苏州大学麻醉学2019年考博真题
麻醉本科试题及答案
麻醉本科试题及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共20分）1. 麻醉学是研究什么的科学？A. 麻醉药物的药理学B. 麻醉方法和技术C. 麻醉的生理学基础D. 以上都是答案：D2. 吸入麻醉药的主要作用机制是什么？A. 抑制中枢神经系统B. 激活外周神经系统C. 影响肌肉收缩D. 改变血液成分答案：A3. 下列哪项不是全身麻醉的并发症？A. 呼吸道梗阻B. 低血压C. 心律失常D. 术后疼痛答案：D4. 局部麻醉药的作用机制是什么？A. 阻断神经传导B. 促进神经传导C. 增加神经兴奋性D. 减少神经兴奋性答案：A5. 麻醉前评估不包括以下哪项？A. 患者的既往病史B. 患者的过敏史C. 患者的家族病史D. 患者的生活习惯答案：D二、多选题（每题3分，共15分）1. 以下哪些因素会影响麻醉药物的代谢？A. 年龄B. 肝功能C. 肾功能D. 体重答案：ABC2. 麻醉期间可能出现的并发症包括哪些？A. 低氧血症B. 高热C. 心律失常D. 药物过敏答案：ABCD3. 麻醉深度的监测方法包括哪些？A. 脑电图B. 心率变异性C. 血压监测D. 呼吸频率答案：AB三、判断题（每题1分，共10分）1. 麻醉药物的剂量与患者的年龄成正比。
（错误）2. 麻醉期间必须进行持续的氧合监测。
（正确）3. 所有患者在接受全身麻醉前都必须进行禁食。
（正确）4. 局部麻醉药不会引起全身性反应。
（错误）5. 麻醉医师在手术过程中不需要监测患者的体温。
（错误）四、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述麻醉前评估的主要目的。
答案：麻醉前评估的主要目的是评估患者的整体健康状况，确定患者对麻醉的耐受性，以及预测和预防麻醉和手术过程中可能出现的并发症。
2. 描述吸入麻醉药和静脉麻醉药的主要区别。
答案：吸入麻醉药通过呼吸道进入体内，作用于中枢神经系统，而静脉麻醉药通过静脉注射进入体内，迅速分布到全身，同样作用于中枢神经系统。
3. 麻醉期间如何预防低氧血症的发生？答案：预防低氧血症的措施包括确保呼吸道通畅、使用适当的通气策略、监测氧合指标如脉搏氧饱和度，以及在必要时给予氧疗。
麻醉考试题库及答案
麻醉考试题库及答案一、单选题1. 麻醉前评估中，以下哪项不是评估的内容？A. 患者的一般情况B. 患者的既往史C. 患者的过敏史D. 患者的生活习惯E. 患者的家族史答案：D2. 麻醉药物中，以下哪种药物属于吸入麻醉药？A. 丙泊酚B. 芬太尼C. 异氟醚D. 利多卡因E. 罗库溴铵答案：C3. 以下哪项不是全身麻醉的并发症？A. 呼吸道梗阻B. 呕吐和误吸C. 低血压D. 心律失常E. 术后感染答案：E4. 麻醉中监测中，以下哪项是必要的？A. 血压B. 心率C. 呼吸D. 体温E. 以上都是答案：E5. 以下哪种药物是常用的肌肉松弛药？A. 阿托品B. 肾上腺素C. 琥珀胆碱D. 地塞米松E. 吗啡答案：C二、多选题6. 麻醉前准备包括以下哪些内容？A. 病史收集B. 体格检查C. 实验室检查D. 心理辅导E. 麻醉计划制定答案：ABCDE7. 麻醉中可能出现的并发症包括哪些？A. 呼吸道梗阻B. 低血压C. 心律失常D. 恶心呕吐E. 术后认知功能障碍答案：ABCDE8. 麻醉后恢复室（PACU）的监测内容包括？A. 意识水平B. 呼吸功能C. 循环功能D. 疼痛评估E. 神经功能答案：ABCDE9. 以下哪些因素可能影响麻醉药物的分布和代谢？A. 年龄B. 体重C. 肝肾功能D. 药物相互作用E. 患者的体温答案：ABCDE10. 麻醉中可能需要紧急处理的情况包括？A. 心跳骤停B. 严重过敏反应C. 恶性高热D. 呼吸道痉挛E. 急性肺水肿答案：ABCDE三、判断题11. 所有患者在接受麻醉前都需要进行空腹，以减少呕吐和误吸的风险。
（对/错）答案：错12. 局部麻醉药可以完全避免全身麻醉的并发症。
（对/错）答案：错13. 麻醉中使用肌肉松弛药可以减少手术操作的难度，但不会减少麻醉药物的使用量。
（对/错）答案：错14. 麻醉后恢复室（PACU）是患者从麻醉状态恢复到清醒状态的重要场所。
（对/错）答案：对15. 麻醉中监测体温是不必要的，因为体温变化对患者影响不大。
各大学麻醉专业考博试题
各大学麻醉专业考博试题协和医科大学，博士入学考试，麻醉试题一、名词解释及简答题（一、名词解释及简答题（33分)FRC （功能余气量）：在平静呼气末，吸气肌处于松弛状态时肺内存留的一部分气量称为功能余气量称为功能余气量,,约占肺总容量的40%。
功能余气量产生与正常量的维持功能余气量产生与正常量的维持,,对机体具有重要的生理学意义2005年华中科技大学同济医学院攻读博士学位入学考试试题麻醉学一：名词解释（一：名词解释（2020分）ICP ICP、、 SIMV SIMV、、 MAC MAC、、 POCD2004年华中科技大学同济医学院攻读博士学位入学考试麻醉学试题一：名词解释（一：名词解释（2020分）呼吸性酸中毒呼吸性酸中毒 meyer-overton meyer-overton 法则法则 PCA PCA PCA 癌性镇痛三级用药阶梯癌性镇痛三级用药阶梯癌性镇痛三级用药阶梯 TOF TOF FRC ETCO2 CO2排除综合症禁闭麻醉一度房室传导综合症2003年华中科技大学同济医学院攻读博士学位入学考试试题麻醉学一、名词解释（每体5分，共25分）1、POCD 2.ischemia preconditioning 3.intraoperative awareness 4. preemptive analgesia 5. CSEA徐州医学院麻醉药理学部分考题：名词解释：药代动力学，药效动力学，ED50，ED95，一室模型，二室模型，Ke0, 安全指数，副作用，后遗效应，效应室，t1/2α,t1/2β,hoffoman 消除，MAC ，静脉即时输注半衰期山大医学院2003年麻醉考研部分试题：脊髓前动脉综合症，PCVA,VAS,常见麻醉肌松药，全麻并发症，常见吸入麻醉药，PCA 需要医生设置的参数，控制性降压2003年中南大学湘雅医学院附二院麻醉博士专业基础病生试题1.1.选择题（略）选择题（略）选择题（略）2020分2.2.名词解释：名词解释：名词解释：pump-leak mechanism;general adaption syndrome;myocardial depressant pump-leak mechanism;general adaption syndrome;myocardial depressant复旦医学院和首医的麻醉题：简答、问答、病例分析、名解：简答、问答、病例分析、名解术中低血压、低氧血症的原因，低氧血症的原因，麻醉机漏气的检查方法，麻醉机漏气的检查方法，麻醉机漏气的检查方法，画出麻醉机的呼吸回路并指出机械画出麻醉机的呼吸回路并指出机械死腔的位置，呼吸囊向上、向下运动的优缺点，控制性降压的并发症，死腔的位置，呼吸囊向上、向下运动的优缺点，控制性降压的并发症，局麻药的机理和药理局麻药的机理和药理局麻药的机理和药理首医2004年考博题：名解（英文）：diffused anoxia 、 MAC 、TOF 、BIS简答：深静脉穿刺并发症简答：深静脉穿刺并发症老年胸科手术麻醉注意事项老年胸科手术麻醉注意事项单侧通气适应症单侧通气适应症首医99年硕士麻醉题（名解+问答）1硬膜外麻醉2突触3缺氧4双盲药物实验5吸入麻醉6PCA 1何谓血浆胶体渗透压和血浆晶体渗透压，各有何作用？2气管插管后判断导管是否位于气管内的常用方法有哪些？3、应用呼吸机正压通气的相对禁忌症有哪些？4、局麻药的主要不良反应？5、全麻后呼吸系统的并发症有哪些？、全麻后呼吸系统的并发症有哪些？北医1997麻醉硕士1低血钾的常见原因和临床表现？2、输血的并发症？3、休克的常见继发性内脏器官损害？休克的常见继发性内脏器官损害？4、什麽是MAC ？例举三种常用药的MAC 值？5、气管插管的优点及并发症？、气管插管的优点及并发症？北医1999硕士麻醉1何谓低氧血症？麻醉中低氧血症的原因？2、MAC 定义？与何分配系数有关？定义？与何分配系数有关？举例说明。
2019年苏州大学博士研究生入学考试考博英语真题及参考答案
苏州大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题及参考答案PAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD. tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, whichshould be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, andI earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment,I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART Ⅱ CLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for Valentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On Valentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reasonable for men to beindulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the National Confectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented Valentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’ producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is nowa nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART Ⅲ READING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campuswide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted to limited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smok ing on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providingreimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentuckymainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The a uthor’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage TwoThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us onceagain. Millions of children sit down to SATs, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SATs, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’ A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests atheart may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side points to indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SATs is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famedguest quarters named for President Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said,“and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in good, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplicityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New York Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New York and the country’s vice president under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental inestablishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the Virgin Islands, Vermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots. Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers had included parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandf ather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “ _________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades of the 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given topreserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key part of a cyclorama’s optical i llusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefield visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected in many art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. in 2003D. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’sGettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuadevoters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke.67The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose。
麻醉专业笔试题目及参考答案
麻醉专业笔试题目及参考答案面试题的目的是帮助麻醉专业求职者获得面试机会。
下面是由小编整理而成的麻醉专业面试题，谢谢你的阅读。
麻醉专业面试题(一)1 麻醉前检诊的目的包括哪几个方面?答：包括三个方面：(1)获得有关病史、体格检查、实验室检查、特殊检查和病人精神状态的资料以及拟行手术的情况，进行分析和判断，以完善术前准备并制定合适的麻醉方案;(2)指导病人配合麻醉，回答有关问题，解除病人的焦虑和恐惧，取得病人的同意和信任;(3)根据病人的具体情况，就麻醉和手术的风险以及如何配合与手术医师取得共识。
2 简述对病人病情和体格情况评估的ASA分级标准? 答：根据ASA标准将病人分为五级：1级：病人的重要器官、系统功能正常，对麻醉和手术耐受良好，正常情况下没有什么风险;2级：有轻微系统性疾病，重要器官有轻度病变，但代偿功能健全。
对一般麻醉和手术可以耐受，风险较小;3级：有严重系统性疾病，重要器官功能受损，但仍在代偿范围内。
行动受限，但未丧失工作能力。
施行麻醉和手术有一定的顾虑和风险;4级：有严重系统性疾病，重要器官病变严重，功能代偿不全，已丧失工作能力，经常面临对其生命安全的威胁。
施行麻醉和手术均有危险，风险很大;5级：病情危重、濒临死亡，手术是孤注一掷。
麻醉和手术异常危险。
3 何谓屏气试验?答：屏气试验是一种简易的床旁测试病人肺功能的方法，先让病人作数次深呼吸，然后让病人在深吸气后屏住呼吸，记录其能屏住呼吸的时间。
一般以屏气时间在30秒以上为正常。
4 何谓吹气试验?答：吹气试验是一种简易的床旁测试病人肺功能的方法，让病人在尽量深吸气后作最大呼气，若呼气时间不超过3秒，示用力肺活量基本正常。
如呼气时间超过5秒，表示存在阻塞性通气障碍。
5 何谓吹火柴试验?其临床指导意义如何?答：吹火柴试验是指用点燃的纸型火柴举于距病人口部15cm处，让病人吹灭之，它是一种简易的床旁测试病人肺功能的方法，如不能被吹灭，可以估计病人的FEV1.0/FVC% <60%，第1秒用力肺活量<1.6L，最大通气量<50L。
麻醉考试题库及答案
麻醉考试题库及答案一、单选题1. 麻醉学是研究什么的科学？A. 麻醉药物B. 麻醉方法C. 麻醉设备D. 麻醉机制及临床麻醉实践答案：D2. 麻醉的分类不包括以下哪一项？A. 全身麻醉B. 局部麻醉C. 椎管内麻醉D. 睡眠麻醉答案：D3. 以下哪个药物不属于吸入麻醉药？A. 异氟醚B. 七氟醚C. 氯胺酮D. 丙泊酚答案：D4. 麻醉前评估中，以下哪项不是必须进行的？A. 病史询问B. 体格检查C. 心电图检查D. 实验室检查答案：C5. 麻醉机的组成部分不包括以下哪一项？A. 蒸发器B. 呼吸回路C. 氧气瓶D. 麻醉监测仪答案：C二、多选题1. 麻醉中可能出现的并发症包括以下哪些？A. 低血压B. 高血压C. 心律失常D. 呼吸抑制答案：A B C D2. 麻醉前准备包括以下哪些内容？A. 禁食B. 禁水C. 术前用药D. 心理辅导答案：A B C D3. 以下哪些药物可用于局部麻醉？A. 利多卡因B. 布比卡因C. 氯胺酮D. 罗哌卡因答案：A B D三、判断题1. 麻醉医生在手术过程中不需要监测病人的生命体征。
答案：错误2. 椎管内麻醉包括硬膜外麻醉和腰麻。
答案：正确3. 麻醉药物的副作用是不可避免的。
答案：错误4. 麻醉复苏室是手术后病人恢复意识和生命体征稳定的场所。
答案：正确5. 麻醉医生在手术中只负责给药，不需要进行其他操作。
答案：错误四、简答题1. 简述麻醉前评估的重要性。
答案：麻醉前评估是确保病人安全的重要步骤，通过评估可以了解病人的健康状况，预测麻醉风险，制定合适的麻醉方案，预防和处理可能出现的并发症。
2. 描述麻醉机的基本工作原理。
答案：麻醉机通过控制吸入麻醉药的浓度和氧气流量，将麻醉药物和氧气混合后输送给病人，以维持病人在手术过程中的麻醉状态。
五、案例分析题1. 病人，男性，45岁，体重80kg，拟行胆囊切除术。
术前检查发现病人有高血压病史，平时服用降压药控制血压。
请分析麻醉前需要做哪些准备？答案：麻醉前需要对病人进行详细的病史询问，了解高血压的控制情况和用药情况。
苏州大学病理学2019年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
苏州大学பைடு நூலகம்
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
