NachOS_Project
老外最常用的口语表达，让英语更地道
【导语】以下是整理的《⽼外最常⽤的⼝语表达，让英语更地道》，⼀起来看看吧！1. Strongly Denied强烈否认Refers to someone very powerfully and with a lot of force saying that something did not happen. When something is strongly denied, it means that someone has been accused of something, and they are fervently saying that it is not true.指有影响⼒有魄⼒的⼈认为某事不会发⽣。
当某些东西被强烈否认时，这意味着某⼈被指控某事，他们热切地说这不是真的。
Even though the politician strongly denied that he was guilty of any wrongdoing, many people did not believe him.尽管这个政治家坚决否认⾃⼰有任何过失，但是⼈们并不相信他。
2. Strong Commitment强烈的决⼼A strong commitment means that someone is very much dedicated to doing something. When there is a strong commitment to something a person or organization is dedicated to getting something done, or that dedication or devotion could extend to a person.A strong commitment意味着有⼈⾮常热衷于做某事。
当⼀个⼈或⼀个组织致⼒于完成⼀件事情，或奉献，热爱能够延伸到⼀个⼈时，对某件事情就有着强烈的决⼼。
游戏运行装置及游戏程序[发明专利]
![游戏运行装置及游戏程序[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6cbf5c110242a8956aece47e.png)
专利名称：游戏运行装置及游戏程序专利类型：发明专利
发明人：千野裕司
申请号：CN201980006188.1
申请日：20190226
公开号：CN111447979A
公开日：
20200724
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明公开一种游戏运行装置，包括接收部、事件控制部、选择部和生成部。
游戏实时播放的观众终端发布介入该游戏的要求，接收部从辅助服务器接收基于该要求的事件触发要求。
事件控制部至少响应触发要求，控制游戏上触发的事件。
选择部从第1期间内游戏上触发的第1事件中，选择不超过规定个数的通知对象事件。
生成部向游戏玩家生成通知数据，通知已触发通知对象事件。
申请人：多玩国株式会社
地址：日本东京都中央区银座四丁目12番15号
国籍：JP
代理机构：上海市锦天城律师事务所
更多信息请下载全文后查看。
机甲露宝
黑暗救难机器人（BLマシンロボ）机器人司令：无模仿救难机器人制作而成的邪恶机器人，机体颜色以黑色 为主。
特殊用语
特殊用语
特殊才能育成法标榜“只要具备特殊才能，即使是小孩子也可从事各种专业工作”的法律。
宫岛武藏（宫岛武藏）（CV/日：杉野博臣 台：黑狗兄 港：潘文柏）疾速红翼小队所属教官。很热血的 教官，指导非常严苛，很重视队员们的能力。之后成为救难特警队第二任长官。
佐佐木幸四郎（佐々木幸四郎）（CV/日：置鲇龙太郎 台：李世扬 港：陈卓智）蓝色警报小队所属教官。 出身于警界特殊部队，平时看似很冷静，但在所属小队遇上麻烦时仍旧难免会失控。离开救难特警队之后回到了 原本的工作岗位上。
X合体（エクス合体）主力救难机器人之间可互相交换各自的辅助机器人进行合体，各小组间亦可互相支援。
主题歌曲
主题歌曲
片头曲《Go!Go!レスキュー!”（Go!Go!Rescue!） 》 作词、作曲：影山ヒロノブ 编曲：川野阳吾 演唱：JAM Project 片尾曲《マーチ オブ レスキューヒーロー”（March of Rescue Hero）》 作词、作曲：影山ヒロノブ 编曲：须藤贤一 演唱：JAM Project
反派角色
凯萨G/帝皇G（カイザーG）（CV/日：中田和宏 台：孙诚/粤：李锦纶）迪杰星的首领。专门制造灾害。 能预测救难机器人的行动。
哈萨特上校（ハザード大佐）（CV/日：野岛健儿 台：李世扬）迪杰星最高干部。创造了黑暗救难机器人。 在杰伊背叛迪杰星后，他亲自领导引起了大多数的灾害。习惯一边敬礼一边喊“帅呀！”。
从父亲那继承剑狼和天空宙心拳的罗姆为了阻止加迪斯的野心，与妹妹蕾娜、好友捷特、多利鲁、杰米一起 踏上了征程……
nachos
Scheduler
• Some subclass of nachos.machine.Scheduler • Creates ThreadQueue objects which decide what thread to run next. • Defaults to RoundRobinScheduler • Specified in Nachos configuration file
– New, Ready, Running, Blocked, Finished
• Every KThread also has a nachos.machine.TCB • Internally implemented by Java threads
Running threads
• Create a ng.Runnable(), make a Kthread, and call fork(). • Example:
• Provides preemption
Serial Console
• Java interface nachos.machine.SerialConsole • Contains methods:
– readByte() returns one byte (or -1) and waits to interrupt when it has more – writeByte() takes one byte and waits to interrupt when its ready for more – setInterruptHandlers() tells the console who to call when it receives data or finishes sending data
教育部认可的瑞士大学名单汇总
教育部认可的瑞⼠⼤学名单汇总⼀、基本情况 瑞⼠没有联邦教育部，26个州各设有⾃⼰的州教育局。
各州具有教育⾃治权，联邦政府只有原则⽴法权。
联邦内政部管理2所联邦⾼等⼯业学院和4所联邦研究所；10所州⽴⼤学由所在州全权管理；联邦经济部负责管理全国的⾼等职业教育。
瑞⼠的学位体系包含⼤学毕业⽂凭和博⼠学位两类。
⼤学学制⼀般4-5年，医学专业6年。
⼤学毕业后即具有攻读博⼠学位的资格。
从1997年10⽉起，瑞⼠新合并组成了7所联邦⾼等专业学院。
1998年3⽉被瑞⼠政府认可。
联邦⾼等专业学院的学制因专业⽽异，⼀般为2-4年（含进修和学位后教育）。
这类学院不能授予博⼠学位。
⼆、名单 瑞⼠联邦政府承认的⾼等教育机构： ⼗⼆所公⽴⼤学 德语区: 1. Eidgen?ssische Technische Hochschule Zürich苏黎世联邦⾼等⼯业学院 2. Universit?t Zürich苏黎世⼤学 3. Universit?t St. Gallen圣加仑⼤学 4. Universit?t Basel巴塞尔⼤学 5. Universit?t Bern伯尔尼⼤学 6. Universit?t luzern卢塞恩⼤学 法语区: 7. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 洛桑联邦⾼等⼯业学院 8. Université de Lausanne洛桑⼤学 9. Université de Fribourg弗⾥堡⼤学 10. Université de Neuchatel纽沙泰尔⼤学 11. Université de Genève⽇内⽡⼤学 意⼤利语区: 12. Università della Svizzera italiana意⼤利语区⼤学联邦研究所 ⼀、基本情况 瑞⼠没有联邦教育部，26个州各设有⾃⼰的州教育局。
通过看电视来放松的习惯英文作文
通过看电视来放松的习惯英文作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Relaxing with TV: My Favorite Way to UnwindHey there! My name is Emily, and I'm a 10-year-old kid who loves to watch TV. I know some grown-ups think that watching too much TV is bad, but I think it's a great way to relax and have fun after a long day at school.Let me tell you about my typical day. I wake up early in the morning, get ready for school, and then spend hours sitting in classrooms, listening to teachers, and trying to learn all kinds of new things. Don't get me wrong, I like learning, but it can be tiring too! By the time I get home in the afternoon, my brain feels like it's going to explode from all the information it has to process.That's when I love to plop down on the couch, grab the remote, and turn on the TV. It's like entering a whole new world, filled with adventures, laughter, and endless possibilities. Whether I'm watching my favorite cartoon shows, a funny movie,or even just some silly YouTube videos, it helps me forget about all the stress and worries of the day.One of my all-time favorite shows is "The Amazing World of Gumball." It's about this quirky blue cat named Gumball and his hilarious misadventures with his family and friends. The humor is so silly and random, and it always cracks me up. Whenever I'm feeling a little down, I can count on Gumball to put a big smile on my face.But TV isn't just about laughing and having fun. Sometimes, I like to watch shows that teach me new things in an entertaining way. There's this awesome science show called "Weird But True" that explores all kinds of bizarre and fascinating facts about the world. It's like going on a journey of discovery without ever leaving my living room!And let's not forget about movies! There's nothing quite like getting lost in a great story for a couple of hours. Whether it's a classic Disney film, a thrilling adventure, or a heartwarming tale about friendship, movies have a way of transporting me to different times and places. It's like pressing the pause button on reality and escaping into a whole new world.That's why I try to mix things up and do other fun stuff too. After a few hours of TV time, I'll go outside and play with myfriends, or read a good book, or work on a craft project. It's all about finding that perfect balance between relaxation and staying active.But at the end of the day, there's nothing quite like curling up on the couch, grabbing a snack, and losing myself in the wonderful world of television. It's a chance to let my imagination run wild, laugh until my sides hurt, and just forget about all the stresses of daily life for a little while.So, if you ever see me with my eyes glued to the TV screen, don't worry – I'm just recharging my batteries and getting ready to take on the world again. Because sometimes, the best way to relax is to dive headfirst into a whole new adventure, even if it's just on the other side of the screen.篇2My Habit of Relaxing by Watching TVI love watching TV! It's one of my favorite things to do when I'm not in school. My parents always tell me not to watch too much TV because it's not good for my eyes or my brain. But I think watching a little bit of TV each day is actually really good for me. It helps me relax after a long day of learning and playing.During the school week, I'm not allowed to watch any TV until I finish all my homework. My mom checks my backpack every day to make sure I don't have any assignments left to do. Once I'm done with homework, I can watch one hour of TV before bedtime. One hour goes by so fast though! I usually have to decide between watching a couple of my favorite shows or a movie.My favorite shows are the silly cartoons like SpongeBob, The Loud House, and The Casagrandes. I love those shows because they're so funny and imaginative. The characters are hilarious and get into the wackiest situations. Watching them always cheers me up if I'm feeling a little down or stressed out from school that day. The bright colors and zaney plots just make me smile.Sometimes I'll watch a movie instead of shows if there's a new one I'm really excited about seeing. My friends and I will make plans to watch the same movie, then we'll discuss it at school the next day. Movies are a little more special than regular TV shows because they're longer and you really get invested in the story and characters. Movies can be an escape into another world for a couple hours.The hardest part is deciding what to watch! With so many channels and streaming services now, there are hundreds of options. I'll flip through the guides and ask my parents for suggestions. If I can't make up my mind, we'll play this game where I close my eyes and randomly pick something. Part of the fun is the surprise of seeing what I get!Weekends are my favorite time because I get to watch a lot more TV then. On Saturdays, I'll wake up early and watch a couple hours of cartoons in my pajamas while eating a big bowl of cereal. Those cozy mornings are the best. I get lost in my shows without a care in the world. Then when I get bored later, I'll build forts and pretend I'm living in the worlds I saw on TV.Sundays are family TV night. My parents, my little brother, and I all curl up together on the couch to watch a movie and snacks like popcorn or nachos. We make it an event and really commit to no distractions. We turn off