主语谓语的确立 汉译英基本句型
句子翻译主语与谓语的确定
句子翻译: 主语与谓语的确定汉语为语意型语言, 注重意会性.因此汉语的语法特征是: 主语可以有诸多不同类别的词语充当,主语隐含不显或无主句的情况时常可见;谓语的成分非常复杂,且不受主语支配, 没有人称,数,时态的变化; 句子见多无逻辑关联词. 所以句子看似松散,如流水般无定法可依.(SUBJECT-PROMINENT LANGUAGE)英语为语法型语言,注重形式的严谨, 其句法特征是: 主语突出,易于识别,只能由名词或名词性短语担任;谓语绝对受主语支配, 在人称和数上保持一致,有时态语态和语气变化;句子间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词相连.所以英语依法构句,形式完整而严密.(SUBJECY-PREDICATE PIVOT)1.主语的确定方法一: 以原句主语为译文主语1)然而悲惨的皱纹,却也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了.(鲁迅全集第二卷, 杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Miserable wrinkles bagan to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.2)如果说,词汇是语言的”建筑材料”,那么句子便是文章的”基本部件”. (朱伯石<<写作与语言>>, 李定坤译)If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings.3)中国有两点是靠的住的,一是讲原则,二是说话算数.(邓小平)China can be counted on. Among other things, first, it upholds principles and second, it honors its words.4)人有失错,马有漏蹄As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.5)欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛,从街道上汹涌而过.The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.方法二:重新确定主语1)鲁迅的骨头是最硬的, 他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨,这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格.Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.2)幸亏这些青年妇女,白洋淀长大的,她们摇的小船飞快.小船活象开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼(孙犁<<荷花淀>>,戴乃迭译)it was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river: their boat went like the wind. It shot forward like some flying fish, hardly skimming the water.3)他的身材魁梧,生一副大长方脸, 嘴巴阔大,肌肤呈着紫檀色.(吴强<<红日>>, A.C.BARNS译)He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.4)1946年10月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹, 使世界大为震惊.a.China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.(better version)b.In October, 1964, China blasted its first atomic bomb, which shocked the rest of the world greatly.5)胎又瘪了.We’ve got another flat tyre.6)树缝里也陋着一两点路灯光,没精打采的,是渴睡人的眼.(朱自清<<河塘夜色>>,杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eye of one who is dozing.7)人不可貌相,海水不可斗量.a.it is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints.b.We cant judge people from their appearance, just as we cant measure the ocean by pints.方法三:增补主语1)沉默啊,沉默啊!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡.(鲁迅<<纪念刘和珍君, 杨宪益,戴乃迭译)Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.2)那肥大的荷叶下面,有一个人的脸,下半截身子长在水里,那不是水生吗?又往左右看去,不久,各人就找到了各人丈夫的脸.啊,原来是他们.( 孙犁<<荷花淀>>,戴乃迭译文)Not far away under a broad lotus leaf they saw a man’s head –the rest of him was submerged. It was Shuisheng. Looking right and left, each soon discovered her husband – so this was where they were!3)用劳动实现自己的理想,用理想指导自己的劳动.(陈毅<<赠郭沫若同志>>)You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.4)不懂就是不懂,不要装懂.不要摆官架子.钻进去,几个月,一年两年,三年五年,总可以学会的.(毛泽东)We muse not pretend to know when we do not know. We must not put on bureaucratic airs. If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year or tow, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it.2.谓语的确定与主谓一致汉语句子的谓语五花八门,非常复杂,而英语句子的谓语比较单一,只能由动词或动词短语承担. 因此汉译英时,有时可以选择与原文对应的谓语,但多数情况下,我们既不能照搬原文主语,也不能照搬原文谓语,须做调整,或另找谓语.从思维步骤来看,主谓的选择互为因果,译者可根据行文需要,在确定译文主语的时候,也在考虑谓语动词的选择,或者反过来,先相好谓语动词,再来选择主语, 两者确定的顺序很难分清.简单的说,谓语的选择要兼顾表意和构句的双重需要一.基于表意需要1.首先考虑它能否准确传达原意1)中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务.a.The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR.b. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.(better)2)这事到了现在,还是时时记起.a.Even now, this remains fresh in my memory.(better)b.Even now, I still often think about this.2.还需考虑其与主语的语意关联及主谓搭配.1)世纪至交,中国外交空前活跃.a.The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.(better)b.At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.2)(听说你明天开张,)也许用的着,特意给你送来了.a.(I hear that you are opening tomorrow.)You may have some use for these things, so I took themalong.b.(I hear that you are opening tomorrow.)Thought these might come in handy, so I brought themalong.(better)3)现在,连我们也欠饷啊!a.Nowadays even our monthly pay is often in arrears.b.Nowadays even we aren’t always paid on time.