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一、论述题（100分） 1.精准医学概念，结合临床相关专业从病理学角度谈一谈精准医学的诊疗思路及应用 2. 肿瘤命名的原则并举例详细说明 3.良恶性肿瘤区别并结合临床举例说明 4. 炎症的类型及相关病理特点并举例说明 5. 生物标志物的概念，并结合临床相关专业生物标志物阐述其在疾病中的应用及预后的作用
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医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
麻醉专业考试题及答案大全
麻醉专业考试题及答案大全一、单选题（每题2分，共20题）1. 麻醉学中，下列哪项是全身麻醉的基本组成部分？A. 镇静B. 镇痛C. 肌松D. 以上都是答案：D2. 吸入麻醉药的麻醉强度如何划分？A. 以MAC值划分B. 以MAC值的倒数划分C. 以MAC值的平方划分D. 以MAC值的立方划分答案：A3. 麻醉前评估中，下列哪项不是必要的？A. 病史采集B. 体格检查C. 心电图检查D. 血型鉴定答案：D4. 硬膜外麻醉时，下列哪项是正确的？A. 穿刺针进入硬膜外腔后，患者会感到剧烈疼痛B. 穿刺针进入硬膜外腔后，患者不应感到疼痛C. 穿刺针进入硬膜外腔后，患者会感到轻微刺痛D. 穿刺针进入硬膜外腔后，患者会感到麻木答案：B5. 全身麻醉中，维持麻醉的常用药物不包括以下哪项？A. 丙泊酚B. 七氟醚C. 利多卡因D. 瑞芬太尼答案：C6. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后恶心呕吐的常用药物？A. 地塞米松B. 甲氧氯普胺C. 阿托品D. 利多卡因答案：B7. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后认知功能障碍的常用药物？A. 地塞米松B. 丙泊酚C. 利多卡因D. 阿托品答案：B8. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后深静脉血栓的常用药物？A. 低分子量肝素B. 华法林C. 阿司匹林D. 甲氧氯普胺答案：A9. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后肺部感染的常用措施？A. 机械通气B. 抗生素预防C. 胸部物理治疗D. 以上都是答案：D10. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后尿潴留的常用措施？A. 留置导尿管B. 膀胱压监测C. 利尿剂D. 以上都是答案：D11. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后疼痛的常用药物？A. 非甾体抗炎药B. 阿片类药物C. 局部麻醉药D. 以上都是答案：D12. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后低体温的常用措施？A. 保温毯B. 加热器C. 暖风机D. 以上都是答案：D13. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后高血糖的常用措施？A. 胰岛素B. 口服降糖药C. 饮食控制D. 以上都是答案：D14. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后低血压的常用药物？A. 多巴胺B. 去甲肾上腺素C. 麻黄碱D. 以上都是答案：D15. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后心律失常的常用药物？A. 利多卡因B. 普鲁卡因胺C. 美托洛尔D. 以上都是答案：D16. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后谵妄的常用药物？A. 氟哌啶醇B. 地西泮C. 氯氮平D. 以上都是答案：D17. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后感染的常用措施？A. 抗生素预防B. 无菌操作C. 预防性切口冲洗D. 以上都是答案：D18. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后血栓栓塞的常用药物？A. 低分子量肝素B. 华法林C. 阿司匹林D. 以上都是答案：D19. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后出血的常用措施？A. 抗纤溶药物B. 止血带C. 电凝D. 以上都是答案：D20. 麻醉中，下列哪项是预防术后恶心呕吐的常用药物？A. 甲氧氯普胺B. 地塞米松C. 奥美拉唑D. 以上都是答案：D二、多选题（每题3分，共10题，少选得1分，错。
苏州大学2019年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生答题须知Part L Listening Comprehension ( 25％)Section A: Spot DictationDirections: In this section, you are going to hear a passage. The passage will he read only once. As you listen to the passage, fill in the blanks with the words you hear. After the passage, there will be a 3-minute pause. During the pause, you must write the words on the Answer Sheet.A recent university research project investigated the attitudes of postgraduate science students (1)____the learning of English vocabulary. The results were urprising. I'll (2) ____three of them.firstly, most of the stcrdeaats think that (3) ____every word ill English has just one meaning. This is, of course:, completely (4) ____to the facts. A glance at any English dictionary will show this. The student will (5) ____find seven or eight meanings listed for (6) ____simple' words.Why, then, have these students made such a mistake:' One reason irnay be that they're .ill (7) ____. students. Scientists try to use words ill their special subject which have one meaning, and one meaning only. Another reason., of course,could be the way in Which these Student, Were They may have used vocabulary lists when they first learner English. (M one side of the page is the word in Iaaglish-, on the other sloe, a single \ti'ord in the (Q) native language.'l°he second attitude that (10) ____from the findings isequally mistaken. (11) ____all the students think that every word in English has an exact (12)____equivalent. Again, this is far from the trijth. Sometimes one word in Iinglish can only be translated by a (13) ____in the student's native languial c. "there are other (l4) ____ill translation which we won't mention here. (:ertainly the idea of a one word for one word translation (15) ____is completely false. Translation machines, which tried to work on this (16) ____failed completely.The third result'of the investigation showed another (17) ____in the students' thinking. They believe that as soon as they know the meaning of a word, they're in a (18) ____to use it correctly. This is untrue for any language but is perhaps particularly (19) ____for English. The student has to learn when to use a word as well as to know what it means. Some words in English mean almost the same but they can only be used in certain situations.What, then, is the best way to increase one's vocabulary? This can be answered in threewords-observation, (20) ____and repetition.Section B: Multiple ChoiceDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. At the end of the passage, you will hear S questions. The passage and the question will be read only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then write your choice on the Answer Slicet.21. A) It had no efFect on living cells. 13) It had effects on living cells. C) It had effects only on children.I)) It had effects only on adults.22. A) An increasing number of cancers in children.I3) A link between an electric current and the energy fold.C) A causal link between the power-line or device and the energy field.1)) A Small increased chance ofcancer in children living near electric power-line.23. A) 446. 13) 464. C ) 223. 1))234.24. A) Because he doesn't have enough evidence.R) Because other scientists have not studied his results yet. C.) Because he discovered nodirect link between disease and electricity.D) Because the link between cancer and electricity has not yet beenproved.25. A) Health and environment.B) Electric current and the energy field. C) Electricity and cancer.D) Electrical workers and cancer.Section C: Question and AnswerDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage. The passage will be read only once. Then try to answer the following questions according to what you have heard. Remember you should write your answer on the Answer Sheet.26. Why aren't most new doctors interested in beginning work in a small town?27. Why do many small town doctors work long hours? 28. What is the growing problem in theUnited States? 29. How many new doctors did the National Health Service Corps produce in 1979?30. Whom did a hospital in Parkersprary offer a reward o€ 5,000 dollar to?Part 11[. Vocabulary (20%),Directions: In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.31. To qualify for such a position, the native would first have to receive specialized training, and thisis____A) refused B) discouragedC) denied D) forbidden32. The little girl wore a very thin coat. A sudden gust of cold wind made her____A) whirl B) shiftC) shiver D) shake33. Presently, there are nine teachers in my team, who have____the task of teaching advanced English tomore than 500 non-English majors.A) inclined B) hesitatedC) afforded D) undertaken34. The press demands that politicians____the sources of their income.A) betray B) concealC) disclose D) renew35. Having gone through all kinds of hardships in life, he became a m with a strong____A) philosophy B) idealismC) morality D) personality36. One new____to learning a foreign language is to study the language in its cultural context.A) approach B) solutionC) manner D) road37. To maintain public____is not only the policemen's duty but f every citizen's responsibility.A) custom B) confidenceC) security D) simplicity38. All was dark in the district except for a candle____through th curtains in one of houses.A) glimmering B)glitteringC) flaming D) blazing39. One of the stands____and dozens of people were either killer or injured.A) destroyed B) collapsedC) corroded D) ruined40. "Me, afraid of him?" he said with a(n) ____smile, "Not me!"A) contemptible B) amusingC) contagious D) contemptuous41. He will simply no listen to anybody; he is____to argument.A) impervious B) imperceptibleC) impassable D) blunt42. Stop asking all these personal questions! It is bad manners to beA) inquisitive B) impatientC) acquisitive D) informative43. He____between life and death for a few days but then he pul:A) hovered B) lurchedC) wavered D) fluctuated44. We are prepared to satisfy all your____claimA} legitimate B) legibleC) intimate D) legislative45. There is not a Greek word which is the exact____of the English word ' stile'.A) equivalent B) copyC) counterpart D) meaning46. The prizes will be____at the end of the school year.A) distributed B) attributedC) granted D) contributed47. During our stay in Paris we were splendidly____by the Italian Ambassador.A) sustained B) maintainedC) retained D) entertained48. On leaving, we thanked him most warmly for the hospitality____to us and our friends.A) extended B) expandedC) expended D) awarded49. If the dispute is not settled in a(n) ____ way soon, the two countries will certainly go to war.A) amiable B) amicableC) inimical D) unfriendly50, If I may be so____as to advise you, my opinion is that you should not reply to his letter.A) generous B) humbleC) proud D) bold51. If you take a(n) ____course like her you can learn English in less than two years.A) intensive B) extensiveC) expansive D) retentive52. After a year's hard work I think I am____to a long holiday. 