our phones, dim the lights, and just immerse ourselves in whatever we're watching. Afterwards we'll discuss our favorite parts and rate the movie. It's become a tradition I look forward to every week.TV has gotten me through some hard times too. Like when I was really sick with the flu last winter. I was stuck in bed for a few days feeling awful. But I could still watch TV which made me feela little better. Getting engrossed in made-up stories on the screen helped take my mind off how crappy I felt. I watched so much TV that week but it was worth it to be entertained while I recovered.Another time was when my grandpa passed away last year. I was really sad and missed him so much. TV became an escape for me then too. Instead of dwelling on my sadness, I could get lost in funny shows for a little while and smile again. Comedy is definitely a pick-me-up when you're going through tough times. Laughter is healing.I know my parents will cut off my TV watching if I'm on too much though. We've had times where I got pretty obsessed with a new show and wanted to binge watch every episode. That's when they have to step in as parents and limit me. As much as I love TV, I know it's not good to overdo it. Moderation is key, as they always say.There's just something so comforting and satisfying about kicking back to watch your favorite shows and movies. You get transported to different worlds without leaving your living room. The characters become your friends. And you get to live endless stories and adventures, if only for a little while.To me, watching TV is the perfect way to relax and unwind after a long day. It's my happy place and escape from reality. I just melt into the couch and get absorbed in whatever's on the screen. Pretty soon, I've forgotten whatever was stressing me out earlier. All my worries just fade away.So while I'll never give up playing outside or spending time with friends, watching TV will always be an important part of my routine. It brings me so much joy and comfort. Maybe I'll even work in TV someday when I grow up! For now though, I'm happy just being a kid who watches kid shows. There's no better way to relax.篇3Watching TV to RelaxEverybody has something they like to do to relax after a long day at school or just when they need a break. For me, that thing is watching TV! I know some parents and teachers don't think watching too much TV is good, but I really enjoy it. As long as I don't overdo it and skip my other responsibilities, I think watching some shows is a great way to unwind.My favorite types of shows are cartoons and comedies. I love anything that makes me laugh! The animated shows likeSpongeBob, The Fairly OddParents, and The Amazing World of Gumball always crack me up. The silly characters and wacky storylines never fail to put a smile on my face. Live-action comedies like The Big Bang Theory and Modern Family are super funny too. I admire how quick-witted the characters are.Sometimes I'm in the mood for shows that take me on exciting adventures instead. Action cartoons like Ben 10, Avatar: The Last Airbender, and Danny Phantom allow me to imagine going on epic quests and battling evil forces. Live-action shows with a lot of drama and suspense, like Stranger Things and The Mandalorian, also transport me to fascinating other worlds.No matter what genre I'm watching, TV allows me to forget about any troubles and stresses from my day. When I'm engrossed in a show, I don't think about that math test I struggled with or the argument I had with my friend. It's like diving into another reality for a little while.More than just providing an escape, TV shows motivate me in different ways too. Seeing brave characters overcome challenges reminds me to persevere when I face my own obstacles. And watching people use their creativity and determination to pursue their dreams inspires me to work hard and follow my passions.I've also learned lots of interesting facts from the educational shows I watch, like National Geographic and Nova. Being entertained while gaining knowledge is the best! Who knows, maybe seeing all those scientists, explorers, and historians will convince me to pursue an exciting career path like they have someday.Mom and Dad do allow me to watch a bit more on weekends and over school breaks though. During those times, having a TV marathon can be a fun bonding experience for our whole family. We'll make yummy snacks, cuddle up on the couch under cozy blankets, and spend a few hours escaping into our favorite shows together. Those are some of my most cherished memories.One day when I'm an adult, TV probably won't be as crucial for relaxing. I'll have other hobbies and ways to unwind. But for now, as a kid, I'm grateful to have such an entertaining outlet. Turning on the TV allows me to give my mind a break after a long day of learning, laugh until my belly hurts, and momentarily become a young adventurer exploring galactic worlds and magical realms. What could be better than that?篇4Watching TV - My Favorite Way to RelaxHi there! My name is Jamie and I'm 10 years old. I absolutely love watching TV when I get home from school or on the weekends. It's my favorite way to relax and unwind after a long day or busy week. There's just something so relaxing about kicking back on the couch, snacking on some chips or cookies, and getting lost in my favorite shows and movies on the TV.My parents have rules about how much TV I can watch each day though. On school nights, I'm only allowed 1 hour of TV time maximum. But on weekends and during breaks from school, I get way more freedom to veg out in front of the TV if I want. My parents know how important it is for kids to relax, but they also want to make sure I don't overdo it on the screen time.There are so many awesome shows and movies to watch these days! It's hard for me to even pick a favorite genre or two. I love animated comedies and cartoons like The Simpsons, Bob's Burgers, and Rick and Morty. But I'm also really into live-action superhero and fantasy shows like The Mandalorian, Loki, and Peacemaker. Oh, and I can't forget about all the amazing movies that come out too - I get so excited for every new Marvel, Pixar, and Star Wars movie release!Even though my parents try to limit my TV time a bit, I still feel like I get to watch a nice healthy amount. And there's such ahuge variety of amazing shows and movies out there now across all the different streaming services like Netflix, Disney+, Hulu, etc.I can pretty much always find something fun and entertaining to watch whenever I'm in a TV watching mood.One of my favorite things about TV is that it lets me escape reality for a little while and get transported into different worlds and stories. Whether it's following a ragtag crew of space bounty hunters, experiencing the wild antics of a cartoon family, or watching a superhero take on a new villain, TV allows me to use my imagination and go on adventures from the comfort of my living room couch. It's the best!And watching shows and movies is so much more than just passive entertainment for me too. My favorite programs actually help inspire my own creative pursuits like writing stories, drawing comics, or even just playing make-believe games with my toys. TV gives me new ideas and gets my creative juices flowing in a fun way.Not only that, but I've also learned so much from the shows and movies I watch too. Things like interesting historical facts, scientific concepts, cultural traditions from around the world, and more. There's a ton of educational value tucked into a lot of the most entertaining programs out there.My parents love that TV expands my knowledge in a way that doesn't even feel like learning. Though I have to admit, sometimes I zone out during those really detail-heavy documentary episodes, haha. It's just too hard not to get sucked into the visuals and completely space out sometimes. But for the most part, TV has definitely taught me a lot while being incredibly fun and engaging at the same time.Speaking of being engaged, I also just love the whole experience and ritual of watching TV. It's not just about the shows and movies themselves for me. I love getting cozy with some blankets and pillows, maybe sipping a hot chocolate or snacking on popcorn. Heck, sometimes I'll even set up a little fort or tent made of blankets and cushions around the TV to make my viewing experience even more fun! My parents just laugh and call me a goof whenever I do that.Then there's the family bonding and shared watching experiences that TV provides too. Some of my favorite memories are of times when the whole family would gather around the TV together for movie nights. We'd all get in our pajamas, make snacks, and just veg out watching movies or shows while cuddling up with each other under a pile of blankets. Such warm, cozy, happy times!And TV has also provided me with shared cultural touchstones to bond with my friends over too. We're always quoting lines, referencing memes, or talking about the latest plot twists from shows at school. Having those common interests and experiences through TV really brings people together in a fun way.Although some people say that TV is just a mindless waste of time, I really don't agree with that. While I definitely don't want to overdo it on the screen time, TV has so many benefits for me like relaxation, imagination, learning, bonding, and pure entertainment value. As long as I'm being reasonable with my TV watching habits and not letting it take over my life, then I think it's an awesome way to spend my free time.I mean, sure, reading books or playing outside are great too. And my parents do make sure I keep a healthy balance of different activities in my life. But at the end of the day, plopping down in front of the TV to catch up on my favorite shows or get lost in a new movie adventure is just such a blissful way for me to unwind and escape from the stresses of school, chores, etc.TV is my happy place, my cozy little escape from reality. And I don't plan on giving up that relaxing habit anytime soon! I'll just keep on watching, escaping, learning, bonding, snacking, andgetting inspired by all the awesome shows and movies out there. Until next time, happy watching, everyone!