Research on Program-controlled Power Source Based on DDS

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2023年-2024年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力精选试题及答案二

2023年-2024年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力精选试题及答案二单选题（共45题）1、What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.?A.referenceB.speech actC.practical usageD.context【答案】 D2、Tom said he would go to Hong Kong for winter vacation and he______ go.A.DidB.hadC.DoesD.will【答案】 A3、请阅读短文，完成此题。

A.SubjectiveB.ExaggeratedC.SarcasticD.Objective4、Liberia，the oldest independent Negro state in West Africa，has been struggling for survival ever since its foundation in 1822．Progress has been hampered by constant hostility between the AmericanA.1822B.1910C.1920D.1920s【答案】 B5、 Which teaching method combines form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching?A.PPPB.TBLTC.CLTD.TPR【答案】 B6、Passage 1A.Bertha von SuttnerB.Ascanio SobreroC.Alfred NobelD.Immanuel Nobel7、Body language is a powerful communication system,__________it can signal very different things.A.butB.soC.forD.then【答案】 C8、Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but you can't appreciate just howmuch trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association. The report is about Ph.D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you're unlikely to find a tenure-track job.A.The job openings for newly-graduated Ph.D.s are incredibly promisingB.It seems impossible for newly-graduated Ph.D.s to find a tenure-track joBC.The M.L.A. report has overestimated the number of tenure-track jobs on the job listD.s【答案】 C9、请阅读Passage 2，完成第小题。