10,A) entailed B) deservedC) entitled D) satisfied53. Thousands of people____from Greece every year to work in West Germany.A) emigrate B) leaveC) abandon D) immigrate54, lie was a member of the Hillary____that conquered MountEverest.A) mission B) invasionC) experiment D) expedition55. It was my sad duty to____the news of John's death to his family.A) submit B) breakC) say D) proclaim56. He____himself as a war correspondent in Vietnam.A) discerned B) distinguishedC) discriminated D) extinguished57. She____his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A) inclined B) declinedC) denied D) disinclined58. He was____with attempted robbery and held in custody..A) accused B) prosecutedC) charged D) arrested59. What the witness said in court was not____with the statement he made to the police.A) prevalent B) relevantC) consistent D) coincident60. Molly has always beep a(n) ____child; she becomes ill easily.A) delicate B) gloomyC) energetic D) confident61. There are some very beautifully____glass windows in the church.A) designed B) drawnC) marked D) stained62. The man who never tries anything new is a(n) ____on the wheels of progress.A) obstacle B) brakeC) break D) block63. There is a sale at Hamfridge's next week with____in all departments.A) decreases B) subtractionsC) reductions D) accounts64. Doctors have long known that if a patient is____that he will recover and is treated with sympathy, his painwill often disappear.A) assumed B) assuredC) informed D) proved65: Although most birds have only a____sense of smell, they have acute vision.A} genuine.B) negativeC) negligible D) condensed66. We are sorry to say that Mary is not the very person who can be____with either money or secret information.A）entrusted B) committedC)consigned D) assigned67. If you never review your lessons, you will only have yourself to____if you fail in your examination.A) complain B) blameC) mistake D) fault68. We were four scores left behind with five minutes to go, so the game looked completely____A) irresistible B) irremissibleC} irreplaceable D) irretrievable69. Had the explosion broken out, the passagers in the plane should have been killed, for it was____timedwith the plane's take-off.A) spontaneously B) instantaneouslyC} simultaneously D) conscientiously70. The two witnesses who saw the shootings were able to____who hard fired first.A) encounter B) highlightC} testify D) identifyPart III. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes, 30 points)Directions: There are 6 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and write your answer on the Answer Sheet.One day in 1963, a dolphin named Elvar and a famous astronomer, Carl Sagan, were playing a little game. The astronomer was visiting an institute which was looking into the way dolphins communicate witheach other. He was standing a t the edge of one of the tanks where several of these highly intelligent, friendly creatures were kept. Elvar had just swum up alongside hiui,and had turned on his back. He wanted Sagan to scratch his stomach again, as the astronomer had done twice before. But this time Elvar was too deep in the water for Sagan to reach him. Elvar looked up at Sagan, waiting. Then, after a minute or so, the dolphin leapt up through the water into the air and made a sound just like the word `More?'The astonished astronomer went -to the director of the institute and told him about the incident.`Oh, yes: That's one of the words he knows,' the director said, showing no surprise at all.Dolphins have bigger brains in proportion to their body size than humans have, andit has been known for a long time that they can make a number o€ sounds. What is more, these sounds seem to have different functions, such as warning each other of danger. Sound travels much faster ,and much further in water than it does in air. That is why the parts of the brain that deal with sound are much better developed in dolphins than in humans. But can it be said that dolphins have a `language' in the real sense of the word? Scientists don't agree on this.A language is not just a collection of sounds, or even words. A language has a structure, or what we call a grammar. The grammar of a language helps to give it meaning. For example, the two questions `Who loves Mary?' and `Who does Mary love?' mean different things. If you stop to think about it, you will see that this difference doesn't come from the words in the question but from the difference in structure. That is why the question `Can dolphins speak?' can't be answered until we find out if dolphins not only make sounds but also arrange them in ways which affect their meaning.71. The dolphin leapt into the air becauseA) Sagan had turned his backB) it was part of the game they were playingC) he wanted Sagan to scratch him againD) Sagan wanted him to do this72. When Sagan told the director about what the dolphin had done, the directorA) didn't seem to think it was unusualB) thought Sagan was jokingC) told Sagan about other words the dolphin knewD) asked him if he knew other words73. Dolphins' brains are particularly well-developed toA) help them to travel fast in waterB) arrange sounds in different structuresC) respond to different kinds of soundD) communicate with humans through sound74. The sounds we call words can be called a language only ifA) each sound has a different meaningB) each sound is different from the otherC) there is a system of writingD) they have a structure or grammar（2）Married people live "happily ever after" in fairy tales, but they do so less and less often in real life. 1, like many of my friends, got married, divorced, and remarried. I suppose, to some people, I'm a failure. After all, I broke my first solemn promise to "love and cherish until death us do part." But I feel that I'm finally a success. I learned from the mistakes I made in my first marriage. This time around, the ways my husband and I share our free time, make decisions, and deal with problems are very different.I learned, first of all, not to be a clinging vine (依赖男子的妇女) . In my first marriage, I felt the every moment we spent apart was wasted. If Ray wanted to go out to a bar with his friends to watch a football game, I felt rejected and talked him into staying home. I wouldn't accept an offer to go to a movie or join an exercise class it' it meant that Ray would be home alone. I realize now that we were often angry with each other just because we spent too much time together. In contrast, my second husband and I spend some of our tree time apart and try to have interests of our own. I have started playing racquetball at a health club, and Davidsometimes takes off to go to the local auto races with his friends. When we are together, we aren't bored with each other; our separate interests make us more interesting people.I learned not only to be apart sometimes but also to work together when it's time to make decisions. When Ray and I were married, I left all the important decisions to him. He decided how we would spend money, whether we should sell the car or fix it, and where to take a vacation. I know now that I went along with this so that I wouldn't have to take the responsibility when things went wrong. I could always end an argument by saying, "It was your fault!" With my second marriage, I am trying to be a full partner. We ask each other's opinions on major decisions and try to compromise if we disagree. If we make the wrong choice, we're equally guilty. When we rented an apartment, for example, we both had to take the blame for not noticing the drafty windows and the "no pets" clause in our lease.Maybe the most important thing I've learned is to be a grown-up about facing problems. David and i have made a vow to face our troubles like adults. If we're mad at each other or worried and upset, we say how we feel. Rather than hide behind our own misery, we talk about the problem until we discover how to fix it. Everybody argues or has to deal with the occasional crisis, but Ray and I always reacted like children to these stormy times. I would lock myself in the spare bedroom. Ray would stalk out of the house, slam the door, and race off in the car. Then I would cry and worry till he returned.I wish that my first marriage hadn't been the place where I learned how to make a relationship work, but at least I did learn. 