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The Art of Public Speaking

The Art of Public Speaking 公众演讲的艺术话语是人类沟通的重要方式之一，而公众演讲则是话语的高级形式。

公众演讲既是一门艺术，也是一项技能，它需要雄辩、洞察力和自信。

无论是政府官员、企业高管，还是社会活动家和学者，精湛的公众演讲技巧都是他们成功的必需品。

在这篇文章中，我们将探讨公众演讲的几个重要要素和技巧，并提供一些如何提升演讲能力的建议。

首先，公众演讲的成功离不开清晰的组织结构。

一个好的演讲应该有清晰的引言、主体和结尾。

引言是吸引听众的关键，可以通过提出一个引人入胜的问题、引用一个有趣的故事或者描绘一个生动的场景来引起听众的兴趣。

在主体部分，演讲者应该用有力的论据和恰当的例子来支持自己的观点，并通过过渡语句将各个段落连接起来，以确保思路连贯。

结尾是演讲者展示自己的观点和总结演讲内容的机会，可以通过再次强调自己的主要论点或者提出具体建议来使演讲更加有说服力。

其次，演讲者的声音和肢体语言也是公众演讲中不可忽视的要素。

演讲者应该用铿锵有力的声音来传递自己的观点，展现自信和支配力。

同时，要注意语速和语调的变化，以激发听众的注意力和兴趣。

肢体语言同样重要，演讲者应该站直身体、展示开放姿势，同时运用手势和面部表情来增加表达的生动性和亲和力。

肢体语言需要与演讲内容相协调，但也要适度，避免过于夸张或者无规律。

除了组织结构和肢体语言，演讲者还需要具备良好的沟通能力和洞察力。

演讲是与听众进行心灵交流的过程，演讲者需要理解听众的需求和兴趣，根据不同的情况和背景做出相应的调整。

一个成功的演讲者应能够善于倾听和观察，及时捕捉到听众的反应，并根据反馈做出调整，以保持与听众的互动和共鸣。

洞察力也包括对时事和社会问题的敏感度，演讲者应该具备广泛的知识储备，能够以专业的角度和深度分析问题，并给出客观而有力的观点。

提升公众演讲能力需要时间和实践。

首先，演讲者可以通过加入演讲俱乐部或者参加演讲比赛来提高自己的技巧。

The Art of Public Speaking Captivating Audiences

The Art of Public Speaking CaptivatingAudiencesThe art of public speaking is a powerful skill that has the potential to captivate audiences and leave a lasting impact. Whether it's delivering a speech, giving a presentation, or engaging in a persuasive conversation, the ability to effectively communicate and connect with others is invaluable. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of public speaking, from mastering the art of storytelling to understanding the psychology of an audience, and how to harness these skills to captivate and inspire listeners. One of the most critical elements of captivating an audience is the art of storytelling. Stories have the power to transport listeners to different worlds, evoke emotions, and create a lasting impression. A well-crafted story can make complex ideas more relatable and engaging, allowing the speaker to connect with the audience on a deeper level. By incorporating personal anecdotes, vivid descriptions, and compelling narratives, speakers can effectively capture the attention and imagination of their audience, leaving a lasting impact long after the speech has ended. In addition to storytelling, understanding the psychology of an audience is essential for captivating them. Every audience is unique, with different backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives. A skilled speaker must be able to adapt their message and delivery to resonate with their specific audience. This requires a keen awareness of nonverbal cues, such as body language and facial expressions, as well as the ability to read the energy of the room. By establishing a genuine connection and demonstrating empathy, a speaker can create a sense of trust and rapport with their audience, making it easier to captivate and hold their attention. Furthermore, mastering the art of public speaking involves honing essential skills such as vocal variety, body language, and stage presence. A dynamic and expressive delivery can bring words to life, engaging the audience on a sensory level. By varying tone, pitch, and pace, a speaker can convey emotion and emphasis, keeping the audience engaged and entertained. Additionally, confident and purposeful body language can command attention and convey authority, while effective use of the stage can create visual interest and enhance theoverall impact of the presentation. Moreover, the ability to engage and captivate an audience also hinges on the speaker's authenticity and passion. Genuine enthusiasm and belief in the message being conveyed can be infectious, drawing the audience in and igniting their interest. When a speaker speaks from the heart and shares their authentic self, it creates a powerful connection with the audience, fostering a sense of relatability and trust. This authenticity can be a compelling force, making the audience more receptive to the speaker's message and more likely to be captivated by their words. In conclusion, the art of public speaking is a multifaceted skill that encompasses storytelling, audience psychology, delivery techniques, and authenticity. By mastering these elements, a speaker can captivate and inspire their audience, leaving a lasting impression and effecting meaningful change. Whether it's in a professional setting, a public forum, or a personal interaction, the ability to captivate audiences through public speaking is a valuable asset that can open doors, influence minds, and create lasting connections.。

锻炼说话技巧的书籍

锻炼说话技巧的书籍
1.《影响力》(Influence) by Robert Cialdini，中文译作《影响力：心理学研究》
2.《演讲与说服的艺术》(The Art of Public Speaking) by Dale Carnegie，中文译作《演讲的艺术》
3.《如何让人们像你一样》(How to Win Friends and Influence People) by Dale Carnegie，中文译作《人性的弱点》
4.《说服力》(Persuasion) by Robert Cialdini，中文译作《说服的力量》
5.《沟通的艺术》(The Art of Communicating) by Thich Nhat Hanh，中文译作《沟通的智慧》
6.《成功的演讲技巧》(The Successful Speaker) by Grant Baldwin，中文译作《成功的演讲技巧：成为一个专业的演讲者》
7.《沟通需要技巧》(Crucial Conversations) by Kerry Patterson，中文译作《关键性对话》
8.《演讲的力量》(Power Presentation) by Jerry Weissman，中文译作《演讲力: Ke - learned演讲技巧》
9.《简洁的艺术》(The Art of Plain Talk) by Rudolf Flesch，中文译作《简洁的艺术：如何说得更清楚明白》
10.《沟通快速学：提升你的口才和表达能力》(The Quick and Easy Way to Effective Speaking) by Dale Carnegie，中文译作《沟通快速学》。