ResearchObjectives

Research ObjectivesThe MILC Collaboration is engaged in a broad research program in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).This research addresses fundamental questions in high energy and nuclear physics,and is directly related to major experimental programs in theseﬁelds.It includes studies of the mass spectrum of strongly interacting particles,the weak interactions of these particles,and the behavior of strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions.The Standard Model of High Energy Physics encompasses our current knowledge of the funda-mental interactions of subatomic physics.It consists of two quantumﬁeld theories:the Weinberg-Salaam theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions,and QCD,the theory of the strong interac-tions.The Standard Model has been enormously successful in explaining a wealth of data produced in accelerator and cosmic ray experiments over the past thirty years;however,our knowledge of it is incomplete because it has been difﬁcult to extract many of the most interesting predictions of QCD,those that depend on the strong coupling regime of the theory,and therefore require non-perturbative calculations.At present,the only means of carrying out non-perturbative QCD calculations fromﬁrst principles and with controlled errors,is through large scale numerical sim-ulations within the framework of lattice gauge theory.These simulations are needed to obtain a quantitative understanding of the physical phenomena controlled by the strong interactions,to de-termine a number of the fundamental parameters of the Standard Model,and to make precise tests of the Standard Model’s range of validity.Despite the many successes of the Standard Model,it is believed by high energy physicists that to understand physics at the shortest distances,a more general theory,which uniﬁes all four of the fundamental forces of nature,will be required.The Standard Model is expected to be a limiting case of this more general theory,just as classical mechanics is a limiting case of the more general quantum mechanics.A central objective of the experimental program in high energy physics,and of lattice QCD simulations,is to determine the range of validity of the Standard Model,and to search for new physics beyond it.Thus,QCD simulations play an important role in efforts to obtain a deeper understanding of the fundamental laws of physics.QCD is formulated in the four-dimensional space-time continuum;however,in order to carry out numerical calculations one must reformulate it on a lattice or grid.It should be emphasized that the lattice formulation of QCD is not merely a numerical approximation to the continuum formu-lation.The lattice regularization of QCD is every bit as valid as continuum regularizations.The lattice spacing a establishes a momentum cutoffπ/a that removes ultraviolet divergences.Stan-dard renormalization methods apply,and in the perturbative regime they allow a straightforward conversion of lattice results to any of the standard continuum regularization schemes.Lattice QCD calculations proceed in two steps.In theﬁrst,one uses importance sampling tech-niques to generate gauge conﬁgurations,which are representative samples from the Feynman path integrals that deﬁne QCD.These conﬁgurations are saved,and in the second step they are used to calculate a wide variety of physical quantities.It is necessary to generate conﬁgurations with a range of lattice spacings,and then perform extrapolations to the zero lattice spacing limit.Fur-thermore,the computational cost of calculations rises as the masses of the quarks,the fundamental constituents of strongly interacting matter,decrease.Until recently,it has been too expensive to carry out calculations with the masses of the two lightest quarks,the up and the down,set to their physical values.Instead,one has performed calculations for a range of up and down quark masses, and extrapolated to their physical values guided by chiral perturbation theory,an effectiveﬁeld theory that determines how physical quantities depend on the masses of the lightest quarks.The extrapolations in lattice spacing(continuum extrapolation)and quark mass(chiral extrapolation) are the major sources of systematic errors in QCD calculations,and both must be under control in order to obtain trustworthy results.In our current simulations,we are,for theﬁrst time,working at or near the physical masses of the up and down quarks.The gauge conﬁgurations produced in these simulations greatly reduce,and will eventually eliminate,the systematic errors associatedwith the chiral extrapolation.A number of different formulations of QCD on the lattice are currently in use by lattice gauge theorists,all of which are expected to give the same results in the continuum limit.In recent years, major progress has been made in theﬁeld through the development of improved formulations(im-proved actions)which reduceﬁnite lattice spacing artifacts.Approximately twelve years ago,we developed one such improved action called asqtad[1],which signiﬁcantly increased the accuracy of our simulations for a given amount of computing resources.We have used the asqtad action to generate an extensive library of gauge conﬁgurations with small enough lattice spacings and light enough quark masses to perform controlled calculations of a number of physical quantities. Computational resources provided by the DOE and NSF have enabled us to complete our program of generating asqtad gauge conﬁgurations.These conﬁgurations are publicly available,and have been used by us and by other groups to study a wide range of physical phenomena of importance in high energy and nuclear physics.Ours was theﬁrst set of full QCD ensembles that enabled control over both the continuum and chiral extrapolations.We have published a review paper describing the asqtad ensembles and the many calculations that were performed with them up to2009[2]. Over the last decade,a major component of our work has been to use our asqtad gauge conﬁg-urations to calculate quantities of importance to experimental programs in high energy physics. Particular emphasis was placed on the study of the weak decays and mixings of strongly interact-ing particles in order to determine some of the least well known parameters of the standard model and to provide precise tests of the standard model.The asqtad ensembles have enabled the calcu-lation of a number of physical quantities to a precision of1%–5%,and will enable many more quantities to be determined to this precision in the coming years.These results are already having an impact on experiments in high energy physics;however,in some important calculations,partic-ularly those related to tests of the standard model,higher precision is needed than can be provided by the existing asqtad ensembles.In order to obtain the required precision,we are now working with the Highly Improved Staggered Quark(HISQ)action developed by the HPQCD Collabora-tion[3].We have performed tests of scaling in the lattice spacing using HISQ valence quarks with gauge conﬁgurations generated with HISQ sea quarks[4].We found that lattice artifacts for the HISQ action are reduced by approximately a factor of2.5from those of the asqtad action for the same lattice spacing,and taste splittings in the pion masses are reduced by approximately a factor of three,which is sufﬁcient to enable us to undertake simulations with the mass of the Goldstone pion at or near the physical pion mass.(“Taste”refers to the different ways one can construct the same physical particle in the staggered quark formalism.Although particles with different tastes become identical in the continuum limit,their masses can differ atﬁnite lattice spacing).More-over,the improvement in the quark dispersion relation enables us to include charm sea quarks in the simulations.The properties of the HISQ ensembles are described in detail in Ref.[5],and the ﬁrst physics calculations using the physical quark mass ensembles in Refs.[6,7,8].The current status of the HISQ ensemble generation project is described at the link HISQ Lattice Generation and some initial calculations with them at Recent Results.The HISQ action also has major advan-tages for the study of QCD at high temperatures,so we have started to use it in our studies of this subject.Projects using the HISQ action will be a major component of our research for the next several years.Our research is currently focused on three major areas:1)the properties of light pseudoscalar mesons,2)the decays and mixings of heavy-light mesons,3)the properties of strongly interacting matter at high temperatures.We brieﬂy discuss our research in each of these areas at the link Recent Results.References[1]The MILC Collaboration:C.Bernard et al.,Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),60A,297(1998);Phys.Rev.D58,014503(1998);G.P.Lepage,Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),60A,267(1998);Phys.Rev.D59,074501(1999);Kostas Orginos and Doug Toussaint(MILC),Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),73,909(1999);Phys.Rev.D59,014501(1999);Kostas Orginos,Doug Tou-ssaint and R.L.Sugar(MILC),Phys.Rev.D60,054503(1999);The MILC Collaboration:C.Bernard et al.,Phys.Rev.D61,111502(2000).[2]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov et al.,Rev.Mod.Phys.82,1349-1417(2010)[arXiv:0903.3598[hep-lat]].[3]The HPQCD/UKQCD Collaboration: E.Follana et al.,Phys.Rev.D73,054502(2007)[arXiv:hep-lat/0610092].[4]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov al.,Phys.Rev.D82,074501(2010)[arXiv:1004.0342].[5]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov al.,Phys.Rev.D87,054505(2013)[arXiv:1212.4768].[6]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.110,172003(2013)[arXiv:1301.5855].[7]The Fermilab Lattice and MILC Collaborations:A.Bazavov,et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.112,112001(2014)[arXiv:1312.1228].[8]The MILC Collaboration:A.Bazavov et al.,Proceedings of Science(Lattice2013)405(2013)[arXiv:1312.0149].。