1 feel better now about being an independent person, about making decisions, and about facing problems. My second marriage isn't perfect, but it doesn't have the deep flaws that made the first one fall apart.75. Which of the following has contributed to the writer's divorce?A) Her former husband went out to watch football games.B) She started to play racquetball at a health club.C) They spent too much time together and got bored with each other.D) They spent so little time together that they could not talk to each other.76. It can be learned from the passage that the writer, in her first marriage,A) took less responsibility than she should for major decisionB) tool: the same responsibility as her husbandC) took more blame when things went wrongD) felt equally guilty when things went wrong77. Which of the following that the author should have said when she quarrelled with her former husband but she did not.A) "It was your fault!"B) "Maybe you're right."C) "It's none of your business."D) "It's none of my business."78. All the problems between the writer and David can be resolved becauseA) they hide their feelingsB) they lock themselves in their bedroomC) they have promised not to be mad at each otherD) they dare to face them79, The writer's second marriage is different from the first one in all the following ways except A) that they share their free timeB) that they make their decisions togetherC) that they talk to each otherD) that they deal with their troubles together80. The best title for the passage isA) First MarriageB) Second MarriageC) DivorceD) Perfect Marriage（3）Classified Advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as "Help Wanted", "Real Estate," "Lost and Found" are made, the rate charged being less than that for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who, is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertiser may, on this account, use a very small advertisement that would be lost if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper.It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely to much extent on display type to get the reader's attention.Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is vying with others in the same group for the reader's attention. In many cases the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way the classified advertisement has in reality become a display advertisement. This is particularly true of realestate advertising.81. Classified advertising is different to display advertising becauseA) all advertisements of a certain type are grouped togetherB) it is more distinguishedC) it is more expensiveD) nowadays the classified advertisements are all of the same size82. One of the examples given of types of classified advertisement isA) house for saleB) people who are asking for helpC) people who are lostD) real antiques for sale83. What sort of attitude do people have when they look at classified advertisements, according to thewriter?A) They are in the frame of mind to buy anything.B) They are looking for something they need.C) They feel lost because there are so many advertisements.D) They feel the same as when they look at display advertisements.84. What does the writer say about the classified advertisements that used to be put in the papers?A) They used to be voluntary.B) They used to use display type.C) They were all the same size.D) They were more formal.85. Why have classified advertisements changed in appearance, according to the writer?A) Because people no longer want headlines and pictures.B) Because real estate advertising is particularly truthful now.C）Because the increase in the number of such advertisements means they have to be smaller now.D) Because there are more advertisements now and more competition amongst advertisers. .（4）Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, came in from the adjoining store and briskly cleaned the blackboard. He was a retired African sergeant from the Army Medical Corps and was feared by the boys. If he caught any of them in any petty thieving, he offered them the choice of a hard smack on the bottom or of being reported to the science masters. Most boys chose the former as they knew the matter would end there with no long interviews, moral arguments and an entry in the conduct book.The science master, a man called Vernier, stepped in and stood on his small platform. Vernier set the experiments for the day and demonstrated them, then retired behind the "Church Times" which he read seriously in between walking quickly along the rows of laboratory benches, advising boys. It was a simple heat experiment to show that a dark surface gave out more heat by radiation than a bright surface.During the class, Vernier was called away to the telephone and Abu was not about, having retired to the lavatory for a smoke. As soon as a posted guard announced that he was out of sight, minor pandemonium ('N k) broke out. Some of the boys raided the store. The wealthier ones took rubber tubing to make catapults and to repair bicycles, and helped themselves to chemicals for developing photographic films. The poorer boys, with a more determined aim, took only things of strict commercial interst which could be sold easily in the market. They emptied stuff into bottles in their pockets. Soda for making soap, magnesium sulphate for opening medicine, salt for cooking, liquid paraffin for women's hairdressing, and fine yellow iodoform powder much in demand for sprinkling on sores. Kojo objected mildly to all this. "Oh, shut up!" a few boys said. Sorie, a huge boy who always wore a fez indoors, commanded respect and some leadership in the class. He was gently drinking his favourite mixture of diluted alcohol and bicarbonate----which he called "gin and fizz"----from a beaker. "Look here, Kojo, you are getting out of hand. What do you think our parents pay taxes and school fees for? For us to enjoy----or to buy a new car every year for Simpson? " The other boys laughed. Simpson was the European headmaster, feared by the small boys, adored by the boys in the middle school, and liked, in a critical fashion, with reservations, by some of the senior boys and African masters. He had a passion for new motor-cars, buying one yearly."Come to think of it," Sorie continued to Kojo, "you must take something yourself, then we'll know we are safe," "Yes, you must," the other boys insisted. Kojo gave in and, unwillingly, took a little nitrate for some gunpowder experiments which he was carrying out at home. "Someone!" the look-out called.The boys ran back to their seats in a moment. Sorie washed out his mouth, at the sink with some water.Mr Abu, the laboratory attendant, entered and observed the innocent expression on the faces of thewhole class. He looked round fiercely and suspiciously, and then sniffed the air. It was a physicsexperiment, but the place smelled chemical. However, Vemier came in then. After asking if anyonewas in difficulties, and finding that no one could in a moment think up anything, he retired to hischair and settled down to an article on Christian reunion.86, The boys were afraid of Mr Abu becauseA) he had been an Army sergeant and had military ideas of disciplineB) he reported them to the Science masters whenever he caught them petty thievingC) he was cruelD) he believed in strict discipline87. When the boys were caught petty thieving, they usually chose to be beaten by Mr Abu becauseA) he gave them only one hard smack instead of the six from their teachersB) they did not want to get a bad reputation with their teachersC) they were afraid of their science mastersD) his punishment was quicker than their teachers'88. Some boys took chemicals like soda and iodoform powder becauseA) they liked to set up stalls in the marked and sell things, like tradersB) they were too poor to buy things like soap and medicineC) they wanted money and could sell such things quicklyD) they needed things like soap and medicine for sores89. A big difference between Kojo and Sorie was thatA) Kojo took chemicals for some useful experiment but Sorie only wasted his in making an alcoholicdrink.B) Sorie was rich but Kojo was poorC) Kojo had a guilty conscience but Sorie did notD) when Kojo objected. Sorie proved that what they were doing was reasonable90. On entering the laboratory, Mr Abu was immediately suspicious becauseA) the whole class was looking so innocentB) he was a suspicious man by natureC) there was no teacher in the roomD) he could smell chemicals and he knew it was a physics lesson ,（5）Alison closed the door of her small flat and put down her briefcase. As usual, she had brought some work home from the travel agency. She wanted to have a quick bite to eat and then, after spending a few hours working, she was looking forward to watching television or listening to some music:.She was just about to start preparing her dinner when there was a knock at the door. `Uli, no! Who on earth could that be?' she muttered to herself. She went to the door and opened it just wide enough to see who it was. A man of about sixty was standing there. It took her a moment before she realized who he was. He lived in the flat below. They had passed each other on the stairs once or twice, and had nodded to each other but never really spoken.