篇5My Habit of Relaxing by Watching TVEver since I was a little kid, I have loved watching TV. It's one of my favorite things to do after school or on the weekends when I have free time. Watching TV helps me relax and forget about any worries or stress from the day. It transports me into new worlds of adventure, comedy, and excitement. I always look forward to plopping down on the couch and getting lost in my favorite shows.When I come home from school, the first thing I like to do is change into my comfortable clothes - usually shorts and a t-shirt. Then I grab a snack like some cookies or chips to munch on while watching TV. My mom doesn't always love that I eat junk food, but I tell her it's part of the full TV watching experience! I get so into the shows that I don't even realize how much I'm eating sometimes. Whoops!My TV routine really helps me wind down after a long day at school. Sometimes if I had a tough day with a mean teacher yelling at the class or if I got a bad grade on a test, watching TVallows me to escape those bad feelings for a little while. The funny characters and silly plot lines never fail to cheer me up and make me laugh out loud. It's like pushing a reset button on my brain.There are so many great shows to choose from for kids my age. I love animated comedies like The Fairly OddParents, The Amazing World of Gumball, and Teen Titans Go! The humor is so silly and random that it cracks me up every time. I also really enjoy watching live-action shows and movies on Disney Channel and Nickelodeon. Shows like Raven's Home, Bunk'd, and Danger Force are favorites because the characters almost feel like friends to me.Sometimes I get so absorbed in watching that I temporarily forget about things like chores or homework assignments. My parents have to remind me to pause the TV and get my work done before I can keep watching. Occasionally they'll set a time limit, like only letting me watch for an hour after I finish my homework. That's when I try to speed-watch as many episodes as I can so I don't miss out!But my love for TV goes beyond just vegging out alone. Some of my favorite memories are of having friends over for TV watching parties or sleepovers. We'll make forts out of blanketsand pillows, make tons of snacks, and binge-watch our favorite series for hours and hours. We cheer, gasp, and laugh together at all the exciting or funny moments. Then we'll spend more time rehashing the most hilarious or shocking scenes and predicting what we think will happen next. Having friends to watch with definitely enhances the experience.But for the most part, TV is my happy place to relax and unwind from the busy life of an elementary school kid. As long as I'm being responsible about my other obligations like schoolwork and chores, I don't see any problem with indulging in my TV watching hobby. The entertaining stories, lovable characters, and endless laughs are what I live for. From classic cartoons to modern live-action, there's a whole universe of TV shows to explore and escape into. So yes, you could definitely call me a TV watching expert - it's one of my greatest skills!篇6Yes, certainly! Here is an essay of around 2000 words on the habit of relaxing through watching TV, written in English from the perspective of an elementary school student:Watching TV is My Favorite Way to UnwindI love watching TV! It's my absolute favorite thing to do whenever I have some free time. After a long day at school filled with classes, homework, and activities, there's nothing better than plopping down on the couch, grabbing the remote, and tuning into my favorite shows. TV is the best way for me to relax and forget about all the stresses of the day.I can watch TV for hours on end without getting bored. There are so many amazing shows out there, from hilarious comedies that make me laugh out loud to exciting action adventures that keep me on the edge of my seat. No matter what kind of mood I'm in, there's always something good on TV that can cheer me up or let me escape into another world for a little while.My friends and I are always talking about the latest episodes of our favorite shows during recess or after school. We make predictions about what's going to happen next, discuss our favorite characters, and reenact the funniest or coolest scenes from the previous episode. Sometimes we even have TV watching parties at each other's houses so we can enjoy an exciting new episode together. Watching TV is like a shared experience that brings us closer as friends.Mom and Dad don't always understand my obsession with TV though. They're always nagging me to "go outside and play" or "put down the remote and read a book instead." But in my opinion, there's nothing wrong with watching a reasonable amount of TV to unwind after a busy day. It's not like I'm zoning out in front of the screen from morning until night. I always make sure to get my homework done first before allowing myself some well-deserved TV time.Besides, TV isn't just mindless entertainment. There are so many educational shows out there that can actually teach you cool facts about history, science, nature, and more in a really fun and engaging way. Whenever I watch those kinds of shows, I feel like I'm learning something new without even trying. TV can definitely be educational if you watch the right programs.My absolute favorite shows though are the ones about kids going on crazy adventures and using their imagination. Those shows always inspire me to come up with my own imaginary games and adventures to play with my friends. After watching an episode about kids exploring a haunted house or discovering a secret world of dinosaurs, we'll spent the rest of the day pretending to be brave explorers or paleontologists. TV gives me so many ideas to fuel my creativity and playtime with my friends.I also love watching TV because it allows me to experience so many things that I can't experience in real life, at least not yet. Through TV, I've been able to go on exciting adventures to outer space, talk to magical creatures, travel back in time, and so much more - all from the comfort of my living room couch. TV opens up a whole new world of possibilities that real life can't offer me...at least until I'm older!I know some people think that too much TV can "rot your brain", but I don't really buy that. Like most things in life, TV should just be enjoyed in moderation and balanced with other activities. As long as I'm keeping up with schoolwork, chores, hobbies, and spending time outdoors with friends, what's the harm in unwinding after a busy day by watching a couple of my favorite shows? TV allows me to relax, keep up with the latest pop culture trends, learn new things through educational programming, spend quality time with loved ones, spark my imagination, and momentarily escape reality - all from the comfort of my living room.So the next time my parents nag me about watching too much TV, I'll simply remind them of all the wonderful benefits of being a TV lover. They can't argue with the facts! TV isn't just mindless entertainment - it's a way of life for a creative, curious,zany kid like me. As long as I have access to good shows, I'll never be bored and will always look forward to those blissful hours of kicking back in front of the tube. Watching TV isn't just a habit...it's a treasured pastime that brings me endless joy, entertainment, and relaxation. What's not to love about that?。
毕业设计手册【范本模板】
毕业设计(论文）手册
(工科专业）
学生姓名：徐佳宁
指导教师：李冰洁
专业：计算机科学与技术
班级：计算机1141班
吉林工程技术师范学院教务处制
二ＯＯ八年五月
毕业设计（论文）选题论证书
毕业设计（论文）任务书
题目：校园快递收发运营平台系统
信息工程系(分院)计算机科学与技术专业计算机1141班学生姓名: 徐佳宁学号： 3 指导教师：李冰洁职称: 讲师
教研室主任：杨峰
系（分院)主任：安晓峰
任务书下发日期：
2014年12 月25
吉林工程技术师范学院教务处制
本科生毕业设计（论文)开题报告
题目校园快递收发运营平台系统
院（系) 信息工程学院
专业计算机科学与技术
班级计算机1141
姓名徐佳宁
指导教师李冰洁
开题时间2015年3月2日
吉林工程技术师范学院教务处制
一、课题研究意义
二、研究方案
三、设计(论文）课题评议
四、考核组成员
毕业设计（论文）指导教师评阅意见
毕业设计(论文）指导教师评定成绩标准
注：如属论文且无设计图纸则将第11项的得分加到第12项中
毕业设计（论文）评阅人评阅意见
注：1。
参照评价项目内涵与标准，A为合格、B为基本合格、C为不合格；2.有1个C,需修改后答辩,有1个以上C不同意答辩.