赛默飞世尔实验室炉子操作标准操作程序说明书

Laboratory Furnaces SOPSummary•There are various types of laboratory furnaces, including Tube, Box, and Muffle.•Because each unit is different, read the manual, complete safety training provided by your PI or trained senior colleagues. Only use a furnace that you fully understand how to operate.•Furnaces present electrical, fire, and burn hazards, and the insulation can pose a health hazard.Furnaces can also create inhalation health hazards if they malfunction and are not stored inappropriate containment, like a fume hood.•Regularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, physical defects, and water or heat damage.•Follow the safety guidelines outlined in this document, and contact the manufacturer if you have questions regarding specific use or servicing of your furnace.What are Laboratory Furnaces?There are many furnace varieties used in the laboratory. They are useful for chemical synthesis, curing ceramics, and are essential in materials science, engineering, food science, and geological research. Three of the most common units are Tube, Box, and Muffle furnaces. Of note, furnaces are similar to ovens, but they can operate at much higher temperatures (typically higher than 500⁰C).A Tube Furnace (Figure 1) consists of cylindrical chambers surrounded by heating elements, which enable rapid heat up, recovery, and cool down. It is typically suited for smaller (and inorganic) samples and heating in an inert atmosphere. Common applications include the purification, coating, drying, hardening, or ageing of samples. A tube furnace can also be used for annealing, brazing, calcination, degassing, sintering, soldering, sublimation, synthesis, and tempering. It is generally a good idea to place tube furnaces in a fume hood, however, the need for local exhaust is process dependent and should be determined through an appropriate risk assessment. EH&S generally recommends keeping furnaces in a fume hood or to provide some other form of local exhaust in case the units malfunction, which can produce burnt wiring and other inhalation hazards.A Box Furnace (Figure 2) features a vertical lift or swing out door allowing the various sized product(s) to be easily placed in the furnace. Box Furnaces are utilized for heat-treating, calcining, curing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, tempering, and other high temperature thermal processes. The volatile material in a sample is burned off and escapes as a gas; therefore, these furnaces MUST be placed in a fume hood or containment must be provided by some other type of appropriate local exhaust (i.e., a canopy or snorkel hood).Muffle furnaces (Figure 3) are a subclass of Box Furnace: they are compact countertop heating sources with insulated firebrick walls to maintain high temperatures. They allow rapid high-temperature heating,recovery, and cooling in self-contained, energy-efficient cabinets. This is ideal for ashing samples, heat-treating applications, and materials research. Muffle furnaces use mechanical convection to direct airflow out of an exhaust muffle, and typically do not require placement in a fume hood (though it is recommended if possible in case the unit malfunctions).Figure 1. Tube Furnace. Figure 2. Box Furnace. Figure 3. Muffle Furnace.What are the Hazards?Extreme Temperature HazardsHigh voltage is needed to generate temperatures greater than 500°C. With high voltage comes inherent dangers of electrocution, fire, and severe burns. Make sure the furnace is properlygrounded and no loose wires are connected to the furnace, and wear all necessary protectiveclothing while operating (as outlined later in this document).The furnace program should be stopped, or the furnace shut off before opening the furnace door.Note that material will not always glow or appear hot, but will cause severe burns with improper handling.The elements for the furnaces may be exposed and can be easily damaged if bumped or scraped.They are very expensive to replace. The furnace elements are operated at a high current and can be dangerous if touched.Health HazardsMany laboratory furnaces contain refractory ceramic insulation, which can produce respirable fibers or dust with crystalline silica when handled. Crystalline silica may cause chronic lung injury (silicosis) after prolonged exposure or a heavy exposure in a short time. Silicosis is a form of disablingpulmonary fibrosis which can be progressive and may lead to death. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reports sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of crystalline silica tohumans. IARC classifies ceramic fiber as 2B (possible carcinogenic to humans). Older furnaces typically had insulation which contained asbestos. As such, it is also important to appropriately dispose of furnaces once they have passed their useful lifetime.What Activities Could Pose a Risk?•Using a box furnace that sits outside of a fume hood.•Opening/servicing your furnace unit without specified training.•Altering wiring, and altering or disabling the safety features, such as safety interlocks, sensors, etc.•Using common oven mitts, cryogenic gloves, or no gloves instead of thermal-rated glove protection.•Heating materials beyond their melting or decomposition points. Melting points (and occasionally decomposition points) can be found on a material’s SDS.•Using a malfunctioning furnace or having a furnace malfunction.•Heating sealed vessels in a furnace may result in an explosion if the vessels are not rated for the increased pressure or temperature.•Heating hazardous materials: Do not heat samples or glassware with chemicals that pose respiratory hazards. Evaporation in the furnace will release vapors into the atmosphere, where yourself or other lab members may breathe the toxic materials if the units are not appropriately contained in fume hood or provided with other appropriate local exhaust ventilation.How Can Exposures be Minimized?When working with any hazardous material orprocess, always conduct a thorough riskassessment and employ the hierarchy of controlsto minimize risk. Specific applications of thehierarchy of controls to the unique hazards oflaboratory furnaces are listed below. Apply thecontrols in the order of most effective to leasteffective (see graphic at right), and apply asmany controls as possible to reduce the risk tothe lowest achievable level.Elimination/Substitution•Avoid using a furnace for the sole purpose of cleaning glassware. Towel dry, air dry, or blow dry if possible.•Heat materials to the lowest possible temperature to reduce the severity of potential burns and furnace failure.