Small intestine, Liver & Pancreas (anatomy)
医学常用解剖部位术语英汉翻译
医学常用解剖部位术语英汉翻译一、引言医学解剖部位术语是医学领域中重要的基础知识，准确理解和掌握解剖部位的英汉翻译对于医学教学和研究至关重要。
本文将介绍一些医学常用解剖部位术语的英汉翻译，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
二、头部（Head）1. 头颅（Skull）- 脑颅（Cranium）- 面颅（Facial skull）2. 面部（Face）- 颏（Chin）- 唇（Lip）- 鼻（Nose）- 眼（Eye）- 耳（Ear）3. 颈部（Neck）- 颈椎（Cervical vertebrae）- 甲状腺（Thyroid）三、胸部（Thorax）1. 胸骨（Sternum）2. 肋骨（Ribs）3. 食管（Esophagus）4. 心脏（Heart）5. 肺（Lungs）6. 胸腺（Thymus）四、腹部（Abdomen）1. 腹肌（Abdominal muscles）2. 肝脏（Liver）3. 胆囊（Gallbladder）4. 胃（Stomach）5. 脾（Spleen）6. 小肠（Small intestine）7. 大肠（Large intestine）五、盆腔（Pelvis）1. 骨盆（Pelvis）2. 输尿管（Ureter）3. 子宫（Uterus）4. 卵巢（Ovary）5. 前列腺（Prostate）六、四肢（Limbs）1. 上肢（Upper limbs） - 肩（Shoulder）- 臂（Arm）- 肘（Elbow）- 前臂（Forearm）- 腕（Wrist）- 手（Hand）2. 下肢（Lower limbs） - 股骨（Femur）- 膝盖（Knee）- 小腿（Lower leg）- 踝关节（Ankle）- 足（Foot）七、结论本文介绍了医学常用解剖部位术语的英汉翻译，涵盖了头部、胸部、腹部、盆腔以及四肢等部位。
准确理解和运用这些术语对于医学学习和工作具有重要意义。
大鼠解剖图谱—中英文
Source #5
Rat Dissection
侧面 皮大肌
MUSCLES
背阔肌
嚼肌 颈外 静脉 二头肌 肋间肌
Source #1
Rat Dissection
肱三头肌外侧头 脊三角肌 肩三角肌 棒状三角肌 肱肌 肱二头肌短头 近端 头部 远端 尾部
MUSCLES
肱三头肌长头
肘
腕 Source #5
Source #5
Rat Dissection
MUSCLES
External jugular vein:颈 外静脉 Pectoralis muscles:胸肌 Triceps:肱三头肌 Biceps:二头肌 Masseter:咬肌
Source #1
Rat Dissection
MUSCLES
Cutaneous maximus: External jugular vein:颈外静脉 Linea alba:腹白线
Source #1
Rat Dissection
HEART + LUNGS
Right auricle:右心耳 Thymus:胸腺 Left phrenic nerve:膈神经 Diaphragm:膈
Source #5
Rat Dissection
RESPIRATORY ORGANS
Source #1
Source #5
Rat Dissection
MUSCLES
Flexor digitorum superficialis: 指(趾 ）浅屈肌 Tibialias anterior:胫骨前肌 Flexor digitorum profundis:指(趾） 深屈肌 Fibularis longus: Soleus:比目鱼肌 Lateral head of gastrocnemius:腓肠 肌外侧头 Plantaris:跖肌 medial head of gastrocnemius:腓肠 肌内侧头 Calcaneal tendon:跟腱 Heel of foot:足跟
解刨器官中英文
人体解剖学英语单词运动系统(1)anatomy 解剖学 locomotor system 运动系统 skeleton 骨骼 joint关节 ligament韧带(2)Vertebra 椎骨 sacrum 骶骨 sternal angle 胸骨角 rib 肋骨 thorax 胸廓(3)Skull 头盖骨 facial bones面颅 cranial bones颅骨 frontal bone额骨 temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节(4)Scapula肩胛骨 humerus肱骨 shoulder joint肩关节 elbow joint肘关节 radiocarpal joint 桡腕关节(5)Hip bone髋骨 femur股骨 tibia胫骨 fibula腓骨 knee joint 膝关节消化系统(1)alimentary system消化系统 oral cavity口腔 tongue舌 pharynx 咽 esophagus食管 (2)Stomach胃 small intestine小肠 rectum直肠 liver肝 pancreas 胰腺呼吸系统 respiratory system呼吸系统larynx喉 bronchus支气管 trachea气管 lung肺泌尿系统urinary system泌尿系统kidney肾 ureter 输尿管 urinary bladder膀胱 urethra尿道生殖系统 Genital system生殖系统 testis睾丸 prostate前列腺 ovary卵巢 uterus子宫脉管系统cardiovascular system心血管系统 atrium心房 ventricle心室 mitral valve二尖瓣 coronary artery冠状动脉 pulmonary a 肺动脉 aorta主动脉common carotid a 颈总动脉 celiac trunk 腹腔干common iliac a髂总动脉视器 Cornea 角膜 iris虹膜 retina 视网膜 lens 晶状体 conjunctiva结膜前庭蜗器 vestibulocochlear organ前庭蜗器 auricle耳廓external acoustic meatus外耳道tympanic cavity鼓室labyrinth迷路神经系统 nucleus 神经核 ganglion神经节 olfactory nerve嗅神经optic nerve视神经 oculomotor nerve动眼神经 trochlear nerve 滑车神经 trigeminal nerve三叉神经 abducent nerve 展神经 vagus nerve迷走神经 hypoglossal nerve 舌下神经 phrenic n 膈神经 brachial plexus臂丛sciatic n 坐骨神经 sympathetic trunk交感干 parasympathetic n 副交感神经脊髓 spinal cord 脊髓 conus medullaris脊髓圆锥 cervical enlargement颈膨大 lumbosacral enlargement腰骶膨大 cauda equina马尾脑干 brain stem 脑干 medulla oblongata 延髓 pons 脑桥 midbrain 中脑 rhomboid fossa菱形窝间脑、小脑、端脑、脑脊膜、脑血管、脑脊液Cerebellum 小脑 diencephalon间脑 thalamus丘脑 telencephalon端脑 cerebral spinal fluid脑脊液。
中国传统文化及中医药文化翻译大赛大赛试题汉译英及参考译文
汉译英一阴一阳之谓道四时阴阳的变化，是万物生命的根本。
所以圣人在春夏季节保养阳气，在秋冬季节保养阴气，顺从了生命发展的根本规律，就能与万物一样，在生、长、收、藏的生命过程中运动发展。
如果违逆了这个规律，就会杀伐根本的生命力，破坏真元之气。
因此，阴阳四时是万物的终结，是盛衰存亡的根本，违逆了它，就会产生灾害，顺从了它，就不会发生重病，这样便可谓懂得了养生之道。
对于养生之道，圣人能够加以实行，愚人则时常有所违背。
顺从阴阳的消长，就能生存，违逆了就会死亡。
顺从了它，就会正常，违逆了它，就会闭塞不通。
黄帝说：阴阳是宇宙间的一般规律，是一切事物的法则，是万物变化的起源，是生长毁灭的根本，是认识事物变化的枢纽。
凡医治疾病，必须求得病情变化的根本，而道理也不外乎阴阳二字。
拿自然界变化来比喻，清阳之气聚于上，而成为天，浊阴之气积于下，而成为地。
阴是比较静止的，阳是比较躁动的；阳主生成，阴主成长；阳主肃杀，阴主收藏。
阳能化生力量，阴能构成形体。
寒到极点会生热，热到极点会生寒；寒气能产生浊阴，热气能产生清阳。
清阳之气居下而不升，就会发生泄泻之病。
浊阴之气居上而不降，就会发生胀满之病。
这就是阴阳的正常和反常变化，因此疾病也就有逆证和顺证的分别。
所以大自然的清阳之气上升为天，浊阴之气下降为地。
地气蒸发上升为云，天气凝聚下降为雨；雨是地气上升之云转变而成的，云是由天气蒸发水气而成的。
人体的变化也是这样，清阳之气出于上窍，浊阴之气出于下窍；清阳发泄于腠理，浊阴内注于五脏；清阳充实于四肢，浊阴内走于六腑。
（638汉字）What Is Called Shade-Shine Is the WordThe change of Shade-Shine through the four seasons is the foundation of all life.Therefore, the sage maintains the vim of Shine in spring and summer seasons,the vim of Shade in autumn and winter seasons,and obeys the fundamental law of life and its development,and can move forward in the process of birth,growth,harvesting and storage,just like everything else.If this law is violated,the fundamental vitality will be killed,and true vim destroyed.Therefore,Shade-Shine through the seasons is the end of everything and the root of prosperity and decline;if one goes against it,there will be a disaster;if one obeys it,there will be no serious diseases,thus the way of health can be understood.The sage can carry out the way of keeping fit,but the fool often disobeys it.Obedient to the rise and fall of Shade-Shine,one can survive,otherwise one will die. If you obey it,you will be normal,and if you violate it,you will be denied access to things.Lord Yellow said:Shade-Shine is the general law of the universe,the law of all things,the origin of the change of all things,the root of growth and destruction,and the hub of understanding the change of things.For every cure of a disease,one must seek the root of the change of a disease, and it is no more than Shade-Shine.Taking the natural changes as a metaphor,the vim of limpid Shine gathers in the sky,and the vim of turbid Shade accumulates under,and becomes earth. Shade is more static,and Shine more restless;Shine is a master of production,and Shade of growth;Shine is a master of killing,and Shade of saving.Shine makes vim,and Shade makes form.Extreme cold generates heat,and extreme heat produces cold;cold produces turbid Shade, and heat produces limpid Shine.The disease of diarrhea will occur if the vim of limpid Shine lives under and does not rise.Turbid Shade of vim rises,there will be turgor.This is the normal andabnormal change of Shade-Shine,so the disease can have the distinction of normality and abnormality of a syndrome.So limpid Shine of nature rises to form Heaven,and turbid Shade falls to form earth.The evaporation of earth rises to form clouds,the condensation of air from earth drops to form rain, which is the same case with the change of the human body.The vim of limpid Shine gets out of upper pores and turbid Shade out of lower ones.Likewise,limpid Shine is released from grain of skin,and turbid Shade sinks in the internal organs:heart,liver,spleen,lungs and kidneys;limpid Shine abides in four limbs and turbid Shade runs through six hollows:gallbladder,stomach,large intestine,small intestine,bladder and tri-duct.（475words）。
医学综合英语课后题答案
Keys:Unit 1 InfluenzaPart TwoI. Pre-class TasksTask 11. A2. D3.C4.A5. BTask 21. exhausted2. available3. overlooked4. Spitting up5.make itTask 31. tired2. filled3. spit4.breathe5. improved6. RegainedII. In-class TasksTask 1 Lead-in Activity1. Compared with cold, flu symptoms develop much faster and are more severe. They can last from 3 days to 2 weeks.2. You can reduce the chances of getting flu by staying away from people who are sick, washing your hands frequently especially before touching your eyes, nose or mouth and getting a flu vaccine each year.Task 2 Text-based ExerciseTask 2.11. T2. F3.NG4.T5. TTask 2.21. H2. F3.A4.J5.E6.D7. GTask 2.31. breaks2. appetite3. immune4. transmission5. availableTask 2.41. 通常在当你接触过携带流感病毒的人一到四天之后，流感症状才会显现。
2. 家庭治疗包括休息，大量补充液体，吃药以减低体温。
3. 医生可能会抽血或者从你的鼻子喉部提取液体样本来检测你感染的流感病毒种类。
用英文表达身体各个器官
头:head头顶：the top (或：crown)of the head 发：hair of the head额：forhead太阳穴:temple面部:face颊:cheek颧骨:cheekbone眼:eye眉毛:eyebrow睫毛:eyelash眼皮:eyelid眼球:eyeball瞳孔:pupil虹膜:iris耳:ear耳膜鼓:ear drum听道:auditory canal鼻:nose鼻孔:nostril鼻腔:nasal cavity鼻梁:brdge of the nose人中:philtrum口:mouth唇:lip舌:tongue牙:tooth(teeth)齿冠:crown齿龈:gum齿根:root;fang(牙)珐琅质:enamel硬腭:hard palate软腭:soft palate小舌:uvula扁桃体:tonsil声带:vocal cords咽头:pharynx下巴:chin颚,颌:jaw颚骨:jawbone颈;脖子:neck吼:throat咽喉:larynx项;颈背:nape（或：scruff)of the neck身躯,躯干:trunk背:back肩:shoulder腋窝:armpit胸:chest乳房:breast;thorax乳头:nipple腰:waist;loins肚脐:navel;belly button腹:abdomen;belly上腹:the upper abdomen下腹;the lower abdomen腹股沟:groin臀部:buttocks;hips;bottom;backside生殖器:genitals;genital organ肢:limb臂:arm上臂:upper arm前臂:fore arm胳膊弯:bend (或：crook)of the arm肘:elbow腕:wrist手:hand手背:back of the hand手掌:palm of the hand手指:finger大拇指:thumb食指:forefinger;index finger中指:middle finger无名指:ring finger小指:little finger指甲:finger nail腿:leg大腿:thigh小腿:lower leg;shank膝:knee膝关节:knee joint膝盖骨:kneecap膝弯:hollow of the knee;back of the knee 腿肚:calf踝:ankle足:foot(feet)脚背:instep脚掌:sole of the foot后跟:heel趾:toe趾甲:toenail内脏:viscera;internal organs 呼吸道:respiratory tract消化道:alimentary canal气管:trachea;windpipe甲状腺:thyroid gland淋巴结:lymph node食管:gullet ;esophagus肺:lung心脏:heart动脉:artery静脉:vein毛细血管:blood cspillary横膈:diaphragm胃肠道:gastrointestinal tract 胃:stomach(stomachs)十二指肠:duodenum肝:liver胆囊:gallbladder阑尾:appendix肠:intestine大肠:large intestine结肠:colon小肠:small intestine直肠:rectum肛门:anus脾:spleen胰:pancreas生殖泌尿道:genitourinary tract 输尿管:ureter肾:kidney膀胱:urinary bladder尿道:urethra骨骼:bones and skeleton头颅骨:skull肌肉:muscle胸肌:pectoral muscle腹肌:abdominal muscle三角肌:deltoid muscle腱:tendon神经:nerve中枢神经系统:central nervous system 脑:brain大脑:cerebrum小脑:cerebellum脑神经:cranial nerve运动神经:motor nerve感觉神经:sensory nerve腺：gland内分泌腺：endocrine gland（脑）垂体：pittuitary gland肾上腺：adrenal gland性腺：sex gland。
医学英语单词汇总