(better)4)在同新闻界谈话的时候,上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词.c.When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of thesuperlative degree.d.You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree whenthey talk to the press.(better).3.也须考虑其与宾语的搭配,包括系表搭配等.1)(颐和园)1900年糟八国联军破坏,(至1903年才得以修复)a.The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.b.The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.(bothare fine)2)模特们逐渐地镇定了下来,有了自信.a.They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence…b.They gradually calmed down, regained self-confidence…(better)二.基于构句需要指译文必须遵守英语语法规范,遵守主谓一致原则,时态语态正确,句式连贯顺畅,表达地道自然.1.一年年,燕子来了去了一年年,阶前草绿了黄了(陈敬容<<只要是广阔的世界>>,庞秉均译)Year after year the swallows come and go;Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green,yellows.2.九斤老太早已过了八十大寿,仍然不平而健康. 六斤的双丫角,已经成为一支大辫子了.(鲁迅<<风波>>,杨,戴译)Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time age and is as full complaints, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixpounder’s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.3.他给我的印象是,态度非常的呆板僵硬,仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棍似的.He had given me the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.4.河边枯柳树下的几株瘦削的一丈红,该是村女种的吧. (鲁迅<<野草. 好的故事>> 杨,戴译)The few sparse hollyhocks beneath the withered willows by the stream must have been planted by the country girls.5.液体的形状总是随着容器的变化而变化,因为液体没有固定的形状.换言之,无论你把它放在什么样的容器中,它的形状总是和容器的形状完全一致.Since a liquid has no definite shape of its own, it varies in shape from container to container. In other words, in whatever container it is poured, the liquid will take exactly the interior shape of the container.。
汉英翻译中谓语的确定
谓语的选择一、英汉谓语的比较? 英语谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语充当，系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。
? 英语谓语形态稳定，受语法规范约束，需与主语保持一致关系。
? 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个，多数句子只有一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形式出现。
二、单个谓语的翻译? 如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需要改变主语或谓语。
? 1、这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。
? - This incident showed that he was dishonest.? 根据主语，这里的“告诉”用“show”比较合适。
? 2、农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。
? Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots.? 从逻辑上分析，原文主语实际上是创造对象，创造的主体是“人”，因此译文变更了谓语动词，使主语和谓语构成符合逻辑的搭配，并增补people 一词。
当然，此句也能译成被动句：? Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots.? 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
? －China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*)? -The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.? 分析：前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。
后种译法以“时间”为主语，以“find”为谓语，是比较典型的“无灵主语句”。
二、根据动宾搭配确定谓语? 动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的动宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我们就需要重新选择谓语。
英语六级汉译英必考技巧：主干的确定
英语六级汉译英必考技巧：主干的确定英语句法严谨，有丰富的形式变化以及连接手段，语言成分一般也需要借助这些形式和手段连接在一起。
因此，汉译英的第一步就是要确定好译文句子的主干，即句子的主语和谓语等基本要素，确保译出的句子形式正确，逻辑严谨。
一般说来，主干的确定有以下两大难点。
一、选择恰当的主语1. 无主句选定主语针对汉语的无主句，译者在汉译英时可尝试用如下办法来选定主语。
其一，如果无主句包含动词和宾语，可以将汉语的宾语作为译文的主语，将其译为被动句。
如果无主句的句首有时间或地点状语，这个句子通常可以译成被动句。
其二，译者可根据汉语语义，为译文添加we、one、you、it等表泛指的代词作主语。
一般说来，若说明普遍存在的状况，通常可以采用one或者you做主语;若是无主句的隐含主语为其前文所述的内容，汉译英时可尝试为无主句添加it作主语。
例1：中国的新年和其他节日里，到处都可以看到红色。
参考译文：Red is found everywhere during Chinese New Year and other holidays.注解：原文中“到处都可以看到红色”为无主句，汉译英时可以采用宾语“红色”作为译文的主语，将其译为被动句。
此外，原文第一个分句为句子的时间状语，内容较多，汉译英时可调整语序，将其置于译文的句尾，以保证译文的地道。
例2：明清两代出现了四大古典文学名著。
参考译文：The Four Great Classical Novels in Chinese literature were written during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.注解：原文中“明清两代”是时间状语，而不是“出现了四大古典文学名著”的主语，汉译英时可以选用原文的宾语“四大古典文学名著(the Four Great Classical Novels in Chinese literature)”作为译文的主语，用被动语态来翻译例3：元宵节，大街小巷挂满了各种各样的灯笼。
主语谓语的确立汉译英基本句型综述
1）尽管嘴上说友谊，对运动员来说重要的仍然 是比赛成绩。2）得第一名获金牌，第四名什么 样也拿不到。3）任何想获奥运冠军的人都得中 断学业，牺牲自己业余时间。4）这一点常常是 观众没看到的。5）因此，运动员要求得到物质 奖励是可以理解的。
Despite lip service paid to friendship, what matters to athletes is success. Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing. What the spectators sometimes fail to notice is that anyone who wants to become an Olympic champion has to break off his studies and has little spare time. It is therefore understandable that athletes want some tangible reward.