`Uh, sorry to bother you, but ...uh...there's something I'd like to talk to you about,' he mumbled. He had a long, thin face and two big front teeth that made him look rather like a rabbit. Alison hesitated, but then, opening the door wide, asked him to come in. It was then that she noticed the dog. She hated dogs----particularly big ones. This one was a very old, very fat bulldog. The man had already bone into her small living-room and, without being asked, he sat down on the sofa. The dog followed him in and climbed up on the sofa next to him, breathing heavily. She stared at it. It stared back.The man coughed. `Uh, do you mind if I smoke?' he asked. Before she could ask him not to, he had taken out a cigarette and lit it.`I'll tell you why I've come. I ...I hope you won't be offended but, well ...,' he began and then stopped. Suddenly his face went red. His whole body began to shake. Then another cough exploded from somewhere deep inside him. Still coughing, he took out a grey, dirty-looking handkerchief and spat into it. Afterwards he put the cigarette back into his mouth and inhaled deeply. As he did so, some ash fell on the carpet.The man looked around the room. He seemed to have forgotten what he wanted to say. Alison glanced at her watch and wondered when he would get to the point. She waited.'Nice place you've got here,' he said at last.91. How do you think Alison felt when she heard the knock at the door?A) Afraid .B) Irritated.C) Pleased. D) Curious.92. Who was the man at the door?A) Someone from work.。
麻醉学习题及参考答案1
麻醉学习题及参考答案1第1章绪论一、选择题A型题1．乙醚于哪年应用于临床麻醉？A．1540B．1780C．1840D．1845E．1846二、填空题1．近代麻醉学的发展可以分为（）（）（）三个彼此衔接又各具特征的重要阶段。
三．名词解释1．麻醉2．镇痛3．麻醉学四、简答题1．近代麻醉学的几个发展阶段?五、论述题1．麻醉学专业的任务与范围?参考答案一、选择题A型题1．E二、填空题1．麻醉临床麻醉学麻醉与危重病医学三．名词解释1．运用药物或其他方式令人体局部或全身暂时失去感觉。
2．运用药物或其他方式使病人减轻或消除疼痛。
3．是一门研究临床麻醉．生命性能调控．重症监测医治和疼痛诊疗的科学。
四、简答题1．近代麻醉学的发展可以分为麻醉．临床麻醉学．麻醉与危重病医学三个彼此衔接又各具特征的重要阶段。
五、论述题1．麻醉学专业的任务与范围包括：（1）临床麻醉学；（2）急救与苏醒；（3）危重病医学；（4）疼痛诊治及其机制的研究；（5）其他任务。
第2章麻醉前对病情的评估一、选择题A型题1．麻醉前病情评估的主要目的是A．熟悉病人以防发生麻醉错误B．与病人成立情感，获抱病人信赖C．了解手术方式D．了解病人对麻醉手术的耐受力E．肯定麻醉方案2．有关患者术前状况，以下叙述哪项正确A．体温上升常表示体内存在炎症，一般均耐药量大B．年龄小于3个月的婴儿，术前Hb应超过80g/ LC．基础代谢率可明显影响麻醉药用量和麻醉耐受性D．超过标准体重10％以上者，镇痛剂量比一般人小E．尿蛋白阳性提示泌尿系统存在炎症3．成人标准体重可按身高（cm）减多少粗略计算A．60B．80C．100D．120E．1404．基础代谢率的正常值是A．一6％～＋6%B．一8％～＋8%C．一10％～＋10%D．一12％～＋12%E．一14％～＋14%5．高血压病人的术前准备，以下哪项正确A．凡舒张压持续超过100mmHg，均给抗高血压药医治B．对舒张压超过110mmHg，抗高血压药医治必需延续得手术日晨C．长期用抗高血压药医治，如血压稳定，术前3天可以停药D，高血压并存心肌缺血者，择期手术应列为禁忌E．单纯慢性高血压患者，对麻醉的耐受力较差6．心肌梗死病人，择期手术应推延到梗死A．2个月以后B．4个月以后C．6个月以后D．8个月以后E．10个月以后7．慢性支气管炎患者的麻醉前准备，哪项一正确A．禁烟至少一周B．适当控制急、慢性肺部感染C．支气管痉挛者，雾化吸入去甲肾上腺素D.麻醉前用药芬太尼比呱替好E．阿托品应待体位引流．咳嗽排痰后再用8．妊妇并发外科疾病，实施限期性手术的一最佳时间是A．怀胎1～3个月B．怀胎3～4个月C. 怀胎4～6个月D．怀胎5～7个月E．生产以后9．对麻醉医生来讲，术前哪项最重要A．现病史B．个人史C．过去史D．既往手术麻醉史E．医治用药史10．临床麻醉工作的目的，哪项是正确的A．消除疼痛B．保证安全C．便利外科手术D．意外情况的预防与处置E．以上全数11．麻醉前对病人的分级，其ASA的意义为A．American Society of AnesthesiologistsB．American Stomatological AssociationC．American Surgical AssociationD．American Standard AssociationE．American Statistical Association12．有关ASA分级与麻醉死亡率哪一项是正确的A．ASAⅠ～II级，麻醉死亡率近1/10000B．ASA III级，麻醉死亡率近28/10000C．ASA IV级，麻醉死亡率近74/10000D．ASA V级，麻醉死亡率近155/10000E．以上都对13．一名50岁的糖尿病病人，每日晨用中性鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素混悬液（NPH) 30单位，拟行急性阑尾炎切除术，应为ASAA．II级B．III级C．IV级D．EII级E．EIV级14．对一名55岁，体重67kg，血压180/100mmHg的女病人计划实施择期胆囊切除术，高血压未经正规医治，其ASA应为A．Ⅰ级B．II级C．Ⅲ级D．E11级E．E III级15．对老年病人术前实验室检查结果最重要的要求是A．血红蛋白正常B．红细胞比积正常C．血容量正常D．低红细胞比积E，低血红蛋白16．麻醉死亡率与以下哪一项有关A．年龄B．病情C．手术种类D．麻醉方式与维持时间E．以上全数17．屏气实验是粗略测定心功能的简单方式，正常人可持续多少秒（s)以上A．15sB．30sC．60sD．90sE．120s18．关于体位与肺通气不足的叙述，其严重程度由重到轻，哪一项是正确的A．深度屈氏体位．头低截石位．俯卧位．侧卧位B．深度屈氏体位．俯卧位．头低截石位．侧卧位C．头低截石位．深度屈氏体位．侧卧位．俯卧位D．俯卧位．深度屈氏体位．头低截石位．侧卧位E．俯卧位．头低截石位．深度屈氏体位．侧卧位19．对心衰病人实施择期手术，最好使心衰控制A．3d以后B．1周以后C．2周以后D．3～4周以后E．1个月以后20．正常人取45℃头低斜坡位时，心脏循环可出现下列哪一项转变A．心率减慢，静脉压升高，脑血流减少B．心率增快，静脉压增高，舒张压上升C．心脏容积增大，收缩压下降，脑静脉压下降D．动静脉血氧差减少，静脉压增高，脑血流增加E．心率增快，心输出量下降，静脉压升高21．有关麻醉后改变体位对病人血压的影响，哪项是正确的A．头高30度，当即出现低血压B．头高30度，当即出现高血压C．头高30度，血压可没有转变D．头低30度，当即出现低血压E．头低30度，血压可无转变22．全麻后（非气管插管时）哪一种体位最为安全A．俯卧位B．俯卧位床尾举高C．仰卧位D．侧卧位床尾举高E．头举高的仰卧位23．从麻醉的观点来看，甲亢最危险的并发症是A．动脉硬化B．心动过速C．心功能代偿不全D．肌肉无力E．对热不能耐受24．拟行全麻的病人，应从哪些方面估价经口插管的难易度A．张口度B．颈部活动度C．下领间隙D．舌／咽的相对大小E．以上全数25．糖尿病患者急诊手术时，最应注意的问题是A．空肚血糖8.33mmol/LB．尿酮体阳性C．尿糖阳性D．空肚血糖11.11 mmol/ LE．常常利用胰岛素26．正常小儿代谢率在什么年龄组最高A．1～2岁B．5～6岁C．8～9岁D．10～12岁E．12～14岁27．关于基础代谢率，下述一项是正确的A．12岁的小儿其基础代谢率比10岁小儿高B．女性比男性的高C．体温每升高1度，基础代谢率增高7％D．兴奋，不安和疼痛时降低E．艾迪生（Addison )病时，基础代谢率增高28．临床上估量小儿体重的方式，哪个公式是正确的A．患儿体重＝年龄×2+3B．患儿体重二年龄×2+4C．患儿体重＝年龄×2+5D．患儿体重＝年龄×2+6E．患儿体重二年龄×2+729．计算基础代谢率（％）可用Read公式一计算，下列哪个是正确的A．基础代谢率（％）二0.75 x每分钟脉率数＋0.74 x脉压一72 B．基础代谢率（％）二0.76 x每分钟脉率数＋0.75 x脉压一73 C．基础代谢率（％）二0.77 x每分钟脉率数＋0.76x脉压一74 D．基础代谢率（％）二0.78 x每分钟脉率数＋0.77x脉压一75 E．基础代谢率（％）二0.79 x每分钟脉率数＋0.78x脉压一76 30．下列哪些情况术前药应给予异丙嗪A．过敏体质的病人B．有糖尿病病人C．有高血压病的病人D．有叶琳症的病人E．肝．肾功能损害者31．下列有关麻醉前用药的叙述中哪项是正确的A.对并发发烧．脱水．心动过速．甲亢的病人多应用阿托品B．支气管哮喘病人术前药应以吗啡为首选药C．对血叶琳症病人术前可安全利用巴比妥类药物D．对老年或有疼痛的病人多利用东莨菪碱E．休克病人麻醉前用药除需吗啡类药物止痛外，多经静脉给予阿托品32．椎管内麻醉术前用阿托品的目的是A．预防呕吐B．减少胃肠道腺体分泌C．减弱迷走神经反射D．减轻内脏牵涉痛E．镇定33．关于麻醉前用药的目的哪项是正确的A．解除焦虑，充分镇定和产生遗忘B．稳定血流动力学和内环境C．提高痛阈，减少麻醉药需求量D．抑制呼吸道腺体分泌，维持呼吸道通畅E．以上全数34．在麻醉前用药中，利用麻醉性镇痛药（吗啡等）的主要目的是A．降低耗氧量B．镇定C．抑制肠管运动D．稳定血压E．止吐35．吗啡作为术前用药时，其对呼吸的作用是A．频率．深度．每分通气量及对二氧化碳的反映均降低B．频率．每分钟气量及对二氧化碳的反映降低，但呼吸深度加深C．呼吸肌痉挛加重D．由于呼吸衰竭而潮气量减少E．肺泡一毛细血管通透性降低36．下列有关地西伴的叙述，哪一项是正确的A．地西泮对局部组织和血管壁有刺激性B．地西泮麻醉前用药口服比肌注效果差C．地西泮作用持续时间短，适用于短小手术D．地西泮与胃复安合历时血药浓度下降，适用于老年人E．地西泮和阿托品合用使地西伴的血药浓度升高，适用于年轻人37．地西泮作为术前用药的主要作用是A．降低麻醉药和催眠药的作用B，避免体位变更时的低血压C．单独应用可避免烦躁不安D．安宁情绪E．作为催眠剂38，在有疼痛存在时，下列哪一种药可引发澹妄和不安A．咪达唑仑B．氯丙嚓C．东莨菪碱D．地西泮E．氟呱利多39．静注吗啡后，对呼吸发生最强烈抑制的时间是在注射后A．1～2minB．3～7minC．15～30minD．30～45minE．60～90min40．关于术前用药的注意事项，下述哪条正确A．老年人一般用量要大些B．小儿按体重，阿托品的用量要比成人小C．即便手术时间推延，也没必要重复给药D．用药后维持安静，但不可疏忽观察E．阿托品的镇定作用比东食若碱强41．以下哪一种因素容易引发误吸的发生A．怀胎B．抽烟C．恶病质D．极度肥胖E．食管裂孔疝42．有关术前禁食，下列哪项是正确的A．成人麻醉前禁食6～8小时B．术前1天午饭后开始禁食以使胃完全排空C．对于妊妇在术前可以饮用清水（＜150m1)D．择期手术术前24小时严禁饮小容量清水E．幼小儿不用禁饮以避免哭闹43．饱食后急诊手术病人选择全麻时，预防误吸的最好办法是A．快速诱导，气管插管B．放置粗大胃管，排空胃内容物C．刺激咽喉，诱发病人呕吐D．待胃排空后再手术E．清醒气管插管44．以下哪项是容易发生吸入性肺炎的条件A．胃内充满胃内容物B．服用抗酸剂C．胃液pH在2.5以下D．胃液量在2ml/ kg以上E．Sellick法（压迫环状软骨45．麻醉前用药中，麻醉性镇痛剂的主要目的是A．降低耗氧量B．镇痛．镇定C．抑制肠管运动D.稳定血压E．止呕46．关于基础代谢率（BMR )，下列哪项正确A．随着年龄的增加，BMR增高B．身高和体重与BMR无关C．同龄组BMR，女性显著高于男性D．体温每升高1 U, BMR增高10%E．恐惧．紧张时BMR降低47．关于麻醉前用药的药理作用，以下叙述哪项正确A．催眠剂量巴比妥类药可产生遗忘和镇定作用B．哌替啶有时可出现“遗忘”呼吸现象C．地西泮可产生解除恐惧．引导睡眠和遗忘作用D．阿托品不能直接兴奋呼吸中枢E．东莨菪碱不产生镇定和遗忘作用48．非药物性解除病人术前焦虑，哪一种最有效A．手术医生耐心的术前解释与安慰B．麻醉医师的术前访视C．给患者阅读《手术简介》小册D．给患者放映麻醉．手术录像E．及早安排手术，缩短患者等待时间49．有关安宁类药的药理作用，下述哪条是正确的A．地西泮的镇定效应约为咪达唑仑的2～4倍B．不会引发呼吸抑制C．咪达唑仑可以引发肌注部位剧痛D．咪达唑仑的代谢产物已无镇定．睡眠活性E．咪达哇仑对心血管系统没有抑制作用50．东莨菪碱和阿托品药理作用的区别，哪条正确A．阿托品的镇定作用强B．东莨菪碱抑制腺体分泌作用强C．阿托品散大瞳孔的作用弱D．东莨菪碱对基础代谢影响大E．阿托品拮抗吗啡的呼吸抑制作用较强51．关于择期手术前病人准备以下哪项不正确A．成人禁食6小时B．乳婴儿术前2～3小时可喂少量糖水C．成人＞60岁应做肺功能评估D．急性上呼吸道感染者，手术应推延至治愈两周后再手术E．成人Hb应不低于80g/L52．关于麻醉用气源，以下哪项不正确A．中心供氧氧压恒定在3. 5 kg/ cm2B．紧缩筒氧压150 kg/cm 2C．紧缩N20筒压满筒时应为52kg/ cm2D．利用N20时，N20逐渐消耗，压力呈逐渐下降E．N20筒压为25 kg/ cm2时应改换新筒53．关于麻醉前医治用药，以下哪一种说法不正确A．服用单胺氧化酶抑制剂，三环类抗抑郁药必需于术前2～3周停药B．行抗凝医治者，应停药3天以上C．抗癫痫药可继续用于手术前D．1个月前有长期服用皮质激素者，术前必需恢复利用E．β-受体阻滞剂对心肌收缩力具有明显抑制作用，麻醉中低血压发生率高，术前应停用54．关于体位与组织血液供给的关系，那项不对A．改变体位对脑血流的影响较少B．头低位时，有利于脑灌注C．麻醉后不论采取何种体位，只要SBP不低于70mmHg, NIAP不低于55mmHg，脑血流可维持正常D．行控制性降压中，体位对脑血流影响显著E．正常人群中约有8％～10％的人发生直立性低血压55．体位改变实验具有临床意义，以下所说哪项不妥A．体位倾斜实验可粗略了解那时缺血量B．控制性降压时，配合体位调节可很好地达到减少手术野出血的目的C．合理安置手术体位，可减少手术麻醉中呼吸循环功能转变D．摆放手术体位必需首先考虑便利手术要求E．平卧位改成直立位时，循环系统反映为外周血管收缩，HR增快56．正确摆放体位可减少并发症，以下哪一种说法不对A．仰卧位时，应头部垫高，维持颈前屈，双上肢伸直置于体侧B．俯卧位时支撑垫上垫应放在肩及胸骨柄处，下垫以骼前上棘及耻骨联合为负重点C．俯卧位颜面支持点就为前额及双颧骨D．侧卧位时，腋下垫软枕E．侧卧位时为防体位改变，可在腹背处对称放置沙袋57．ASA分级可初步判定麻醉耐受力，以下说法哪项错误A．ASA工级麻醉耐受力良好B．ASA II级麻醉有必然危险C．ASA II级麻醉风险较大D．ASA IV, V级麻醉耐受力极差E．如为急诊各级麻醉风险相应增大58．关于心律失常与麻醉危险性关系，以下说明哪些正确A．年龄＜30岁的病人，其偶发房早与室早多为功能性B．单纯左／右束支传导阻滞，无临床症状一般不增加麻醉危险性C．快速性房性心律失常，室率＜80bpm麻醉危险性相应增加D．65岁人的窦性心动过缓，阿托品实验阳性，应考虑为病窦综合征E．II度传导阻滞实施麻醉前应做好心脏起搏准备59．有关术前准备，下述哪项错误A．并存急性上呼吸道感染者，择期手术应推延到治愈1周以后B．过度肥胖者，宜采用清醒气管内插管C．拟行椎管内麻醉者，需常规检查脊柱情况和脊髓功能D．瓣膜病心脏扩大者，对麻醉耐受性好E．拟行神经阻滞麻醉者，应检查局部解剖标志是不是清楚60．有关术前药物医治的准备，下述哪项错误A．洋地黄类药物调整剂量后，应该用至术前B．抗凝医治的病人，术前至少停用抗凝药物3天C．长期服用的中枢神经抑制药，术前应停用D．可依据病情肯定术前是不是继续利用抗高血压药物E．1个月前曾服用较长时间皮质激素者，术前没必要再用61．手术体位对机体生理功能的影响，哪项错误A．对呼吸的影响，主要来自地心引力和机械性干与两方面B．体位改变引发的循环转变，主要与心脏平面以下静脉系内血容量的变较大关系C．随着麻醉的加深，循环系内的血液几乎完全受体位的支配D．麻醉后不论采取何种体位，只要收缩压不低于55mmHg，脑血流仍正常E．麻醉后胃内容物易受体位改变而反流62．关于手术体位的安置，以下哪一种方式不妥A．侧卧位时，在胸腹壁的前后侧挤塞沙袋B．水平仰卧位时，将双臂伸直贴向体侧C．甲状腺手术位时，垫高肩部使头后仰D．截石位时，将双下肢妥帖固定于支腿架上E．坐直位时，将双侧上．下肢用弹力绷带缠绕63．估量术后并发肺功能不全的高度危险性指标，哪项不是A．最大通气量＜50L/minB．VC< 3.0LC．FEVI＜0.5LD．PaO2＜55mmHgE．PaCO2＞45mmHg64．过度肥胖病人的麻醉前准备，哪项不正确A．应检查在水平仰卧位时的呼吸状况B．术前数日内应严格限制饮食减肥C．气管内插管以清醒插管为妥D．应对心脏代偿功能做出全面估量E．继发性肥胖病人，应先实施病因医治65．ASA分级与麻醉手术后的死亡率哪项是错误的A．I级为0.19%B．II级为0.9%C．III级为1.8%D．