器官器官: organs : organs kidney 肾 bladder 膀胱膀胱 prostate 前列腺前列腺 urethra 尿道尿道 nose 鼻子鼻子 cardiac 心脏心脏 vascular 血管血管 blood 血液血液 ears 耳朵耳朵 throat 喉咙喉咙 skin 皮肤皮肤nodes [n əuds] 淋巴结淋巴结 lymph [limf] 淋巴淋巴shoulder ['ʃəuld uldəə] 肩，肩膀肩，肩膀 fingers ['fiŋɡə] 手指头手指头 collarbone ['k ɔl əb əun] 锁骨锁骨 neck 脖子脖子 ankle 踝 chest 胸groin [ɡr ɔin] 腹股沟腹股沟 arm 胳膊胳膊 hand 手 wrist 手腕手腕 liver 肝 lung 肺 bowel 肠large/small intestine [in'testin]大/小肠小肠 duodenum [,dju:əu'di:n u'di:nəəm]十二指肠十二指肠 gallbladder ['ɡɔ:l,blæd ə]胆囊胆囊 pancreas ['pænkri pancreas ['pænkriəəs]胰 spleen [spli:n]脾 rectum 肛门肛门bones [[b əun]]骨骼骨骼 sinuses ['sin ə:ses]鼻窦鼻窦 breasts [brest] 乳房乳房 breathe [bri:ð]呼吸呼吸 chin 下巴下巴prosthesis ['pr ɔsθisis]假体假体cardiovascular [,k ɑ:di :diəəu'væskjul u'væskjuləə] System 心血管系统muscles ['m ʌsl] 肌肉肌肉abdomen [æb'd abdomen [æb'dəəumen ]( Tummy, Belly, Stomach) 腹部Nervous system 神经系统神经系统 Urinary ['ju ['juəərin rinəəri] System 泌尿系统泌尿系统joints (hips, elbows, knees, ankle, wrist) 关节关节疾病illnesses hypertension[[,haip ə'ten ʃən]] 高血压高血压 diabetic[,dai diabetic[,daiəə'betik] 糖尿病患者糖尿病患者 diabetes[,dai diabetes[,daiəə'bi:ti:z] 糖尿病糖尿病 heart attack 心脏病心脏病 bronchitis[br ɔŋ'kaitis] 支气管炎支气管炎asthma ['æsm ə] 哮喘哮喘 pneumonia 肺炎肺炎 whooping ['hu:piŋ]['hu:piŋ] cough cough 百日咳百日咳 TB... tuberculosis 结核病结核病 emphysema [,emfi'si:m ə] 肺气肿肺气肿 HIV 艾滋病毒艾滋病毒 AIDS 艾滋病艾滋病 kidney failure ['feilj ə] 肾衰竭肾衰竭 kidney Stones 肾结石肾结石 liver failure['feilj ə] 肝功能衰竭肝功能衰竭 diarrhea 腹泻腹泻 enteritis[,ent enteritis[,entəə'raitis] 肠炎肠炎 cystitis[sis'taitis] 膀胱炎膀胱炎 dysentery['dis dysentery['disəənt ntəəri] 痢疾痢疾enterogastritis [,ent ər əu,gæ'straitis] 肠胃炎肠胃炎 nephritis[ni'fraitis] 肾炎肾炎 gastritis[ɡæs'traitis]胃炎胃炎 emphysema 肺气肿肺气肿 hemorrhage 出血出血 meningitis 脑膜炎脑膜炎 hyperglycemic 高血糖高血糖 hypoglycemic 低血糖低血糖myocardial Infarction 心肌梗塞心肌梗塞 infections 传染病传染病 virus(es)病毒病毒 diabetes 糖尿病糖尿病 heart problems 心脏疾病心脏疾病 cancer 癌症癌症 influenza n. 流行感冒流行感冒 flu 流行性感冒流行性感冒 sunstroke 中暑中暑 bronchitis 支气管炎支气管炎 tracheitis 气管炎气管炎 pharyngitis 咽炎咽炎hepatitis 肝炎肝炎 phthisis 痨病,肺结核肺结核 pneumonia 肺炎肺炎poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎脊髓灰质炎 rabies 狂犬病狂犬病 rheumatism 风湿病风湿病 scarlet fever 猩红热猩红热 sciatica 坐骨神经痛坐骨神经痛 septicemia 败血病败血病 tetanus 破伤风破伤风tuberculosis 结核病结核病 whooping cough 百日咳百日咳 yellow fever 黄热病黄热病 insanity 精神病精神病 diarrhea[,dai diarrhea[,daiəə'ri 'riəə] 腹泻腹泻 migraine ['mi:ɡrein, 'mai-] 偏头痛偏头痛 broken bones 骨折骨折 chronic ['kr ɔnik] disease 慢性病慢性病 anemic [ə'ni:mik]贫血病 insomnia [in's ɔmni mniəə] 失眠症失眠症 arrhythmia [ə'rið'riðmi mi miəə] 心律失常 coronary heart disease 冠心病冠心病 arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化症动脉硬化症 cardiac failure 心力衰竭心力衰竭 constipation 便秘便秘 dislocated 脱臼脱臼 sprained 扭伤扭伤 fracture of toe ／finger 脚趾／手指骨折骨折脚趾／手指骨折骨折 症状symptoms bouts 发作发作 condition 病症indigestion[,indi'd ʒest ʃən] 消化不良 oily['ɔili] 油腻油腻 headache 头痛头痛 abdominal pain 腹痛腹痛 fever 发烧发烧 sore throat 咽痛咽痛 cough 咳嗽咳嗽 nosebleed 流鼻涕流鼻涕 vomiting 呕吐呕吐pressure in the chest 胸闷胸闷chest pain 胸痛胸痛breathless 气短气短itching 骚痒骚痒 rash 出疹出疹 diarrhea 腹泻腹泻 sprains 扭伤扭伤 broken bones 骨折骨折 cuts 裂伤裂伤 vomit['v ɔmit]呕吐呕吐indigestion[,indi'd ʒest ʃən] 消化不良消化不良 family history 家族史家族史 allergies 过敏过敏 regular 规则的规则的 irregular 不规则的不规则的 noisy 杂音的杂音的 deep 深的深的 shallow 浅的浅的 weak 弱的弱的 rapid 快速的快速的 wheezing 喘息样喘息样difficult 困难的困难的 chesty 呼吸声音粗糙呼吸声音粗糙 dry cough 干咳干咳 strong 强 faint 衰弱的衰弱的 inflame v . 发炎发炎 have a running nose 流鼻涕流鼻涕a sore throat 喉咙发痛喉咙发痛 get a temperature 发高烧发高烧 take a deep breath 深呼吸深呼吸 shiver 打寒打寒 fall ill 生病生病 be ill with 生病生病 vital signs 主要病症主要病症 rhythm of the heart 心率心率 early symptom 早期症状早期症状constitutional symptoms 全身症状全身症状 f eel dizzy 头昏眼花头昏眼花be engorged 充血充血feel chilly 发冷发冷 exhausted [i ɡ'z ɔ:stid]疲倦，筋疲力尽疲倦，筋疲力尽appetite ['æpitait]胃口胃口strain [strein]负担负担 alarm[alarm[əə'l ɑ:m] 惊慌惊慌 nauseous ['n ɔ: ʃi əs ] 厌恶的厌恶的 dizziness ['dizinis]头晕头晕 palpitation [,pælpi'tei ʃən]心悸心悸 excessive fatigue [f ə'ti:ɡ]过度疲劳过度疲劳 itchy ['it ʃi] 发痒的发痒的 fractured ['frækt ʃəd] 断裂的；挫伤的；断裂的；挫伤的； cut [k ʌt] 伤口；切口伤口；切口 bowels ['bau əlz] 大便大便 tingling ['tiŋɡliŋ]麻刺感麻刺感 pale [peil] 苍白的苍白的 aches. 疼 stabbing pain. 刺痛刺痛 hurts. 痛stings 刺痛。
美联英语：人体部位词汇
美联英语提供：美联英语：人体部位词汇小编给你一个美联英语官方试听课申请链接：/?tid=16-73374-0外表 appearance人体 human body视觉 sight sense味觉 taste sense嗅觉 smell sense听觉 sound sense触觉 touch sense器官 organ体格 physique体质 subtance of body头 head头皮 scalp头颅 skull前额 forehead后脑 back of head脑子 brain脑髓 brain capsule脑盖 occiput头发 hair黑发 black hair金发 blonde hair白发 grey hair浅黑发 brunette体毛 body hair脸 face颊 cheek下巴 chin胡子 mustache胡须 beard酒窝 dimple眼睛 eyes眼皮 tarsal眼睑 eyelids眼底 eye ground眼窝 orbit眼梢 canthus眼球 eyeball眼白 eye white眼孔 pupil眼筋 eyestring视神位 optical nerve 眉毛 eyeblow睫毛 eyelashes虹膜 iris视网膜 retina玻璃体 vittreous body 鼻 nose鼻尖 nose tip鼻梁 nose bridge鼻孔 nostril鼻毛 vibrissac鼻腔 nasal cavity嗅神经 olfactory nerve 口 mouth口腔 oral cavity牙齿 tooth牙床 gum乳牙 milk tooth牙根 root门齿 incisor舌头 tongue舌苔 coated tongue 小舌 uvula味蕾 taste buds嘴唇 lips上唇 upper lips下唇 under lips耳朵 ears耳孔 ear cavity耳膜 ear drum耳垂 ear lobe耳轮 helix内耳 internal ear 耳蜗 cochlea喉 throat咽喉 fauces扁桃腺 tonsil喉结 Adam's apple 声带 vocal cords 气管 wind pipe食道 gullet颌 jaw头颈 neck颈背 scruff背 back背脊 ridge肩 shoulder腋窝 armpit肢 limb手足 member 四肢 extremities 手 hand掌 palm手背 hand back 腕 wrist肘 elbow前臂 forearm手指 finger拇指 thumb食指 index中指 middle无名指 ring小指 little指节 knuckles 指纹 finger print 指尖 finger tip 指甲 nail拳头 fist上身 trunk前胸 chest女胸 bust乳房 udder，bosom 乳头 nipple乳汁 milk乳囊 mammary pouch 乳沟 breast fold心 heart心口 cardiac心房 ventricle肺 lung肺叶 lobe肝 liver脾 spleen主动脉 aorta动脉 artery静脉 vein血 blood毛细血管 blood capilary 血管 blood vessel胃 stomach大肠 large intestine小肠 small intestine十二指肠 duodenum胆囊 gallbladder胰 pancreas肾 kidney胃腔 gastric cavity肋 rib腰 waist腹 abdomen肚脐 navel，belly button 腹腰沟 groin性器官 sexual organ生殖器 genitalia阴茎 penis，cock，dick 龟头 penis glans睾丸 festicle输精管 sperm duct精液 seminal fluid精子 sperm射精管 ejaculatory duets 包皮 prepuce, foreskin性腺 gonad性素 sex cords阴户 vagina，pussy 阴门 vulva阴毛 pubes大阴唇 labia majora 小阴唇 labia minora 阴蒂 clitotis处女膜 hymen子宫 womb卵巢 ovary输卵管 oviduct卵子 egg排泄管 exeretory duct 性激素 sex hormones 屁股 hip，ass肛门 anus，asshole 腿 leg大腿 thigh小腿 shank膝盖 knee腿肚 calf脚 foot脚背 instep脚心 sole脚踝 ankle脚趾 toe大趾 hallux toe二趾 second toe中趾 middle toe无名趾 nameless toe小趾 little toe趾甲 toe nail血色素 hemoglobin( Hb) 血球 corpuscle白血球 leucocyte(WBC) 红血球 erythrocyte(RBC) 血糖 blood sugar细胞 cell胆 gall皮肤 skin肌肉 muscle脂肪 adipose腺 gland淋巴液 lymph乳腺 lacteal gland汗腺 sweat gland前列腺 prostate gland甲状腺 thytoid gland骨头 bone，skeleton骨髓 marrow头骨 cranium，skull面骨 facial bone胸骨 sternum肋骨 rib腰骨 lumbar bone脊骨 backbone脊椎 chine脊柱 vertebral column颚骨 jawbone尾椎骨 coccyx腕骨 carpel膝盖骨 patella软骨 chondrin，cartilage 耻骨 pubis踝骨 ankle bone关节 joint股骨 thigh bone尺骨 ulna神经 nerve美联英语：。
临床医学专业英语术语
临床医学专业英语术语专业简介: 临床医学主要研究基础医学、临床医学、全科医学、疾病诊疗等方面的基本知识和技能，在城乡、农村的社区卫生服务中心等基层医疗卫生机构进行疾病临床诊断与治疗等。
例如：感冒、发烧、外伤等基本疾病的诊断与治疗，传染病和流行性疾病的预防控制，心梗、血栓等危急重症的急救等。
开设课程: 药理学、诊断学、内科学、外科学、妇产科学、儿科学、预防医学、全科医学等。
一、人体解剖学人体解剖学（Human Anatomy）是研究人体结构和形态的基础医学学科，主要包括总体解剖学、局部解剖学、组织胚胎学、神经解剖学、功能解剖学等分支。
人体解剖学是医学生必修的基础课程之一，也是临床医学的重要基础。
以下是人体解剖学所涉及的部分术语：术语术语术语术语术语细胞 (Cell)组织 (Tissue)器官 (Organ)系统 (System)部位 (Region)骨骼 (Skeleton)骨 (Bone)关节 (Joint)韧带 (Ligament)软骨 (Cartilage)肌肉 (Muscle)肌纤维 (Muscle Fiber)肌腱 (Tendon)筋膜 (Fascia)肌肉收缩 (Muscle Contraction)血管 (Vessel)动脉 (Artery)静脉 (Vein)毛细血管(Capillary)淋巴管 (LymphaticVessel)心脏 (Heart)心房 (Atrium)心室 (Ventricle)心瓣膜 (HeartValve)心律失常(Arrhythmia)呼吸系统 (Respiratory System)鼻腔 (Nasal Cavity)咽喉 (Pharynx andLarynx)气管 (Trachea)支气管 (Bronchus)肺 (Lung)肺叶 (Lobe of Lung)肺泡 (Alveolus)胸腔 (ThoracicCavity)胸膜 (Pleura)消化系统 (Digestive System)口腔 (Oral Cavity)牙齿 (Tooth)咀嚼肌(MasticatoryMuscle)唾液腺 (SalivaryGland)食管 (Esophagus)胃 (Stomach)小肠 (Small Intestine)大肠 (LargeIntestine)肝脏 (Liver)胆囊和胆管系统(Gallbladder and Biliary System)胰腺(Pancreas)腹腔(AbdominalCavity)腹膜(Peritoneum)脾(Spleen)泌尿系统(UrinarySystem)肾(Kidney)输尿管(Ureter)膀胱(Bladder)尿道(Urethra)生殖系统(Reproductive System)性别染色体(SexChromosome)性腺(Gonad)性激素(SexHormone)性征(SexualCharacteristic)阴茎(Penis)阴囊(Scrotum)睾丸(Testis)附睾(Epididymis)输精管(Vas Deferens)前列腺(Prostate)尿道球腺(Bulbourethral Gland)精囊(SeminalVesicle)精液(Semen)勃起(Erection)阴道(Vagina)子宫(Uterus)卵巢(Ovary)输卵管(FallopianTube)卵子(Ovum)月经(Menstruation)排卵(Ovulation)受精(Fertilization)着床(Implantation)胎盘(Placenta)内分泌系统(Endocrine System)激素(Hormone)反馈机制(FeedbackMechanism)垂体(PituitaryGland)松果体(PinealGland)甲状腺(Thyroid Gland)副甲状腺(ParathyroidGland)胰岛(Islet ofLangerhans)肾上腺(AdrenalGland)性腺(Gonad)神经系统(Nervous System)神经元(Neuron)神经胶质细胞(Neuroglia Cell)神经纤维(NerveFiber)神经髓鞘(MyelinSheath)中枢神经系统(Central Nervous System)外周神经系统(Peripheral NervousSystem)自主神经系统(Autonomic NervousSystem)脑(Brain)脊髓(Spinal Cord)大脑皮层(Cerebral Cortex)大脑半球(CerebralHemisphere)脑干(Brainstem)小脑(Cerebellum)脑室(Ventricle)感觉器官(SensoryOrgan)视觉(Vision)听觉(Hearing)嗅觉(Olfaction)味觉(Gustation)触觉(Touch)眼(Eye)耳(Ear)鼻(Nose)舌(Tongue)角膜(Cornea)晶状体(Lens)视网膜(Retina)视神经(OpticNerve)眼肌(Eye Muscle)外耳(External Ear)中耳(Middle Ear)内耳(Inner Ear)鼓膜(TympanicMembrane)前庭(Vestibule)耳蜗(Cochlea)半规管(SemicircularCanal)听小骨(AuditoryOssicle)听神经(AuditoryNerve)平衡感(BalanceSense)二、生理学生理学（Physiology）是研究生命体的功能和活动规律的基础医学学科，主要包括细胞生理学、组织器官生理学、系统生理学、分子生理学、发育生理学、环境生理学等分支。
有关人体身体部位的英文谚语习语
身体部位的英语谚语be dressed to the teeth 浓妆艳抹armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿If you can’t bite ，never show your teeth .不能咬人就别龇牙。
A still tongue makes a wise head .智者寡言The tongue isn’t steel ，yet it cuts .舌非刀剑，但能伤人。
Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart intoit 。
(Nothing is impossible to a willing heart 。
)世上无难事，只怕有心人.What the heart thinks the tongue speaks 。
言为心声speak though one’s neck 吹牛bend one's neck 俯首听命be up one's shoulders 工作忙得不可开交cold shoulders 冷遇，白眼Justice has long arm。
天网恢恢,疏而不漏Stretch your arm no further than your sleeve willreach 。