•When purchasing a furnace, please consider purchasing those with safety features if possible.Engineering Controls•Work in a well-ventilated area. If heating hazardous materials and if the unit fits, put the furnace in a fume hood to ensure sufficient ventilation of escaping fumes. EH&S generally recommends that furnaces are operated in fume hoods or with other appropriate local exhaust ventilation in case the unit malfunctions, which can release hazardous gases into the occupied lab space.Administrative Controls•Before Use:o All furnace operators must complete safety training specific to the furnace they will work with.o Read the instrument’s manual thoroughly, and understand the oven’s capabilities, limitations, safety features and safety protocol. Always follow manufacturer protocoland recommendations.o Consult with the manufacturer and your PI to ensure that your planned experiments are appropriate for the unit. For instance, never overheat the materials or their containers:Borosilicate glass should not be heated above 400°C for short-term service, and Pyrexnot above 300°C. Always check the manufacturer’s recommended usable temperaturerange of containers prior to use in a furnace, and do not use containers for applicationsoutside of the range.o Though lab furnaces have internal safety circuits, consider attaching an external temperature controlled power circuit that would cut the power to the unit in the eventof elevated temperatures. Companies like McMaster Carr and Omega Engineeringprovide thermocouples and controllers that could be used to fabricate a cost-effectivecircuits of this kind.•Keep the furnace’s wiring tidy and away from other heat-generating sources. Damaged wiring could result in an electrical fire.•Never disable safety features. Only service units if permitted by the manufacturer.•Never heat a furnace to its maximum temperature.•Do not heat samples or glassware with chemicals that pose respiratory hazards unless the units are contained in a fume hood or provided with other appropriate local exhaust. Evaporation in the furnace will release vapors into the atmosphere, where yourself or other lab members may breathe the toxic materials if these are not appropriately contained.•Keep the area around the furnace decluttered. Items beside the furnace may get hot and melt, catch fire, boil, or explode.•Always place and remove items from the furnace with thermal-rated tongs or forceps.•Regularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, water and heat damage, or other visual defects. Contact the manufacturer or vendor directly for repairs and servicing.•Dispose of furnace units that are beyond their usable lifetime. Follow the process for laboratory equipment disposal described on the EH&S website.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)•When working with a furnace, always wear long pants, closed-toe shoes, a lab coat, and safety glasses.•ALWAYS wear the appropriate thermal gloves, and regularly check them for rips, holes, or tears.All-cotton terrycloth gloves are sufficient protection for temperatures up to 232°C (i.e. autoclave use), but heat- or flame-resistant gloves are required when using furnaces at highertemperatures. It is recommended that a pair of such gloves is always available near a labfurnace, even when working with lower temperatures, in the case of thermal runaway. Visit the EH&S guide to glove selection for more information. If you need additional assistance inselecting appropriate gloves, please contact EH&S at ****************.Service RecommendationsRegularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, water damage, heat damage, or other visual defects. If something appears damaged, worn, or is malfunctioning, DO NOT begin/continue using the furnace – power off immediately. Contact the manufacturer or vendor directly for repairs and servicing. Dispose of units beyond their useable lifetime.Exposure and Spill ProcedureIn the event of a furnace incident or malfunction, immediately turn off and unplug the furnace if it is safe to do so. Evacuate the room and notify EH&S (413-545-2682) for assistance.After any emergency or near-miss circumstance, notify EH&S (413-545-2682) as soon as possible and complete the lab incident form.For an exposure:1.Dermal Exposure: In the event that exposed skin touches the hot oven or its contents,immediately rinse affected area with copious amounts of cool water for at least 15 minutes toreduce further tissue damage. For serious burns, call 911 (report the building name, roomnumber, and street address) or 413- 545-3111 (or simply 5-3111 from a campus line) to report the incident and request medical help. For minor burns, immediately go to UHS.2.Inhalation: If an individual inhales fumes from a malfunctioning furnace or materials placedinside the furnace, immediately seek medical attention. If the person is unconscious orexperiencing acute breathing difficulties, call 911 (report the building name, room number, and street address) or 413- 545-3111 (or simply 5-3111 from a campus line) to report the incidentand request medical help. Never enter a room with an unconscious person to provide assistance to avoid exposing yourself as well. For inhalation exposures without acute health effects,immediately go to UHS for evaluation. Health effects from inhalation can be delayed by hoursfor exposure to some materials, and can be very serious, so it is important to be evaluated bymedical professionals. If it is possible to do so, provide the SDS (or whatever information isavailable in the absence of an SDS) for any materials involved to the medical personnel.3.Electrical Fire: If the unit is on fire, immediately evacuate the room, close the door behind you,and activate the fire alarm. Follow your lab’s evacuation route and meet in your designatedlocation outside of the building. Call 911 or 413- 545-3111 once outside to report the incidentand provide information, such as locations of the fire and materials involved.References and Sources1.Box Furnace SOP: Oregon State University:https:///content/sop-high-temperature-box-furnace2.Box, Muffle, and Tube Furnaces: Laboratory Equipment: https://boratory-/blog/box-muffle-tube-laboratory-furnaces/3.Extinguishing Electrical Fires: https:///blog/how-to-put-out-an-electrical-fire4.Fisher Scientific Tube Furnaces: https:///us/en/browse/90088045/tube-furnaces5.Gilson Muffle Furnace: https:///muffle-furnaces6.IARC: silica carcinogenic:https:///21834268/#:~:text=The%20panel%20remarked%20that%20cr ystalline,causes%20lung%20cancer%20in%20humans.&text=Silicosis%20and%20lung%20cancer %20in,protect%20persons%20at%20high%2Drisk.7.Insulation Elements SDS:https:///images/MSDS/Kerr_Furnace_Insulation_Elements.pdf8.ThermCraft Ashing Furnace: https:///what-is-ashing-furnace/#:~:text=In%20the%20food%20science%20industry,in%20a%20flow%20of%20oxygen.9.Thermo Scientific Furnaces: https:///TFS-Assets/LED/brochures/LED-FurnacesBrochure-BRFURNACE0316-EN.pdf。