1）这次长江流域的水灾是44年来最严重的。2）官方的数字表 明已有2000多人死亡，1380万人被迫离开家园。3）占中国总 耕地面积3%的450万公顷的农作物被毁。4）工厂被迫停工，产 量受到影响。5）客运和货运也被迫中断。6）在未来的许多岁 月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。7）尽管损 失如此严重，举国上下，展开与洪水的斗争是非常值得称赞的。 8）在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能力。 9）例如这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水 淹没地区的百姓迁走。10）事实上，差不多有数百万平民百姓 参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。译文
4 句子的英译-主语和谓语的确定
S1.我是北京人。 I came from Beijing. S2.我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。 Our house was built over a hundred years ago. S3. 人有失错，马有漏蹄。 As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes. S4. 假日里，青年人成双成对漫步在公园里。 The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.
首先看谓语表意是否准确、贴切
S1. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The Central Government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR. S2. 中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world.
2. Finding New Subjects for the Corresponding English Sentences
Finding New Subjects for the Corresponding English Sentences
S1. 中国在四千年前就发明了指南针。 The compass was invested in China four thousand years ago. S2. 深圳经济特区正在采取措施抑制房地产投 机热。 Officials in Shenzhen’s Special Economic Zone are taking steps to cool a frenzy of property speculation.
汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)
据说，他已经去了日本。 It is said that he has gone to Japan. 已经达成了多项协议。 A lot of agreements have been reached. 今年要出台多项新政策。 Many new policies will be formulated this year. 同学们选他做代表，他很高兴。 His classmates elected him representative, he was very glad. 这位驾驶员开车时心不在焉，几乎引起一场车祸。 The driver’s absent-mindedness during his driving nearly caused a traffic accident. 他从未料到问题会这么复杂。 He has never expected that the problem is so complicated.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面应承担的责任。
He is out. 他出去了。
英汉语言宏观对比
汉语的动态倾向表现在：
1、动词连用(连动式和兼语式句子) 他想办法摆脱了困境。(连动式) He thought his way out of the dilemma. 我们请她唱歌。(兼语式) We asked her to sing. 2、动词(词组)可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 他们喜欢乘火车旅行。(连动式词组做宾语) They enjoy traveling by train.
Every boy and every girl in this room is/are entitled to a copy. Many a man and woman in this community finds/find himself and herself in need. My sisters or brother is/are likely to be at home. Either my father or my brothers are/is coming. Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were/was confident of victory.
翻译技能1汉英翻译基本构句原则
分支结构1：under the new circumstances of ……
分支结构2：……by adapting to China’s reality……
翻译下列句子： 1,不同的人对退休持不同的态度。
Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person. 2，由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且浪费了所 有的钱。
Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time.
例2：他实现了徒手攀登泰山、华山、衡山等20多座名 山，孤身翻越海拔5231米的唐古拉山，手摇轮椅走过 丝绸之路，穿越塔克拉玛干大沙漠，徒手攀登上海东 方明珠电视塔，圆满完成从沙漠到香港的旅行。
He left a trail of human records including climbing more than 20 famous mountains like Mount Tai, Mount Hua and Mount Heng with his hands, crossing the 5,231-meter-high Mount Tanggula alone, traveling along the Silk Road in wheelchair, crossing the Taklimakan Desert, getting to the top of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower in Shanghai with his hands, and completing the journey from the desert to HK.
