, contains cultural identity, attention to ecological balance, beneficial to the protection of the environment, product designof the eternal.Industrial design should pay attention to follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; principles of market demand; principle of giving priority to the user; business goals principle easy to grasp the principle of aesthetic principles, protection of ecological environment principles.Industrial design related to psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical construction, photography, color science, methodology and design of the three constitute a basis for Into the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries for industrial design and industrial design definition of the development processU.S. industrial design information ageThe United States is the first country to enter the information age, information technology is the most developed countries. Whether in the computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology in all aspects of the world's leading status. In particular, the popularity of the Internet, so that the United States more fully into society by the information industry as a leader of the new era. In the new economic, cultural background, the United States of industrial design from the beginning of the end of the 20th Century 80, great changes have taken place.At the same time, to Rowe as the representative of the U.S. pioneer in the design has passed away, despite their name to the design of some companies still exist, but these masters of the location of a number of new independent replaced by adesign firm. The new design firm in terms of knowledge structure, services or design with the traditional means in the clear very different firms, because they firmly grasp the pulse of the information age, design and rapid expansion of business, established in the industrial sector Good reputation, the U.S. business magazine called American industry a new generation of heroes. The new design consulting company no longer well-known designer for the signs, but in a "design" the name of the word named, stressed that the design is a team event rather than individual work, such as the New York Smart Design, Chicago Design Logic, such as California's Lunar Design. In many cases, the person in charge of these companies are the first generation or second generation of European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign is originally a German company, the new generation of designers to more European concept to the United States, which will U.S. advanced technology and the European deep historical and cultural traditions closer together so that the design of the United States in the information age has made a great leap forward. This is in California, particularly Silicon Valley, particularly conspicuous in this regard because there are many Europeans settled here, on the other hand is also here because of the emerging high-tech industry and the United States earlier in the design of machines predecessors did not have much contact. Here, the design of many new companies have been for Apple, and other high-tech companies. With the traditional industrial design firms to provide industrial products mainly different designs, the new design companies to be able to provide more comprehensive services, they can not only provide product design andengineering design of appearance, can also provide market research, consumer Investigation, human-computer research, public relations and corporate planning site design and maintenance, and other aspects of the services, and global activities. In fact, some new design company has established a global network of services to meet the increasing globalization of world economic trends. Industrial design such a change reflects the changes in the management of enterprises, more and more enterprises in the future in-house research organizations to reduce, instead of social cooperation, not only to reduce expenditure, but also the wider community to seek professional Resources cooperation. In addition, many enterprises to upgrade design as a business quality and to stimulate creative strategic management tool, not only confined to a single product design development activities, thereby greatly expanded the scope of application of industrial design. Given the design of a greater range of needs, design company personnel are not limited to design, but more professional cooperation. In addition, the design company's design also means a lot because of a computer-aided design and revolutionary changes have taken place, SGI (Silicon Graphic) graphics workstations and Alias, Pro-Designer, such as industrial design software to design more flexible, fast, industrial design itself so And the high-tech.U.S. industrial design in the 1990s Another major change is the high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment, communications equipment, and so became the main areas of industrial design. Industrial design in the high-tech humanity, in the process of commercializationhas played an important role as a bridge. It is the efforts of designers, the previously daunting become high-tech day-to-day work and life indispensable partners.Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Ziba (ZIBA) design companies is considered the best international design companies. Ziba's design philosophy is simple to win, and stressed that the products of the plane, the company's product design is the attention to detail, the "God in the details of." At the same time, Ziba also designed the pursuit of fun and harmony through color, shape, details and graphic design products so that a cordial and pleasant and cute humor to Yasugongshang. Ziba companies in recent years with Microsoft, HP, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design a number of excellent products, the company developed for Microsoft's "natural" keyboard of its ease of use, human-computer interface comfortable, unique and novel shape Users are welcome. Ziba also designed a large number of high-tech medical equipment, the design of such products by more concise and bright pieces of modeling to facilitate the operation and cleaning, and trying to make previously complex and daunting process of becoming a medical simple and easy. Ziba Design of the hemodialysis machines with clear, concise touch screen has replaced the previous complex controls and switches, automatic control and install the software, so that medical personnel can easily facilitate the operation, addition, since the use of a modular design, can also Easy entry, to provide on-site services.。
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Computer-Aided Design 40 (2008) 812–827/locate/cadReverse innovative design — an integrated product design methodologyXiuziYe a,b,., Hongzheng Liu a, Lei Chena, Zhiyang Chenc, XiangPanc, Sanyuan Zhangaa Collegeof Computer Science/StateKeyLabof CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, 310027 Hangzhou,PR ChinabSolidWorks Corporation, 300 BakerAvenue, Concord,MA 01742, USAcCollegeof Software Engineering, Zhejiang UniversityofTechnology, 310014, Hangzhou,PR China Received24 August 2006; accepted7July 2007AbstractToday’sproductdesignerisbeingaskedtodevelophighquality,innovativeproductsatanever increasingpace.Tomeetthisneed,an intensivesearch is underway for advanced design methodologies that facilitate the acquisition of design knowledge and creative ideas for later reuse.Additionally, designers are embracing a wide range of 3D digital design applications, such as 3D digitization, 3D CAD and CAID, reverseengineering(RE),CAEanalysisandrapid prototyping(RP).Inthispaper,we proposeareverse engineeringinnovativedesign methodologycalledReverse Innovative Design (RID). The RID methodologyfacilitates design and knowledge reuse by leveraging 3D digital design applications. Thecore of our RID methodology is the definition and construction of feature-based parametric solid models from scanned data. The solid modelis constructed with feature datato allow for design modification and iteration. Sucha constructionis well suited fordownstream analysis andrapid prototyping. In this paper, we will review the commercial availability and technological developments of some relevant 3D digital designapplications.We will then introduce threeRE modelling strategies: an autosurfacingstrategy for organic shapes;a solid modelling strategy withfeature recognition and surface fitting for analytical models; and a curve-based modelling strategy for accurate reverse modelling. Freeformshapes are appearing with more frequency i n product development. Since their “natural” parameters are hard to define and extract, we proposeconstructionofafeatureskeleton based upon industrialorregional standardsorby user interaction. Globaland local product definition parametersare then linkedtothe featureskeleton. Design modificationis performedby solvingaconstrained optimization problem.ARID platformhas beendevelopedandthe mainRE strategiesand core algorithmshave been integrated into SolidWorksasan add-in product called ScanTo3D.We willuse this system to demonstrate our RID methodology on a collection of innovative consumer product design examples.c.2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords:3D CAD; CAID; Reverse engineering; Product design methodology; Reverse innovativedesign; Feature-based modelling;Parametric modelling; Productdefinition parameters; Local shape deformation1.IntroductionDesign is a purposeful process involving creative thinkingand problem solving. Designandknowledgehaveavery strongassociation: recollection and application of knowledge can beconsidered as a straightforward and practical design process[1–3]. Emerging new techniques, devices and the globalizationof the product market are pushing creativity to its limit.Today’s market is ch aracterized byfaster time-to-market, andgreater demands for fresh and distinctive products. Facingintense market challenges, advanced design methodologiesare being actively sought to reduce the time required for.Corresponding author at: SolidWorks Corporation, 300 Baker Avenue,Concord,MA 01742, USA.Tel.:+1 978 371 5044;fax:+1 978 318 5259.E-mail addresses: yxz@, xiuzi@ (X.Ye).knowledge acquisition in design activities, and to leveragecreativity.It is estimated that designers spend about 60% of theirtime searching for information. This process is rated as themost frustrating aspect of an engineer’s design activities*4+.It is also conservatively estimated that more than 75%of engineering design activity comprises case-based design—reuse of previous design knowledge to address a newdesign problem[4].However,physical models and associatedknowledge, which are increased considerably in complexity and quantity during the design process, are often not reused. This results in significant time and capital losses. Hence, design and associated knowledge reuse is the key to reducing new product development costs.The use of 3D CAD (Computer Aided Design) tools is a prominent factor in shortening time-to-market and reducingc0010-4485/$ -see front matter .2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.cad.2007.07.006X.Yeetal./Computer-Aided Design40 (2008) 812–827product development costs. With the wide adoption of 3D CAD technology[5], product development has moved from physical to digital mockup, and from 2D to 3D designin the last few decades. 