IV级为7.8%E．V级为9.4%66．有关术后恶心．呕吐的叙述中，下列哪项错误A．恶心，伴或不伴呕吐为术后常见的并发症B．术后恶心．呕吐率女性高于男性C．术后恶心．呕吐与年龄有关，与性别无关D．给予氟哌利多可有效地控制术后呕吐发生率E．术前应用透皮东莨菪碱贴片可减少恶心67．下列有关心功能临床评估哪一项是错误的A．心功能Ⅰ级，屏气实验＞30秒，临床以为心功能正常B．心功能Ⅱ级，屏气实验20～30秒，临床以为心功能较差C．心功能lV级，屏气实验10～20秒，心功能不全D．心功能lV级，屏气实验＜10秒，心功能衰竭E．心功能V级，屏气实验＜5秒，随时有死亡的危险68．术前访视病人除哪项外均应着重了解A．婚姻史B．过去史C．以往麻醉手术史D．医治用药史E．个人史69．怀胎归并外科疾病时是不是能实施麻醉和手术，哪项错误A．必需考虑妊妇和胎儿的双安全性B．怀胎头3个月易致使胎儿畸形或流产，尽可能避免手术C．择期手术可在4个月以后实施D．怀胎4～6个月是手术医治的最佳机会，必要时可实施限期手术E．急症手术在麻醉时充分供氧，避免缺氧和低血压可实施手术70．怀胎归并外科疾病，哪一种不常见A．卵巢瘤B．上消化道穿孔C．食管裂孔疝D．急性阑尾炎E．急性胆囊炎71．有关昏迷的叙述，哪一项是错误的A．存在有哈欠．吞咽等反射动作，提示脑干功能尚无损害B．意识消失．呼吸．瞳孔反映和眼球活动仍正常，提示代谢抑制或药物中毒C．昏迷伴上肢肘部呈屈曲位肌强直者，提示双大脑半球功能障碍，但脑干无损害D．昏迷伴上下肢均呈伸直位肌强直提示双上位脑干结构损害深部大脑半球损害E．昏迷伴癫痛大发作，可能与术前应用麻醉前用药有关72．有关肥胖病人的叙述，哪一项是错误的A．过度肥胖可引发肺活量．深吸气量和呼气储蓄量减少B．肥胖病人中有58％并发高血压C．肥胖伴高血压者易继发冠心病．脑血管意外而卒中D．肥胖病人易并发糖尿病和脂肪肝E．以上全数不正确73．麻醉后改变体位易致使反流，下列哪项错误A．侧卧位较仰卧位容易反流B．仰卧位较侧卧位容易反流C．头低位时最易反流，但误吸的机缘较平卧位少D．麻醉后只要维持腹肌松弛不易引发反流E．麻醉后只要胃内压维持在18cmH2O不易引发反流74．术前准备中，下列哪项处置不正确A．心力衰竭病人需控制3～4周后才实施手术B．常常发作哮喘的病人，可每日3次口服地塞米松0. 75 mgC．肝功能严重损害者，一般不宜实施任何手术D．肾功能重度损害者，只要在有效的透析处置下，仍能安全地耐受手术E．糖尿病病人大手术前，必需将血糖控制到正常，尿糖阴性水平才能手术75．有关手术前准备，下列哪项是错误的A．急性心肌梗死病人3个月内可以实施择期手术B．贫血病人携氧能力差，手术前应少量多次输以新鲜血纠正C．有心房纤颤伴心室率＞100次／min的病人，可用西地兰纠正D．老年病人心动过缓＜50次／min，术前可用阿托品0.5mg肌注E．长期利用低盐饮食和利尿药，易致水电解质平衡失调，术前应纠正76．估计无气管插管困难的饱食患者，行气管内插管时，下述哪个操作不适当A．清醒插管B．环状软骨加压C．快诱导通气时腹部加压以防胃胀气D．缓慢诱导气管插管E．快速诱导气管插管77．关于麻醉前用药哪一种说法是错误的A．甲亢病人须用较大剂量的镇定剂B．高热病人宜用抗胆碱药东蓑若碱C．卟啉病病人应常利用鲁米纳D．体重小于10kg的小儿一般不用镇定E．迷走张力高的病人应常规利用阿托品78．芬太尼与吗啡不同的地方在于A．应用同效镇痛剂量时，抑制呼吸的作用较弱B．不会引发“胸廓木僵”(wooden‘chest）征C．释放组织胺的作用较弱D．应用同效镇痛剂量时，对心血管抑制作用较强E．作历时间比吗啡长79．麻醉前用药的目的以下哪项是错误的A．安宁．镇定．镇痛．抗焦虑和消除恐惧，有利于麻醉实施B．减少术中出血量，降低手术死亡率C．减少腺体分泌，有利于维持呼吸道通畅D．调节自主神经平衡，预防心律失常E．增强麻醉作用，使诱导平稳，减少麻醉药用量80．术前应用洋地黄的相对适应证除外A．有心力衰竭史B．心脏显著扩大C．重症冠心病D．二尖瓣狭小E．肺源性心脏病81．呼吸功能不全、颅内压增高或临产妇女，麻醉前应禁用A．吗啡B．东莨菪碱C．地西泮D．苯巴比妥E．氟哌利多或氟哌啶醇82．有关抗胆碱药，下列哪项叙述是错误的A．各类抗胆碱药都有减少唾液分泌的升效应B．最近几年来术前应用抗胆碱药病例日见减少C．抗胆碱药能预防胃酸误吸危害的效应D．胃长宁引发心动过速．发烧和面红等副作用比阿托品轻E．东莨菪碱更适用于心内直视手术的术前用药83．下列有关麻醉前选用麻醉性镇痛药的说法哪项错误A．可减轻疼痛，减低焦虑，稳定情绪B．控制气管插管时的心血管负反映C．易引发恶心呕吐等副作用D．目前以为应列入麻醉前常规用药E．哌替啶有制止术中或术后肌颤的效果84．单独利用东莨菪碱作术前用药对下列哪一种病人不妥A．急性胆囊炎B．脑血管功能不全C．重症肌无力D．原发性高血压E．猛烈疼痛85．术前应用咪达唑仑的叙述中，哪项错误A．具有镇定．解除焦虑作用B．起效快，作历时间短C．代谢产物无镇定催眠活性D．脂溶性低，不能口服E．对局部组织和静脉无刺激性86．关于麻醉前用药，下述哪项是错误的A．麻醉前在病室内预先给病人利用某些药物，称麻醉前用药B．用药效果一般应以使病人神志消失为原则C．药物的种类和剂量应考虑病人的具体情况D．抗胆碱药作为全麻前用药已列为常规E．将抗组胺药用作麻醉前用药，具不重要价值87．麻醉前给药的合理用药途径，不包括A．口服B．肌注C．静脉给药D．面罩吸入E．气管内88．关于术前焦虑，以下叙述哪项是错误的A．手术前多数病人处于不同程度焦虑状态B．解除焦虑有药物性和非药物性两种方式C．解除焦虑不能单纯依托麻醉前用药而轻忽精神准备D．术前焦虑状态对术后康复没有影响E．术前焦虑状态并非能全数都在手术前解除89．抗高血压药的术前用药原则，哪项正确A．目的之一在于稳定血液动力B．抗高血压药需持续用得手术日晨C．可乐定（clonidine）可以作为术前韦高血压药D．可乐定不能减少麻醉药的需要量E．可乐定具有减弱气管内插管应激云应的功问题90～92某女65岁，拟行择期胆囊摘除术。
新版苏州大学麻醉学考研经验考研参考书考研真题
在我决定考研的那一刻正面临着我人生中的灰暗时期，那时发生的事对当时的我来讲是一个重大的打击，我甚至一再怀疑自己可不可以继续走下去，而就是那个时候我决定考研，让自己进入一个新的阶段，新的人生方向。
那个时刻，很大意义上是想要转移自己的注意力，不再让自己纠结于一件耗费心力和情绪的事情。
而如今，已相隔一年的时间，虽然这一年相当漫长，但在整个人生道路上不过是短短的一个线段。
就在短短的一年中我发现一切都在不知不觉中发生了变化。
曾经让自己大为恼火，让自己费尽心力和心绪的事情现如今不过是弹指的一抹灰尘。
而之所以会有这样的心境变化，我认为，是因为，在备考的这段时间内，我的全身心进入了一个全然自我，不被外界所干扰的心境，日复一日年复一年的做着同样枯燥、琐碎、乏味的事情。
这不正是一种修行吗，若说在初期，只是把自己当作机器一样用以逃避现实生活的灾难的话，但在后期就是真的在这过程中慢慢发生了变化，不知不觉中进入到了忘记自身的状态里。
所以我就终于明白，佛家坐定，参禅为什么会叫作修行了。
本来无一物，何处惹尘埃。
所以经过这一年我不仅在心智上更加成熟，而且也成功上岸。
正如我预期的那样，我开始进入一个新的阶段，有了新的人生方向。
在此，只是想要把我这一年备考过程中的积累的种种干货和经验记录下来，也希望各位看到后能够有所帮助，只不过考研毕竟是大工程，所以本篇内容会比较长，希望大家可以耐心看完，文章结尾会附上我的学习资料供大家下载。
苏州大学麻醉学的初试科目为：(101)思想政治理论(201)英语一(306)临床医学综合能力（西医）参考书目为：《全国硕士研究生招生考试临床医学综合能力(西医)考试大纲》（306西医专硕全国统一考试大纲）《内科学》葛均波、徐永健主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2013年；《诊断学》万学红、卢雪峰主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2013年；《生理学》朱大年、王庭槐主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2013年；《生物化学与分子生物学》查锡良、药立波主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2013年；《病理学》李玉林主编，第八版，人民卫生出版社，2015年。
历年医学考研复试真题——麻醉学
历年医学考研复试真题——麻醉学历年医学考研复试真题——麻醉学1、大连医科大学一.名词解释1.MBT2.补偿性扩容3.Mendelson综合征4.高原脑水肿5.低流量吸入麻醉6.补偿性扩容7.芬太尼的二次高峰（二）简答题1.气道吸引的注意事项2.脑保护的药物3.呼吸道梗阻的临床表现4.肌松药的药效动力学影响（三）论述题1.非住院病人术后呕吐的引发因素及治疗2.影响机体耐受贫血和决定开始输血的情况3.低流量吸入性麻醉的优缺点4.床旁肺功能测试和意义5.影响老年人药物代谢的因素6二氧化碳气腹对于心血管系统的影响7.什么是二氧化碳排除综合征8.goldman评分9.胆道系统手术硬膜外的阻滞平面2018年大连医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.高原脑水肿2.mendelson syndrom3.MBT4.低流量吸入麻醉5.芬太尼的二次高峰（二）简答题1.补偿性扩容2.脑保护的药物3.呼吸道梗阻的临床表现4.影响肌松药药效学的因素5.气道吸引的注意事项（三）论述题1.影响机体耐受贫血和决定开始输血的情况2.非住院病人麻醉后恶心呕吐的引发因素及治疗（四）面试题1.胆道系统手术硬膜外的阻滞平面2.影响老年人药物代谢的因素3.低流量吸入性麻醉的优缺点4.什么是二氧化碳排除综合征5.Goldman评分6.二氧化碳气腹对于心血管系统的影响7.床旁肺功能测试和意义（五）翻译题1.英译汉：和麻醉有关的翻译2.关于心血管部分的文献翻译2018年大连医科大学附二院麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.全身麻醉2.MAC3.TCI4.低流量吸入麻醉5.椎管内麻醉6.全脊麻7.大量输血8.屏气试验9.体重指数10.预充氧（二）简答题1.ASA分级2.困难气道体征3.颈丛麻醉的并发症4.吸入性麻醉药的临床评价5.给病例计算允许失血量6.局麻药中毒的原因7.mallampati分级8.硬膜外麻醉的并发症（三）论述心功能分级及临床意义2011年大连医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.MAC2.MODS3.VAS4.TOF5.仰卧位低血压（二）简答题1.BMI的定义及其标准2.P50含义及其意义3.全麻监测指标4.休克监测指标5.硬膜外麻醉并发症6.气管插管并发症7.ASA分级8.输血并发症（三）论述题请论述《2010年心肺复苏术指南》较2005年的有何进展2007年大连医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）简答题1.MAC2.苏醒延迟3.复合麻醉4.控制性降压5.分离麻醉6.术中知晓7.心肺复苏（二）简答题1.ASA分级2.术中用药的目的3.麻醉的风险因素4.硬膜外麻醉的常见并发症5.局麻药中毒的原因及处理6.心肺脑复苏的措施二、福建医科大学（一）名词解释1.MAC2.低氧血症3.horner综合征4.缺血再灌注损伤（二）简答题1.低钾血症2.喉痉挛3.临床输血指征4.癌痛三阶梯（三）论述题1.局麻药毒性反应2.肾上腺素药理三、贵州医科大学2019年贵州医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）选择题（50个）（二）简答题（5个）1.丙泊酚输注综合征2.2015版心肺复苏进展3.MODS发生机制4.检测气管导管在气管内的方法5.癌痛治疗的原则2017年贵州医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）简答题1.高钾血症和低钾血症的分度2.胸外按压的要点？是否复苏的评价指标？3.急性肾衰少尿期最常见的并发症及其治疗4.自体输血的禁忌症5.全身麻醉的并发症2007年贵州医科大学麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.控制性降压2.脊髓前动脉综合征3.FFP4.TIVA5.Mendlson 综合征（二）简答题1.简述异丙酚的药理作用2.琥珀酰胆碱的不良反应及并发症3.颅内压增高的的处理4.简述气管内插管的并发症（三）论述题1.试述蛛网膜下腔阻滞的术中术后并发症及防治措施2.试述麻醉期间呼吸管理的重要性及基本要点四、华北理工大学2018年华北理工大学麻醉科复试真题（一）名词解释1.靶控输注2.套囊3.甲颏距离4.成分输血5.诱导（二）简答题1.Mallampati分级2.清醒拔管指征3.控制性降压禁忌症4.术后发生恶心呕吐不良反应的原因5.全麻低体温对机体的影响（三）论述题1.插管即时并发症2.确定导管在气管内的方法3.怎样确定神经阻滞的效果4.腰麻的并发症5.当药物剂量和浓度确定时，影响腰麻阻滞间隙的因素2017年华北理工大学麻醉科复试真题（一）名词解释1.气管内插管2.术中知晓3.阻滞平面4.甲颏距离5.全凭静脉麻醉（二）简答题1.麻醉前用药的种类并举例2.神经定位技术3.低温对机体的影响4.心功能测定的方法（三）论述题1.ASA分级2.对气道评估的方法3.丙泊酚的适应症4.氯胺酮的并发症5.双腔支气管导管的定位方法6.腰麻引起恶心呕吐的原因7.麻醉中超声技术的应用8.影响腰麻阻滞平面的因素9.高血压的定义心功能的监测方法五、湖北医药学院2018年湖北医药学院麻醉科复试真题（一）名词解释1.ARDS2.全凭静脉麻醉3.血气分配系数（二）简答题1.眼心反射的概念和预防2.麻醉中塑性延迟的原因（三）论述题1.影响局麻药作用的因素2.低氧血症的概念和原因3.ponv的危险因素（四）翻译1.中译英：关于宾博芬TCI对插管的作用分析目的、方法、结果、结论2.英译中：关于口腔颌面麻醉气道管理六、华中科技大学（一）简答题1.简述术中自体输血的概念、方法及意义2.简述临床疼痛评估方法3.硬膜外阻滞的并发症与处理4.麻醉期间低氧血证原因、判断及处理七、吉林大学（一）名词解释1.CPCR2.MAC3.MODS4.表面麻醉5.初级复苏6.全身麻醉7.心搏骤停8.休克9.自体输血（二）简答题1.输血的适应症和并发症2.ASA分级标准3.介绍全麻中常用的呼吸监测指标4.颈丛麻醉的常见并发症5.局麻药毒性反应及其预防6.休克的治疗原则7.硬膜外的术中术后并发症有哪些8.椎管内麻醉禁忌症（三）论述题1.硬膜外麻醉的并发症2.初级复苏的步骤3.麻醉前用药的目的及常用药物4.全麻中呼吸系统常见并发症及其预防2019年吉林大学麻醉学复试真题（一）名词解释1.MAC2.心肺复苏3.局部麻醉4.全脊椎麻醉5.表面麻醉（二）简答题1.ASA分级2.全身麻醉的并发症3.蛛网膜下隙麻醉的术中并发症4.局麻药全身中毒的治疗，预防5.术前准备的目的2017年吉林大学第一医院麻醉学复试真题（一）中译英1.麻醉学2.疼痛3.血压4.硬膜外麻醉5.蛛网膜下腔出血（二）英译中1.deliberate2.first-aid and resuscitation3.nerve block4.relaxant5.unconsciousness（三）简答题1.常用的局麻方法2.肌松药的分类3.局麻药的作用机制4.麻醉前用药的目的5.麻醉学包括什么6.如何预防局麻药中毒7.腰麻穿刺为什么在L?～L?以下8.支气管痉挛可以用肌松药缓解吗？为什么八、暨南大学（一）简答题1.单肺通气如何实施全麻？有什么并发症？2.单肺通气下全肺切除的麻醉管理3.分娩阵痛的药物选择，并发症和处理措施？4.患者88岁，行硬膜外麻醉，简述出现硬膜外血肿的可能原因及如何处理5.挤压伤综合征的麻醉管理6.甲状腺肿大手术的麻醉术前准备？麻醉管理？7.局麻药中毒的原因及处理8.困难气道的诊断、处理和风险9.麻醉前评估有哪些项目？有什么意义？你在心血管系统评估中应该重视什么项目？10.气管狭窄如何实施全身麻醉？11.为什么进行单肺通气？单肺通气怎样进行肺通气?12.为什么要进行术中唤醒麻醉？怎样处理？13.围术期如何进行心肌保护？14.小儿麻醉拔管后出现喉痉挛时如何快速判断和处理15.心血管活性药物有哪些？他们在什么情况下使用？16.椎管内麻醉的并发症及其处理措施？2017年暨南大学麻醉学复试真题（一）临床技能考核1.Babinski征，Oppenheim征，Gordon征，脑膜刺激征。
2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.According to the Geneva_____no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines32.Environmental officials insist that something be done to___acid rain.A.CurbB.sureC.detoxifyD.condemn33.It is impossible to say how it will take place,because it will happen____,and it will not be along process.A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately34.Diabetes is one of the most____and potentially dangerous disease in the World.A.CrucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent35.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to____the problem.A.AffiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate36.How is it possible that such____deception has come to take place right under our noses?A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread37.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____onearth rather than bacteria on Mars.A.ConfigurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contamination38.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful39.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate40.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving___to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.Offence Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed42.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's litup.A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained43.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.amelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated44.