翻译理论与实践[汉译英]4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题1
![翻译理论与实践[汉译英]4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题1](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7e4e375aa45177232f60a29d.png)
汉语隐性谓语的翻译
B. 名词性谓语 (nominal predicate )的翻译 例：今天星期五。 Today is Friday.
汉语隐性谓语的翻译
C. 数量词隐性谓语的翻译 例：她的未婚夫都60了。 Her fiancéis already 60 years old.
I 英汉语谓语的差异
?主语谓语系动词表语?主语谓语不及物动词?主语谓语及物动词宾语?主语谓语宾语宾语补足语?主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语在将句子译成英语时若主要成分的顺序一致则可套用对应的英语句型所选择的谓语也大致可以与原文对应
4.2谓语的确定与主谓一致问题
*汉语谓语（predicate）相对呈隐性，在表达 上具有多样性：谓语动词可省略；同时形容 词、名词、数量词可兼任谓语的功能。
巨，困难不少，但潜力很大，前景广阔。
Truly speaking, China has had great difficulty in solving her problem with food provision. But she also has great potential and prospects for having her people well fed.
连动式谓语的翻译
[例3] 她哼着曲子走进卧室去。 [译文] Humming a tune she went into the
bedroom.
兼语式 (pivotal construction) 的翻译
虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
The held several meetings to consider counter-measures.
第四章1 句子的英译-主语和谓语的确定 翻译理论方法
3） 增加there be…
• 例18．举例来说，在早先的法国洞穴绘画里，早于 公元前10,000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。 • For example, among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10,000 B.C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.
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1.2.2 重新确定主语
• 由于汉语和英语两种语言存在着较大的差异，有 时候，用汉语句子的主语作为英语译文的主语， 会导致英语句子的逻辑比较混乱，而不能直接对 应。 • 所以，这时候就有必要用原句的其他成分来充当 英语译文的主语。对原句的各个部分进行重新组 织，以增强译文的逻辑性，体现英文的句法特征， 避免松散。
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例8．为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康 地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步 伐。
• The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated (stepped up) to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.
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例19. 迄今为止，教育工作还没有找到比考试更有 效、更可靠的方法。
• So far， there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.
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英语中的非人称主语句
7
1.2 确定主语的方法
汉译英常见句型
汉译英常用结构和句型一、主语（一）主语的确定：汉语中长主语，短谓语的句子翻译，即戏称“头大身子小”的句型。
【“尾重”原则（end weight）】1.我国政府愿意在平等互利、相互开放、长期合作、共同发展的基础上，进一步加强同亚洲各国的经济合作和贸易交流。
The Chinese government stands ready to further strengthen economic cooperation and trade ties with other Asia nations on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, mutual openness, long-term cooperation and common development.2.未来老百姓的生活会更好。
× The life of the people in the future will be better.√ The people will lead/ live a better life in the future.3.中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会将越来越多。
× The opportunities for foreign businesses to participate in China’s development of thewestern region will increase.√ Foreign businesses will have more and more opportunities to participate in China’sdevelopment of the western region.4.浙江大学建校100年来，办学取得了巨大成功。
×Zhejiang University has been established for more than 100 years, and made great achievements / made a huge success in its school running.√ Zhejiang University has made great achievements/ made a huge success in its school running since its establishment 100 years ago.5.该产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。
汉语句子英译--主语的确定
2、 关注前后主语一致
英语句子有转折时，前后谓语动词的主语应尽量 保持一致，而在汉语中却可能出现不同的主语， 由于汉语重意合，主语改变时可以不明示，所以 翻译时要译者要洞察汉语中主语改变的情况，其 次要在译文中设法使前后主语一致。
with jewelry.
历史上，由于长江不断改道，?? 在武汉地区形 成了众多的湖泊。
A great many lakes have been formed in the area of Wuhan because the Changjiang River changed its course frequently in history.
于是，在暮色中匆匆的人群里，总有我赶 路回家的身影。
Thus the gathering dark often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd.
小结---主语成分不同
汉语大量人称代词做主语 英语常常用事件、物体做主语，然后使用
子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？” Confucius said, “Is it a pleasure to practice in
due time what one has learnt?”
大家都回家了，我们却得呆在教室，真是 太遗憾了。
It is a pity for us to stay classroom when most others have come back home.