The Art of Public Speaking —第十一单元

11.Delivering the Speech What is Good Delivery?Methods of DeliveryReading from a ManuscriptReaing from MemorySpeaking ImpromptuSpeaking ExtemporaneouslyThe Speaker’s V oiceV olumePitchRatePausesV ocal VarietyPronunciationArticulationThe Speaker’s BodyPersonal AppearanceEye ContactGesturesMovementPracticing DeliveryIf you were to record one of Dashan's comedy routines, memorize it word for word,and stand up before your friends to recite ti, would you get the same response Dashan does? Not very likely. And why not? Because you would bot deliver the jokes as Dashan does. Of course, the jokes are basically funny. But Dashan brings something extra to the jokes--his manner of presentation,his vocal inflections, his perfectly timed pauses his facial expressions, his gestures. All these are part of an expert delivery. It would take you years of practice--as it took Dashan--to duplicate his results.This example demonstrates how important delivery can be to any public speaking situation.Even a mediocre speech can be ruined by poor delivery. You cannot make a good speech without having something to say. But having something to say is bot enough. You must also know how to say it.What Is Good Deliver Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, interestingly, and without distracting the audience. Most audiences prefer delivery that combines a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good conversation--directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication.Speech delivery is an art, not a science.What works for one speakermay not work for another. And what succeeds with today's audience may fail with tomorrow's. You cannot become a skilled speaker just by following a set of rules in a textbook. In the long run, there is no substitute for experience. But take heart! A textbook can give you basic pointers to get you started in the right direction.When you plan your first speech, you should concentrate on such basics as speaking intelligibly, avoiding distracting mannerisms, and feel fairly comfortable in front of an audience, you may find yourself able to control the timing and rhythm of a speech as skillfully as a conductor controls an orchestra.Methods of Deliver There are four basic methods of delivering a speech:(1) reading verbatim from a manuscript;(2) reciting a memorized text; (3) speaking impromptu; and (4) speaking extemporaneously. Let us look at each. REDING FROM A MANUSCRIPTCertain speeches must be delivered word for word, according to a meticulously prepared manuscript. Examples include an engineer's report to a professional meeting or a prime minister's speech at the United Nations. In such situations, absolute accuracy is essential. Every word of the speech will be analyzed by the press, by colleagues,Perhaps by enemies. In the case of the prime minister, a misstated phrase could cause an international incident.Although it looks easy, delivering a speech from manuscript requires great skill. Some people do it well. Others ruin it every time. Instead of sounding vibrant and conversational, they march through the speech without even glancing at their audience. In short, they come across as reading to their listeners, rather than as talking with them.If you are in a situation where you must speak from a manuscript, practice aloud to make sure the speech sounds natural. Work on establishing eye contact with your listeners. Be certain the final manuscript is sincerity that you would if you were speaking extemporaneously.RECITING FROM MEMORYPresenting a speech entirely from memory is often required of speakers when they make brief presentations such as toasts, congratulatory remarks, acceptance speeches, introductions, and the like.Speaking from memory is also required for prepared speeches in competitions such as the CCTV Cup and the 21st Century Cup. If you are giving a speech of this kind, be sure to memorize it so thoroughly that you will be able to concentrate on communicating with the audience, rather than on trying to remember the words.SPEAKING IMPROMPTUAn impromptu speech is delivered with little or no immediate preparation.Few people choose to speak impromptu, but sometimes itcannot be avoided.In face, many of the speeches you give in life will be impromptu. You might be called on suddenly to" say a few words, " or, in the course of a class discussion, business meeting, or committee report, you might want to respond to a previous speaker.When such situations arise, don't panic.If you are in a meeting or discussion, pay close attention to what the other speakers say.Take notes of major points with which you agree or disagree. In the process, you will automatically begin to formulate what you will say when it is your turn to speak.Whenever you are responding to a previous speaker, try to present your speech in four simple steps:First, state the point you are answering.Second, state the point you wish to make. Third, support your point with evidence and reasoning. Fourth, summarize your point. This four-step method will help you organize your thoughts quickly and clearly.Once you begin speaking, maintain strong eye contact with the audience. Help the audience keep track of your ideas with signposts such as "My first point si...;second, we can see that...; in conclusion, I would like to say..."If you have had time to prepare, you will come across as organized and confident.As with other kinds of public speaking, the best way to become a better impromptu speaker is to practice. You can do this on your own.Simply choose a topic on which you are already well informed, and gibe a one-or two-minute impromptu talk on some aspect of that topic. Any topic will do, no matter how serious or frivolous it may be.You don't even need an audience --you can speak to an empty room. Better yer, speak to a digital recorder and play it back to hear how you sound. The purpose is to gain experience in pulling your ideas together quickly and starting them succinctly.SPEAKING EXTEMPORANEOUSLYIn popular usage," extemporaneous" means the same as "impromptu." But technically the two are different. Unlike an impromptu speech, which is delivered off-the-cuff,an extemporaneous speech is carefully prepared and practiced in advance.In presenting the speech, the extemporaneous speech is carefully prepared and practiced in advance. In presenting the speech, the extemporaneous speaker uses only a set of brief notes or a speaking outline to jog the memory. The exact wording is chosen at the moment of delivery.The extemporaneous method has several advantages.It gives more precise control over thought and language than impromptu speaking; it offers greater spontaneity and directness than speaking from memory or from a full manuscript; and it is adaptable to a wide range of situations.It also encourages the conversational quality audiences look for in speech delivery."Conversational quality" means that no matter how many timesa speech has been rehearsed, it still sounds spontaneous.Later in this chapter, we'll look at a step- by- step program for practicing your extemporaneous delivery.The Speaker's VoiceA golden voice is an asset for any public speaker, but it is not a necessity.Some of the most famous speakers in history have had undistinguished voices.Abraham Lincoln had a harsh and penetrating voice ; Winston Churchill suffered from a slight lisp and an awkward stammer. Like them, you can overcome natural disadvantages and use your voice to the best effect. Lincoln and Churchill learned to control their voices. You can do the same thing.The aspects of voice you should work to control are volume, pitch, rate, pauses, variety, pronunciation, and articulation.VOLUMEAt one time, a powerful voice was essential for an orator.Today, electronic amplification allows even a soft-spoken person to be heard in any setting.Whether you speak with or without a microphone, be sure to adjust our voice to the acoustics of the room, the size of the audience , and the level of background noise.If you speak too loudly, your listeners will think you boorish. If you speak too softly, they will not understand you.Remember that your own voice always sounds louder to you than to alistener. Soon after beginning your speech, glance at the people farthest away from you.If they look puzzled, ate leaning forward in their seats, or ate otherwise straining to hear, you need to talk louder.PITCHPitch is the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.Changes in pitch are known as inflections. They give your voice luster, warmth, and vitality.Inflections reveal whether you are asking a question