3D CAD has become part of a completely digital development process that includes design, modelling, simulation and tooling[6,7].Asa result, more and more designs exist in 3D digital form and are maintainedin product databases. For new designs, if a digital form of similar product model is readily available in the database, 3D searching techniques [4,8,9] can be used to locate product models with similar shapes and design intent. In these cases,a new design can be accelerated by the reuse, in whole or part, of previous designs. 3D searching and reuse techniques have been extensively researched [10,11]. Although there already are some commercially available 3D search engines[12], 3D searching and reuse remains a very active topic of research in the design and media retrieval areas. On the other hand, with the rapid advancement of 3D data acquisition devices, Reverse Engineering (RE) technology has gained wide acceptancein the design community. This is especially true in theCAID (Computer Aided Industrial Design) community where physical models such as clay models are built and digitized. Unlike solid modelling CAD software packages which focuson making watertight solids, RE software packages typically output surface models.Many commercial 3D CAD software packages are feature based with parametric definitions of the features.A definition of a feature is given by the FEMEX (FEature Modeling EXperts)work group, see, e.g.[13].A featureis defined asa representation of the shape aspects of a product that canbe mapped to a generic shape and functionally significantfor some product life-cycle phase[14]. In practical terms, a feature can be viewed as the basic unit of product information that can represent a specific region. The term product canbe a real, physical object or it can be a process. The term region describes a spatial or geometrical portion of a physical object or a process-orientated portion of a process [15]. Inthis paper, we use the term feature to represent design intent and design knowledge. High-level shape definition parameters such as radius, length, angles and width are presented to the designers, and constraints between geometrical entities such as dimension equality, parallelism, perpendicularity, co-linearityand concentricity are imposed. By changing these intuitive parameters and editing the constraints, different configurations canbe created for the same model, anda productfamily canbe obtained. Usually, a feature tree is formed to record the history of the design process, and the feature creation sequence can be replayed.In RE software packages, however, surfaces (usuallyfreeform surfaces) are created. While freeform surfaces have flexibility and allow the manipulations typically required inthe conceptual design phase, theylacked the ability to express design intent or knowledge in a detailed and explicit manner. Although low-level shape parameters such as weights, knots, and control points [16] are available to adjust the freeform surfaces, they are counter-intuitive to designers. Many shape deformation methods have been developed in the last decade toincrease the intuitiveness of the freeform shape deformation, and to increase the designers’ ability to control the shape changes through mesh and surface deformation.This paper presents a new product design methodologycalled Reverse Innovative Design (RID) which combinesthe benefits of these two worlds, namely the design intentand knowledge represented by features with their associated definition parameters; and the flexibility of shape deformation. Features with high-level definition parameters are directly created from scanned data in a 3D CAD system. A newdesign can be obtained by changing these high-level definition parameters, while retaining aspects of the original design. Starting from a digitized model of an existing product or conceptual clay model, a clean mesh will be obtained by preprocessing of a point cloud data (e.g. registration, sampling, noise data removal, global and local smoothing), meshingand mesh preprocessing (e.g. sampling, smoothing, topology repair and hole filling). From the cleaned mesh, a feature- based parametric solid model will be constructed with natural definition parameters by the extraction of analytically shaped features. For freeform product models, product definition parameters will be obtained based on the feature skeletons extracted from the mesh. The natural definition parameters of the features and the product definition parameters will be used for designof new products and productfamilies.Our RID provides three RE modelling strategies for different use case scenarios:(1) For organic shapes, C1 or C2 solid models are automatically generated from the mesh model. The solid model can be used in the application scenarios such as model references, data transmission, high-quality graphics presentation and rapid prototyping.(2)Formore analyticalshapes,themeshmodelissegmentedinto functional regions called submeshes. Feature recognition techniques areexploitedtobuild analytically shaped featuresin a3D CAD package, resulting in high-level shape characteristics (e.g. cylindrical, spherical, conical, extruded or revolved surfaces) and natural shape parameters (e.g. radius, length, height and angle). Submeshes that are not analytical are fitted by B-spline surfaces. All reconstructed surfaces will be extended, trimmed and sewn into a solid (if possible) in the 3D CAD software.(3) Shoulda more accurate modelbe required,acurve-based modelling strategy can be adopted. 