毕业设计(论文）答辩记录
毕业设计（论文）答辩小组评语及综合成绩
注：优(90分以上）;良（80～89)；中（70~79);及格（60～69）；不及格（60以下）
毕业设计（论文）答辩成绩评定标准。
2015妹岛和世
• 娱乐类：卢米埃公园咖啡厅
克丽丝汀·迪奥表参道店 Prada专柜设计 古河综合公园饮食Байду номын сангаас施
• 住宅类：中国国际建筑展览会的住宅设计
歧阜北方住宅 再春馆制药女子公寓 周末渡假屋 李子宅
———看得见风景的空间 金泽21世纪美术馆(建造时间：1999~2004)
地理位置及区位分析 金泽21世纪美术馆，所在地 金泽市位于日本西侧 这里的原址是中小学，位置 靠近金泽的繁华区—香林坊， 附近更有名胜“兼六园”。基 地三面临街，周边地块用地属 性多样，城市建筑多以背面相 向。 选择圆形的原因——
光线：
妹岛通过把展览厅的顶 棚改为双层的磨砂玻璃， 将展览厅改造为光庭。而 照入光庭中的光线被磨砂 玻璃削弱，这种柔弱的光 线再而在白色细腻的墙面 上进行无穷无尽的漫反射， 使得整个光庭都沐浴在一 片暧昧的乳白色光晕中。 “塑造的光线”
美术馆内部的作品
作品：泳池 设计师：Leandro ERLICH 建造时间：2004 材料：混凝土、玻 璃 尺度：H280 x W402 x D697 cm
简历：
1956年 出生于日本茨城 1981年 毕业于日本女子大学，获建筑学硕士学位 1987年 创建妹岛和世建筑设计事务所 1995年 与西泽立卫建立SANAA建筑事务所 2000年 任美国剑桥的哈佛设计研究生院客座教授
获奖：
1988年 平台住宅一期和二期获年SD建筑设计展颁发 的一等奖 1989年 平台住宅一期获东京建筑师协会居住建筑特 别奖； 1990年 再春馆制药的女子宿舍获1990年度SD 建筑 设计展二等奖。 1991年 那须野原和声厅获设计竞赛二等奖。 1992年 再春馆制药的女子宿舍获日本建筑师协会年 度青年建筑师奖； 1994年 电动弹珠机营业大厅 一期和二期获94年商业 空间设计奖一等奖； 1995年 再春馆制药的女子宿舍获夏威夷大学肯尼思 ·F·布朗亚太文化和建筑设计奖一等奖。 1996年 广岛市西消防站获设计竞赛二等奖； 1996年 长冈文化建设论坛或设计竞赛二等奖。 2000年 获德国卡尔斯鲁厄埃里希·谢林建筑奖。 2010年 获普利策建筑奖。
条约随时间演变特别是嗣后协定和实践问题
A. 导言1. 条约不只是枯燥无味的典籍。
条约是为缔约国提供一种稳定环境并实现其中所载宗旨的文书。
因此，条约可能随时间流逝而变化，必须适应新的情况，根据国际社会的社会需求而演变，有时还有可能过时。
2. “时下条约”这一一般性问题反映了条约法中稳定和变化需求之间的紧张关系。
一方面，条约和条约法的目的是面对不断变化的环境，提供了一种稳定的环境。
另一方面，法律制度也必须留有余地考虑嗣后的发展，以确保对缔约国之间的协议给予有意义的尊重，并明确其限度。
3. 了解嗣后行为、事件和发展如何影响现行法律，在任何法律制度下都十分重要。
在国内法中，法律颁布或契约缔结后一个重要的嗣后发展，是立法机构或契约当事方通过修正案和法院作出演进式解释。
在国际法中，情况要复杂得多。
不同的渊源，特别是条约和习惯法，受不同规则和机构的约束，而且彼此之间相互作用。
4. 以习惯法为例，某一规则是某些行为、伴随的法律评价表述以及对其反应(国家实践和法律意见)这一总体进程的结果。
原则上，这一进程一直在继续，某项规则因而不断得到重申或受到要求变革的压力。
就习惯法而言，嗣后的行为、事件和发展原则上属于或等同于习惯法形成进程的一部分。
5. 另一方面，在条约法中，条约及其缔结的过程必须与可能影响有关条约存在、内容或意义的嗣后行为、事件和发展明确分开。
条约是国家之间和/或其他国际法主体之间的正式协议，旨在以具法律约束力的形式在一个期间内保持所达成的协议。
因此，嗣后行为、事件或发展可能只在某些情况下影响一项条约的存在、内容或意义。
界定这些条件，对条约关系的安全是有益的。
国际法院对加布奇科沃－大毛罗斯案的判决1以实例说明了条约法的运作如何与可能影响一项条约存在、内容或意义的嗣后行动、事件和发展相关。
6. 就条约随时间演变而言，有人建议委员会再次讨论条约法。
这一问题经常被提出。
随着某些重要的多边条约达到某一阶段，这些问题在将来甚至更有可能出现。
7. “条约随时间演变”这一专题的一个方面是，缔约国的嗣后协定和嗣后实践对条约解释，特别是对根据条约规则宗旨(详见以下B和E节)对条约作出或大或小的动态解释的作用。
ディルドリン 4200pgg-dry は日本で一番高いですね
井上武吉的反射公共艺术我的天空洞简介
井上武吉的反射公共艺术我的天空洞简介下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢！本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注！Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!一、井上武吉简介。
井上武吉是一位著名的日本艺术家，擅长利用光影和反射原理创作公共艺术作品。
Nachos Project Guide
Nachos Project GuideV22.0202-001: Computer Systems Organization II (Honors)Spring 2005Vijay KaramchetiDepartment of Computer ScienceCourant Institute of Mathematical SciencesNew York UniversityPreface (3)Preface to the Original Document (Jeff Chase) (4)1 Nachos Project Policies and Mechanisms (5)Teams (5)1.1 ProjectInterviews (5)1.2 Demo1.3 What to Hand In (5)1.4 Grading (6)1.5 Extensions, Late Work, Partial Credit, and Solutions (6)1.6 Working With Your Team (7)1.7 What Parts of Nachos Should We Modify? (8)2 Working With Nachos (9)2.1 Installing and Building Nachos (9)2.2 Tracing and Debugging Nachos Programs (10)2.3 Controlling the Order of Execution in Nachos (11)2.4 The Nachos MIPS Simulator (12)2.5 Creating Test Programs for Nachos Kernels (13)3 Nachos Lab Assignments (16)3.1 Lab 1: The Trouble with Concurrent Programming (17)3.2 Lab 2: Threads and Synchronization (20)3.3 Lab 3: Programming with Threads (23)3.4 Lab 4: Multiprogrammed Kernel (26)3.5 Lab 5: I/O (29)3.6 Lab 6: Virtual Memory (32)4 Nachos System Call Interface (35)Management (35)4.1 Process4.2 Files and I/O (36)4.3 Pipes (36)4.4 Threads (37)PrefaceThis document describes the Nachos programming projects used for V22.0202-001, the one-semester Honors Computer Systems Organization II course at New York University.The document has its roots in the project guide created by Jeff Chase (chase@) for use in CPS 110, the undergraduate Introduction to Operating Systems course at Duke University. I have made several modifications to the original document over the years, in some of the assignment descriptions, in formatting, and in making the policies, assignments, and document references suitable for use at New York University.I have left Jeff Chase’s preface to the original document unchanged. This appears in the document with the title: “Preface to the Original Document (Jeff Chase)”, immediately following this page.Vijay KaramchetiJanuary 13, 2005New YorkPreface to the Original Document (Jeff Chase)This document describes the Nachos programming projects used for CPS 110, the one-semester undergraduate operating systems course at Duke University. It includes a full description of all of the assignments, and some related material useful for orienting students and guiding them through the exercises and around some common pitfalls. It is intended to supplement other materials about Nachos, including A Road Map Through Nachos and Darrell Anderson's Nachos Resource Page on the CPS 110 course web.Nachos is an instructional operating system conceived and implemented by Dr. Tom Anderson and his associates at the University of California at Berkeley. I have had the privilege of knowing Tom as a colleague and as a fellow graduate student at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he has now returned as a Professor. This is not the first time that I have found myself trying to improve in some small way on something that he has done, nor do I believe it will be the last.Almost all of the content in these projects derives directly from the Berkeley projects included with the Nachos distribution, and more recent versions available on the Web. The Berkeley projects were first used at Duke in Fall 1994 by Dr. Thomas Narten, the author of A Road Map Through Nachos. His materials were adapted by Dr. Carla Ellis and her teaching assistants for her offerings of CPS 110 in the 1995-1997 academic years. I have reorganized, modified, and extended her materials based on my experiences teaching the course in the Fall of 1997 and in subsequent semesters.The current CPS 110 projects are generally easier for students than the Berkeley projects. At this time we do not use the assignments pertaining to file system internals or networking, leaving projects in those areas to follow-on courses. We have made an effort to divide the projects into evenly-sized chunks that start early and build functionality regularly through the semester, and to provide enough step-by-step guidance to draw students into Nachos slowly without overwhelming them. The more guidance we offer, the more our students can accomplish with a given amount of effort, leading to a more satisfying experience for everyone.Note to students. While we have made an effort to simplify these projects for you, most Duke undergraduates find these projects sufficiently difficult to dominate their lives during the one-semester course. A common misconception from earlier semesters is that we are sadistic individuals who enjoy seeing students suffer. Actually, this is not the case. We enjoy seeing students who are proud of what they have accomplished and excited by the power that flows from a relatively small set of simple abstractions in an operating system, even a toy one like Nachos.Our goal in developing and refining these projects is to minimize the amount of busy work and orientation time for you, while maximizing the learning value of the projects. Even so, the projects demand that you invest a large amount of effort to learn the internals of an operating system that you will never use again in your life. However, we are confident that in doing so you will learn