or making a statement, whether you are being sincere or sarcastic. Your inflections can also make you sound happy or sad, angry or pleased, dynamic or listless, tense or relaxed.Few people speak in an absolute monotone, with no variation whatever in pitch, but many fall into repetitious pitch patterns that are just as hypnotic. You can guard against this by recording your speeches as you practice them. If all your sentences end on the same inflection--either upward or downward--word on your pitch patterns to fit the meaning of your words .RATERate refers to the speed at which a person speaks. Native speakers of English usually talk at a rate between 120 and 150 words per minute, be there is no uniform rate for effective speechmaking.The best rate depends on several things --the vocal attributes of the speaker, the mood she or he is trying to create, the composition of the audience, and thenature of the occasion.Two obvious faults to avoid are speaking so slowly that your listeners become bored or so quickly that they lose track of your ideas. The key in both cases is to become aware of the problem and then to concentrate on solving it .Use a digital recorder to check how fast you speak. Pay special attention to rate when practicing your speech, and note where you need to slow down or speed up. Finally, be sure to include reminders about rate on your speaking outline so you won’t forget to make the adjustments when you present your speech.PAUSESLearning how and when to pause is a major challenge for most beginning speakers. As you gain more poise and confidence, however, you will discover how useful the pause can be. It can signal the end of a thought unit, give an idea time to sink in, and lend dramatic impact to a statement. “The right word may be effective,” said Mark Twain, “but no word was ever as effective as a rightly timed pause.”Developing a keen sense of timing is partly a matter of common sense, partly a matter of experience. You will not always get your pauses just right at first, but keep trying. Listen to accomplished speakers to see how they use pauses to modulate their rate and rhythm. Work on pauses when you practice your speeches.When you pause, make sure you do so at the end of thought units andnot in the middle. Most important, do not fill the silence with “um,” “er,” or “well.” These vocalized pauses are distracting to listeners and can damage a speaker’s credibility.VOCAL V ARIETYJust as variety is the spice of life, so is it the spice of public speaking.A flat, listless, unchanging voice is just as deadly to speechmaking as a flat, listless, unchanging routine is to daily life. When giving a speech, you should vary the rate, pitch, and volume of your voice to communicate your ideas and feelings.As you practice your speeches, record them to hear how they sound. Try them out on members of your family, a friend, or a roommate. Practice the vocal variety exercise at the end of this chapter. Above all, approach every speech as an opportunity to share ideas that are important to you. Your sense of conviction and your desire to communicate will give your voice the same spark it has in spontaneous conversation. PRONUNCIATIONPronunciation poses a challenge for anyone who presents speeches in a second language. Although native speakers of English are very tolerant of pronunciation errors by nonnative speakers in spontaneous conversation, they expect a higher degree of accuracy in formal speeches. As you work on your speeches, pay special attention to words that are difficult for you to pronounce and practice them until you can say themcorrectly. If you have any doubts about particular words, check an online dictionary that includes audio pronunciation.ARTICULATIONArticulation and pronunciation are not identical. Sloppy articulation is the failure to form particular speech sounds crisply and distinctly. Most of the time, poor articulation is caused by laziness—by failing to manipulate the lips, tongue, jaw, and soft palate so as to produce speech sounds clearly and precisely.One of the most common articulation errors by English speakers, native and nonnative alike, comes form the careless blending of two short words—such as saying “lemme” instead of “let me,” “gonna” instead of “going to,” and “didja” instead of “did you.” Here are some other common errors in articulation you should work to avoid:Word Misarticulationought to ottadon’t know dunnohave to haftawant to wannawill you wilyaThe Speaker’s Body Posture.facial expression,gestures,eye contact-all effect the way listenersrespond to a speaker.How we use these and other body motions to communicate is the subject of a fascinating area of study called kinesics.One of its founders,Ray Birdwhistell,estimated that more than 700,000 physical signals can be sent through bodily movement.Studies have shown that these signals have a significant impact on the meaning communicated by speakers.Research has also confirmed what the Greek historian Herodotus observed more than 2400 years ago:”People trust their ears less than their eyes.”When aspeaker’s body language is inconsistent with his or her words,listeners often believe the body language rather the words.Here are the major aspects of physical action that will affect the outcome of your speeches.PERSONAL APPEARANCEA number of studies have confirmed that personal appearance plays an important role in speechmaking.Listeners always see you before they hear you,Just asyou adapt your language to the audience and the occasin,so should you dress and groom appropriately.Although the force of your speech can sometimes overcome a poor impression created by personal appearance,the odds are against it.Regardless of the speaking situation,you should try to evoke a favorable first impression.EYE CONTACTLike many elements of communication, eye contact is influenced bycultural background. When engaged in conversation, Arabs, Latin Americans, and Southern Europeans tend to look directly at the person with whom they are talking. People from some Asian countries and parts of Africa tend to engage in less eye contact.When it comes to public speaking, there is wide agreement across cultures on the importance of some degree of eye contact. In most circumstances, one of the quickest ways to establish a communicative bond with your listeners is to look at them personally and pleasantly. Avoiding their gaze is one of the surest ways to lose them.When addressing a small audience, you can usually look briefly from one person to another. For a larger group, you will probably scan the audience rather than trying to engage the eyes of each person individually. No matter what the size of your audience, you want your eyes to convey confidence, sincerity, and conviction. They should say, “I am pleased to be able to talk with you. I believe deeply in what I am saying, and I want you to believe init too.”GESTURESFew aspects of delivery cause beginning speakers more anguish than deciding what to do with their hands. Even people who use their hands expressively in everyday conversation seem to regard them as awkward appendages when speaking before an audience.Adroit gestures can add to the impact of a speech, but effectivespeakers do not need a vast repertoire of gestures. Some accomplished speakers gesture frequently; others, hardly at all. The primary rule is this: Whatever gestures you make should not distract from your message. They should appear natural and spontaneous, help clarify or reinforce your ideas, and be suited to the audience and occasion.Gesturing tends to work itself out as you acquire experience and confidence. For now, make sure your hands do not upstage your ideas. Avoid flailing them about, wringing them together, or sticking them in your pockets. Once you have eliminated these distractions, forget about your hands. Think about communicating with your listeners, and your gestures will take care of themselves-just as they do in conversation. MOVEMENTNovice speakers are often unsure what to do with their body while giving a speech. Some space back and forth across the podium or repeatedly shift their weight from one foot to another. Such quirks usually stem from nervousness or inexperience. Once they are pointed out to you, concentrate on eliminating them in later speeches.As important as how you act during the speech is what you do just before you begin and after you finish. As you rise to speak, try to appear calm, poised, and confident, despite the butterflies in your stomach. When you reach the lectern, don’t lean on it, and don’t rush into your speech. Give yourself time to get set. Arrange your