research findings雅思听力真题

research findings雅思听力真题Academic ReadingWind Power in the USPrompted by the oil crises of the s, a wind-power industry flourishedbriefly in the United States. But then world oil prices dropped, and fundingfor research into renewable energy was cut. By the mid s US interest in wind energy as a large-scale source of energy had almost disappeared. The development of wind power at this time suffered not only from badly designed equipment, but also from poor long-term planning, economic projections that were too optimistic and the difficulty of finding suitable locations for the wind turbines.Only now are technological advances beginning to offer hope that windpower will come to be accepted as a reliable and important source ofelectricity. There have been significant successes in California, inparticular, where wind farms now have a capacity of megawatts, comparable toa large nuclear or fossil-fuelled power station, and produce 1.5 per cent ofthe state’s electricity.Nevertheless, in the US, the image of wind power is still distorted byearly failures. One of the most persistent criticisms is that wind power isnot a significant energy resource. Researchers at the Battelle Northwest Laboratory, however, estimate that today wind turbine technology could supply 20 per cent of the electrical power the country needs. As a local resource, wind power has even greater potential. Minnesota’s energy commissioncalculates that a wind farm on one of the state’s south western ridges could supply almost all that state’s electricity. North Dakota alone has enoughsites suitable for wind farms to supply more than a third of all electricity consumed in the continental US.The prevailing notion that wind power is too costly results largely from early research which focused on turbines with huge blades that stood hundredsof metres tall. These machines were not designed for ease of production or maintenance, and they were enormously expensive. Because the major factors influencing the overall cost of wind power are the cost of the turbine and its supporting systems, including land, as well as operating and maintenance costs,it is hardly surprising that it was thought at the time that wind energy could not be supplied at a commercially competitive price.More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy. These systems, like installations in Hawaii and several European countries, have benefited from the economies of scale that come through standardised manufacturing and purchasing. The result has been a dramatic drop in capital costs: theinstalled cost of new wind turbines stood at $ per kilowatt in , down from about $ per kilowatt in , and continues to fall.Design improvements and more efficient maintenance programs for large numbers of turbines have reduced operating costs as well. The cost of electricity delivered by wind farm turbines has decreased from about 30 cents per kilowatt-hour to between 7 and 9 cents, which is generally less than the cost of electricity from conventional power stations. Reliability has also improved dramatically. The latest turbines run more than 95 per cent of the time, compared with around 60 per cent in the early s.Another misconception is that improved designs are needed to make wind power feasible. Out of the numerous wind turbine designs proposed or built by inventors or developers, the propeller-blade type, which is based on detailed analytical models as well as extensive experimental data, has emerged as predominant among the more than 20,000 machines now in commercial operation world-wide. Like the gas-driven turbines that power jet aircraft, these are sophisticated pieces of rotating machinery. They are already highly efficient, and there is no reason to believe that other configurations will produce major benefits.Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed. There are many potential problems, ranging from interference with telecommunications to impact on wildlife and natural habitats. But these effects must be balanced against those associated with other forms of electricity generation. Conventional power stations impose hidden costs on society, such as the control of air pollution, the management of nuclear waste and global warming.As wind power has been ignored in the US over the past few years, expertise and commercial exploitation in the field have shifted to Europe. The European Union spends 10 times as much as the US government on research and development of wind energy. It estimates that at least 10 per cent ofEurope’s electrical power could be supplied by land-based wind-turbines using current technology. Indeed, according to the American Wind Energy Association, an independent organisation based in Washington, Denmark, Britain, Spain and the Netherlands will each surpass the US in the generating capacity of wind turbines installed during the rest of the decade.Glossaryfossil fuel: coal, oil and natural gaskilowatt: 1,000 watts; a watt is a unit of powerkilowatt-hour: one kilowatt for a period of one hourmegawatt: one million wattswind farm: a group of wind turbines in one location producing a large amount of electricitywind turbine: a machine which produces energy when the wind turns its bladesQuestions 1 - 5Complete the summary below.Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words or phrases than you will need to fill the gaps.You may use any word or phrase more than once.ExampleThe failure during the late s and early s of an attempt toestablish a widespread wind power industry in the United States resulted largely from the ...(1) ... in oil prices during this period. The industry is now experiencing a steady ...(2)... due to improvements in technology and an increased awareness of the potential in the power of wind. The wind turbines that are now being made, based in part on the ...(3)... of wide-ranging research in Europe, are easier to manufacture and maintain than their predecessors. This has led wind-turbine makers to be able to standardise andthus minimise ...(4)... . There has been growing ...(5)... of the importance of wind power as an energy source.criticism successdesign costs production costsfailure stabilityoperating costs fallgrowth recognitionscepticism decisionseffects declineresultsQuestions 6 - 10Look at the following list of issues (Questions 6-10) and implications (A-C).Match each issue with one implication.Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.Example AnswerThe current price of one wind-generated kilowatt...A6. The recent installation of systems taking advantage of economies of scale ...7. The potential of meeting one fifth of current US energy requirements by wind power ...8. The level of acceptance of current wind turbine technology ...9. A comparison of costs between conventional and wind power sources ...10. The view of wind power in the European Union ...IMPLICATIONSA provides evidence against claims that electricity produced from wind power is relatively expensive.B supports claims that wind power is an important source of energy.C opposes the view that wind power technology requires further development.。