more about all operating systems and software systems in general, and not just Nachos.Even so, we are committed to continuing to refine these projects. Your responsibility is to do the best job that you can with them, maintain a positive attitude, and take the time to constructively suggest ways we can make life easier and more productive for students in subsequent offerings of the course. You can tell us in person, send e-mail, or fill out the anonymous suggestion form on the course web. We will not lower the bar, but we will do what we can to help you over it.1Nachos Project Policies and MechanismsIn this course, we will have a Nachos lab project due every two weeks, starting two weeks after the first day of classes. The one exception is Lab 6, which is due three weeks after it is handed out. This section defines the course procedures and policies for doing the Nachos labs and assigning grades. Please read it carefully.The specific details of each assignment are covered in Section 3 (See Nachos Lab Assignments). You will find the information in Section 2 (See Working With Nachos) valuable for some or all of the assignments. The system call definitions in Section 4 (See Nachos System Call Interface) will be important for Labs 4 and 5. By the end of the semester you will have read everything in this document.1.1Project TeamsThe projects will be done in teams of 2 students. Form your team before the first assignment is due. You may reorganize your team at any time during the semester by mutual consent.An ideal team would match up students with complementary skills: somebody who considers themselves stronger in the concepts with somebody who has stronger implementation skills. That said, the expectation is that by the end of the semester everybody would be equally comfortable with both concepts and implementation techniques. Note also that although projects are graded on a team basis, the evaluation process (see below) provides ample opportunity for us to observe what is happening, and to account for any team imbalances in the final grading.1.2Demo InterviewsMost of our evaluation of your labs will occur in demo/interview sessions for each assignment during a scheduled slot shortly after the due date. Typically, you will schedule your demo either with the instructor or the teaching assistant (if one is assigned for the course). Instructions for scheduling demos will be given in class and on the course web page.We expect that both members of each team will participate equally in the demos. As a general rule, both members are expected to attend every demo, with exceptions allowed in rare situations when there is a compelling reason why you cannot reconcile your schedules. At the start of each demo, the instructor or TA will designate one of the members as the "primary spokesperson" for the demo. The primary spokesperson will sit at a workstation (or stand at a whiteboard) and lead the conversation about your project. The other team member should feel free to add comments during the demo, and should be prepared when called upon to answer specific questions.Many students are nervous about the demos early in the semester. There would seem to be good reason for this: we will review your code, ask you to show us that the code works, attempt to uncover bugs, and generally put you on the spot to explain what you did and why. Most students find that once they start talking they have plenty to say, and that we are happy to reward students who work hard on the assignments. If you do a good job on each assignment, then the demos will be fun.1.3What to Hand InPlease e-mail a short writeup (1-2 pages) for each assignment to the instructor before the deadline with the string nachos project writeup N in the subject line, where N is the assignment number. The messageshould cc: the TA (if one exists) and all team members. The first line of your message should be the full pathname of your team's source code directory. You should also make every effort to sign up for your demos before the deadline; please state the date and time of the scheduled demo in the second line of the message. The rest of the message should give an overview of your approach to the assignment, and a summary of the status, i.e., what works and what does not.Writeups should be brief. Do not spend too much effort on your writeups: the course is time-consuming enough as it is. The purpose of the writeup is to give you an opportunity to "come clean" about any problems with your work, and to add information that may be useful in grading. If you had specific problems or issues, approaches you tried that didn't work, or concepts that were not fully implemented, then an explanation in your writeup may help us to assign partial credit. If your code looks good and your demo interview goes well, then we might not even read your writeup.Expect that your source code will be automatically archived at deadline time. This allows us to keep a snapshot of the state of your code at deadline, and to keep a record of Nachos project work from semester to semester. You should not count on us for backup copies of your source code. You are strongly encouraged to use version control tools such as CVS or RCS, but please leave clean and up-to-date versions of your .c and .h files in the directory for us to look at. Try to make it obvious which files contain the code you want us to grade you on.1.4GradingOur goal is to give every team credit for the work they have done, while giving the most credit to the teams that do the best work on each assignment. Your grade is based partly on your explanation of your work during the demo. Your implementation is graded on completeness, correctness, programming style, and thoroughness of testing. Bugs that were not uncovered by your testing cost more than bugs you are aware of and tell us about in advance. We typically give less than half-credit for projects that do not build or do not run.Note that in this course we do NOT grade your labs by how fast they execute. Performance concerns are critical in many software systems, but correctness ALWAYS comes first. As an unbending rule, you should strive for solutions that are simple, direct, elegant, structurally sound, easy to extend, and obviously correct. Simple solutions can save you endless nights of debugging time. These solutions are also the easiest to grade, and they demonstrate that you understand the principles and know what is "right".Each project is graded on a 100-point scale. You should be pleased with any grade above an 80. Grades below 70 indicate trouble. If you are in trouble, feel free to stop by during office hours to talk about it with the instructor (or send e-mail). The instructor or TA will send out e-mail to you with your grade at most a few days after all demos are complete.1.5Extensions, Late Work, Partial Credit, and SolutionsExtensions. We will not grant penalty-free extensions for individual teams on the Nachos projects. In general, if one member of your group is sick, has a death in the family, spends an extra day on the beach during spring break, has four midterms on the day before the project is due, is stuck somewhere, has a job interview or a hangover, or just flakes out, then the other team member is expected to pick up the slack. Get started early and schedule your time carefully.Late work. You are permitted to continue