notes just the way youwant them. Stand quietly as you wait to make sure the audience is paying attention. Establish eye contact with your listeners. Then-and only then-should you start to talk.When you reach the end of your speech, maintain eye contact for a few moments after you stop talking. Unless you are staying at the lectern to answer questions, collect your notes and return to your seat. As you do so, maintain your cool, collected demeanor. Whatever you do, don’t start to gather your notes before you finish talking; and don’t cap off your speech with a huge sigh of relief or some remark like, “Whew! Am I glad that’s over! ”When practicing your speeches, spend a little time rehearing how you will behave at the beginning and at the end. It is one of the easiest-and one of the most effective-things you can do to improve your image with an audience.As experienced speakers know, you need to practice a speech thoroughlybefore delivering it. If possible, try to rehearse under conditions as close as possible to those you will face during the speech itself.Practicing Delivery Popular wisdom promises that practice makes perfect. This is true, but only if we practice properly .You will do little to improve your speech delivery unless you practice the right things in the right ways. Here is a five-step method that has worked well for many speakers:1. Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how it translates into spoken discourse. Is it too long? Too short? Are the main points clear when you speak them?Do the introduction and conclusion come across well? As you answer these questions, revise the speech as needed.2. Prepare your speaking outline. In doing so, be sure to follow the guidelines in Chapter e the same visual framework as in preparation outline. Make sure the speaking outline is easy to read at a glance. Give yourself cues the outline for delivering the speech.3. Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline. Be sure to “talk through” all examples and to recite in full all quotations and statistics. If your speech includes visual aids, use them as you practice. The first couple of times, you will probably forget something or make a mistake, but don’t worry. Keep going and complete the speech as well as you can. Concentrate on gaining control of the ideas;don’t try to learn the speech word for word. After a few tries, you should be able to get through the speech extemporaneously with surprising ease. Checklist DeliveryYES NO( ) ( ) 1. Do I understand the four methods of speech delivery? ( ) ( ) 2.Can I concentrate on communicating with my audience rather than on trying to remember what I want to say? ( ) ( ) 3.Have I recorded my speech when rehearing to check volume, rate, pitch, and vocal variety?( ) ( ) 4.Have I eliminated vocalized pauses from my speech? ( ) ( ) 5.Have I practiced the pronunciation and articulation of all challenging words?( ) ( ) 6.Have I dressed properly for the audience and the occasion? ( ) ( ) 7.Have I rehearsed how I will act at the beginning and end of my speech to create a favorable impression?( ) ( ) 8.Have I identified distracting mannerisms that I should avoid during the speech?( ) ( ) 9.Have I gone over all aspects of the speech, including visual aids, in my practice sessions?( ) ( ) 10.Have I practiced the timing of my speech so I can complete it in the allotted time?( ) ( ) 11.Have I followed the five-step method of practicingdelivery explained in this chapter?( ) ( ) 12.Have I started practicing early enough that I will be fully prepared and confident on speech day?4. Now begin to polish and refine your delivery. Practice the speech in front of a mirror to check for eye contact and distracting mannerisms. Record the speech to gauge volume, pitch, rate, pauses, and vocal variety. Most important, try it out on friends, roommates, family members-anyone who will listen and give you an honest appraisal. Since your speech is designed for people rather than for mirrors or records, you need to find out ahead of time how it goes over with people.5. Finally, give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face on speech day. Some students like to try the speech a couple of times in an empty classroom the day before the speech is due. Professional speakers usually familiarize themselves with the room in which they will be speaking. No matter where you hold your last practice session, you should leave it feeling confidentand looking forward to addressing your audience.If this or any practice method is to work, you must start early. Don’t wait until the night before your speech to begin working on delivery. A single practice session—no matter how long—is rarely enough. Allow yourself plenty of time to gain command of the speech and its presentation.Summary: Speech delivery involves using the voice and body to convey the message expressed by a speaker’s words. Rather than calling attention to itself, effective delivery conveys the speaker’s ideas c learly, engagingly, and without distracting the audience.There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim form a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking impromptu, and speaking extemporaneously.To use your voice effectively, you should work on controlling your volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, and articulation. V olume is the relative loudness of your voice, and pitch is the relative highness or lowness. Rate refers to the speed at which you talk. Pauses, when carefully timed, can add impact to your speech, but you should avoid vocalized pauses (“er,”“well,”and the like ) .V ocal variety refers to changes in volume, pitch, rate, and pauses and is crucial to making your voice lively and engaging. For pubic speaking, you should be sure to pronounce words correctly and to articulate them distinctly.Posture, personal appearance, facial expression, gestures, and eye contact also affect the way listeners respond to speakers. Dress and groom appropriately, use gestures and bodily movement to enhance your message, and make eye contact with your listeners.You should practice all these aspects of delivery along with the wordsof your speech. Start your practice sessions early so you will have ample time to polish your presentation..Key terms: Manuscript speech (148) pause (151) impromptu speech (148) V ocalized pause (151) extemporaneous speech (149)V ocal variety (151) conversational quality (149)Pronunciation (152) volume (150) articulation (152) Pitch (150) kinesics (153) inflections (150) Eye contact (154) rate (150) gestures (154)Exercises for thinking and speaking 1.An excellent way to improve your variety is to read aloud selectionsfrom poetry that require emphasis and feeling. Choose an English-language poem and practice reading aloud. Use your voice to make the poem come alive. Vary your volume, rate, and pitch. Find the appropriate places for pauses. Underline the key words or phrases you think should be stressed. Use inflections for emphasis and meaning.If possible, practice reading the selection into a digital recorder. Listen to the playback. If you are not satisfied with what you hear, practice the selection some more and record it again. Finally, present the poem in class to receive feedback from your classmates and instructor.2.Watch a 10-minute segment of a television drama with the sound off.What do the characters say with their dress, gestures, facial expressions, and the like? Do the same with a television comedy. How do the nonverbal messages in the two shows differ? Be prepared to report your observation in class.3.attend an English-language speech on campus. Prepared a brief reporton the speaker’s delivery. In your report analyze the speaker’s volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, and articulation. Also evaluate the speaker’s personal appearance, bodily action, gestures, and eye contact. Finally, note two techniques of delivery used by the speaker that you might want to try in your next speech.4.present a 1-2 minute report to your class analyzing the delivery of twoof the speaker included on the CD-ROM for this chapter (videos11.1-11.6)Public Speaking in Your Career After receiving your master’s de gree, you accepted a job in the English department at a local university, where you have been teaching public speaking. Now you have been invited to attend a provincial conference on English public speaking instruction, at which you will present a paper on “The Three Most Important Elements of Speech Delivery .” Prepare a 2-minute summary explaining the elements of delivery that you believe are most important, and why.。