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for thiscase can be rather difficult.A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable45.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy,though no one understands why.A.deficitB.deviationC.draw backD.discrepancy46.He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A.successorB.replacementC.surrogateD.choice47.It had over2,000apartment complexes,a great market,a large number of industrial workshops,an administrative center,a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A.ancientB.carefullyC.very largeD.carefully protected48.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly49.The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergencyroom of doctors and nurses.A.preoccupiedB.unwaryC.watchfulD.dozing50.The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleaguesaccused him of inconsistency.A.waveredB.instigatedC.experimentedD.reliedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.We spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social51—it helps us understand a person's emotions,and make decisions about how to respond to them.We also know that adultsavoid eye contact when anxious.But researchers have known far52about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska,assistant professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside,we now know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact,and this has consequences for how they experience fear.The53and less frequently they look at the eyes of others,the more likely they are to be afraid of them,even when there may be no reason to be.Her study,"Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Learning",was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.“Looking at someone's eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad,angry,fearful, or surprised.As adults,we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next.But,we know much less about eye patterns in children—so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,"Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed82children,9to13years old,images of two women's faces on a computer screen.The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54on the screen children were looking,and for how long.The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times.Next,one of the images was55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression,and the other one was not.At the end,children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1.All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream,56they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2.Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment,for both kinds of faces.This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3.The more children avoided eye contact;the more afraid they were57the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a faces when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However,anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact,which leads to greater58 experience.Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59,the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out60important social information.This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51.A.environment B.cues C.relations D.answers52.A.less B.more C.enough D.beyond53.A.longer B.more anxious C.shorter D.more54.A.where B.when C.how D.what55.A.followed B.recorded C.paired D.marked56.A.suggest B.suggesting C.suggests D.being suggested57.A.to B.of C.at D.about58.A.fear B.surprise C.sad D.angry59.A.in the long run B.for a long timeC.in the short timeD.in a long time60.A.with B.without C.of D.onPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the Sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret.Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents formed in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty,Bowlby's analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime15or20years later can only explored by the use of statistics.However,statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it.Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable forinfants.61.According to the passage,the consequence of parental separation______.A.still needs more statistical studiesB.has been found negative is more seriousC.is obviousD.in modern times62.The author thinks that John Bowlby's concern_____.A.is relevant and justifiableB.is too strong to believeC.is utterly groundlessD.has something that deserve our attention63.What's the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A.The children's unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B.The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children's development.D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it's practiced by so any people nowadays.64.According to the passage,which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send theirchildren under three to day care?A.They don't know about day care's negative effect.B.They are too busy to care for their children.C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65.What's the author's attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowl-by's workthat children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's preposition is well-grounded.B.He is sympathetic for them,for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C.He doesn't totally agree with them,since the long-term effect of day care still needs furtherstudy.D.He doesn't quite understand them,as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term,international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea.from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain;phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."'Animals'behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study______.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he ways,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quickly?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry our proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever beforeB.is likely to build a novel Economy in the regionC.will surely lower the average world temperatureD.needs the research-based supporting information70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will______.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB.get more data to be required for their researche more novel technologies in researchD.conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby'liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood,according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights,altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development.The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development,and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of300mg/day or more in women, which is approximately2to3cups coffee per day,can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes.However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood.A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study,Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low(equivalent to2-3cups of coffee)and high doses(equivalent of6-9cups of coffee) caffeine,given to pregnant rats,on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring.Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower level of the liver hormone,insulin like growth factor(IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone,corticosteroid at birth.However,liver development after birth showed a compensatory'catch up'phase,characterized by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr.Yinxian Wen,study co-author,says,"Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother,which inhibits IGF-1activity for liver development before birth.However,compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function,as IGF-1activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases.The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1activity."These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However,these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr.Wen comments,"Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people,I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71.Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A.Lower birth weight.B.Smaller stress.C.Liver development problem.D.Growth problem.72.If a pregnant woman takes3cups of coffee,what will probably happen?A.Her weight will get lower and lower.B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73.Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A.A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B.4-5cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74.What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking inprenatal caffeine?A.Lower stress hormone,lower birth weight before birth.B.Higher stress hormone,lower growth hormone before birth.C.Higher stress hormone,more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D.Lower stress hormone,less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75.What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A.The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems. Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police,perplexed scientists,and fascinated writers for centuries.There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs,solve mathematical problems,compose music,walk through plate-glasswindows,and commit murder in their sleep.How many of these stories have a basis in fact,and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt,others are a matter of record.In Revere,Massachusetts,a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep in and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself,made a polite bow,danced a minuet,and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa,a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River.He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian,Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed.Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer.The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep.The farmer,in his sleep,visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman,a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man,and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep.Says he,"Of course,I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers.But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment,I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking,nevertheless,is a scientific reality.Like hypnosis,it is one of those dramatic, eerie,awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance,and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States.Others set the figure even higher.Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream.The dream usually comes from guilt,worry,nervousness,or some other emotional conflict.The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth.Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty consience at having committed murder.Shakespeare said of her,"The eyes are open but their sense is shut."The age-old question is:Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep?Scientists have decidedthat he is about half-and-half.Like Lady Macbeth,he has weighty problems on his mind,Dr,Zeida Teplitz,who made a ten-year study of the subject,says,"Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems.The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep.He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area."In other words,a person can walk in his sleep,move around,and do other things,but he does not think about what he is doing.76.The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_____.A.no one knows,but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people's lifeC.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions,yet there are still truthfullyrecorded stories.77.____was supposed to be the world’s champion sleepwalker.A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB.The man danced a minuet in his sleepC.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD.The boy walked five hours in his sleep78.Sleepwalking is the result of_____according to the passage.A.emotional disorderB.a vivid dreamck of sleep and great anxietyD.insanity79.Dr.Zeida Teplitz seemed to_____.A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80.The writer makes it obvious that_____.A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD.sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain,Freud identified two sources of psychic energy,which he called"drives":aggression and libido.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives,shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds;they surface,heavily disguised,only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives,focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life.But researchers have found evidence that Freud's drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system,a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions,the modern suite of drives comprises five:rage,panic,separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system,it also involves parts of the forebrain;the seat of higher mental functions.In the1980s,Jaak Panksepp,a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio,became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area,which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around,as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry?No.The mouse would walk right by a plate of food,or for that matter any other object Paksepp could think of.This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new."What I was seeing,"he says,"was the urge to do stuff."Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London,that sounds very much like libido."Freud needed some sort of general,appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,"says Solms.Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically."Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams.Since the 1970s,neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest.When Solms looked into it,though,it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental,the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the"seeking"emotion.Dreams,it seemed,originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways,but it also happens to be the most coherent and,from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. "Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes," says Panksepp."Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus.We need to talk about it,develop it, test it."Perhaps it's not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right,but of finishing the job.81.Freud believed that aggression and libido_____.A.were the only two sources of psychic energyB.could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC.affected our behavior unconsciouslyD.could appear clearly on our dreams82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A.Emotion.B.Lust.C.Seeking.D.Urge.83.Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive_____.A.originates in the limbic system。
2019年麻醉学(副高)历年真题精选
2019年麻醉学(副高)历年真题精选[单项选择题]1、为减轻异丙酚的注射痛，正确的做法是A.将异丙酚用5％葡萄糖液充分稀释后静注B.在异丙酚中加入0．01％的利多卡因C.将异丙酚冷却至15℃D.在注射处进行局麻E.将异丙酚加热至与体温相同的温度参考答案：B[单项选择题]2、药效动力学主要研究 ( )A.药物如何作用于机体B.药物作用的结果C.药物量效关系D.药物个体差异E.药物吸收参考答案：A[单项选择题]3、Mapleson系统属于下列哪一种A.开放系统B.半开放系统C.紧闭系统D.半紧闭系统E.T形管装置系统参考答案：B[单项选择题]4、24岁男性患者进行右肩关节前脱位复位手术，麻醉方式是肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞，麻醉药物是30mL的0.5%布比卡因与5μg/mL肾上腺素，并复合静脉麻醉，丙泊酚剂量是35μg/(kg·min)。
患者第二天早晨主诉右臂及手麻木，最可能的原因是A.外科医生对患臂的过度牵拉B.体位不当对臂丛神经过长时间的压迫C.体位不当对内上髁的压迫D.体位不当对后肱骨的压迫E.麻醉残留作用参考答案：E[单项选择题]5、体外循环复温时血温与水温温差应 ( )A.15℃B.20℃C.<15℃D.<10℃E.<20℃参考答案：D[单项选择题]6、对黄韧带的描述，错误的是A.又称弓间韧带，连于相邻两椎弓板之间的弹性结缔组织膜B.参与围成椎管的后外侧壁C.厚0.2～0.3cm，呈节段性D.腰段黄韧带常增厚压迫马尾引起腰腿痛E.硬膜外麻醉不需穿经此韧带参考答案：E[单项选择题]7、腹横肌参与形成的结构是A.腹股沟韧带B.腹股沟管上壁C.腹股沟管前壁D.腹股沟管浅环E.腹股沟管深环参考答案：B[多项选择题]8、使脑血流量下降的血气变化A.PO在50～200mmHg范围内增高B.PO在50～200mmHg范围内降低C.PCO在25～100mmHg范围内降低D.PCO在25～100mmHg范围内增高E.PO在30～50mmHg范围内降低参考答案：A,C[单项选择题]9、临床麻醉工作的目的，哪项是正确的A.消除疼痛B.保证安全C.便利外科手术D.意外情况的预防与处理E.以上全部参考答案：E[单项选择题]10、下列哪项不是眶下神经阻滞范围 ( )A.颞部皮肤B.鼻侧坡C.上唇D.下睑E.颊部参考答案：A[多项选择题]11、影响钙磷代谢的激素有哪些A.雄性激素B.雌性激素C.甲状腺素D.甲状旁腺素E.胰岛素参考答案：A,B,C,D[单项选择题]12、引起TT降低的常见疾病有A.甲状腺功能减退症B.缺碘性甲状腺肿C.甲亢治疗过程中D.危重病人E.以上都是参考答案：E[单项选择题]13、下列哪种疾病胸部X线片呈"白肺"（毛玻璃状）A.ARDS终末期B.心源性肺水肿C.急性肺栓塞D.慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并呼吸衰竭E.特发性肺间质纤维化参考答案：A参考解析：ARDS终末期胸部X线片显示融合成大片状阴影，呈"白肺"（毛玻璃状）。
2022年苏州大学麻醉学专业《药理学》科目期末试卷A(有答案)
2022年苏州大学麻醉学专业《药理学》科目期末试卷A(有答案)一、名词解释1、协同作用（synergism）2、零级消除动力学3、渗透性利尿药或脱水药4、人工冬眠5、隐匿传导6、反跳现象7、二重感染8、MIC9、药理性预适应二、填空题10、明代李时珍所著《_______》是世界闻名的药物学巨著，共收载_______种药物，现已译成_______种文字，传播到世界各地。
11、乙酰胆碱可使内脏平滑肌_______，血管平滑肌_______，瞳孔_______。
12、左旋多巴主要用于_________，但对_________所引的帕金森综合征无效。
13、主要松弛小动脉平滑肌的降压药是______；对小动脉和静脉都松弛的降压药是______；钾通道开放药有______和______。
14、链霉素过敏性休克发生时应立即静脉注射_______和_______。
15、抑制胃酸分泌的药物种类有________、________、________、________。
三、选择题16、国家药典规定的老年人剂量是指（）A.50岁以上B.60岁以上C.70岁以上D.80岁以上E.90岁以上17、下列不属于β受体阻断药适应证的是（）A.支气管哮喘B.心绞痛C.心律失常D.高血压E.青光眼18、纠正因妇女月经过多所致的贫血选用的药物是（）A.铁剂B.红细胞生成素C.维生素B12D.亚叶酸钙E.叶酸19、下列药物常与麦角胺合用治疗偏头痛的是（）A.酚妥拉明B.前列腺素C.苯巴比妥D.巴比妥E.咖啡因20、烷化剂中易发生出血性膀胱炎的药物是（）A.氮芥B.环磷酰胺C.白消安D.噻替派E.顺铂21、新生儿使用磺胺类药物易出现核黄疸，是因为药物（）A.减少胆红素排泄B.与胆红素竞争血浆蛋白结合部位C.降低血脑屏障功能D.促进溶解红细胞E.抑制肝药酶22、关于苯海索的叙述错误的是（）A.阻断黑质纹状体通路B.阻断中枢胆碱受体C.对心脏的影响较阿托品弱D.抗震颤疗效好E.能致尿潴留，前列腺肥大者慎用23、金黄色葡萄球菌引起的急慢性骨髓炎最好选用（）A.阿莫西林B.红霉素C.头孢曲松D.克林霉素E.克拉霉素24、患者，女，24岁，易怒、心神不宁、失眠、焦虑，服用地西泮治疗。