量入为出be all thumb笨手笨脚count one’d thumbs消磨时间A cold hand and a warm heart .手冷心肠热One hand washes another .有来有往；互相利用fall on one’s leg逢凶化吉as fast as one’d legs can carry one 开足马力，拼命跑across one’s knee(把小孩)脸朝下放在膝盖上打屁股beat sb to his knees打败某人have a foot in both camps脚踏两只船Better the foot slip than the tongue （Better to slipwith the tongue )宁可失足，不可失言.Better be the head of an ass than the tail of ahorse.[谚］宁为鸡头，毋为牛后.Two heads are better than one.［谚]三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮.Hang by a hair千钧一发；岌岌可危;摇摇欲坠.Take a hair of the dog that bit you。
人体各部位英语单词(含音标)
人体各部位英语单词一、头部及颈部的人体部位英语单词1.、head 头[hed]2、brain 脑[breɪn]3、skull 颅骨, 头盖骨(骷髅头) [skʌl]4、hair 头发[hɛə]5、forehead 额[ˈfɔ:hed]6、nerve 神经[nə:v]7、eye 眼睛[aɪ]8、eyebrow 眉毛[ˈaɪbraʊ]9、ear 耳朵[ɪə(r)]10、nose 鼻子[nəuz]11、cheek 面颊[tʃi:k]12、dimple 酒涡[ˈdɪmpl 13、mole 痣[məʊl]14、lips 嘴唇(upper lip上唇,lower17、lip下唇) [lɪps] [ˈʌpə lip] [ˈləuə lip]15、mouth 口[maʊθ]16、cavity口腔[ˈkævəti]17、tooth 牙齿(众数teeth) [tu:θ] [ti:θ]18、tongue 舌[tʌŋ]19、chin 下巴[tʃɪn]20、whiskers 络腮胡[ˌwɪskəs]21、throat 喉咙, 咽喉[θrəʊt]22、neck 脖子[nek]二、手和脚的人体部位英文单词1、hand 手[hænd]2、arm 手臂[ɑ:m]3、palm 手掌[pɑ：m]4、finger 手指[ˈfɪŋgə(r)]5、nail 指甲[neɪl]6、fist 拳头[fɪst]7、back 手背[bæk]8、wrist 手腕[rɪst]9、elbow 肘[ˈelbəu] 10、bone 骨[bəʊn]11、skeleton 骨骼[ˈskelɪtn]12、thigh 大腿[θaɪ]13、muscle 肌肉[ˈmʌsl]14、knee 膝盖[ni:]15、leg 腿[leg]16、shank 小腿[ʃæŋk]17、foot 脚[fut]三、人体胸部和下半身各部位英语单词1、shoulder 肩[ˈʃəuldə]2、pit 胸口[pɪt]3、joint 关节[dʒɔɪnt]4、chest 胸部[tʃest]5、abdomen 腹部[ˈæbdəmən]6、navel 肚脐[ˈneɪvl]7、waist 腰[weɪst]8、back 背[bæk]9、backbone 脊柱[ˈbækbəʊn]10、hip 臀部[hɪp]11、bottom 屁股[ˈbɔtəm]四、内脏各部位英语单词1、vein 静脉[veɪn]2、artery 动脉[ˈɑ:təri]3、capillary 毛细血管[kəˈpɪləri]4、nerve 神经[nɜ:v]5、spinal marrow 脊髓[ˈspaɪnəl ˈmærəʊ]6、internal organs 内脏[ɪnˈtɜ:nl] [ˈɔ:ɡənz]7、heart 心脏[hɑ:t]8、blood vessel 血管[blʌd ˈvesəl]9、lung 肺[lʌŋ]10、kidney 肾脏[ˈkɪdni] 11、stomach 胃[ˈstʌmək]12、gullet 食管[ˈgʌlɪt]13、liver 肝脏[ˈlɪvə(r)]14、pancreas 胰腺[ˈpæŋkriəs]15、spleen 脾[spli:n]16、small intestine 小肠[smɔ:l ɪnˈtestɪn]17、large intestine 大肠[lɑ:dʒɪnˈtestɪn]18、anus 肛门[ˈeɪnəs]19、bladder 膀胱[ˈblædə(r)]20、urine 尿道[ˈjʊərɪn]常见蔬菜1 tomato [tə'mɑ：təʊ] 西红柿2、lettuce ['letɪs] 莴苣3 cucumber ['kju：kʌmbə] 黄瓜4 aubergine ['əʊbəʒi：n], eggplant['egplɑ：nt] ]茄子5 celery ['selərɪ] 芹菜6 onion ['ʌnjən ]洋葱7 pea [pi:] 豌豆8 mushroom ['mʌʃru：m] 蘑菇9 pumpkin ['pʌm(p)kɪn] 南瓜10 rape [reɪp] 油菜11 spinach [ˈspɪnɪtʃ] 菠菜12 beet, beetroot ['bi：tru：t] 甜菜13 potato [pə'teɪtəʊ] 马铃薯14 radish ['rædɪʃ] 萝卜15 carrot ['kærət] 胡萝卜16 cabbage ['kæbɪdʒ] 卷心菜17 Chinese cabbage 大白菜18 chilli ['tʃɪlɪ] 辣椒19 garlic ['gɑ：lɪk] 蒜20 chive [tʃaiv] 葱常见动物类1 horse [hɔ：s] 马2 mare [meə] 母马3 colt [kəʊlt] foal [fəʊl] 小马4 mustang ['mʌstæŋ] 野马5 hippopotamus [,hɪpə'pɒtəməs]河马6 zebra ['zebrə] 斑马7 ox [ɑks] 牛8 buffalo ['bʌfələʊ] 水牛9 Bulls、[bulz] 公牛10 cow [kaʊ] 母牛11 calf [kɑ：f] 小牛12 heifer ['hefə] 小母牛13 rhinoceros [raɪ'nɒs(ə)rəs] 犀牛14 yak [jæk] 牦牛15 eagle ['i：g(ə)l] 鹰16 mule [mju：l] 骡17 ass, donkey 驴18 cock [kɒk] 公鸡19 hen [hen] 母鸡20 chicken ['tʃɪkɪn] 小鸡21 peacock ['pi：kɒk] 孔雀22 duck [dʌk] 鸭23 pig, swine [swaɪn] 猪24 gilt [gɪlt] 小母猪25 piglet ['pɪɡlət] 猪崽26 hog [hɒg] 肥猪27 goose[gu：s] 鹅28 sheep [ʃi：p] 羊29 ewe [ju：] 母羊30 goat [gəʊt] 山羊31 lamb [læm] 羊羔，羔羊32 antilope ['æntilɔp] 羚羊33 swan [swɒn] 天鹅34 deer [dɪə] 鹿35 giraffe [dʒɪ'rɑ：f] 长颈鹿36 camel ['kæm(ə)l] 骆驼37 ostrich ['ɒstrɪtʃ] 鸵鸟38 elephant ['elɪf(ə)nt] 象39 gull [gʌl] seagull ['si:gʌl] 海鸥40 woodpecker ['wʊdpekə] 啄木鸟41 cat 猫42 parrot ['pærət] 鹦鹉43 lion ['laɪən] 狮44 cuckoo ['kʊku：] 杜鹃45 leopard ['lepəd] 豹46 crow [krəʊ] 乌鸦47 tiger ['taɪgə] 虎48 blackbird ['blækbɜ：d] 画眉49 thrush [θrʌʃ] 画眉50 magpie ['mægpaɪ] 喜鹊51 swallow ['swɒləʊ] 燕子52 sparrow ['spærəʊ] 麻雀53 dog 狗54 fox [fɒks] 狐55 wolf [wʊlf] 狼56 squirrel ['skwɪr(ə)l] 松鼠57 bear [beə] 熊58 penguin ['peŋgwɪn] 企鹅59 rabbit ['ræbɪt] 兔子60 hare [heə] 野兔61 rat [ræt] 鼠62 vole [vəʊl] 田鼠63 snake [sneɪk] 蛇64 boa ['bəʊə] 王蛇,蟒蛇65 monkey ['mʌŋkɪ] 猴子66 python ['paiθən] 蟒蛇67 orangutan [ɔ：,ræŋu：'tæn] 猩猩68 chimpanzee [tʃɪmpæn'zi：] 黑猩猩69 lizard ['lɪzəd] 蜥蜴70 chameleon [kə'mi：lɪən] 变色龙71 wall lizard ['lizəd] 壁虎72 duckbill ['dʌkbɪl] platypus ['plætɪpəs]鸭嘴兽73 kangaroo [,kæŋgə'ru：] 袋鼠74 giant salamander ['dʒaɪənt] ['sælə,mændə] 娃娃鱼75 koala [kəʊ'ɑ：lə] 考拉76 crocodile ['krɒkədaɪl] 鳄鱼77 hedgehog ['pɔ：kjʊpaɪn] 刺猬78porcupine ['pɔ:kjʊpaɪn]豪猪79 bat [bæt] 蝙蝠80 turtle ['tɜ：t(ə)l] 龟81 whale [weɪl 鲸82 dolphin ['dɒlfɪn] 河豚83 sea turtle ['tɜ：t(ə)l] 海龟84 frog [frɒg] 青蛙85 seal [si：l] 海豹86 toad [təʊd] 蟾蜍常见水果apple 苹果2、banana 香蕉3、cherry 樱桃4.Chinese、gooseberry、猕猴桃5、coconut椰子6、plum李子7、date枣8、fig无花果9、litchi 荔枝10、gingko白果，银杏11、grape葡萄12、cantaloupe 哈密瓜13、hawthorn山楂14、honey peach水蜜桃15、juicy peach水蜜桃16、jujube枣17、lemon柠檬18、longan 桂圆，龙眼19、loquat 枇杷20、mandarin 柑桔21、mango 芒果22、muskmelon 甜瓜23、navel orange脐橙24、nut 坚果25、oleaster 沙枣26、olive橄榄27、orange柑桔28 tangerine 柑桔29、papaya 木瓜30、peach 桃子31、pear梨32、pineapple 菠萝33、pomegranate 石榴34、pomelo 柚子，文旦35、red bayberry 杨梅36、strawberry 草莓37、watermelon西瓜常见乐器1.钢琴Piano、[piˈænəʊ]2.小提琴Violin、[ˌvaɪəˈlɪn]3.大提琴Cello、[ˈtʃeləʊ]3.吉他、Guitar、[gɪˈtɑ:(r)]4.竖琴Harp、[hɑ:p]5. 竖笛Recorder、[rɪˈkɔ:də(r)]6.长笛Flute、[flu:t]7.短笛piccolo、[ˈpɪkələʊ]8.萨克斯Saxophone [ˈsæksəfəʊn] 9.大号Tuba、[ˈtju:bə]10.小号Trumpet、[ˈtrʌmpɪt]11.手风琴accordion、[əˈkɔ:diən]12.小鼓side drum、[said drʌm]13. 大鼓bass drum、[beis drʌm]14. 口琴harmonica、[hɑ:ˈmɒnɪkə]15. 手风琴accordion [əˈkɔ:diən]16、电子琴keyboard [ˈki:bɔ:d]17. 鼓drum、[drʌm]18. 二胡urheen ['ɜ:hi:n]19. 琵琶lute [lu:t]20. 筝zither [ˈzɪðə(r)交通工具1. bus公共汽车[bʌs]2.car小汽车[kɑ:(r)]3.bike自行车[baɪk]、4.bicycle自行车[ˈbaɪsɪkl]5.motobike 摩托车[ˈməʊtəbaɪk]6.saloon 轿车[səˈlu:n]7 notchback 客货两用车['nɒtʃbæk]8.truck 卡车[trʌk]pact car 小型汽车[kəmˈpækt kɑ:]10.light-van 小型货车['laɪtv'æn]11.garbage truck 垃圾车[ˈɡɑ:bidʒ trʌk]12.automobile carrier 货运卡车[ˈɔ:təməbi:l ˈkæriə]13.fire engine 消防车[ˈfaiəˈendʒin]14.ambulance 救护车[ˈæmbjələns]15.taxi 出租车, 计程车[ˈtæksi]16.jeep 吉普车[dʒi:p]17.police car 警车[pəˈli:s kɑ:]18.wrecker 清障车[ˈrekə(r)]19.ambulance 急救车[ˈæmbjələns] 20.highway公路[ˈhaɪweɪ] road公路[rəʊd]21.Express way高速公路[iksˈpres wei]22.aeroplane飞机[ˈeərəpleɪn]23.plane飞机[pleɪn]24.aircraf 飞机[ˈeəkrɑ:ft]25.airplane飞机[ˈeəpleɪn]26.spaceship 宇宙飞船[ˈspeɪsʃɪp]27.space shuttle 航天飞机[speis ˈʃʌtl]28.helicopter 直升飞机[ˈhelɪkɒptə(r)]29.double decker bus 双层公共汽车[ˈdʌbl ˈdekə bʌs]30.coach 长途客运汽车[kəʊtʃ],31 motor coach大客车[ˈməutə kəutʃ]32.trolleybus 无轨电车[ˈtrɒlibʌs]33.tramcar有轨电车['træmkɑ:],34.streetcar [ˈstri:tkɑ:(r)]有轨电车35.underground地铁[ˈʌndəgraʊnd]36 tube地铁[tju:b]37 subway [ˈsʌbweɪ] 地铁38.train 火车[treɪn]39.warship 军舰[ˈwɔ:ʃɪp]40.ferry渡船[ˈferi]41.tanker油轮[ˈtæŋkə(r)]42.liner邮轮[ˈlaɪnə(r)] 43.speedboat快艇[ˈspi:dbəʊt]44.yacht游艇[jɒt]45.freighter货船[ˈfreɪtə(r)]46.submarine潜艇[ˌsʌbməˈri:n]校园词汇1.上学go to school[ɡəu tu: sku:l][kʌm tu: sku:l][kʌm tu: sku:l]2.放学回家leave school leave school3.回家return home [riˈtə:n həum]/ comeback home [kʌm bæk həum]/ get home [ɡet həum]4.校门school gate [sku:l ɡeit]5.操场playground[ˈpleɪgraʊnd]/sportsground [spɔ:ts ɡraund]/drill ground [dril ɡraund]6.运动场sports ground [spɔ:ts ɡraund]/playground[ˈpleɪgraʊnd]/schoolyard [ˈsku:ljɑ:d]7.篮球场basketball court [ˈbɑ:skitbɔ:lkɔ:t]8.排球场volleyball court [ˈvɔlibɔ:l kɔ:t]9.足球场football court [ˈfutbɔ:l kɔ:t]10.假山rockery [ˈrɒkəri]11.喷水池spray fountain[sprei ˈfauntin]12.林荫小道alameda [ˌælə'meɪdə]13. 花坛parterre [pɑ:ˈteə(r)] 14.旗杆flagstaff [ˈflægstɑ:f]15.国旗national flag [ˈnæʃənəl flæɡ]16.保安员Security Officer[si`kjuəriti] [ `ɔfisə]ˈ17.宿管员dormitory managing clerk [ˈdɔ:mətri] ['mænɪdʒɪŋ] [klɑ:k]18.清洁工cleaner [ˈkli:nə(r)]19小卖部canteen [kænˈti:n]20.食堂mess hall [mes hɔ:l]/mess [mes]/ canteen [kænˈti:n]21.食堂工人The canteen workers [ðə] [kænˈti:n]['wɜ:kəz]22.厨师cook [kʊk]23.服务员waiter [ˈweɪtə(r)]24.图书馆、图书室library [ˈlaɪbrəri]25. 图书管理员library [ˈlaɪbrəri]26.教室classroom/ school room27.书桌desk [desk]28.椅子chair [tʃeə(r)]29.讲台dais [ˈdeɪɪs]30.黑板blackboard [ˈblækbɔ:d]31.粉笔chalk tʃɔ:k]32.美术室art room[ɑ:t ru:m]33.音乐室music room [ˈmju:zik ru:m]34.阅览室Reading Room [ˈri:diŋ ru:m]35.实验室laboratory [ləˈbɒrətri]36.物理实验室physics laboratory [ˈfiziksləˈbɔrətəri]37.化学实验室chemical laboratory[ˈkemikəl ləˈbɔrətəri]38. 生物实验室biology laboratory[baiˈɔlədʒi ləˈbɔrətəri]39.游泳池swimming pool [ˈswɪmɪŋ pu:l]40.宿舍dormitory [ˈdɔ:mitri]/dorm [dɔ:m]/42.校长schoolmaster[ˈsku:lmɑ:stə(r)]/president [ˈprezɪdənt]/43.老师teacher[ˈti:tʃə(r)]/schoolmaster[ˈsku:lmɑ:stə(r)]44.语文老师language teacher[ˈlæŋɡwidʒˈti:tʃə]45.数学老师maths teacher[mæθs] ˈti:tʃə46.英语老师English teacher47.物理老师physics teacher[ˈfɪzɪks]48.化学老师chemistry teacher[ˈkemɪstri]49.生物老师biology teacher[baɪˈɒlədʒi]50.地理老师geography teacher[dʒiˈɔɡrəfi]51.历史老师history teacher [ˈhɪstri]52.政治老师politics teacher [ˈpɒlətɪks]53.信息老师computer teacher[kəmˈpju:tə]54.体育老师physical education teacher [ˈfizikəl ˌedju:ˈkeiʃən]55.音乐老师music teacher[ˈmju:zik]56.美术老师art teacher [ɑ:t]57.学生student [ˈstju:dnt]/pupil[ˈpju:pl]/58.同学schoolmate [ˈsku:lmeɪt]/ condisciple [ˌkɒndɪ'saɪpl]59.同班同学classmate [ˈklɑ:smeit]60.班长monitor [ˈmɒnɪtə(r)]/ class monitor [klɑ:s ˈmɔnitə]61.学习委员commissary in charge of studies [ˈkɒmɪsəri] [tʃɑ:dʒ] ['stʌdɪz]62.劳动委员commissary in charge of labour [ˈleibə]63.体育委员commissary in charge of physical culture [ˈfizikəl ˈkʌltʃə]64.文娱委员commissary in charge ofrecreational activities[ˌrekriˈeɪʃənl] [ækˈtivitiz]65.组长headman [ˈhedmæn]66.小组长gang boss [ɡæŋ bɔs]67.上课attend class[əˈtend klɑ:s]/go toclass[ɡəu tu: klɑ:s]68.听课attend a lecture [əˈtend ei ˈlektʃə]/ sit in on a class[sit in ɔn ei klɑ:s]69.作笔记take notes [nəuts]70.记录record [ˈrekɔ:d]71.听写dictation [dɪkˈteɪʃn]72.默写write from memory[rait frɔm ˈmeməri]73.讨论discuss[dɪˈskʌs]/talk over [tɔ:k ˈəuvə]74.听老师讲课listening to the teacher['lɪsənɪŋ]75.帮助assist [əˈsɪst]76.听录音listen to recording[ˈlisn] [rɪˈkɔ:dɪŋ]77.做作业do the homework [ˈhəʊmwɜ:k]78.做练习do exercise [du: ˈeksə]79.下课get out of class/ finish class/come off from class[kʌm ɔf frʌm klæs]80.画图picture [ˈpɪktʃə(r)]81.画vt.draw82.起立stand up/ uprise['ʌpraɪz]/n standing [ˈstændɪŋ]83.坐下sit down[sit daun]/squat down[skwɔt daun]84.举手raise your hand[reɪz] [hænd]85.回答answer [ˈɑ:nsə(r)]/ reply[rɪˈplaɪ]/ rejoin [ˌri:ˈdʒɔɪn]86.回答问题answer the question[ˈɑ:nsə ðəˈkwestʃən]87.交头接耳bill and coo [bil ænd ku:]88.搞小动作make petty moves[meɪk] [ˈpeti] [mu:v]89.认真听讲listen carefully[ˈlisn] ['keəfəlɪ]90.嘲笑ridicule [ˈrɪdɪkju:l]91.打架fight [faɪt]/ fray[freɪ]/scrap[skræp]92.辱骂vt. abuse [əˈbju:s]93.欺骗v. hoax [həʊks]94.听音乐listen to music[ˈlisn tu: ˈmju:zik]95.看书read a book [ri:d ə buk]96.书法handwriting [ˈhændraɪtɪŋ]97.打篮球play basketball[pleɪ] [ˈbɑ:skɪtbɔ:l]98.打乒乓球playtable tennis[ˈteibl ˈtenis] /playtable tennis ball[ˈteibl ˈtenis bɔ:l] 99.打羽毛球play shuttlecock[ˈʃʌtlkɒk] 100.打排球playvolleyball[ˈvɒlibɔ:l]101.踢足球play football [plei ˈfutbɔ:l] 102.游泳swim [swɪm]103.播音broadcast [ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:st]104.播音员broadcaster [ˈbrɔ:dkɑ:stə(r)] 105.唱歌sing [sɪŋ]106.跳舞dance [dɑ:ns]107.表演perform [pəˈfɔ:m]/ act[ækt] 108.排练节目rehearsing a play [rɪˈhɜ:sɪŋ] [ə] [pleɪ]109.排练舞蹈rehearsing dance [rɪˈhɜ:sɪŋ] [dɑ:ns]110.演小品act short sketch [ækt][ʃɔ:t sketʃ]111.说相声perform crosstalk [pəˈfɔ:m] [ˈkrɒstɔ:k]。