9-The-art-of-public-Speaking-公共演讲的艺术

9 The art of public Speaking 公共演讲的艺术1. The need for effective public speaking will almost certainly touch you sometime in your life. When it does, you want to be ready. But even if you never give another speech i n your life, you still have much to gain from studying public speaking. Your speech class will give you training in researching topics, organizing your ideas, and presenting yourself skillfully. The training is invaluable for every type of communication.1、在你生活的某个时刻，几乎必定(almost certainly)需要做某种有影响力的(effective)公开演讲。

当这个时刻来到时，你希望自己十分有把握。

但是，即便你在生活中从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多(gain from)。

你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。

这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的(invaluable)。

2. There are many similarities between public speaking and daily conversation. The three major goals of speaking-to inform, to persuade, to entertain-are also the three major goals of everyday conversation. In conversation, almost without thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your message to your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener. These are among the most important skills you will need for public speaking.2、在公开演讲（public speaking）和日常交谈(daily conversation)之间有许多类似的东西(similarity)。

The-art-of-public-speaking-chapter-1-.2-.3

•Speechmaking becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases.
•Not only do words change from language to language, but so do ways of thinking and of seeing the world.
tic expression (song, poetry, play) persuasion advising inspiring argumentation
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
PS & intercultural communicative competence
Slide 9
Cultural Diversity and Public Speaking
Diversity and multiculturalism are such basic facts of life that can play a role in almost any speech you give:
2. If there is a language difference between you and your audience, avoid any words or phrases that might cause misunderstanding.
3. When delivering your speech, be alert to feedback that might indicate the audience is having trouble grasping your ideas.

以发表公开演讲为主题英语作文

以发表公开演讲为主题英语作文{z}Title: The Art of Public SpeakingPublic speaking is an essential skill that is valuable in both personal and professional life.It is the ability to convey thoughts, ideas, and information to an audience in an effective, clear, and engaging manner.Whether it is addressing a small group of colleagues or a large crowd at a conference, public speaking offers an opportunity to share insights, inspire others, and leave a lasting impact.To deliver an effective public speech, several key elements should be considered.Firstly, understanding the audience is crucial.Knowing their background, interests, and expectations helps tailor the speech to resonate with them.Secondly, having a clear purpose and structure for the speech is important.This includes introducing the topic, providing main points, supporting evidence, and a conclusion.第三ly, using appropriate language, tone, and delivery can enhance the speech"s ing clear and concise language, varying tone to convey emotions, and maintaining good body language are important aspects of public speaking.Furthermore, effective public speaking involves overcoming nerves and自信.Practice, whether through simulated speeches or actual speaking engagements, helps build confidence and ease nervousness.Additionally, being adaptable and prepared for unexpectedsituations is crucial.Public speakers should be ready to handle questions, interruptions, or technical issues with grace and composure.Public speaking offers numerous benefits, including improved communication skills, increased confidence, and enhanced leadership abilities.It is a powerful tool that can be used to inspire, inform, and influence others.With practice and dedication, anyone can master the art of public speaking and reap its rewards.In conclusion, public speaking is a valuable skill that plays a significant role in personal and professional growth.By understanding the audience, having a clear structure, using effective language, and practicing confidence-building techniques, one can deliver impactful speeches that leave a lasting impression.Embrace the challenge and opportunity of public speaking, and watch as it transforms your life and the lives of those you inspire.。