汉语句子翻译
一、主语的确定
英汉主语差异
中国人天人合一，强调人是自然的主宰，人的 主观能动性，因此很多句子以人作主语，认为 自然界中只有人有意识、会感知。
(完整版)句子翻译之谓语的确定
（关照译文表达）
瞻前顾后
词语本身表意是否准确、贴切
中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The Central Government has refrained from
intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The Central Government has never
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. （英语表达习 惯---敏感度）
（一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进道路上经历 了三次 历史性的巨大变化……）第一次是辛 亥革命，……第 二次是中华人民共和国的成 立，……第三次是改革开放……
The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911 … The second change was marked by the founding of the People’s Republic of China … The third change was featured by the reform, opening up …
7）原文由连动词组或兼语词组充当谓语，译文则选一个主 要动词作谓语，其他动词用非谓语动词形式或介词短语等。
基于表意的需要
词语本身表意是否准确、贴切 （关照原文）
谓语与主语的语义逻辑关联以及主谓词语的搭 配 (collocation with subject)
中译英语序调整法
中译英语序调整法中译英语序调整法是一种翻译技巧，涉及到主语、谓语、宾语、介词、状语、定语、语态和时态等八个方面的调整。
下面将对每个方面进行详细介绍。
1. 主语调整在中文原句中，主语的位置通常在句子的开头。
而在英语中，主语的位置则不一定。
因此，在进行中译英翻译时，需要根据英语表达习惯对主语的位置进行调整。
例如：中文原句：他很努力地工作。
英语译文：Working very hard, he was able to complete the task.在这个例子中，中文原句的主语是“他”，放在了句子的开头。
而在英语译文中，主语“Working very hard”被放在了句子的中间，这样的调整更符合英语表达习惯。
2. 谓语调整在中文原句中，谓语的位置通常紧随主语之后。
而在英语中，谓语的位置则不一定。
因此，在进行中译英翻译时，需要根据英语表达习惯对谓语的位置进行调整。
例如：中文原句：他喜欢看电影。
英语译文：He enjoys watching movies.在这个例子中，中文原句的谓语是“喜欢”，放在了主语“他”之后。
而在英语译文中，谓语“enjoys”放在了主语“He”的前面，这样的调整更符合英语表达习惯。
3. 宾语调整在中文原句中，宾语的位置通常在谓语之后。
而在英语中，宾语的位置则不一定。
因此，在进行中译英翻译时，需要根据英语表达习惯对宾语的位置进行调整。
例如：中文原句：我看了一本书。
英语译文：I read a book.在这个例子中，中文原句的宾语是“一本书”，放在了谓语“看”之后。
而在英语译文中，宾语“a book”放在了谓语“read”的前面，这样的调整更符合英语表达习惯。
4. 介词调整在中文原句中，介词的位置通常在宾语之前。
而在英语中，介词的位置则不一定。
因此，在进行中译英翻译时，需要根据英语表达习惯对介词的位置进行调整。
例如：中文原句：我在学校学习。
英语译文：I study at school.在这个例子中，中文原句的介词是“在”，放在了宾语“学校”之前。
汉译英——谓语的确定
• 原文若是形容词，名词，数量词或介词短 语做谓语，译文常用系表结构作谓语． 你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效， 经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使 用． • You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable, economical and practical for high school students.
• 与主语在逻辑上搭配得当． • 1. 这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或 西安． • The tour will include Beijing, Shanghai and Xi’an. • 2. 这一证书课程分在三年中学完． • This certificate course of studies will spread over three years.
• 原文若同时有几个动词出现，（句中的谓 语由连动词组或兼语词组充当），译文应 选择一个主要动词做谓语，其他动词用其 他形式（非谓语动词，介词短语等） 第二天早晨，她腋下夹着几本书回来了． • The next morning, she came back home with some books under her arm.
• 经过多年努力，我们国家用仅占世界百分 之七的耕地，养活了占世界百分之二十的 人口，使十一亿人民基本解决了温饱问题。 • China has, through many year’s efforts, basically solved the problem of feeding and clothing its 1.1 billion people, which make up 22 percent of the world’s total population, though it tills only 7 percent of the world’s total cultivated land.