消化系统专业英语
Chapter 4The Digestive SystemIn this passage you will learn:●The digestive system as a whole●Anatomy and physiology of the major organs in the digestive system●Associated medical termsIntroduction.The digestive system, also called the gastrointestinal or alimentary canal, contains the organs involved in the ingestion and processing of food. The primary functions of the digestive system are: ingestion—the entry of food into the body ; digestion—the physical and chemical breakdown of food into nutrients that can be used by the body's cells; absorption—the passage of these nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream; and elimination—the excretion of solid waste materials that cannot be absorbed into the blood.Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomically, the digestive system consists of a 30-foot long, mucous membrane-lined tube beginning with the mouth, where food enters the body, and ending with the anus, where solid waste is excreted. The digestive system is composed of 9 main organs: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are also called accessory organs of the digestive system. Although food does not pass through these organs, they aid in the processing of food and nutrients. The organs of the digestive system are illustrated in Figure 5-1 and described in the paragraphs below.Figure 5-1The oral cavity. The process of digestion begins in the mouth, also called the buccal cavity, which is the opening through which food enters the body. The mouth has the ability to mechanically reduce the size of the food that is placed in it. The lips form the opening to the mouth, while the cheeks or bucca form the borders of the oral cavity. The structures within the oral cavity including the teeth, tongue, and palate, are involved in the chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition)of food. They also play a role in speech.The teeth are used to cut, tear, and crush food into smaller pieces. They are classified mainly by their shapes and locations. Incisors and cuspids are in front of the mouth; molars are in the back. Each tooth consists of a mass of nerves and blood vessels, called pulp, surrounded by a hard substance called cementum and a white smooth substance called enamel. The teeth are embedded in fleshy tissue called gums or gingivae. Together, the gums and other structures that support the teeth are known as the periodontium. Humans have two sets of teeth, the deciduous dentition of child-hood , which fall out and are replaced by the permanent dentition of adulthood.The tongue extends across the floor of the oral cavity and is attached by muscles to the lower jaw bone. It manipulates food in the mouth during mastication and deglutition. The tongue is covered with a series of cone-shaped small projections called papillae in which there are taste buds that can sense flavors, such as sweet, bitter, salty, and sour.The palate forms the roof of the mouth. It is divided into two parts; the hard palate and the soft palate. The hard palate forms the anterior portion of the mouth, while the soft palate lies posterior to it. Hanging from the soft palate is a small tissue called the uvula. The word uvula means little grape. Around the oral cavity are three pairs of salivary glands. These exocrine glands produce a fluid called saliva, which is released, from the parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland on each side of the mouth. During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula move upward to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity, the uvula also helps to guide the food into the pharynx.The pharynx, or throat, is a long muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food from the mouth to the esophagus and as a passageway for air from nose to the windpipe (trachea). When swallowing occurs, a flap of tissue, the epiglottis, covers the trachea so that food can 't enter and becomes lodged there.The esophagus is a long muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach. Food is propelled by rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the esophagus. This process, called peristalsis, is also how food is moved through the stomach and intestines. It is something like squeezing a marble (bolus of food) through a rubber tube.The stomach, a pouch-like organ located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity, connects the esophagus with the small intestine. It is composed of an upper portion called fundus, a middle section known as the body, and a lower portion, called the antrum. Entry of food from the esophagus into the stomach is controlled by a ring of muscles known as the cardiac sphincter. The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach, whereas the pyloric sphincter allows food to leave the stomach when it has sufficiently digested. When the stomach is empty, the mucous membranes lining its walls are highly folded; buried within these folds, or rugae, are numerous digestive glands. As the stomach fills, the nigae unfolded, exposing the digestive glands and stimulating them to secrete digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. These substances help transform food present in the stomach into a semifluid substance called chyme. The pyloric sphincter allows food to pass into the small intestine only after it has been transformed into chyme.The small intestine (small bowel) is the region of the gut where nearly all of the chemical digestion of the nutritional components of food takes place. It is a coiled long tube that winds from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine, filling much of the abdominal cavity. By convention, the small intestine is divided into three sections. (l)The duodenum, which is only a 25cm section, receives chyme from the stomach, helps regulate gastric emptying. (2) The jejunum, the central section, is the primary absorptive region. (3) Thelast section, the ileum is attached to the large intestine. In the wall of the entire small intestine are millions of tiny, microscopic projections called villi. It is through the capillaries in the villi that completely digested nutrients pass into the bloodstream and lymph vessels. Materials that cannot be absorbed pass from the small intestine to the large intestine.The large pared with the small intestine, the large intestine is relatively inactive and has much less functions. Extending from the end of the ileum to the anus, It is divided into four parts: cecum, colon, sigmoid colon and rectum.The cecum, a pouch on the right side, is connected to the small intestine by the ileocecal valve, which controls the passage of fluid waste from the small intestine into the large intestine. Hanging off from the cecum is the appendix, a small organ with no clear function.The colon, which comprised the main length of the large intestine, has three divisions. The ascending colon, extending from the cecum to the upper abdominal area. The transverse colon passes horizontally to the left toward the spleen and turns downward (splenic flexure) to the descending colon. The sigmoid colon, shaped like an S, is at the distal end of the descending colon and leads into the rectum. As fluid waste from the small intestine passes through the various sections of the colon, water is reabsorbed into body. As a result, the fluid waste turns into a solid material known as stool or feces.The rectum serves as a reservoir for feces. It terminates in the lower opening of the gastrointestinal tract, the anus, which is the external opening through which feces are released from the body.Accessory digestive organs. Three important accessory organs of the digestive system are the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Although food does not pass through these organs, each plays an indispensable role in the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.The liver, a large glandular organ located in the upper right quadrant of abdomen, produces agreenish fluid called bile. Bile contains cholesterol, bile acids and bile pigments. It has a deter- gent-like effect on fats. It breaks apart large fat globules so that enzymes from the pancreas can digest the fats. This action is called emulsification. Bile produced in the liver passes through the hepatic duct to the cystic duct and into the gallbladder. Besides producing bile, the liver has several other vital functions. It manufactures blood proteins, destroys old erythrocytes and releases bilirubin, removes poisons ( detoxification) from the blood, stores and releases glycogen needed by the body.The gallbladder, a pear-shaped sac behind the lower portion of the liver, stores bile, which is