9-The-art-of-public-Speaking-公共演讲的艺术

当这个时刻来到时，你希望自己十分有把握。

但是，即便你在生活中从未发表过一个演讲，你仍然会从学习公共演说中获益良多(gain from)。

你的演讲课将会在研究主题、组织思路和表现技巧方面对你进行训练。

这种训练对任何类型的交流都是非常宝贵的(invaluable)。

The Art of Public Speaking Chapter1

The Art of Public SpeakingCHAPTER 01 ACQUIRING CONFIDENCE BEFORE AN AUDIENCE Students of public speaking continually ask, "How can I overcome self-consciousness and the fear that paralyzes me before an audience?"Face an audience as frequently as you can. You can never attain freedom from stage-fright by reading a treatise. A book may give you excellent suggestions on how best to conduct yourself in the water, but sooner or later you must get wet, perhaps even strangle and be "half scared to death." There are a great many "wetless" bathing suits worn at the seashore, but no one ever learns to swim in them. To plunge is the only way.Practise, practise, practise in speaking before an audience will tend to remove all fear of audiences, just as practise in swimming will lead to confidence and facility in the water. You must learn to speak by speaking.All we can do here is to offer you suggestions as to how best to prepare for your plunge. The real plunge no one can take for you. A doctor may prescribe, but you must take the medicine.Do not be disheartened if at first you suffer from stage-fright. For one reason or another, some master-speakers never entirely overcome stage-fright, but it will pay you to spare no pains to conquer it. One way to get air out of a glass is to pour in water.B e Absorbed by Your SubjectIf you feel deeply about your subject you will be able to think of little else. Concentration is a process of distraction from less important matters. It is too late to think about the cut of your coat when once you are upon the platform, so centre your interest on what you are about to say--fill your mind with your speech-material and, like the infilling water in the glass, it will drive out your unsubstantial fears.Self-consciousness is undue consciousness of self, and, for the purpose of delivery, self is secondary to your subject, not only in the opinion of the audience, but, if you are wise, in your own. To hold any other view is to regard yourself as an exhibit instead of as a messenger with a message worth delivering.Far worse than self-consciousness through fear of doing poorly is self-consciousness through assumption of doing well. The first sign of greatness is when a man does not attempt to look and act great.Nothing advertises itself so thoroughly as conceit. One may be so full of self as to be empty. Voltaire said, "We must conceal self-love." But that can not be done. You know this to be true, for you have recognized overweening self-love in others. If you have it, others are seeing it in you. There are things in this world bigger than self, and in working for them self will be forgotten, or--what is better--remembered only so as to help us win toward higher things.H ave Something to SayThe trouble with many speakers is that they go before an audience with their minds a blank. It is no wonder that nature, abhorring a vacuum, fills them with the nearest thing handy, which generally happens to be, "I wonder if I am doing this right! How does myhair look? I know I shall fail." Their prophetic souls are sure to be right.It is not enough to be absorbed by your subject--to acquire self-confidence you must have something in which to be confident. If you go before an audience without any preparation, or previous knowledge of your subject, you ought to be self-conscious--you ought to be ashamed to steal the time of your audience. Prepare yourself. Know what you are going to talk about, and, in general, how you are going to say it. Have the first few sentences worked out completely so that you may not be troubled in the beginning to find words. Know your subject better than your hearers know it, and you have nothing to fear.A fter Preparing for Success, Expect ItLet your bearing be modestly confident, but most of all be modestly confident within. Over-confidence is bad, but to tolerate premonitions of failure is worse, for a bold man may win attention by his very bearing, while a rabbit-hearted coward invites disaster.Washington Irving once introduced Charles Dickens at a dinner given in the latter's honor. In the middle of his speech Irving hesitated, became embarrassed, and sat down awkwardly. Turning to a friend beside him he remarked, "There, I told you I would fail, and I did." If you believe you will fail, there is no hope for you. You will.A ssume Mastery Over Your AudienceIn public speech, as in electricity, there is a positive and a negative force. Either you or your audience are going to possess the positive factor. If you assume it you can almost invariably make it yours. If you assume the negative you are sure to be negative. Assuming a virtue or a vice vitalizes it. Summon all your power of self-direction, and remember that though your audience is infinitely more important than you, the truth is more important than both of you, because it is eternal. If your mind falters in its leadership the sword will drop from your hands. Your assumption of being able to instruct or lead or inspire a multitude or even a small group of people may appall you as being colossal impudence--as indeed it may be; but having once essayed to speak, be courageous. BE courageous--it lies within you to be what you will.M AKE yourself be calm and confidentReflect that your audience will not hurt you.In facing your audience, pause a moment and look them over--a hundred chances to one they want you to succeed, for what man is so foolish as to spend his time, perhaps his money, in the hope that you will waste his investment by talking dully?C oncluding HintsDo not make haste to begin--haste shows lack of control.Do not apologize. It ought not to be necessary; and if it is, it will not help. Go straight ahead.Take a deep breath, relax, and begin in a quiet conversational tone as though you were speaking to one large friend. You will not find it half so bad as you imagined; really, it is like taking a cold plunge: after you are in, the water is fine. In fact, having spoken a few times you will even anticipate the plunge with exhilaration. To stand before anaudience and make them think your thoughts after you is one of the greatest pleasures you can ever know. Instead of fearing it, you ought to be as anxious as the fox hounds straining at their leashes, or the race horses tugging at their reins.So cast out fear, for fear is cowardly--when it is not mastered. The bravest know fear, but they do not yield to it. Face your audience pluckily--if your knees quake, MAKE them stop. In your audience lies some victory for you and the cause you represent. Go win it. The world owes its progress to the men who have dared, and you must dare to speak the effective word that is in your heart to speak--for often it requires courage to utter a single sentence. But remember that men erect no monuments and weave no laurels for those who fear to do what they can.No one doubts that temperament and nerves and illness and even praiseworthy modesty may, singly or combined, cause the speaker's cheek to blanch before an audience, but neither can any one doubt that coddling will magnify this weakness. The victory lies in a fearless frame of mind.。

The Art of Public Speaking Captivating Audiences

The Art of Public Speaking CaptivatingAudiencesThe art of public speaking is a skill that can captivate audiences and leave a lasting impact. Whether it's delivering a persuasive presentation, giving an inspiring TED talk, or simply engaging in casual conversation, the ability to speak effectively in front of others is a valuable asset. However, many people struggle with public speaking due to fear, lack of confidence, or simply not knowing how to engage their audience. In this response, we will explore the importance of captivating audiences through public speaking, as well as provide tips and techniques for improving this skill. First and foremost, captivating an audience through public speaking requires a deep understanding of the audience's needs, interests, and expectations. Before stepping onto the stage, it's crucial to research and analyze the demographics, preferences, and knowledge level of the audience. This will enable the speaker to tailor their content and delivery style to resonate with the audience, making it more likely for them to be engaged and captivated. For example, if the audience consists of professionals in a specific industry, the speaker should incorporate relevant examples, statistics, and terminology to establish credibility and relevance. In addition to understanding the audience, effective public speaking also involves mastering the art of storytelling. Stories have a unique power to captivate and connect with listeners on an emotional level. By incorporating personal anecdotes, case studies, or real-life examples into their speeches, speakers can create a compelling narrative that resonates with the audience. This not only captures their attention but also makes the content more memorable and impactful. Furthermore, storytelling can help to humanize the speaker, making them more relatable and trustworthy in the eyes of the audience. Another essential aspect of captivating audiences through public speaking is the use of nonverbal communication. Research has shown that nonverbal cues, such as body language, facial expressions, and vocal tone, play asignificant role in how a message is received and interpreted. Therefore, speakers should pay attention to their posture, gestures, eye contact, and vocal variety to convey confidence, authenticity, and passion. By using nonverbal communicationeffectively, speakers can enhance their delivery and create a more engaging and captivating presence on stage. Moreover, the use of visual aids and multimediacan also elevate the impact of a public speech. Whether it's through slides, videos, or props, visual aids can help to reinforce key points, provide context, and stimulate the audience's visual senses. When used strategically, visual aids can enhance the overall presentation and make it more dynamic and captivating. However, it's important for speakers to use visual aids sparingly and purposefully, as over-reliance on them can detract from the speaker-audience connection. Furthermore, the ability to engage in two-way communication with the audience can significantly enhance the captivating power of public speaking. Instead of simply delivering a monologue, speakers should strive to interact with the audience through open-ended questions, polls, or interactive exercises. This not onlybreaks the monotony of the speech but also encourages active participation and engagement from the audience. By fostering a sense of dialogue and collaboration, speakers can create a more dynamic and captivating speaking experience for everyone involved. In conclusion, the art of public speaking is a powerful toolfor captivating audiences and leaving a lasting impression. By understanding the audience, mastering storytelling, utilizing nonverbal communication, incorporating visual aids, and fostering two-way communication, speakers can elevate their speaking skills and create a more engaging and impactful experience for their audience. With practice, feedback, and a willingness to continuously improve, anyone can become a captivating public speaker and inspire, inform, and entertain their listeners.。