汉译英(谓语的确定和否定翻译)
我常去北京。 I often go to Beijing. 他常去上海。 He often goes to Shanghai. 他昨天去了常州。 He went to Changzhou yesterday. 从这三个例子看出，汉语的谓语无形态变化， 而英语的谓语有变化。
英译时谓语的确定
1 谓语确定应充分、贴切传达愿意； 中国经济将融入世界经济大潮。 The economy of China will merge into the tide of the world economy. The economy of China will converge with that of the world. 中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。 The central government has refrained from intervening in the affairs of the HKSAR. The central government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
英汉语言宏观对比
3、汉语动词常常重复或重叠 要吃有吃，要穿有穿。 You will have enough to eat and sufficient to put on. 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
汉语的谓语也是句子中的重要成分，但汉语 的谓语除了用动词充当，还可以用形容词、 名词或其他词语充当。 他买了一本书。 他是江苏人。 小王今年29岁。 南京的秋天很美。 我的老师今天不在学校。
在英语句子中，作谓语的动词对句子其他成 分的形式和句子结构有很大影响。谓语受 主语支配，在人称和数上必须和主语一致。 He has put the salt( them) on the table. 汉语句子中主语和谓语只要求在语义上一致， 而无须在形式上对应。汉语句子中谓语不 受主语支配，没有人称、数和时态变化。
汉译英主干及信息重心的确立
汉译英主干及信息重心的确立汉译英时，如是单句，应首先确定主谓主干；如是复杂的句子或长句，则需要确立信息重心。
这是英译的第一步，也是正确译文的基础。
在许多情况下，汉语的句子从外形上反映不出主干或信息重心，而且汉语句子的主干和信息重心与英语句子也有很多不同之处。
所以汉译英时，必须正确确立英语的主干或信息重心，这样才有可能译出地道的英语而避免“中国式”的英语。
一、正确确立单句主干（一）主语的确立1．汉语的主语非常灵活，几乎可以由各种类型的词汇和语言单位来担任；而英语主语的语法要求则非常严格，只能由名词或具有名词语法功能的语言单位（如动词不定式、动名词、名词从句）来充当。
有时介词也可充当主语，但数量极少。
所以，英译的主语确立首先要考虑它是否符合英语组句和英语主语角色的逻辑。
许多情况下，汉英主语不能“对等”照译。
那个地方明年5月以前1000万元调查研究快（用）这种方法能解决这个问题巧干从王教授那里如果运用科学的方法在上面的汉语句子中，动词、数词、形容词、短语以及介词短语、句子都可以充当主句。
而按照英美人的思维逻辑，“那个地方”是地点；“明年5月”是时间；其余都是做事的方式、条件或手段，都应视为状语，而不能做主语。
就这句汉语而言，英译时主语只能有两种选择：1）增添人称主语We/You/One；2）把“这个难题”当作主语，谓语译成被动式：at that place.before next May.with ten million yuan.through investigation and study.if at a high speed.(in) this way.this problem (or) by working ingeniously.with the help from Prof. Wang.by bringing into play the positivefactor of the technical staff.by adopting a scientific method.when (if) all bear a hand instead ofindulgence in empty talk.2．汉语主语有时有隐蔽性，难以一眼看清楚。
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[改译] In 1944, U.S. flier O. Hinsdell, wounded on a mission, was rescued by our people in a guerilla area. He was later escorted to Yen-an, where he was received by Chairman Mao, vice-Chairman Zhou Enlai, C-in-C Zhu De and other leading comrades respectively. Hinsdell did not leave Yenan until the victory of the War of Resistance against Japanese aggression.
添加主语 读书可以增长知识。 *Reading books can acquire knowledge. Through reading one can acquire knowledge. 改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于实验。 We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned.
• 5. 英语倒装句多，汉语一般不存在倒装句； • 6. 英语句子的主语是以名词、名词短语或相当于 名词短语的结构表示，汉语句子的主语除名词和 名词性短语外，表时间的词语，表处所的词语， 动词性短语和形容词性短语都可以做主语； • 7. 英语句子的核心是动词，汉语句子则不仅动词 可以做谓语，形容词，主谓短语、名词性短语也 可以做谓语。
失如此严重，举国上下，展开与洪水的斗争是非常值得称赞的。
8）在抗洪斗争中，中国人民显示了令人叹服的守堤防洪的能力。 9）例如这次国家调动了160万军队去帮助守护大堤，将被洪水 淹没地区的百姓迁走。10）事实上，差不多有数百万平民百姓 参加了这一人类巨大的斗争。译文
The floods in the Yangtze River basin are the worst in 44 years. Official figures indicate that more than 2000 people have been drowned and 13.8 million have been driven from their homes. Crops have been destroyed on 4.5 million hectares, 3 percent of China’s total cropland. Industrial output has suffered as factories have had to shut. The transportation of goods and people has been disrupted. The overall effect on China’s economy will be felt for many months. Despite the serious damage, China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide effort to deal with flooding, during which the Chinese have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for shoring up dikes and protecting themselves from flooding. For example, 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded. Literally millions of civilians are involved in this enormous human effort.