working on each assignment after the deadline, and between the deadline and the demo. If you change code after the deadline, please send e-mail to the instructor and the TA (if one exists) before the interview, telling us about any changes you have made after the deadline. Generally, we will give about half credit for work done after the deadline, but we reserve the right to assign any degree of partial credit that seems appropriate.Availability of solutions. In previous semesters that similar assignments have been used (at NYU or at other universities) all but a few groups have produced code that is solid enough to build on for subsequent labs. It has never been necessary to hand out solutions. We would rather have you expend the effort to fix your own bugs for each lab, rather than heaving your first attempt and using our canned solution instead. If you take the time to fix up mistakes, we will give you some points back during the demo for the next lab.1.6Working With Your TeamOne purpose of college is to learn about life. Most of the work that you do in your life will be in teams. Conflicts among team members are a fact of life. Good strategies for avoiding and coping with these conflicts are crucial to your success in this course, and in life.Team strategies. With the Nachos projects, some strategies are better than others for coordinating the activities of your team. A common error is to attempt a superficial division of the lab requirements among the team members, with each member responsible for fulfilling specific requirements. This might work in the first few labs, but teams often suffer painful losses of points for the mistakes of individual team members. In the later labs, the various requirements are so intertwined that you cannot reasonably divide the work until you understand all of the pieces of your system and how they fit together. You should meet as a group to work out a solid high-level design, before you partition the work and before you start coding. If you take the time to do this phase well, then your group will have a more effective and equitable division of labor, you will spend much less time (re)writing and (re)debugging code, you will learn more, and we will all be happier with the result.Slackers, dictators, and irreconcilable differences. The course is run with the premise that you are all adults who are capable of coordinating your efforts effectively without our intervention. In practice this occasionally turns out not to be the case. If you feel that a team member is not pulling their weight or is otherwise behaving unreasonably, you are free to voice your concerns to the instructor. We may or may not choose to take steps to deal with the problem, but in any case your comments and identity will be held in confidence. If your team develops "irreconcilable differences", then a "divorce" may be the only solution.Divorces and other team reorganizations. You may reorganize your groups at any time during the semester. Each reorganization requires mutual consent of both parties involved, and/or the approval of the instructor. Please state and justify your intention in an e-mail message to the instructor and the TA, with a cc: to the other team member. We reserve the right to deny any request to reorganize teams.Teams and grades. Conflicts among team members are often amplified by stress about grades. It is true that the success of your Nachos team determines a large component of your final grade in this course, even if mistakes made by your team are "not your fault". This is life, and life is not always fair. However, in managing this course we will try very hard to understand what is happening in each team and to assign a fair grade to each individual at the end of the semester. Problems with teams will tend to matter less in the final grading than most students expect.1.7What Parts of Nachos Should We Modify?Some students find the nature of the Nachos projects confusing, because there is a significant amount of code already written and it is not always clear what to change or where to make additions. Nachos is designed so that the changes for each assignment are reasonably localized, and we will tell you which areas are important for each assignment. In most cases, you will be adding new code to the existing framework, mostly in new procedures or classes that you define and create. In a few cases, you will be extending or "filling in" C++ classes or methods that are already defined. Very rarely will it be necessary to delete or rewrite code that already exists (this does happen in Lab 4), or to add code in areas outside of the focus of each assignment.In general, we do not prohibit you from modifying any part of Nachos that you feel is necessary to modify. However, we are telling you now that the simplest and most direct solutions for each assignment do not require you to modify code outside of the primary area of focus for each assignment. Also, under no circumstances should you modify the behavior of the "hardware" as defined by the machine simulation software in the machine subdirectory described in Section 2.4 (See The Nachos MIPS Simulator). It is acceptable to change #define directives that determine the machine or system parameters (e.g., size of physical memory or size of the default stack), but any code that implements the machine itself is strictly off limits. If you are unsure about this, then please ask.2Working With NachosThis section contains general information that will help you understand Nachos and complete the projects. Much of it will not make sense to you at first. You should browse through this at the beginning of the semester, and then return to each of the subsections as they become relevant during the semester. A great deal of additional information about Nachos is available through the Nachos resource page.Before you do any Nachos work, you should be familiar with Section 1 (See Nachos Project Policies and Mechanisms), which defines the course procedures for all of the Nachos assignments. Section 3 (See Nachos Lab Assignments) gives specific instructions for each assignment.2.1Installing and Building NachosYou will develop, test, and demo your code on an ITS Solaris SPARC machine. The Nachos resource page on the course web includes an HTML source code browser and updated instructions for a full installation of the Nachos release we will use this semester. This web page also contains an appropriately modified version of Nachos that can be installed and run on a Linux/x86 machine. While you might find the latter convenient for development purposes, note that you will be expected to submit your lab on the Solaris machine, so you should make sure that your code runs on the latter as well.Install your Nachos copy into a directory of your choice under your home directory on the Solaris machine. Wherever it goes, please give us read access to it using the chmod command. We must have access to your code in order to give you credit for each assignment. Refer to the course web page for additional details about how to set this up.The Nachos code directory includes several subdirectories with source code for different pieces of the Nachos system. The subdirectories include Makefiles that allow you to automatically build the right components for specific assignments using the make command (make sure that you are using GNU