The Art of Public Speaking Captivating Audiences

The Art of Public Speaking CaptivatingAudiencesThe art of public speaking is a skill that many people desire to master. It is a tool that can be used to captivate audiences and convey messages effectively. Public speaking is not only about speaking in front of a large audience, but also about communicating effectively in any situation. In this essay, I will discussthe importance of public speaking, the skills needed to become an effective public speaker, and some tips for captivating audiences. Public speaking is an essential skill in today's world. It is a tool that can be used to influence people, convey messages, and persuade others to take action. Public speaking is not just for politicians or CEOs, but for anyone who wants to be an effective communicator. Whether you are presenting a proposal at work, giving a speech at a wedding, or leading a team meeting, public speaking is a crucial skill that can help you achieve your goals. To become an effective public speaker, there are severalskills that you need to develop. The first skill is confidence. Confidence is the key to delivering a successful speech. If you are confident in your abilities,your audience will be more likely to listen to what you have to say. To build confidence, practice your speech in front of a mirror or with friends and family. This will help you feel more comfortable with your material and delivery. Another skill that is essential for public speaking is preparation. Preparation involves researching your topic, organizing your thoughts, and creating an outline for your speech. It is important to have a clear understanding of your audience and their needs. This will help you tailor your speech to their interests and keep them engaged throughout your presentation. In addition to confidence and preparation, effective public speakers also possess strong communication skills. This includes the ability to articulate ideas clearly, use appropriate body language, and maintain eye contact with the audience. These skills help to convey your message effectively and keep your audience engaged. To captivate your audience, there are several tips that you can follow. The first tip is to start with a strong opening. This could be a quote, a story, or a question that grabs your audience's attention. Once you have their attention, it is important to maintain it throughout yourspeech. This can be done by using humor, personal anecdotes, or visual aids to illustrate your points. Another tip for captivating your audience is to use repetition. Repetition helps to reinforce your message and make it more memorable. This could be repeating a key phrase or using a recurring theme throughout your speech. Finally, it is important to end your speech with a strong conclusion.This could be a call to action, a summary of your key points, or a memorable quote. Your conclusion should leave your audience feeling inspired and motivated to take action. In conclusion, public speaking is a crucial skill that can help you achieve your goals and influence others. To become an effective public speaker,you need to develop confidence, preparation, and strong communication skills. To captivate your audience, start with a strong opening, use repetition, and end with a strong conclusion. With practice and dedication, anyone can become an effective public speaker and captivate audiences.。

The Art of Public Speaking

5.
Is the specific purposesuitablefor my audience?
6.
Can the specific purpose be accomplished in thetimeallotted for the speech?
Checklist 4 –Central Idea
4.
Does the central idea clearly encapsulatethe main pointsto be discussed in the body of the speech?
5.
Can the central idea be adequately discussed in thetimeallotted for the speech?
2.
Is the specific purpose phrased asa statementrather than a question?
3.
Is the specific purpose free fromfigurativelanguage?
4.
Does the specific purpose indicatepreciselywhat I plan to accomplish in the speech?
5.
Do I provide apreviewstatement of the main points to be covered in the body of the speech?
6.
Is the introductionlimitedto 10-20 percent of my entire speech?
If I am using an audience-analysis questionnaire, have I included all three question types：a. Fixed-alternative? b. Scale? c. Open-ended?

The-art-of-public-speaking-chapter-1-.2-.3PPT优秀课件

10%
• Lecture Report
20%
• Class Activity Participation 20%
• Speech Writing
20%
• Speech Presentation
30%
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Chinese heritage
English Language
To respect diversity of culture√ Avoid ethnocentrism√
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Cultural Diversity and Public Speaking
•Even meanings attached to gestures for such basic messages as “yes” and “no” are culturally based.
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.
•Speechmaking becomes more complex as cultural diversity increases.
•Not only do words change from language to language, but so do ways of thinking and of seeing the world.
public speaking
job hunting

The Art of Public Speaking Captivating Audiences

The Art of Public Speaking CaptivatingAudiencesThe art of public speaking is a powerful skill that can captivate audiences and leave a lasting impact. Whether it's delivering a persuasive business presentation, inspiring a crowd with a motivational speech, or entertaining an audience with a captivating story, the ability to communicate effectively in front of a group is a valuable asset. In this article, we will explore the various aspects of public speaking, including the importance of preparation, the art of engaging an audience, and the role of authenticity in connecting with listeners. First and foremost, successful public speaking requires thorough preparation. This involves researching the topic at hand, organizing key points, and crafting a compelling narrative. Understanding the audience and tailoring the content to resonate with their interests and needs is also crucial. Additionally, practicing delivery and refining the pacing, tone, and body language can significantly enhance the overall impact of the speech. By investing time and effort into preparation, speakers can build confidence and ensure that their message is effectively communicated. Engaging an audience is another essential element of captivating public speaking. This can be achieved through various techniques, such as storytelling, humor, and audience interaction. Storytelling, in particular, has the power to captivate listeners by creating a personal and emotional connection. By sharing relatable anecdotes or compelling narratives, speakers can draw intheir audience and make the content more memorable. Furthermore, incorporating humor can lighten the mood and create a sense of rapport, while encouraging audience participation can make the experience more interactive and dynamic. Authenticity plays a fundamental role in establishing a genuine connection with an audience. When speakers convey sincerity and passion for their subject matter, it resonates with listeners on a deeper level. Authenticity breeds trust and credibility, making the message more persuasive and impactful. It's important for speakers to be true to themselves and communicate from a place of honesty and integrity. By sharing personal insights and genuine emotions, speakers can create a meaningful and authentic connection with their audience. In addition to theverbal delivery, nonverbal communication also plays a significant role in public speaking. Body language, facial expressions, and vocal inflections can convey emotions and emphasize key points. Maintaining eye contact with the audience establishes a sense of connection and engagement. Gestures and movement can also add dynamism to the delivery, making the speech more compelling and visually interesting. A well-rounded approach that incorporates both verbal and nonverbal communication can enhance the overall impact of the presentation. Moreover, understanding the psychology of persuasion can be a valuable asset in captivating audiences. By utilizing rhetorical techniques, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, speakers can appeal to the audience's emotions, credibility, and logic. Crafting a compelling narrative that evokes empathy and inspires action can be a powerfultool in influencing audience perceptions and attitudes. Understanding the underlying motivations and desires of the audience can help speakers tailor their message in a way that resonates deeply with listeners. In conclusion, the art of public speaking is a multifaceted skill that encompasses various elements, including preparation, engagement, authenticity, nonverbal communication, and the psychology of persuasion. By honing these aspects, speakers can effectively captivate audiences and leave a lasting impression. Whether it's delivering a persuasive argument, inspiring change, or simply entertaining a crowd, mastering the art of public speaking can open doors to countless opportunities for influence and impact.。