continuously secreted by the hepatic cells between meals. When the stomach and duodenum are full, the gallbladder contracts, forcing bile to pass through the cystic duct to the common bileduct and into the duodenum where it helps in digestion.The pancreas, an elongated organ just behind the stomach, manufactures digestive juice containing enzymes (amylase and lipase)that aid in the digestion of proteins, starches and fats. These digestive juices pass into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. The pancreas also secretes insulin and glucagon. Those hormones are needed to help release sugar from the blood to be used for energy by the cells of the body.Conclusion. Our digestive system kicks in the minute food enters our mouths. Moving through the digestive tract———down the esophagus, into the stomach, ending up in the small intestine——food is chemically broken down into smaller molecules, and nutrients are absorbed into the body. From here, solid wastes move into the colon, where they remain for a day or two until they are passed out of the body.New Words and PhrasesExercisesA. Discuss the following topics:1. What are the primary functions of the digestive system?2. Imagine you were lecturing in front of rural health workers on the topic of digestive system, draw a picture to illustrate the whole system.3. Give brief accounts of the structures and functions of each organ?B. Rewrite the following sentences in your own way and use phrases and expressions you are familiar with.For example: > > The mouth has the ability to mechanically reduce the size of the food that is placed in it. By mechanical movement, the mouth is able to break down the food inside into smaller pieces.1. Although food does not pass through these organs, they aid in the processing of food andnutrients.2. The pharynx, or throat, is a long muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food from themouth to the esophagus and as a passageway for air from nose to the windpipe.3. The tongue extends across the floor of the oral cavity and is attached by muscles to the lowerjaw bone.4. The teeth are embedded in fleshy tissue called gums or gingivae.5. When the stomach is empty, the mucous membranes lining its walls are highly folded; buriedwithin these folds, or rugae, are numerous digestive glands.6. The esophagus is a long muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.7. Food is propelled by rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the esophagus.8. The small intestine is a long coiled tube that winds from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach tothe beginning of the large intestine.9. The sigmoid colon, shaped like an S, is at the distal end of the descending colon and leads intothe rectum.10. Bile has a detergent-like effect on fats. It breaks apart large fat globules so that enzymes fromthe pancreas can digest the fats.C. Put the following words or phrases into the following sentences and change the form ifnecessary.incisors and cuspids peristalsis glucagon deciduous emulsification pyloric sphincter antnim rectum accessory small intestine1. The teeth are classified mainly by their shapes and locations: ______ are in front of the mouth;molars are in the back.2. Human beings have two sets of teeth, the ______dentition of childhood and the permanentdentition of adulthood.3. Food is propelled by rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the peptic tract. Thisprocess is called ______ .4. The stomach is composed of three portions: fundus, the body, and the ______.5. The cardiac sphincter relaxes and contracts to move food from the esophagus into the stomach,whereas the ______allows food to leave the stomach and pass into the small intestine6. Nearly all of the chemical digestion of the nutritional components of food takes place in the __7. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are important ______organs of the digestive system.8. Bile breaks apart large fat globules to help digest the fats. This action is called ______.9. The pancreas secretes insulin and ______. Those hormones are used for energy by the cells ofthe body.10. The _______ serves as a reservoir for feces. It terminates in the lower opening of thegastrointestinal tract, the anus.D. Match Column I with Column II .Column I Column IIbile duodenumfecesileumbolus deglutition gallbladder masticationrugaeuvula [1] The waste material eliminated from the intestine; stool[2] A mass, such as the rounded mass of food that is swallowed[3] The fluid secreted by the liver that aids in the digestion and absorption of fats[4] The large folds in the lining of the stomach seen when the stomach is empty[5] The first portion of the small intestine[6] Chewing[7] A hanging fleshy mass. Usually means the mass that hangs from the soft palate[8] Swallowing[9] The terminal portion of the small intestine[10] A sac behind the lower portion of the liver that stores bileE. Fill in the blanks with the missing terms for the organs of the digestive system.F. Translate the following into English.1. 牙周组织2. 唾液腺3．口腔5．贲门括约肌7．消化道9．锥形的突起11．会厌13．乙状结肠15．舌下腺17．下颌下腺19．回盲瓣4．升结肠6．乳化作用8．脾弯曲10．似袋状的器官12．十二指肠14．幽门括约肌16．蠕动18．解毒作用20．胰岛素。
消化系统专业英语
消化系统专业英语The digestive system is a complex network of organs and glands that work together to break down food and absorb nutrients. It is responsible for processing the food we eat and turning it into the energy our bodies need to function. The main organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is broken down by chewing and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that start the digestion of carbohydrates. The food then travels down the esophagus to the stomach, where it is further broken down by stomach acid and enzymes. From the stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine, where it is mixed with bile from the liver and enzymes from the pancreas to continue the digestion process. Nutrients are then absorbed through the walls ofthe small intestine and transported to the rest of the body. The remaining waste is passed into the large intestine, where water is absorbed and the remaining waste is turned into feces.The digestive system is essential for maintaining good health and any disruption to its function can lead to a range of health issues. Common digestive system disorders include acid reflux, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. These conditions can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and nausea.To keep the digestive system healthy, it is important to maintain a balanced diet that includes plenty of fiber, fruits, and vegetables. It is also important to stay hydrated and to limit the intake of alcohol and processed foods. Regular exercise can also help to keep the digestive system functioning properly.Overall, the digestive system plays a crucial role in the overall health and well-being of an individual. By understanding its function and taking steps to keep it healthy, we can ensure that our bodies are able to effectively process the food we eat and absorb thenutrients we need to thrive.消化系统是一个复杂的器官和腺体网络，它们共同工作，将食物分解并吸收营养物质。
人体器官英语单词
人体器官英语单词 IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】器官组织throat 喉collar bone 颈骨rib 肋骨hip 髋部thigh 大腿ankle 踝关节neck 颈shoulder 肩膀chest 胸腔elbow 肘spine 脊骨wrist 腕关节knee 膝盖shin 小腿骨heel 后脚跟toe 脚趾eye 眼eyelid 眼睑eyelashes 睫毛eyebrow 眉毛ear 耳朵cheek 脸颊forehead 额头mouth 嘴tongue舌头teeth 牙齿（复数：tooth)chin 下巴waist 腰lip 嘴唇finger 手指thumb 大拇指belly 肚skeleton 骨架，骨骼skull 头颅,头骨brain 脑intestines 肠heart 心liver 肝kidney 肾stomach 胃lung 肺blood vessel 血管vein 静脉artery 动脉capillary 毛细血管nerve 神经diaphragm 隔膜internal organs 内脏stomach 胃liver 肝脏gallbladder 胆囊pancreas 胰spleen 脾duodenum 十二指肠small intestine 小肠large intestine 大肠caecum 盲肠vermiform appendix 阑尾rectum 直肠anus? 肛门kidney 肾脏bladder 膀胱penis 阴茎testicle睾丸scrotum 阴囊urethra 尿道ovary 卵巢womb 子宫vagina 阴道cell（细胞） chromosome（染色体） gene （基因）tissue（组织）organ（器官）blood vessel（血管）artery（动脉）vein（静脉）cerebral（大脑的）cerebral death（脑死亡）forehead（额头）wrinkles（皱纹）eyebrow（眉毛）eyelid（眼皮，眼睑）eye（眼睛）疾病Disease 疾病 anemia, anaemia 贫血 angina pectoris 心绞痛 appendicitis 阑尾炎 arthritis 关节炎 bronchitis 支气管炎 cancer 癌catarrh 卡他,粘膜炎 chicken pox, varicella水痘 cholera 霍乱 cold 感冒,伤风,着凉 (head) cold 患感冒 diabetes 糖尿病 diphtheria 白喉eczema 湿疹 epilepsy 癫痫 erysipelas 丹毒gangrene 坏疽 German measles, rubella 风疹 gout 痛风 headache 头痛 hemiplegy, hemiplegia 偏瘫,半身不遂 interus, jaundice 黄疸 indigestion 消化不良 influenza, flu 流感insanity 精神病 leukemia 白血病 malaria 疟疾 malnutrition 营养不良 Malta fever 马耳他热,波状热 measles 麻疹 migraine, splitting headache 偏头痛 miocardial infarction 心肌梗塞 mumps 流行性腮腺炎 neuralgia 神经痛neurasthenia 神经衰弱 paralysis 麻痹peritonitis 腹膜炎 pharyngitis 咽炎 phtisis 痨病,肺结核 pneumonia 肺炎 poliomyelitis 脊髓灰质炎 rabies 狂犬病 rheumatism 风湿病rickets, rachitis 佝偻病 scabies, itch 疥疮scarlet fever 猩红热 sciatica 坐骨神经痛sclerosis 硬化 septicemia, septicaemia 败血病 sinusitis 窦炎 smallpox 天花 swamp fever 沼地热 syncope 晕厥 syphilis 梅毒 tetanus 破伤风 thrombosis 血栓形成 torticollis, stiff neck 斜颈 tuberculosis 结核病 tumour 瘤(美作:tumor) typhus 斑疹伤寒 urticaria, hives 荨麻疹 whooping cough 百日咳 yellow fever 黄热病心力衰竭：Heart failure 心力衰竭Congestive beart failure 充血性心力衰竭Acute left-sided heart failure 急性左心衰竭Chroinc heart failure 慢性心力衰竭Intractable heart failure 难治性心力衰竭Systolic insufficiency heart failure 收缩功能不全性心力衰竭Diastolic insufficiency heart failure 舒张功能不全性心力衰竭Congestive heart failure 充血性心力衰竭Cardiac dysfunction 心功能障碍心律失常：Arrhythmia （cardiac arrhythmia）心律失常Triggered activity 触发活动Afterdepolarization 后除极a.