PERCLOS

PERCLOS: A Valid Psychophysiological Measure of Alertness As Assessed by Psychomotor Vigilance
Introduction
Driver fatigue is a significant risk factor in commercial transportation. Fatigue from combinations of sleep loss, night driving, and prolonged work time contributes substantially to the number of motor vehicle crashes. Over the past decade, driver drowsiness/fatigue has been the subject of intensified Department of Transportation interest and activity; one major initiative has been to explore technology that will enhance commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver fatigue management.
Of the drowsiness-detection measures பைடு நூலகம்nd technologies evaluated in this study, the measure referred to as “PERCLOS” was found to be the most reliable and valid determination of a driver’s alertness level. PERCLOS is the percentage of eyelid closure over the pupil over time and reflects slow eyelid closures (“droops”) rather than blinks. A PERCLOS drowsiness metric was established in a 1994 driving simulator study as the proportion of time in a minute that the eyes are at least 80 percent closed. (Wierwille et al., 1994) Based on research by Wierwille and colleagues (1994), FWHA and NHTSA consider PERCLOS to be among the most promising known real-time measures of alertness for in-vehicle drowsiness-detection systems.

Instant Pot电子压力锅说明书

How Instant Pot® is Changing the Way We Eat Ottawa, Ontario –The game-changing multi-functional electric pressure cookers by the Instant Pot®Company were invented with the objectives of being safe, convenient and dependable. Designed with a microprocessor and a series of sensors, these programmable, intelligent multi-cookers are capable of replacing many cumbersome appliances, including the stove-top pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, sauté pan, steamer, yogurt maker and stockpot warmer. Most importantly, Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers are extremely energy-efficient and convenient, all while preserving nutrients and cooking tasty foods. Plus, Instant Pot® offers various models and sizes, therefore, providing consumers a choice suitable for their personal needs. Whether used to serve one’s fast-paced, health-oriented and green-conscious lifestyle or purchased by a curious shopper looking to try the best selling brand on , the Instant Pot®Electric Pressure Cookers are designed to satisfy everyone! Benefits of the Instant Pot® Electric Pressure CookersThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers achieve optimal cooking results by perfecting the functions of both the electric pressure cooker and the slow cooker with a set of smart cooking programs. This series of multi-functional electric cookers changes the way we eat with the following standout aspects:1. Convenient with Intelligent ProgrammingThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers have up to 14 function keys for the mostcommon cooking tasks: “soup,” “meat/stew,” “beans/chili,” “poultry,” “rice,” “multigrain,”“porridge,” “steam,” “slow cook,” “yogurt,” “sauté,” “manual,” “delay start,” and “keepwarm/cancel.” The microprocessor inside each cooker carefully controls the time,cooking pressure and temperature to ensure consistent cooking results. Users can also customize these settings with the 4 operations keys—“+,” “-,” “pressure,” and “adjust”—to achieve preferred cooking results. For example, the “meat/stew” key is programmedto prepare perfectly tender, thoroughly heated meat dishes; however, users can attainfall-off-the-bone results by increasing the cooking time with the “adjust” and “+” keys.The Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers make cooking as easy as pressing a button!2. Preserves Nutrients and Cooks Tasty FoodThe Instant Pot® microprocessor optimizes pressure-cooking to produce whollynutritious, flavorful, tender meals in a consistent fashion. The tight lid and fully sealedenvironment of each device traps the flavor, nutrients and aroma within the food instead of releasing them throughout the home. During pressure-cooking, heat is distributedevenly, deeply and quickly once pressure is built up. Also, not much water is required for steaming, so vitamins and minerals are not leached or dissolved. As a result, greensretain their bright colors and phytochemicals, meats and bones are thoroughly cookedyet tender, and whole grains and beans are soft and delicious, all with remarkableconsistency.3.Energy-EfficientThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers are highly energy-efficient. Unlike other cooking appliances, these intelligent multi-cookers save up to 70% electricity. Plus, as each device is fully sealed during cooking, less steam is dispersed, thus, preserving water and reducing energy consumption.4. User-Friendly and Hassle-FreeThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers allow users to whip up quick dishes or plan meals ahead of time with its automatic cooking processes. Unlike conventional pressure cookers, each model carefully times every cooking task and automatically switches to the keep-warm function once the food is prepared. In addition, the delayed cooking feature allows users to postpone cooking for up to 24 hours. Users can also save their customized cooking settings with the LUX and DUO models, which can memorizeprogram settings per cooking program button once defined. This enables users toexperiment and achieve optimal cooking results, and store them for future dishes.5. Clean and PleasantDuring operation, Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers are absolutely quiet. Each device is fully sealed when pressure builds up in the inner pot. Therefore, no hot steam escapes from the pot and no cooking odors emanate throughout the kitchen or thehome. Also, there are no messy spills, splashes or spatters and no boiled over foods to clean up. Due to their multi-functional features, Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers can reduce the number of cooking appliances in the kitchen, which helps save money, minimize clutter and keep the kitchen organized.6. Safe and DependableThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers are carefully designed to eliminate many common errors from causing harm or spoiling food. Each model has passed thestringent UL & ULC certification, giving users uncompromised safety and peace of mind.The Instant Pot® brand protects users with 10 proven safety mechanisms and patented technologies.