2D or 3D sketches can be generated by inferring from the mesh model, and curves such as section curves, boundary curves, and feature lines can be generated from the digitized model. From these curves, lofted surfaces (with one or two directional curve nets)[17]can be generated directly within the 3D CAD package.Freeform product design has been the main focus of conventional RE. Since their “natural” parameters are hardto be defined and extracted, in our RID we proposedealing with freeform product models by extracting global and local product definition parameters that are defined by international, domestic or industrial de-facto standards; orby user-defined key parameters. Designers can produce new design variations by editing the product definition parameters.X.Yeetal./Computer-Aided Design40 (2008) 812–827Feature skeletons are extracted from the scanned 3D model, and product definition parameters are first obtained from feature skeletons. The obtained high-level product definition parameters can then be adjusted which results in deformation of the feature skeletons, and their corresponding submeshes, and hence the feature surfaces. Alternatively, local deformation of the feature skeletons can result in the deformation of the submeshes, and induce a deformation on the feature surfaces. These deformations are performed by solving a constrained minimization problem. Surfaces can also be deformed by using the deformation tools provided in the 3D CAD packages.In essence, RID can rapidly produce new designs with shape variations, from a scanned physical or clay model. The new designcanthenbe analysed geometrically,visuallyandbyCAE analysis packages. Other evaluations such as manufacturability and cost can follow[18–21]. Feedback from these analysis and evaluations will be used to modify the design through high- level product definition parameters or local shape deformation, and an iterative product design cycle is hence formed. RID is thus an integrated digital design methodology incorporating 3D digitizing, 3D CAD and CAID, RE, CAE analysis, and RP. RIDalso achieves seamless data integration among RE, CAID and CAD, and very tight data integration between CAD/CAID/RE, CAE analysis and RP.This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 givesan overview of related work, including recently developed modelling technologies such as image-based modelling, haptic modelling,3D data acquisition andRE technologies. Section 3 presents the overall workflow and detailed descriptions ofthe main processes of our RID methodology. Section 4 introduces three RE modelling strategies: (1) automatic surface modelling for organic shapes suitable for model references, graphics presentation and rapid prototyping. (2) feature-based RE solid modelling with mesh segmented into functional submeshes, and analytically shaped features and their natural parameters extracted. The remaining submeshes are fitted by B-spline surfaces. All the reconstructedsurfaces will be extended, trimmed and sewn. (3) Curve based RE surface modelling with curves such as section curves and feature lines automatically extracted or manuallyconstructed by sketching, and accurate surfaces generated using functionalities in 3D CAD software such as loft, sweep, extrude and revolve. Section 5 focuses on feature definition parameters for freeform shapes, and the extraction of feature skeleton and product definition parameters. Design variations through product definition parameters and feature skeleton deformations are then discussed. Section 6deals with implementation aspect of our new design methodology. ARID platform has been developed and the main RE modeling strategies and core algorithms have been implemented and integrated into SolidWorks as an add-in product called ScanTo3D. Innovative design examples are given in this section to demonstrate our new design methodology. Section 7 concludes the paper and gives discussions on future research directions.2.RelatedworkDesign is first of all a process, a process of thought and planning. A variety of techniques have evolved to facilitatethe manipulation and presentation of design ideas. With the rapid advances in computer technologies, the design paradigm is shifting. Digital design applications such as CAID/CAD,CAE analysis and RP are helping designers in conceptualizing, visualizing, prototyping and delivering product models; and shortening the concept-to-market lead time. Although physical model making remains an important and integral part of industrial design, virtual 3D product modelling, simulation, RP and tooling have gained wide acceptance in product design practices. Among these, 3D product modeling stands at the core of productdevelopment. Current commerciallyavailable digital design applications on the market can be seen from different perspectives as 3D CAD [22–25] for forward and detailed design, CAID[26–28]for conceptual and industrial design, and RE applications[29–31]Notice that some 3D CAD software packageshave embedded add-inRE packages[22–24].All state-of-the-art 3D CAD systems are built on afeature-based design paradigm. They have the following characteristics:1. Feature based — Each operation (add or remove) on the geometry will be recognized as a feature in a CAD system.2. Parametric — Dimensional (include equation) and geometrical constraintsare parametersinafully definedCAD model.3. Historybased — All the parameters and features willbe recorded on creation. Engineers can easily modify the parameters defined.4. Designvariations and productfamily — All the parameters can be driven by the design variables. A product familycan be quickly created in this way with models in different configurations.CAID, on the other hand, is used by industrial designersto define forms and appearances of the products. CAID has undergone rapid development and adoption in the last decade. As a visually creative activity, some of the CAID techniques allow spontaneous modelling, with