make). The relevant subdirectories are threads for Labs 1-3, userprog for Labs 4-5, and vm for Lab 6. If you type make in one of these directories, it will execute a sequence of commands to compile and link Nachos, yielding an executable program called nachos in that directory. All of your testing will be done by running these nachos executables built from your modified Nachos code.You should study the Makefiles to understand how dependency identification and recompilation work. The dependency information determines which .cc files are rebuilt when a given .h file changes. The dependency lines in each subdirectory’s Makefile (e.g., nachos/threads/Makefile) are created automatically using the make depend facility. For example, if you type cd threads; make depend, this will regenerate the dependency information in the threads/Makefile . It is extremely important to keep your dependency information up to date.A few simple guidelines will help you avoid build problems, which can consume hours of frustrating debugging time tracking bugs that do not really exist. First, always be sure that you run make depend any time the header file dependencies change (e.g., you introduce a new .cc file or include new header files in an existing .cc file), or any time the location of the source code changes (e.g., you cp or mv the source tree from one directory to another). Second, always make sure you are running the right copy of the nachos executable, presumably one you just built. If in doubt, change directories to the correct directory, and execute Nachos with ./nachos .2.2Tracing and Debugging Nachos ProgramsThere are at least three ways to trace execution: (1) add printf (or fprintf) statements to the code, (2) use the gdb debugger or another debugger of your choosing, and (3) insert calls to the DEBUG function that Nachos provides.Many people debug with printfs because any idiot can do it, whereas even smart people need to spend a few hours learning to use a debugger. However, investing those few hours will save you many more hours of debugging time that could be better spent watching TV or doing just about anything else. p rintfs can be useful, but be aware that they do not always work right, because data is not always printed synchronously with the call to printf . Rather, printf buffers ("saves up") printed characters in memory, and writes the output only when it has accumulated enough to justify the cost of invoking the operating system's write system call to put the output on your screen. If your program crashes while characters are still in the buffer, then you may never see those messages print. If you use printf , it is good practice to follow every printf with a call to fflush to avoid this problem.2.2.1The DEBUG PrimitiveIf you want to debug with print statements, the nachos DEBUG function (declared in threads/utility.h ) is your best bet. In fact, the Nachos code is already peppered with calls to the DEBUG function. You can see some of them by doing an fgrep DEBUG *h *cc in the threads subdirectory. These are basically print statements that keep quiet unless you want to hear what they have to say. By default, these statements have no effect at runtime. To see what is happening, you need to invoke nachos with a special command-line argument that activates the DEBUG statements you want to see.See for a specification of the flags to the nachos command. The relevant one for DEBUG is -d . The -d flag followed by a space and a series of debug flags cause the DEBUG statements in nachos with those debug flags to be printed when they are executed. For example, the t debug flag activates the DEBUG statements in the threads directory. The machine subdirectory has some DEBUG statements with the i and m debug flags. See threads/utility.h for a description of the meanings of the current debug flags.For a quick peek at what's going on, run nachos -d ti to activate the DEBUG statements in threads and machine . If you want to know more, add some more DEBUG statements. You are encouraged to sprinkle your code liberally with DEBUG statements, and to add new debug flag values of your own. 2.2.2Miscellaneous Debugging TipsThe ASSERT function, also declared in threads/utility.h , is extremely useful in debugging, particularly for concurrent code. Use ASSERT to indicate that certain conditions should be true at runtime. If the condition is not true (i.e., the expression evaluates to 0), then your program will print a message and crash right there before things get messed up further. ASSERT early and often! ASSERTs help to document your code as well as exposing bugs early.One of the first concepts you will learn in this course is the idea of a thread. Your Nachos programs will execute as multiple independent threads, each with a separate call stack. When you trace the execution path of your program, it is helpful to keep track of the state of each thread and which procedures are on each thread's execution stack. You will notice that when one thread calls SWITCH, another thread starts running (this is called a context switch ), and the first thing the new thread does is to return fromSWITCH. Because gdb and other debuggers are not aware of the Nachos thread library, tracing across a call to SWITCH might be confusing sometimes.Warning : Each Nachos thread is assigned a small, fixed-size execution stack (4K bytes by default). This may cause bizarre problems (such as segmentation faults at strange lines of code) if you declare large data structures (e.g., int buf[1000] ) to be automatic variables (local variables or procedure arguments). You will probably not notice this during the semester, but if you do, you may change the size of the stack by modifying the #define in threads/thread.h .2.2.3Defining New Command-Line Flags for NachosIn addition to defining new debug flags as described in Section 2.2.1 (See The Debug Primitive), it is easy to add your own command-line flags to Nachos. This allows you to initialize the value of a global variable of your choosing from the command line, in order to control the program's behavior at runtime. Directions for doing this are available on the course web site.2.3Controlling the Order of Execution in NachosMany bugs in concurrent code are dependent on the order in which threads happen to execute at runtime. Sometimes the program will run fine; other times it will crash out of the starting gate. A program that works once may fail on the next run because the system happened to run the threads in a different order. The exact interleaving may depend on all sorts of factors beyond your control, such as the OS scheduling policies, the exact timing of external events, and the phases of the moon. The Nachos labs require you to write a lot of properly synchronized code, so it is important to understand how to test your code and make sure that it is solid.2.3.1Context SwitchesOn a multiprocessor, the executions of threads running on different processors may be arbitrarily interleaved, and proper synchronization is even more important. In Nachos, which is uniprocessor-based, interleavings are determined by the timing of context switches from one thread to another. On a uniprocessor, properly synchronized code should work no matter when and in what order the scheduler chooses to run the threads on the ready list. The best way to find out if your code is "properly