ü Bluetooth capability and free iOS/Android app allows users tomonitor cooking progress and create, share and download recipes onlineü 7-in-1 multi-functional cooker: electric pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, yogurt maker, sauté/browning pan,steamer, and warming potü 14 built-in micro-processor controlled programs ü Dual pressure settings for fast and flexible cookingü Slow Cooker settings from 0.5 to 20 hours ü Manual keep-warm setting for up to 99 hours and 50 minutes ü 3 temperature settings for Sauté, Slow Cook and 3 Keep-warmfunctions ü Accessories included: stainless steel inner pot, stainless steel steam rack with handles, silicone mini mitts, condensationcollector, rice paddle, soup spoon and measuring cup ü Available as 6qt cooking pot with 1000W heating elementInstant Pot ® IP-Duo Seriesü 7-in-1 multi-functional cooker: electric pressure cooker, slow cooker,rice cooker, yogurt maker, sauté/browning pan, steamer, and warming pot ü Dual pressure settings for fast and flexible cookingü 14 built-in micro-processor controlled programs ü Can pressure cook for up to 4 hours ü Slow Cooker settings for 0.5 to 20 hours ü 3 temperature settings for sauté and slow cook functions ü Manual keep-warm setting for up to 99 hours and 50 minutes ü Memorizes user customizations on all cooking program buttons ü Automatic keep-warm for up to 10 hours ü Accessories included: stainless steel inner pot, stainless steel steam rack with handles, condensation collector, rice paddle, soup spoon and measuring cup ü IP-DUO series available in two models: o IP-DUO60: 6qt cooking pot and 1000W heating element o IP-DUO80: 8qt cooking pot and 1200W heating element Following is an overview of the Instant Pot ® family of products, including features unique to each model:Instant Pot ® SmartInstant Pot ®IP-LUX• Converts Instant Pot® electric pressure cooker to a precision sous vide cooker to make high-end restaurant quality food at home • Touch-screen digital controls, stainless steel and rubber coating on handle • 120V/800W • Attaches securely to the 6Qt or 8Qt inner pot either in or out of Instant Pot® with the adjustable stainless steel clamp that has maximum clamp height of about 8". • Sous vide cooks easily and with absolute accuracy for upto 72 hours to +/- 1°F between 104-194° F/40-90° C innear silenceü 6-in-1 multi-functional cooker: pressure cooker,slow cooker, rice cooker, steamer, sauté &warmerü Single pressure setting for fast cooking,cooking with pressure reduces cooking time upto 70%ü 10 built-in micro-processor controlled programsü Can pressure cook for up to 4 hoursü Memorizes user customizations on all cookingprogram buttonsü Accessories included: stainless steel inner pot,stainless steel steam rack with handles, ricepaddle, soupspoon, measuring cup, andcondensation cupü Available as a 6qt cooking pot and 1000Wheating element Instant Pot ®Accu SV800 Immersion Circulator Sous Vide“I LOVE My Instant Pot®!”*Quote from Amazon reviewA Look at the Company Behind the Revolutionary Cooking ApplianceInstant Pot® is currently the number one selling brand on with one of the highest overall customer ratings. An Instant Pot® Community on Facebook boasts over 350,000 highly engaged members and is rapidly growing as a resource for Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cooker users to share recipes, ask questions and offer usage tips and product suggestions. It’s no surprise that thousands of positive online customer reviews exclaim sheer enthusiasm, excitement and praise for the product, along the lines of: “I LOVE my Instant Pot®!”; “Game changer for food prep” and “An absolute godsend…” Today, Instant Pot® models are available at Target and Walmart in addition to . All this is just the beginning for a company that set out to develop a brand that meets the needs of consumers with active, busy, healthy and environmentally conscious lifestyles.The Instant Pot® Company was founded in 2009 by a team of Canadian technology veterans who set out to explore the food preparation category based on their own personal life experiences. Their objective was to find solutions that would enable busy families and professionals to prepare quality food in less time, promoting better eating and reducing the consumption of fast food.In late 2010, after eighteen grueling months of research, design and development they introduced the Instant Pot® CSG60, the company’s first multi-programmable electric cooker. The product was developed with an advanced microprocessor and incorporated the functions of five different cooking tools into one: pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, steamer and warmer. This introduction was greatly successful, propelling the team to continue to develop even more versatile products to meet the growing needs of their target audiences.Each subsequent Instant Pot® product introduction has raised the bar on functionality, user-friendliness and safety. In 2012 the company launched the Instant Pot® Lux60 6-in-1 – a six quart, programmable electric pressure cooker – which was the most advanced pressure cooker available on the market at the time. The Lux60 quickly became the category best seller on Amazon, leading the company to introduce the Lux50, a five-quart version of the product, and later the Instant Pot® Duo, a 7-in-1 multifunctional cooker. Serving as an electric pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, yogurt maker, sauté/browning pan, steamer and warming potall in one convenient small electric appliance, the Instant Pot® Duo catapulted to the top as the best seller across all categories on and remains the number one selling product by the Instant Pot® Company.In 2014 the Instant Pot® Company followed up with the Instant Pot® Smart Multi-Cooker, equipped with microprocessors and Bluetooth® technology that wirelessly connects, allowing users to program and monitor their cooking from mobile devices via an iOS or Android app. This advancement was a first in the electric pressure cooker category and marked the beginning of a new smart-cooking era. This introduction represented the Instant Pot® Company’s technology leadership into the next-level of consumer experience for the Instant Pot® communities.The Instant Pot® line of products are truly tools for a new lifestyle and especially cater to the needs of health-minded individuals, those with special dietary restrictions, the do-it-yourself food enthusiasts and anyone looking to save time in the kitchen while providing nutritious, well-balance meals. Today, the Instant Pot® product line-up includes the best-selling IP-DUO along with the IP-SMART, IP-LUX and the recently introduced IP-ACCU SV800 Immersion Circulator Sous Vide.According to Dr. Robert Wang, founder and CEO of the Instant® Pot Company, the company’s main goal is to make the Instant Pot® an acronym for the best kitchen experiences ever by offering unsurpassed user interface design and connected technologies. As the company continues to develop and design new products, the world awaits the next advancements in home cooking, brought to you by Instant Pot®.。