others taking considerable timeandeffortto define surface details. Fig.1 showsa typical interface of CAID (Studiotools) and CAD (SolidWorks).Compared to 3D CAD software, CAID software has the following characteristics:1. Surface modeling — 3D CAD software usually results in solids, and CAID surfaces.2. Flexibility in deformation — Shapes can be modified more freely in CAID using the embedded tools. In 3D CADsystem, designer has more constraints such as precision. In consequence, it is hard to perform free shape deformation.3. Materialrendering — Both CAD and CAID haverich material library, with CAD focused on engineering parameters for engineering computation and CAE analysis,and CAID focused on texture and colour appearance.4. Flashygraphics — In general, CAID system has a stronger graphical rendering engine for flashier graphical display andfor presentations.X.Yeetal./Computer-Aided Design40 (2008) 812–827Fig. 1. Example interface of CAID (Studiotools) vs. CAD software package (SolidWorks). Fig.2. Example for image-based modelling[36].The exchange of data between CAID and CAD systems isnot an easy task.Apopularway using the data from CAIDinCAD is to save the CAID surfaces in neutral formats such asIGES[32]and STEP[33], and then importthem into CAD forstructural and detailed design. Some CAD software packageshave implemented one-to-one data converters as add-ins todirectly import native CAID data (e.g. SolidWorks has an add-in to import native Rhino 3DM files). Such direct conversionwill definitely preserve more information than IGES/STEP,butstill manyCAID parameters that are not supportedby CAD willbe lost.Modelling technologies are at the heart of CAD and CAIDsoftware packages. There have been a lot of developments inthe area of modelling technologies during the last decade, suchas image-based modelling, haptic modelling, subdivision-basedmodelling and freeform deformation technique..Image-based modellingImage-based modelling stands in the intersection betweenComputer Graphics and ComputerVision. It focuseson recovering geometrical structure from uncalibrated cameras,and numerous methods havebeen developed[34–36].Itisquiteawide fieldthatcoversvarious topicssuchasinverselighting, light fields, layered depth images and 3D reconstruction.With insufficient form information from images,image-based modelling techniques usually rely on somesorts of visual cues such as shading, texture, motion, camerafocus, highlights, shadows, silhouettes, inter-reflections,symmetry,light polarization and features such as corners andedges. Fig.2 shows anexampleof image-based modelling..Haptic modellingIn haptic modelling, designers create a digital modelusing a haptic feedback device. They will be able to workwith their hands, as they do in their daily work, usingFig.3. Hapticdevice and haptic modelling interface[39].a haptic interface for modelling product shapes [37–39]. Haptic feedback devices give the operator the “feel” of the virtual object. If the operator moves a cursor onto an object as seen via the monitor, they actually feel its presence viaan electromechanical system attached to the pointing device. Fig.3 showsanexampleofahapticdeviceandthe modelling interface..Subdivision-based modellingSubdivision is an algorithmic technique to generate smooth surfaces as a sequence of successively refined polyhedral meshes. Its origins go back to 1978 when Catmull and Clark, and Doo and Sabin first proposedto generalize spline-patch methods to meshes of arbitrary topology[40–44]. Subdivision algorithms areexceptionally simple, work for arbitrary control meshes and produce globally smooth surfaces. Special choices of subdivision rules allow for the introduction of features such as sharp edges into a surface. Subdivision-based representationsof complex geometry can be manipulated and rendered efficiently. This makes subdivision a highly suitable toolfor interactive animation and conceptual modeling, evenfor nonsurface specialist. More and more commercialCAD/CAID software packages have adopted subdivision surface as an important modelling method, for example, CATIA[24]providesa modelling tool called IMA (Imagine& Shape) in which subdivision surface is used as a bridge between NURBS surface and polygon mesh. Fig.4 shows anexample generatedby Modo[45]whichis oneofthe bestX.Yeetal./Computer-Aided Design40 (2008) 812–827Fig.4. Anexampleof subdivision surface based modelling (Modo[45]).tools in creating 3-D models of characters and other organic shapes using subdivision technology..Freeform deformation (FFD) techniquesFFD is an important functionality in CAID applications[46]. Almost all the CAID applications support deformationto polygon mesh and subdivision surface, withsome supporting deformation with NURBS surface. FFD isused by designers to gradually approximate their products’ shape. Various FFD techniques have been proposed in thelast decades[47–49]. Deformation methods are tightly associated with the underlying geometrical representations.Forexample, usingT-splinevolumes insteadofa control latticeas a control box will reduce the computing time substantiallywhen applying deformations; refer to Fig.5 for such anexample. Feature preservationis oneof thekeyproblemsin FFD. Methods such as the snake technique show some interesting characteristics for preserving local features in thedeformation process.With the rapid development of 3D data acquisition devices,RE (Reverse Engineering) has become increasingly popular in product design. The goal of RE is to generate a CAD modelfrom measureddataofaphysicalmodelasareplicaoftheoriginalone, and pass the CAD model to CAE and CAM[50–52]RE is widely used in such fields as industrial product design, commodity design, toy design and plastics. In RE, significant differences can exist in the requirement of the design and expression of forms, due to the distinct characteristics of productsand different source of input data. Conventional RE involvesthe following steps:(1) 3D scanning of physical projects, typically generatinga point cloud. Most scanners nowadays have embedded point cloud processing and meshing software to output mesh models. (2) Data processing such as noisy data removal, registration, sampling, smoothing, topology repair and hole-filling.