The-art-of-public-speaking教学文案

9
What Causes Stage Fright?
inadequate preparation fear of being judged unfamiliarity with the audience or the
environment lack of knowledge about public
Organizing thoughts logically Tailoring the message to the
audience Telling a story for maximum impact Adapting to listener feedback
7
Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation
It is mostly internal. You will usually feel more nervous than you look. Or mental stress.
11
Important Understandings About Stage Fright
Anxiety can be useful. Your nervousness can create a heightened state of readiness, allowing you to perform better than you might otherwise.
4
2 of the most notable rhetoricians of ancient Rome
Cicero(西塞罗)(106-432BC): believed that a well rounded education in the liberal arts would enable speakers to speak with knowledge and expressiveness

The Art of Public Speaking Chapter1——New Words & Questions

The Art of Public SpeakingCHAPTER 01 ACQUIRING CONFIDENCE BEFORE AN AUDIENCENew Words & Questionscontinually adv. 不停地;持续地;屡屡地;一再地consciousness n. 意识，观念;知觉;觉悟;感觉paralyze vt. 使瘫痪，使麻痹;使不能正常活动attain vt. vi. 达到，获得;遂愿;经过努力到达某事物treatise n. 论文;论述;专著conduct vt. vi. 引导;带领;控制;传导strangle vt. 扼死，勒死，绞死;使…窒息;抑制;压制vi. 窒息而死，被勒死plunge vt. 用力插入;使陷入vi. 跳入;全心投入;突降，俯冲facility n. 设备;容易;能力;灵巧prescribe .vt. 指定，规定;指定，规定vi. 建立规定，法律或指示;开处方，给医嘱disheartened adj. 沮丧的，灰心的conquer vt. 征服;攻克;打败（敌人）;克服vi. 得胜，胜利pour vt. 涌出;倾，倒vi. 涌流;泛滥，涌出;斟，倒absorb vt. 吸收（液体、气体等）;吸引（注意）;吞并，合并;忍受，承担（费用）concentration n. 集中;专心;关注;浓度distraction n. 注意力分散;娱乐，消遣;心烦意乱;精神错乱unsubstantial adj. 无实质的，不坚固的，薄弱的consciousness n. 意识，观念;知觉;觉悟;感觉undue adj. 过度的，过分的;不适当的;未到期的;逾分delivery n. 传送，投递;[法]（正式）交付;分娩;讲演assumption n. 假定，假设;承担;想当然;采取advertise vt. 做广告，做宣传;通告，通知;宣扬conceit n. 自负;幻想;思想，观点;巧妙构思conceal vt. 隐藏，隐瞒，遮住overween vi. [古语]自负，傲慢，自以为了不起abhorring v. 憎恨（厌恶）prophetic adj. 预言的，先知的;先兆的bearing n. [机]轴承，支座;关系;方位;态度，举止modestly .adv. 谦虚地，审慎地;适度地tolerate vt. 容许;承认;忍受;容忍（不同意或不喜欢的事物）premonition n. 预感，预兆;前兆，征兆;预先的警告（告诫），预诫coward n. 懦夫,胆怯者cowardly adj. 怯懦的;胆小的;懦弱的adv. 怯懦地;胆怯地disaster n. 灾难;彻底的失败;不幸;祸患awkwardly adv. 笨拙地;困难地;难看地;尴尬地invariably adv. 总是;不变的;“invariable”的派生;无不virtue n. 美德;德行;价值;长处vice n. 恶习;不道德行为;（肉体的）缺陷，瑕疵prep. 代替;取代adj. 副的;代替的vitalize vt. 赋予生命; 给予…生命;使有生气; 激发summon vt. 传唤，召唤;鼓起（勇气）;传讯（出庭）;[军]劲降，招降infinitely adv. 无限地，无穷地;极其eternal adj. 永恒的;似乎不停的，不朽的n. 永恒的事物;Eternal 上帝，与定冠词the 连用falter vi. （嗓音）颤抖;支吾其词;蹒跚;摇晃n. 支吾，结巴;踌躇，不稳;摇晃;颤抖sword n. 剑，刀;武力，战争;兵权，权力multitude n. 大量，许多;大众，人群appall vt. 美使惊骇，使充满恐惧colossal adj. 巨大的;(口语)异常的impudence n. 粗鲁，放肆，无礼的言行essay n. 散文;随笔，杂记文;尝试，企图;试验vt. 尝试;试验courageous adj. 勇敢的，无畏的;有胆量的;英勇的reflect vt. vi. 反射（光、热、声或影像）;考虑chance n. 机会，机遇;概率，可能性;偶然，运气v. 偶然发生;冒险;碰巧adj. 意外的;碰巧的dully adv. 迟钝地;沉闷地;呆滞地;乏味地hint n. 线索，迹象;提示，注意事项;暗示;微量vt. 暗示vi. 暗示，提示hesitate vi. 犹豫，踌躇;不愿;支吾;停顿vt. 对…犹豫;不情愿haste n. 匆忙，急忙;急速，紧迫;轻率v. 赶紧，匆忙;古使快，催促anticipate vt. 预感;预见;预料;先于…行动vi. 过早地提出;（在口头或用文字）预言... exhilaration n. 愉快的心情，高兴;豪兴hound vt. 追猎;不断侵扰，烦扰;激励;嗾使，煽动strain vt. vi. 拉紧，拉伤;用力拉leash n. 拴猎狗的皮带tug vt. vi. 用力拉，使劲拉;使劲，挣扎;[航海]用拖船拖曳;竞争rein n. 驾驭（法）;统治手段;控制（权）;缰绳yield vt. 屈服，投降;生产;获利;不再反对pluckily adv. 有勇气地，大胆地quake vi. 发抖，颤抖;摇动，震动represent vt. 表现，象征;代表，代理;扮演;作为示范vi. 代表;提出异议to owe sth to sth 是固定搭配,“把...归功于..”utter vt. 发出声音;说，讲;出版（书籍）等;[法]流通使用adj. 彻底的，完全的，绝对的monument n. 纪念碑;遗迹;遗址;丰碑weave vt. vi. 编，织;迂回行进;穿行（以避开障碍）laurel n. （表示荣誉的）桂冠，光荣;[体]〈美〉（比赛的）胜利;[植]月桂树temperament n. 性格;（人或动物的）气质;易冲动;（性情）暴躁nerve n. 神经;勇气，胆量;[植] 叶脉;中枢blanch vt. 使变白;[冶]酸洗（金属）使有光泽;[烹]... vi. 漂白;发白;变白coddle vt. 悉心照料，娇惯magnify vt. 放大;赞美;夸大;夸奖vi. 放大;有放大能力frame n. 框架;眼镜框;组织;边框Voltaire 伏尔泰法国思想家、文学家、哲学家Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文简介：华盛顿·欧文是19世纪美国最著名的作家，号称美国文学之父。

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The Art of Public Speaking Chapter1——New Words & Questions