主语在英汉两种语言中的功能不同，汉语不大强调主谓， 很多句子的主语是话题结构，看似主语，但严格上说只是 评述的话题。由于句子是话题结构，因此只要和评述的内
容在语义上有关，即使没有直接的逻辑关系和语法搭配关
系，任何内容、成分、词类都可处在主语位置上，可见汉 语对主语的要求非常松。但英语中的主语和谓语的关系一 定要有直接的逻辑关系和语法搭配关系，而且作为句子中 心，主语是必不可少的成分。
• 你的教学研究取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而 自满。 • You have made good progress in teaching and researching but you should guard against complacency. • 任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。 • Any emerging thing is bound to experience difficulties and setbacks before it reaches maturity.
1944年，美国飞行员奥· 欣斯德尔在执行任务中受了伤， 我们游击区人民营救了他。后来把他护送到延安。毛 主席、周恩来副主席、朱德总司令等领导同志都分别 接见过他。欣斯德尔在延安一直住到抗战胜利。
[原译] O. Hinsdell, a U.S flier, was wounded while flying a sortie in 1944. People in our guerilla area rescued him. Later they escorted him to Yan’an, and Chairman Mao, Vice-Chairman Zhou En-lai, Command-in-chief Zhu De and other leading comrades received Hinsdell. He had stayed in Yan’an till the victory of the anti-Japanese war was over.
• •
• 上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。 • A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital. • 大多数高校已将权力下放给系主任。 • In most colleges and universities, the decisionmaking rights have been given to the department head. • 有谣言说，明年年初要实行价格改革。 • Rumor has it that a price reform will be instituted at the beginning of next year.
非人称主语
汉语常以有生命的，具体的名词或代词作为句子的 主语，而英语注重客观事物对人的作用和影响，因 此无生命、抽象名词作主语远比汉语多。 由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且浪费了所有钱。 Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time. 那时我常常会被她的一个电话激动地心跳。 Just a phone call from her could often send me quivering with excitement.
连贯主语 • 英语中的连贯一致原则要求相邻的句子在结构上要 保持一致。 • 一天，父亲来封快信，上面说：“顷得汝岳丈电 报……” • One day an express letter came from his father. It read as follows: “I have just received a telegram from your father-in-law…” • 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下小苦功不可。 • The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.
1）这次长江流域的水灾是44年来最严重的。2）官方的数字表
明已有2000多人死亡，1380万人被迫离开家园。3）占中国总 耕地面积3%的450万公顷的农作物被毁。4）工厂被迫停工，产 量受到影响。5）客运和货运也被迫中断。6）在未来的许多岁 月里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。7）尽管损
汉语与英语的句子结构比较 汉语的主语： 添加主语；信息主语；连 贯主语；搭配主语；非人称主语
谓语的选择
信息重心的确立
汉语与英语的句子结构比较 1. 英语句子结构重形合，汉语句子结构重意合；
2. 英语句子是树型结构，汉语句子是竹型结构；
3. 汉语基本句具有句首开放性和句尾收缩性或封 闭性，英语句子则相反； 4. 英语句子中名词与介词占优势，汉语句子中动 词占优势；
• 我父亲狂热地追求绘画，绘画已成了他生活的一
切，要比母亲，比他的孩子，甚至比他自己都更 为重要。 • For my father, painting was a governing passion. It came before Mother, before his children and
even before himself.
1）尽管嘴上说友谊，对运动员来说重要的仍然 是比赛成绩。2）得第一名获金牌，第四名什么
样也拿不到。3）任何ຫໍສະໝຸດ 获奥运冠军的人都得中断学业，牺牲自己业余时间。4）这一点常常是
观众没看到的。5）因此，运动员要求得到物质
奖励是可以理解的。
Despite lip service paid to friendship, what matters to
athletes is success. Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing. What the spectators sometimes fail to notice is that anyone who wants to become an Olympic champion has to break off his studies and has little spare time. It is therefore understandable that athletes want some tangible reward.