(3) Surface reconstruction from mesh or point cloud bydirect surface fitting or surface reconstruction through curvessuch as section curves and feature lines.The results of RE are usually surfaces that need tobe imported into 3D CAD software. Modelling operations including surface extension, trimming and sewing areFig.5. FFDby weightedT-splinevolumes[49].performed to form solids for downstream operations such as CAE analysis andRP.We will describeREin Sections 3and4in more details. It suffices to say that conventional RE does not capture the design intent or knowledge of the original physical object. Recently, feature based RE[53,54]has been developed to capt ure the design intent by reconstructing “analytic” shapes such as symmetry planes, quadratic surfaces, extruded and rotational surfaces and blends. Still freeform shapes, which usually have been the main focus for RE, are not parametrically represented by high-level design parameters.3.Reverseinnovativedesign(RID)methodologyConventional RE is a design process going from a physicalor clay model to a digital model. It is essentially a modelling process to duplicate the physical or clay model in digital form, rather than an innovative design process. We proposea RE-based innovative design methodology called Reverse Innovative Design (RID). RID is an integrated digital design methodology incorporating digitizing, modelling with shape and product definition parameters, CAE analysis-based product optimization andRP. See Fig.6 fora comparison between the workflows of conventional RE and RID. RID consists of the following main steps:1. 3D data acquisition from a physical or clay model, point cloud processing and meshing and mesh processing. The result is a clean mesh model.X.Yeetal./Computer-Aided Design40 (2008) 812–827Fig. 6. Workflow of conventional RE vs. RID.2. 3D solid modelling from mesh with high-level shape natural definition parameters or product definition parameters extracted, even for freeform shapes. The result is a feature based parametric model with design intent and knowledge from the original physical or clay model within the 3D CAD software.3. Forminga new product model by editing the high-level shape and product definition parameters, or by deforming/editing meshes or surfaces. Deformations can be local or global, and can be large for some surfaces andsmall for others. Additional features can be added to the new product model in the 3D CAD software. The result is a new digital product model for a new design.4. Performing CAE analysis on the new model, and modifying and optimizing the new model based on feedbacks from the analysis. This is an iterate process, and changes for eachstep are typically not large. The result of this iteration is an optimized digital model of a new design which is outputtedfor RP.The core of RID is the feature based parametric solidmodel constructed from scanned data, for analytically shaped models as well as models with freeform shapes.Foranalytically shaped models, features with natural definition parameters will be extracted with remaining freeform shapes fitted. Since freeform shapes stand at the center of RE historically, the ability to generate parametric models with product definition parameters from models with freeform shapes is essential. Important characteristics of RID include the ability to1. create productfamilies by changing high-level dimensions (radius, height ...) of extracted features such as plane, quadratic surfaces, extrudes and revolves in 3D CAD systems.2. createdesign variations by editing high-level productdefinition parameters (e.g. shoe-last width, see Figs. 19 and20 for examples).3. locally deform shapes intuitively with strong predictabilityat the mesh level as well as at the reconstructed surface level. Fig. 7. An illustration for RID methodology.Since feature reconstruction and parameterization are fundamental to RID, we will focus on these aspects of RID in the remainingof the paper. Fig.7 shows an illustration for RID methodology.A complete RID user case scenario consists of fourmajor components, namely a digitizing device, a feature-based parametric solid modelling software package, a feature-based parametric RE software package, and a CAE analysis package. Data exchange between different components can go through neutral formats such as STL, IGES or STEP or throughnative format converters. In RID, data communication between RE software and 3D CAD software is required to be much tighter due to the frequent data access from RE software to the 3D CAD. This is also an industrial trend which can beseen from the fact that there is direct integration between Geomagic Studio and Pro/E, and that RE software packagesin CATIA and SolidWorks are implemented as add-ins. Onthe other hand, some of the RE software packages such as RapidForm[53]embedded sets of solid modelling operations. Fig.8 illustrates data communication between the four major components. Notice that the link depicted by the dashed line arrowin Fig.8 is onlyavailable for thoseRE software package that has embedded solid modelling operations.In the remainder of this section, we give a brief reviewof commercially available 3D digitizing devices, RE software。