窦房结Sinus node recovery time SNRT 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time SACT 窦房传导时间Bradycardia 心动过缓Tachycardia 心动过速Sinus tachycardia 窦性心动过速Sinus bradycardia 窦性心动过缓Sinus pause (sinus arrest) 窦性停搏（窦性静止）sinoatrial block 窦房阻滞（Mobitz 莫氏, Wenckebach 文氏）Sick sinus syndrome(SSS) 病(态)窦(房结)综合征Bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome 心动过缓-心动过速综合征b.心房Atrial premature beats 房性期前收缩Atrial tachycardia 房性心动过速Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率Automatic atrial tachycardia 自律性房性心动过速Reentrant atrial tachycardia 折返性房性心动过速Chaotic atrial tachycardia 紊乱性房性心动过速Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with AV block (PAT with block) 伴有房室阻滞的阵发性房性心动过速Multifocal atrial tachycardia 多源性房性心动过速Atrial flutter 心房扑动Atrial fibrillation 心房颤动c.房室交界区性Premature atrioventricular junctional beats 房室交界区性期前收缩AV junctional escape beats 房室交界区性逸搏AV junctional rhythm 房室交界区性心律Nonparoxysmal atrioventricular junctional tachycardia 非阵发性房室交界区性心动过速Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia(PSVT)阵发性室上性心动过速Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia(AVNRT)房室结内折返性心动过速Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia(AVNRT)房室返性心动过速Preexcitation syndrome(Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) 预激综合征（WPW综合征）d.心室Premature ventricular beats 室性期前收缩Ventricular parasystole 室性并行心律Ventricular tachycardia 室性心动过速Accelerated idioventricular rhythm 加速性心室自主节律Torsades de pointes 尖端扭转Ventricular flutter 心室扑动Ventricular fibrillation 心室颤动Atrioventricular block 房室传导阻滞Wenckebach block 文氏阻滞Adame-Strokes syndrom 阿－斯综合征Intraventricular block 室内传导阻滞Right bundle branch block 右束支传导阻滞Left bundle branch block 左束支传导阻滞Left anterior fascicular block 左前分支传导阻滞Left posterior fascicular block 左后分支传导阻滞Bifascicular block 双分支阻滞Trifascicular block 三分支阻滞心脏骤停与猝死sudden cardiac death 心脏性猝死Cardiac arrest 心脏骤停Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) 无脉性电活动高血压：Hypertension 高血压Hypertensive urgencyes 高血压急症Hypertensive crisis 高血压危象Hypertensive emergencies 高血压危症Secondary hypertension 继发性高血压Primary hypertension 原发性高血压“White coat” hypertension 白大衣性高血压4Isolated systolic hypertension 单纯收缩期高血压Arteriolosclerosis 小动脉硬化先心病：Congenital heart disease 先天性心脏病Congenital cardiovascular disease 先天性心血管病Pulmonic stenosis 肺动脉狭窄Isolated pulmonic stenosis 单纯肺动脉口狭窄Coarctation of the aorta 主动脉缩窄Idiopathic dilatation of the pulmonary artery 单纯肺动脉扩张Primary pulmonary hypertension 原发性肺动脉高压Persistent left superior vena cava 双侧上腔静脉（左上腔静脉残存）Isolated dextrocardia 孤立性右位心Atrial septal defect 房间隔缺损Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage 部分性肺静脉畸形引流Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 室间隔缺损Eisenmenger’s syndrome 艾森门格综合征Patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)动脉导管未闭Tetralogy of Fallot 法洛四联症Trilogy of Fallot 法洛三联症Complete transposition of the great vessels 完全性大血管错位Atrial septal defect (ASD) 房间隔缺损心脏瓣膜病：Multivalve heart disease 多瓣膜疾病Mitral valve disease 二尖瓣疾病Pulmonic valve disease 肺动脉瓣疾病Tricuspid valve disease 三尖瓣疾病Ebstein’s anomaly 三尖瓣下移畸形Dysfunction or rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调或断裂Aortic valve disease 主动脉瓣疾病Aortic arch syndrome 主动脉弓综合征Valvular heart disease 心脏瓣膜病rheumatic heart disease 风湿性心脏病Rheumatic fever 风湿热Rheumatic carditis 风湿性心脏炎Mitral stenosis 二尖瓣狭窄Mitral incompetence 二尖瓣关闭不全Acute mitral insufficiency 急性二尖瓣关闭不全Chronic mitral insufficiency 慢性二尖瓣关闭不全Marfan’s syndrom 马凡氏综合征Aortic stenosis 主动脉瓣狭窄Aortic incompetence 主动脉瓣关闭不全Chronic aortic insufficiency 慢性主动脉瓣关闭不全Tricuspid stenosis 三尖瓣狭窄Tricuspid incompetence 三尖瓣关闭不全Pulmonary stenosis 肺动脉瓣狭窄Pulmonary incompetence 肺动脉瓣关闭不全冠心病：Atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease 冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病Coronary heart disease 冠状动脉性心脏病Angina pectoris 心绞痛Stable angina pectoris 稳定型心绞痛Unstable angina pectoris 不稳定心绞痛Initial onset angina pectoris 初发型心绞痛Accelerated angina pectoris 恶化型心绞痛Variant angina pectoris (Prinzmetal’s variant angina pectoris)变异型心绞痛Angina decubitus 卧位心绞痛Acute coronary insufficiency 急性冠状动脉功能不全Postinfarction angina pectoris 梗塞后心绞痛Acute coronary syndrome(ACS) 急性冠脉综合征Myocardial infarction(MI) 心肌梗死Acute myocardial infarction(AMI) 急性心肌梗死Dysfunction of papillary muscle 乳头肌功能失调Rupture of papillary muscle 乳头肌断裂Rupture of the heart 心脏破裂Embolism 栓塞Cardiac aneurysm 心脏室壁瘤Postinfarction syndrome 心肌梗死后综合征Latent coronary heart disease 无症状型冠心病（隐性冠心病）Ischemic cardiomyopathy 缺血性心肌病Sudden death 猝死感染性心内膜炎：Infective endocarditis (IE) 感染性心内膜炎Native valve endocarditis 自体瓣膜心内膜炎Prothetic valve endocarditis 人工瓣膜心内膜炎Endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers 静脉药瘾者心内膜炎Acute infective endocarditics(AIE) 急性感染性心内膜炎Subacute Infective endocarditis 亚急性感染性心内膜炎心肌疾病：Specific cardiomyopathy 特异性心肌病Viral myocarditis 病毒性心肌炎Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy（HCM）肥厚性心肌病Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) 非对称性室间隔肥厚Restrictive cardiomyopathy(RCM)限制性心肌病Dilated cardiomyopathy（DCM）扩张型心肌病Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 酒精性心肌病Peripartum cardiomyopathy 围生期心肌病Drug-induced cardiomyopathy 药物性心肌病Keshan disease (KD) 克山病Endemic cardiomyopathy (ECD) 地方性心肌病Cardiomyopathies 心肌疾病Myocardial bridging 心肌桥Myocarditis 心肌炎Right ventricular cardiomyopathy 右室心肌病Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy(ARVC)致心律失常型右室心肌病Unclassified cardiomyopathies,UCM)心包疾病：Purulent pericarditis 化脓性心包炎Acute pericarditis 急性心包炎Tuberculous pericarditis 结核性心包炎Constrictive pericarditis 缩窄性心包炎血管疾病：Peripheral arteriosclerosis obliteration 闭塞性周围动脉粥样硬化Primary arteritis of the aorta and its main branches 多发性大动脉炎Raynaud syndrome 雷诺综合征Pulness disease 无脉病Thromboangitis obliterans 血栓闭塞性脉管炎Thrombophlebitis 血栓性静脉炎Aortic dissection 主动脉夹层其它疾病：Syndrome XCardiogenic shock 心原性休克Postpericardiostomy syndrome 心肌损伤后综合征Pulmonary embolism 肺动脉栓塞Syncope 晕厥Syphlitic cardiovascular disease 梅毒性心血管病Cardiovascular neurosis 心脏血管神经官能症药物Vasodilator 血管扩张剂（phlebectasis 静脉扩张， arteriectasis 动脉扩张）Diuretic 利尿剂（thiazide diuretic 噻嗪类利尿剂；loop diuretic 袢利尿剂；potassium-sparing diuretics 保钾利尿剂）inotropic agent 正性肌力药（digitalis preparation 洋地黄制剂；adrenergic receptor stimulant 肾上腺素能受体兴奋剂；phosphodiesterase inhibitor 磷酸二酯酶抑制剂）Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor（ACE inhibitors）（ACEI）血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂Aldosterone antagonist 醛固酮拮抗剂Beta adrenergic receptor blocker （beta blockers）肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂Calcium channel blocker（CCB）钙通道阻滞剂Angiotension Ⅱ antagonist(Angiotension Ⅱ receptor blocker) 血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂Alpha blockers α1 受体阻滞剂Nitroglycerin 硝酸甘油Digoxin 地高辛Lanatoside C 西地兰antiarrhythic drugs 抗心律失常药lidocaine 利多卡因Propafenone 普罗帕酮Amiodarone 胺碘酮调脂药降脂药HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors HMG-CoA 还原酶抑制剂Nicotinic acid 烟酸Clofibrate 氯贝丁酯抗血小板药物溶栓药recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator ,rt-PA 重组组织型纤维蛋白酶原激活剂抗凝药操作interventional therapy for cardiovascular diseases 心血管病介入性治疗Holter ECG monitoring 动态心电图Ultrasound angioplasty 超声消融术Directional coronary atherectomy 定向旋切术High frequency rotational atherectomy 高频旋磨术Laser angioplasty 激光血管成形术Catheter ablation 心导管消融Radiofrequency catheter ablation 经导管射频消融Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty(PBMV)经皮穿刺球囊二尖瓣成形术Percutaneous balloon pulmonic valvuloplasty(PBPV)经皮穿刺球囊肺动脉瓣成形术Percutaneous transluminal septial myocardial ablation,(PTSMA)经皮经腔间隔心肌消融术Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 经皮穿刺腔内冠状动脉成形术Percutaneous intracoronary stent implantation 经皮穿刺冠状动脉内支架安置术Transluminal Extraction catheter (TEC)经皮血管内切吸导管Artificial cardiac pacing 人工心脏起搏Multisite cardiac pacing 多部位心脏起搏Biatrial pacing 双心房起搏biventricular pacing 双心室起搏bifocal pacing 双灶起搏Heart transplantation 心脏移植Angiojet rheolytic thrombectomy 新鲜血栓吸引术Upright tilt-table testing 直立倾斜试验Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)置入型心律转复除颤器Thumpversion 捶击复律Cough-version 咳嗽复律Cardioversion 心脏电复律Defibrillation 心脏电除颤Revascularization 血管重建其它Hemolytic streptococcus 甲族乙型溶血性链球菌Antithymocyte globulin (ATG)抗胸腺细胞球蛋白Vagus nerve 迷走神经,Brainstem death 脑干死亡Brain death 脑死亡Myocardial remodeling 心肌重塑Hemodynamics 血液动力学Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)心钠素Vasopressin 血管加压素,抗利尿激素Bradykinin 缓激肽Triggered activity 触发活动Afterdepolarization 后除极Late ventricular potential 心室晚电位Sinus node recovery time(SNRT) 窦房结恢复时间Sinoatrial conduction time(SACT) 窦房传导时间Intrinsic heart rate 固有心率Accessory atrioventricular pathways 房室旁路Atriohisian tracts 房希氏束Nodoventricular fibers 结-室纤维Fasciculoventricular fibers 分支室纤维Insulin resistance 胰岛素抵抗Vasodepressor response 血管减压反应Pulsus tardus 细迟脉Minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) 最小抑菌浓度Systolic anterior motion(SAM) （二尖瓣前叶）收缩期前向运动Intermittent claudication 间歇性跛行。
龙胆苦苷的体外稳定性_陈国锋
复旦学报(医学版)Fudan U niv J M ed Sci 2008M ar ,35(2)龙胆苦苷的体外稳定性陈国锋 高东雁 张文鑫 王建新■(复旦大学药学院药剂教研室 上海 200032)【摘要】 目的 研究龙胆苦苷(G T P )在体外生物样品中的稳定性。
方法 将龙胆苦苷溶解在不同pH 的磷酸盐缓冲液、pH 1.2的盐酸溶液及大鼠胃肠黏膜匀浆、胃肠道内容物、肝组织匀浆和血浆中,37℃恒温水浴,孵育一定时间后取样,高效液相色谱法测定龙胆苦苷的浓度,考察其在不同pH 缓冲液和生物样品中的稳定性。
结果 37℃孵育48h 后,龙胆苦苷在pH 1.2的盐酸溶液、pH 6.8、7.4和8.0的磷酸盐缓冲液中的降解百分率分别为2.6%、7.9%、20.2%和34.4%。
龙胆苦苷在胃内容物、胃黏膜、小肠内容物、肠黏膜、肝组织匀浆中稳定,而在大肠内容物中12h 降解79.8%,血浆中24h 降解46.9%。
结论 G T P 在偏酸性环境中较稳定,随碱性增加稳定性显著降低;G T P 在胃、小肠、肝脏中稳定,而在血液和大肠中易降解。