synchronized" is to see if it breaks when you run it repeatedly in a way that exhaustively forces all possible interleavings to occur. To experiment with different interleavings, you must somehow control when the executing program makes context switches.Context switches can be either voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary context switches occur when the thread that is running explicitly calls Thread::Yield or some other routine to causes the scheduler to switch to another thread. Note that the thread must be running within the Nachos kernel in order to make a voluntary context switch. A thread running in the kernel might initiate a voluntary switch for any of a number of reasons, e.g., perhaps as part of an implementation of some higher level facility, or maybe the programmer was just being nice.In contrast, involuntary context switches occur when the inner Nachos modules ( Machine and Thread ) decide to switch to another thread all by themselves. In a real system, this might happen when a timer interrupt signals that the current thread is hogging the CPU. Nachos does involuntary context switches by taking an interrupt from a simulated timer, and calling (you guessed it) Thread::Yield when the timer interrupt handler returns.。
学生课外自学课程一览表
（3）网络博客、QQ、游戏等
软件工程、计算机图形学、计算机体系结构、数据库原理
第七学期
并行计算、分布式系统，html、javascrip、vbscrip等脚本语言；北京精雕软件JDPaint；同时选择一个课题方向进行研究与实践为下学期毕业设计作准备
WEB系统与技术(基于.net)或EJB开发技术（基于J2EE），、信息保障与安全或数字图象处理。另外选修课8个学分
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ第八学期
社会与职业道德、科研写作基本方法
毕业实习与设计
特别说明：
社会上大量需要的人才是计算机从业人员，少数用人单位才是需要计算机专业人员。
学生自学专业外综合知识一览表
专业外的综合知识
课余兴趣、爱好
（1）经济学方面
（2）企业管理方面
（3）历史方面
（4）礼仪礼节方面
(5)法律方面
（1）琴、棋、书、画、乐器
学生课外自学课程一览表
学期
学生课外自学课程
课内开设课程
第一学期
Windows、Office、杀毒软件、打印机驱动程序等的安装与设置、礼仪礼节基本知识
计算机基础训练、计算机导论、数字逻辑
第二学期
PhtoShop图像处理、FrontPage静态网页制作、Flash动态网页制作、DreamWeaver网页制作
高级语言程序设计（C）
第三学期
Protel电子辅助制图、CorelDraw平面制图、程序设计与问题求解、面向对象方法学、Authorware课件制作、绘声绘影视频剪辑
面向对象程序设计(C++)、电路与系统、电路与系统实验
第四学期
MATLAB语言程序设计、LABview语言程序设计、AutoCAD工程制图、3D max三维制图
NachOS实验报告(4个全)
四川大学操作系统课程设计报告学院：软件学院专业：软件工程专业年级：08级组编号：组成员：提交时间：2010年6月24日指导教师评阅意见：.. . . .指导教师评阅成绩：：：实验项目一项目名称：开发Shell程序试验背景知识Shell此处的shell是指命令行式的shell。
文字操作系统与外部最主要的接口就叫做shell。
shell是操作系统最外面的一层。
shell管理你与操作系统之间的交互:等待你输入，向操作系统解释你的输入，并且处理各种各样的操作系统的输出结果。
shell提供了你与操作系统之间通讯的方式。
这种通讯可以以交互方式（从键盘输入，并且可以立即得到响应），或者以shell script(非交互)方式执行。
shell script是放在文件中的一串shell和操作系统命令，它们可以被重复使用。
本质上，shell script是命令行命令简单的组合到一个文件里面。
Shell基本上是一个命令解释器，类似于DOS下的。
它接收用户命令（如ls等)，然后调用相应的应用程序。
较为通用的shell有标准的Bourne shell (sh)和C shell (csh)。
交互式shell和非交互式shell交互式模式就是shell等待你的输入，并且执行你提交的命令。
这种模式被称作交互式是因为shell与用户进行交互。
这种模式也是大多数用户非常熟悉的：登录、执行一些命令、签退。
当你签退后，shell也终止了。
shell也可以运行在另外一种模式：非交互式模式。
在这种模式下，shell不与你进行交互，而是读取存放在文件中的命令,并且执行它们。
当它读到文件的结尾，shell也就终止了。
实验目的：Shell是一个命令处理器（command processor）——是一个读入并解释你输入的命令的程序，它是介于使用者和操作系统之核心程序（kernel）间的一个接口。
它是一个交互性命令解释器。
shell 独立于操作系统，这种设计让用户可以灵活选择适合自己的shell。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
四川大学操作系统课程设计报告学院：软件学院专业：软件工程专业年级：06级组编号：第25组组成员：王鑫0643111082刘世彬0643111杨斌0643111244王秀才0643111090提交时间：2008年6月16日指导教师评阅意见：.. . . .指导教师评阅成绩：王鑫：王秀才：杨斌：刘世彬：实验项目一项目名称：开发Shell程序试验背景知识Shell文字操作系统与外部最主要的接口就叫做shell。
shell是操作系统最外面的一层。
shell 管理你与操作系统之间的交互:等待你输入，向操作系统解释你的输入，并且处理各种各样的操作系统的输出结果。
shell提供了你与操作系统之间通讯的方式。
这种通讯可以以交互方式（从键盘输入，并且可以立即得到响应），或者以shell script(非交互)方式执行。
shell script是放在文件中的一串shell和操作系统命令，它们可以被重复使用。
本质上，shell script是命令行命令简单的组合到一个文件里面。
Shell基本上是一个命令解释器，类似于DOS下的。
它接收用户命令（如ls等)，然后调用相应的应用程序。
较为通用的shell有标准的Bourne shell (sh)和C shell (csh)。
交互式shell和非交互式shell交互式模式就是shell等待你的输入，并且执行你提交的命令。
这种模式被称作交互式是因为shell与用户进行交互。
这种模式也是大多数用户非常熟悉的：登录、执行一些命令、签退。
当你签退后，shell也终止了。
shell也可以运行在另外一种模式：非交互式模式。
在这种模式下，shell不与你进行交互，而是读取存放在文件中的命令,并且执行它们。
当它读到文件的结尾，shell也就终止了。
实验目的：Shell是一个命令处理器（command processor）——是一个读入并解释你输入的命令的程序，它是介于使用者和操作系统之核心程序（kernel）间的一个接口。
它是一个交互性命令解释器。
shell 独立于操作系统，这种设计让用户可以灵活选择适合自己的shell。
shell 让你在命令行键入命令，经过shell 解释后传送给操作系统（内核）执行。
参与人员及分工：王鑫：书写代码王秀才：查资料，组织代码和报告的书写工作杨斌：书写代码刘世彬：平台的搭建和调试运行实验环境：Redhat Enterprise Linux 12.0NachOS-4.1>试验环境的搭建：Vmware的安装,linuxd的安装，sin sight的安装Vmware的安装Vmware是一个虚拟机软件，它可以在windows平台上虚拟出真实机器的硬件环境的，使得我们可以在不购买新机器的情况下就可以在一个机器上运行多个操作系统。
Vmware的安装和普通的windows应用程序安装没有太大的差别，是一个相当“傻瓜”的过程，只要按照提示，依次点击“下一步”就可顺利地完成vmware的安装了。
虚拟机的创建i.如果所示，在file中选择new——新虚拟机ii.然后选择定制创建虚拟机——选择操作系统类型（linux－redhat linux）——虚拟机名称和虚拟机文件安放的路径——虚拟机器模拟内存——网络选择——选择I/O适配器——硬盘创建——设置虚拟机器硬盘名称如果所示：定制虚拟机器操作系统类型以及虚拟机名称和虚拟机文件安放的路径虚拟机器模拟内存网络选择选择I/O适配器硬盘创建虚拟机器搭建完成以后，然后安装linux.虚拟机创建完成后vmware 的主窗口就会多出一个标签页，这页的内容正式我们所创建的虚拟机的信息。
（如图1-12）图1-12 新建虚拟机信息点击标签页上的“start this virtual machine”就可以启动我们刚刚创建的虚拟机，但是由于我们只是让vmware帮我们模拟出了一个硬件机器，我们还没有向这个机器上安装任何软件，所以我们的机器运行后除了一些BIOS程序的输出外别的什么也没有，也什么都不能干，所以我们需要进行下一步，向虚拟机上安装OS和应用程序。
虚拟机上linux的安装虚拟机创建好了，vmware只是按照我们的要求模拟出了一个硬件机器，到目前位置这个虚拟机上并没有安装任何软件，也不能做任何事情。
这一步的目的就是要向虚拟的硬件机器上安装linux操作系统，进而安装其他应用程序。
在虚拟机上安装linux和在真实机器上由光驱安装linux是相同的过程。
首先需要把安装光盘放到光驱中，双击主界面上的CD-ROM，弹出如图1-13对话框：图1-13 CD-ROM对话框如果你有光驱，也有linux的安装光盘就可以选择“Use physical drive”；如果有linux 的ISO映象，就需要选“Use ISO image”，并且指定好映像的位置。
安装光盘设置好后我们就可以启动虚拟机器进行安装了。
机器正常从光驱启动就会出现如图1-14的画面：Rat Hat安装界面nachos用来分析源码，所以随便你放在linux下面的都可以。
在windows下面直接用winrar就可以解压。
在linux下面用命令 tar -zvxf nachos-3.4.1.tar.Z解压。
重要的是nachos4.1及其交叉编译工具的安装。
1 把nachos4.1下载到/usr/local目录2 tar -zvxf nachos-4.1.tgz3 进入解压后的目录，其中有code子目录，再进入其中的build.linux子目录4 输入 make depend5 输入 make 看看结束有没有错误，如果没有，那么就成功了。
编译好的nachos系统镜像就在build.linux目录下，运行时直接 . / nachos 就可以了。
如果要到其他目录下运行的话，还要export才行。
nachos详细运行参数可以用. / nachos -u 得到。
交叉编译工具的搭建。
把下载的交叉编译工具放到 / 目录下，即根目录下然后用tar -zvxf 命令解压即可。
必须放到根目录下，因为压缩包里面包含了/usr/local的目录层次。
另外还需要编译测试程序转换工具，进入 nachos4.1/code/coff2noff运行 . / configuremake 即可。
然后在Rat Hat上编译出nachos,其系统结构如下图所示：Si35Setup.rar的安装虽然在linux我们可以高效地完成所有开发所需的任务，但是对于刚刚开始接触unix/linux的同学，一下子用熟那么多的工具还是有些困难的。
正是基于这一点我们的教学网站上也提供了在windows下用来阅读代码的工具Source Insight，借助于它我们可以加快代码阅读速度。
这个软件的安装是个很简单的过程只要运行setup一路next下去就可以了。
代码阅读时要先建工程，点击project－new project，然后按照要求回答源代码的位置，工程就会顺利的建成。
代码阅读时如果需要一些功能比如想要查找某个符号的定义只要在选定的符号上点右键就会弹出菜单，选择相应的命令就可以了。
Nachos的介绍Nachos的全称是“Not Another Completely Heuristic Operating System”，它是一个可修改和跟踪的操作系统教学软件。
它给出了一个支持多线程和虚拟存储的操作系统骨架，可让学生在较短的时间内对操作系统中的基本原理和核心算法有一个全面和完整的了解。
Nachos的目录结构以上操作系统可以发现在工作目录下生成一个名为nachos-3.4 的目录。
该目录中含有：copyright 文件 Nachos 的版权信息readme 文件 Nachos 的readme 信息nachos.ps 文件 Nachos 的介绍文档（Postscript 格式）c++example 目录有关C++介绍和实例doc 目录 Nachos 各个部分介绍和原有的作业要求code 目录 Nachos 各个部分的源代码最主要的部分是Nachos 的源代码部分。
它的目录结构是：MakefilemonMakefile.dep文件文件文件Nachos 的Makefile 文件。
当Nachos 需要移植到其它系统时，可以修改Makefile.dep 中的HOST 参数machine 目录 Nachos 虚拟机模拟部分源代码threads 目录 Nachos 线程管理部分源代码filesys 目录 Nachos 文件系统管理部分源代码userprog 目录 Nachos 用户程序部分源代码network 目录 Nachos 网络管理部分源代码vm 目录 Nachos 虚拟内存管理部分源代码test 目录一些测试用应用程序bin 目录包含有用户程序目标码变换的程序三、各个部分的编译运行Nachos的各个部分都可以独立编译运行，也可以同时编译各个部分。
全部编译可以采用如下命令：~/nachos-3.4$ make当需要单独编译线程管理部分时，先进入threads 目录，然后采用如下命令：~/nachos-3.4/threads$ make depend~/nachos-3.4/threads$ make nachos实际上，各部分目录下都有一个Makefile 文件，内容大体相同，区别在于一些条件编译的参数。
比如在单独编译线程管理部分时，文件管理部分就被屏蔽了，这样读者读者就可以专心于线程管理部分的调试。
四、应用程序的编译由于Linux 指令集和R2/3000 指令集不同，用户编写的应用程序用Linux 系统中标准gcc 编译后，不能直接在Nachos 虚拟机环境下运行。
所以需要采用交叉编译技术。
所谓交叉编译技术是在一个操作系统下将源码编译成另一个操作系统的目标码，这里就是在Linux 下通过gcc 交叉编译版本将用户程序的源码编译成R2/3000 指令集的目标码。
在Linux 中，没有缺省的交叉编译工具。
读者可以到上海交通大学计算机系FTP 服务器上下载，URL 为:ftp:///linux/cross-compiler.tgz该文件的解开需要有超级用户的权利，将解开至/usr/local/目录下：/# gzip -dc cross-compiler.tgz | tar xf -在编译用户程序时，用交叉编译器将源码编译成R2/3000 指令集的目标代码，再经过一个简单的转换就可以在Nachos 虚拟机上运行。
注意，在读者实现虚拟存储之前，有些应用程序可能会因为使用过多的内存而不能运行。
实验内容：本项目在实践的过程中需要注意以下要点：Shell项目的要求一、设计一个简单的命令行shell，满足下面的属性并且可以在指定的UNIX平台下执行。