【关键词】 龙胆苦苷; 生物样品; 稳定性【中图分类号】 R 284 【文献标识码】 A 上海市科委中药现代化专项项目(06DZ 19720) ■Cor responding author E -mail :jxwang @s hmu .edu .cnStability of gentiopicrin in biological fluids in vitroCH EN Guo -feng ,GAO Dong -y an ,ZH ANG Wen -xin ,WANG Jian -x in■(Department o f Pharmaceutics ,School o f Pharmacy ,Fudan University ,Shanghai 200032,China )【Abstract 】 Objective T o investigate the stabili ty of gentiopicrin (G TP )in biological fluids in vitro . Methods T otal gentian glycosides w as dissolved in phosphate buffer solutions and diluted hydro -chloric acid at different pH ,liver homogenate ,plasma ,gast rointestinal contents and mucosa homoge -nat es of rats ,t hermostatically maint ained at 37℃.A t time intervals af ter degradation ,samples were withdrawn and the concent rations of G T P w ere determined by HP LC ,from w hich stability of it at dif -ferent biological specimen was evaluated . Results Deg radation of gentiopicrin did not f ollow appar -ent first -order kinetics equation .Af ter 48h of incubation ,G TP deg raded by 2.6%,7.9%,20.2%and 34.4%respectively at pH 1.2diluted hydrochloric acid and pH 6.8,pH 7.4and pH 8.0phos -phate buffer solutions .The degradation profile of G TP in gast ric content s and mucosa homogenates ,small intestinal contents ,intestinal mucosa homogenates and liver homogenates was similar to that in the aqueous buff er .G TP w as found only 20%of it s original concent ration after 12h of incubation spiked in the large intestinal contents ,and 53%after 24h spiked in plasma . Conclusions GT P is st able in stomach ,small intestine and liver .Blood and large intestine are possible sites w here G T P might be deg raded .【Key words 】 gentiopicrin ; biological fluids ; stability 龙胆为龙胆科植物条叶龙胆Gentiana manshu -rica Kitag .、龙胆Gentiana scabra Bge .、三花龙胆Gentiana tri f lora pall .或坚龙胆Gentiana reges -cens Franch .的干燥根及根茎[1],为中医常用的清肝胆实火,除下焦湿热的要药。
小鼠解剖实验报告
小鼠解剖实验报告篇一：实验动物学实验报告实验动物学实验报告一、实验动物：小鼠二、操作流程：抓取，固定，编号，给药，取血，麻醉，绝育，解剖。
三、具体操作1、抓取：抓取小鼠时，右手抓住小鼠尾巴，不要过于用力，以免惊吓小鼠。
左手从小鼠身体后部向前抓（以免小鼠向后缩咬伤自己），抓住小鼠颈部。
固定住小鼠后，将小鼠皮肤往上抓，尽量将小鼠背部皮肤抓住。
左手将小鼠腹部朝向自己，把小鼠尾巴用左手无名指和小指夹住，这时小鼠腹部皮肤紧绷，不能动弹。
2、固定：通常使用固定器进行固定。
将固定器拧开后，抓住小鼠尾巴，使其钻入固定器中，再将拧下的固定器部分装好，使小鼠尾部露出，再将可旋转的铁片固定住即可进行后续实验。
3、编号：编号方式有两种：①剪脚趾编号：把小鼠腹面朝上，在下的脚趾从左至右依次编为1~10号，剪10号脚趾加1~9号脚趾依次编为11~19号，在上的脚趾依次编为20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90号，其余编号与11~19号类似。
②打耳钉编号：耳钉上均有唯一编号，通过使用耳钉钳将耳钉打在小鼠耳朵上即可。
实验时通常使用的是第一种方式进行编号，第二种编号通常用于需要长距离运输的动物。
4、给药：常用的给药方式有：①口服给药：即灌胃。
将注射器装入药物溶液，装上灌胃针（灌胃针有直头和弯头两种，区别不大）。
如上所述，抓取小鼠后，使其头部朝上，尽量呈一直线，取灌胃针，从小鼠嘴角一侧缓缓插入（保持刻度在自己能看到的位置），顺着小鼠口腔食道的弧度让小鼠将针咽入，灌胃过程中如果遇到阻碍一定要及时拔出灌胃针，不可强行灌胃以免伤及小鼠食道以及肺部。
灌胃针顺利进入后基本与小鼠身体呈一条直线，注入适量体积后再顺着食道缓缓取出灌胃针。
②静脉注射：小鼠尾部有3条静脉和1条动脉，3条静脉非别位于背部，及两侧。
静脉注射时一般选取两侧静脉，因为其相对于背部静脉更为清晰饱满。
将小鼠固定后，用酒精擦拭其尾部静脉，使其充血，以便注射。
之后使注射器针孔处朝上，针与尾部呈约30°扎入尾部后向上轻挑，再向内扎入部分，此过程应该比较顺畅，没有阻碍，若阻碍较大则有可能扎入到了皮肤中。
兔子解剖实验报告英语
Introduction:The purpose of this experiment was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the internal structure of a rabbit. By performing a dissection, we aimed to observe and identify various organs, systems, and anatomical features. This hands-on experience is essential for medical students, veterinarians, and anyone interested in the field of biology to develop a deeper knowledge of mammalian anatomy.Materials:- Freshly preserved rabbit- Dissection tray- Scalpel- Dissection forceps- Scissors- Forceps- Pins- Pliers- Dissecting needle- Plastic bags- Labeling markers- Safety goggles- GlovesProcedure:1. Preparation: Don the safety goggles and gloves to protect yourself from any potential hazards. Place the rabbit on the dissection tray and secure it in place using pins.2. Skin Incision: Make a longitudinal incision along the ventral side of the rabbit, starting from the head and extending to the hind legs. Be careful to avoid damaging the internal organs.3. Exposing the Abdominal Cavity: Gently peel back the skin, revealing the abdominal cavity. Take note of the muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues that you encounter during this process.4. Dissecting the Digestive System:- Stomach: Locate the stomach by following the esophagus. Separate the stomach from the surrounding tissue using scissors and forceps. Take note of the stomach's shape, size, and contents.- Small Intestine: Extend the dissection to the small intestine, which is coiled and located on the dorsal side of the rabbit. Identify the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.- Large Intestine: Continue the dissection to the large intestine, which is located on the ventral side. Identify the cecum, colon, and rectum.- Liver and Gallbladder: Locate the liver by following the bile duct. The gallbladder is usually attached to the liver. Remove the liver and gallbladder carefully.5. Dissecting the Respiratory System:- Trachea: Locate the trachea by following the esophagus. It is a tube-like structure that leads to the lungs.- Lungs: Remove the lungs from the ribcage by cutting through the muscles and tendons. Observe the lobes and pleural membranes of the lungs.6. Dissecting the Circulatory System:- Heart: Locate the heart by following the aorta. The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Take note of the valves and the great vessels that exit the heart.- Great Vessels: Identify the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and veins, as well as the vena cavae.7. Dissecting the Urinary System:- Kidneys: Locate the kidneys by feeling for the bean-shaped organs on either side of the spine. Cut through the renal capsule and adrenal glands to expose the kidneys.- Ureters: Identify the ureters, which connect the kidneys to the bladder.8. Dissecting the Reproductive System:- Male Reproductive System: Locate the testes and epididymis. Observe the structure of the spermatic cord and vas deferens.- Female Reproductive System: Locate the ovaries and oviducts. Observe the structure of the uterus and vagina.9. Cleaning and Organizing: After completing the dissection, carefully clean the organs and place them in plastic bags for further study.Observations and Conclusions:During the dissection, we observed the following:- The rabbit's digestive system is composed of the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and other accessory organs.- The respiratory system consists of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs, which are responsible for gas exchange.- The circulatory system includes the heart, great vessels, and blood vessels that distribute oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.- The urinary system is responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and excreting them as urine.- The reproductive system is responsible for producing offspring and includes the male and female reproductive organs.This dissection experiment provided a valuable opportunity to observe and understand the internal structure of a rabbit. By following the procedure outlined above, we were able to identify and describe the various organs and systems. This hands-on experience will undoubtedly enhance our knowledge of mammalian anatomy and its importance in medical and veterinary fields.References:- Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. H. (2017). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Wiley.- Freshney, R. I. (2016). Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique. Wiley.- Boron, W. F., & Boulpaep, E. L. (2019). Medical Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education.。
高中生物中英文
一、最主要的区别是消化系统牙齿:草食动物一般牙齿扁平,适于切断食物,并有磨牙，磨碎食物。
肉食动物牙齿尖锐，适于撕裂动物皮肉。
肠：草食动物的肠一般较短，消化快。
肉食动物肠一般很长，消化充分，慢。
二、爪草食动物一般为蹄，适于奔跑跳跃。
肉食动物一般为爪，能抓、撕食物。
食肉动物消化道短.如果你有机会去解剖的话，你会发现吃草的动物的消化道比吃肉的发达。
主要是因为植物所含的纤维多，必须反复消化Digestive systemsexplain the relationship between the length and overall complexity of digestive systems of a vertebrate herbivore and a vertebrate carnivore with respect to:the chemical composition of their dietthe functions of the structures involvedKey TermsDigestion: the physical or chemical process of breaking down complex insoluble food into small soluble substances that are suitable for the body to absorbDigestive system: The system of organs responsible for digestion. The digestive system includes salivary glands, tongue, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and reectum.Herbivores: Organisms that consume plants onlyCarnivores: Organisms that consume other animals. They are also known as meat-eaters.Microbial fermentation微生物发酵: the breakdown of food which involves the action of bacteriaFore-gut fermentation: microbial fermentation which occurs in the stomach. This causes cellulose to digest before the food reaches the intestinesHindgut fermentation后肠发酵: microbial fermentation which occurs in the caecum 盲肠. Cellulose纤维素is digested in this organ which is located at the end of the small intestine.Ruminant fore-gut fermenters: animals that regurgitate回流the food in the first part of their stomachs and re-chew it so that food particles may be further reduced in size.Egestion排泄: the removal of undigested food from an organismWhat do herbivores eat?*Plants are the main diet of herbivores.*They are high in fibre and starch which provides the main energy source in their diet.*Since some parts of plant materials such as cellulose and cell wall thickenings are hard to digest and that cellulose does not provide enough energy unless microbes are present, the digestive tract of herbivores are adapted, so that food may bedigested properly.A herbivorous diet would contain more carbohydrate, particularly cellulose.A carnivorous diet would contain more fat and complete protein (ie protein with all 20 amino acids).The Digestive tracts地带of herbivores*Many large herbivores need microbes细菌in their guts to help them in digesting cellulose*They have long and complex digestive tract to allow microbial fermentation to occur *The digestibility of food is closely related to the complexity and the length of the guts.Digestive Tracts are long because...*They provide adequate space to hold and store large amount of food which must be eaten*Allow maximum opportunity for microbial fermentation to occur* Allow time for the absorption of nutrientsDigestive tracts are complex becau se…* The high-fibre diets they eat are difficult to digestSmall herbivores such as fruit eaters and nectar feeders have shorter and simpler digestive tracts because…*Plant tissues in their diets are easier to digest compared to that of large herbivores *Their diets contain large quantities of sugar and little or no fibreFore-gut内脏Fermentation发酵*Microbial fermentation which occurs in the stomach.*Cellulose is digested before the food reaches the intestines.*Microbes provide energy by releasing short chain fatty acids*Some microbes digested by the host as a source of amino acids*The stomachs of ruminant fore-gut fermenters (e.g. cattle) are very complex and are composed of 4 parts-2 chambers where microbial fermentation occurs-1 part for storage-1 part functions as a true stomach*Microbes have plenty of time to digest cellulose as food is stored in the microbial fermentation chambers for a long timeCarnivoresWhat do they eat?*other animals*animal matter is more easy to digest as animals cells do not have cell walls*animal matter is low in fibre but high in protein*has a high energy content (higher than plants)*the muscles, skin and internal organs of the prey provide fat and protein in their diet*the cartilage and bones provide small amount of fibreThe digestive tracts of carnivores*short and unspecialised gut as their diet is easy to digest compared to plant materials*simple stomach*little undigested food is egested as they do not consume much fibre*small caecum or no caecumCompare the digestive systemThe diet of the honey possum is a mix of nectar and pollen which provides the energy rich food neededto maintain its high metabolic rate.Nectar花蜜feeding animalsThe diet of the honey possum is a mix of nectar and pollen which provides the energy rich food neededto maintain its high metabolic rate.Nectar is essentially a sugary solution containing sucrose, glucose, fructose, produced by plants to rewardpollinators. Banksia nectar has high concentrations of these carbohydrates, sometimes in similar proportions,with an average sugar concentration of 25% w/w sucrose equivalents but low concentrations of protein,vitamins and minerals. Pollen, on the other hand, is essentially the male gametes of a plant. The food reservesof pollen cells contain protein, carbohydrate and fat.Banksia pollen is special. It is high in protein (36-42%) and the pollen from only a few “flowers”(inflorescences) would be needed to satisfy the protein requirements of the honey possum. Most pollen grainscontain only about 20% protein, with 37% carbohydrate, 4% lipid and 3% minerals. Pollen is an idealsupplement to the sugar rich nectar, and pollen and nectar always go together. Honey possums visit plants that produce the nectar they require (Banksias, bottlebrushes, Hakeas andDryandras). In testing for feeding preference, honey possums prefer sucrose to fructose, and both sucroseand fructose to glucose, but there is no evidence that they can tell differences in concentrations of thesethree sugars in combinations.The honey possum is a nectar and honey specialist, and unlike its close relatives it almost never eats insects.Several features of the honey possum are correlated with this diet.·The head is sharply tapered, delicately constructed and has only a few, minute teeth. The mandible (lowerjaw) is reduced to a thin flexible rod and is not suitable for the insertion of strong musculature or deeprooted teeth. The incisors and canines are pointed but the cheek teeth are flattened pegs with roundedtips and do not resemble the normal structure of mammalian teeth.·The tongue is long and stiffened by a keratinised keel (keratin is what hair and nails are made of) and overthe surface of the tongue are finger-like projections (long filiform papillae at the tip of the tongue andshorter compound papillae over most of the dorsal surface). The long tongue is used to collect nectar andpollen from flowers, particularly of Banksia spp. As the tongue is withdrawn into the mouth the pollen isscraped from the finger-like projections by a series of transverse ridges on the roof of the mouth and thepollen falls back into the mouth and is swallowed.How a named technological advance?EndoscopeEndoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope, an instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ. Endoscope can also refer to using a borescope in technical situations where direct line of-sight observation is not feasible.一、胃肠道疾病的检查（1）食道：慢性食道炎、食道静脉曲张、食管道孔疝、食道平滑肌瘤、食道癌及贲门癌等。
深入消化系统 英文作文
深入消化系统英文作文Title: Exploring the Digestive System。
The digestive system is a complex network of organs and tissues responsible for breaking down food into nutrients that our bodies can absorb and utilize for energy, growth, and repair. This intricate process involves several stages, each facilitated by specialized structures and enzymes. In this essay, we will delve into the fascinating world of the digestive system, examining its anatomy, functions, and the significance of maintaining its health.Anatomy of the Digestive System:The digestive system comprises various organs,including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Each organ plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.1. Mouth: Digestion begins in the mouth, where food is broken down mechanically by chewing and chemically by enzymes in saliva, such as amylase, which initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates.2. Esophagus: Once swallowed, food travels down the esophagus through a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis, which pushes the food toward the stomach.3. Stomach: In the stomach, food mixes with gastric juices containing hydrochloric acid and enzymes like pepsin, which break down proteins into smaller molecules.4. Small Intestine: The majority of digestion and nutrient absorption occur in the small intestine. Here, enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gallbladder further break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into their basic components—glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids—allowing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal walls.5. Large Intestine: The remaining undigested foodpasses into the large intestine, where water and electrolytes are absorbed, and the waste material is formed into feces for elimination.6. Liver and Pancreas: These accessory organs playvital roles in digestion. The liver produces bile, which helps emulsify fats, while the pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.Functions of the Digestive System:The digestive system serves several essential functions beyond digestion and absorption:1. Nutrient Absorption: Nutrients obtained from food are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to cells throughout the body to support various physiological processes.2. Waste Elimination: The elimination of indigestible food residues prevents the accumulation of toxins andmaintains the body's overall health.3. Immune Support: The digestive system contains lymphoid tissue and beneficial bacteria that help protect against harmful pathogens and support immune function.4. Metabolic Regulation: Hormones released by the digestive organs, such as insulin and glucagon, help regulate blood sugar levels and metabolism.Importance of Digestive Health:Maintaining a healthy digestive system is crucial for overall well-being and longevity. Poor digestive health can lead to various disorders, including:1. Gastrointestinal Disorders: Conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea, significantly impacting quality of life.2. Nutritional Deficiencies: Impaired digestion and absorption can lead to deficiencies in essential nutrients, resulting in fatigue, weakness, and compromised immune function.3. Digestive Cancers: Chronic inflammation and other factors associated with poor digestive health increase the risk of developing digestive cancers, such as colorectal cancer.Tips for Maintaining Digestive Health:To promote optimal digestive function and overall health, consider incorporating the following habits into your lifestyle:1. Eat a Balanced Diet: Consume a variety of whole foods rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support digestive function and microbial diversity in the gut.2. Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of water throughout the day to maintain hydration and facilitate the movement offood through the digestive tract.3. Manage Stress: Practice stress-reducing techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, or yoga, as stress can negatively impact digestion.4. Exercise Regularly: Engage in regular physical activity to promote healthy digestion and bowel regularity.5. Limit Trigger Foods: Identify and avoid foods that exacerbate digestive symptoms, such as spicy foods, caffeine, and alcohol, if you are sensitive to them.6. Seek Medical Advice: Consult a healthcare professional if you experience persistent digestive issues or symptoms that interfere with your daily life.In conclusion, the digestive system plays a vital role in maintaining our health and well-being by breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. Understanding its anatomy, functions, and the importance of digestive health empowers us to make informed choices thatsupport optimal digestion and overall wellness. By prioritizing habits that promote digestive health, we can enjoy a vibrant and fulfilling life free from gastrointestinal discomfort and disease.。