电化学工作站2273说明书

PARSTAT 2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRA®Princeton Applied ResearchWe would like to introduce the new benchmark!The PARSTAT 2273 is the combination of the renowned reliability, high current, and high compliance voltage of the 273A with the exceptional impedance capability, resolution, speed and latest software techniques of our new PARSTAT family. Plus we’ve incorporated customer feedback to provide not only more internal maximum current but the ability to boost the 20 A and the ability to interface all the ancillary equipment customers need today for their unique research.The 2273 is designed to be the most comprehensive potentiostat/galvanostat/FRA in your laboratory. Since no one can predict how research needs will evolve over the years, we’ve designed the ultimate electrochemical tool to satisfy your needs not only for today — but for tomorrow.Major Features• 2 A current max. (20 A boosted)• 100 V compliance• 1.2 fA current resolution • >1013Ωinput impedance • <5 pF of capacitance• 10 µHz to 1 MHz built in analyzer for impedanceFor more than two decades, the 273/273A has been the most popular instrument in the history ofcomputer-controlled potentiostats/galvanostats. We knew how critical it would be that the next generation of this prestigious instrument continue to set the standard against which all other systems will be measured.Applications• Research Electrochemistry • Corrosion • Sensors• Batteries/Fuel Cells• Electrodeposition/Plating • Biomedical ApplicationsGeneral SpecificationsThe 2273 is an advanced potentiostat/galvanostat/FRAthat consists of hardware capable of ±10 V scan ranges, 2 A current capability, and EIS measurements from 10 µHz to 1 MHz. The interface to the PC or laptop is Universal Serial Bus (USB), so there is no need for an additional card for your system. Electrochemistry PowerSuite software is required for the 2273.Current and VoltageUnlike any other potentiostat on the market today, the 2273 offers a unique combination of compliance voltage up to±100 V (power available at the counter electrode) and a maximum current of up to ±2 A.EIS CapabilityThe 2273 hardware combined with PowerSINE software can perform EIS experiments from 1 MHz to 10 µHz. These measurements can control either potentiostatic (Single Sine, Fast MultiSine, or Mott-Schottky), or galvanostatic (Galvanostatic EIS) experiments.Booster InterfaceThe 2273 has three current booster options to choose from:• 8A/2273 option for 8 A, 50 V• 10A/2273 option for 10 A, 20 V• 20A/2273 option for 20 A, 20 VUsing the 2273 with one of the current booster options provides the user witha seamless interface for our PowerSuite software. When a booster option isconnected to the 2273, the software will autoscale the data.2PARSTAT 2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRA®3EIS Contour Plot for the 2273Princeton Applied Research has performed a series of impedance experiments on known resistive and capacitive cells and has evaluated the accuracy of these measurements. The typical results are summarized on the contour plot.The experiments were made in the potentiostatic EIS mode, using a standard amplitude of 10 mV. The blue area is the region for which the error in theimpedance is less than 1% or 2°.4ApplicationsResearch ElectrochemistryThe physical nature of electrochemistry has resulted in a broad range of research areas. Fromdetermining the kinetics of an electron-transfer process, to developing new and improved materials via unique electrodeposition or electrosynthesis techniques, the 2273 was designed with the flexibility and capability required by today's electrochemical researcher. Whether it is amicroelectrode, rotating disk electrode, mercury electrode, or quartz crystal resonator being measured, the 2273 supports the wide array of electrodes used in a modern electrochemical research lab.CorrosionThe 2273 is ideal for corrosion research. For measurements of rebar in concrete or titanium in Ringer's solution, the 2273 was designed to address a wide range of corrosion applications.PowerCORR Corrosion Software and PowerSINE EIS Software complement the 2273'simpressive specifications to create the ultimate tool for any corrosion lab. Are you working with large electrodes or resistive media? The 2273's 100 V compliance voltage takes care of that.Studying a new corrosion inhibitor or coating technology? Femtoamp current resolutions and >1013input impedance make even the toughest EIS measurements seem routine.SensorsFor potentiometric sensors (such as ion-selective electrodes and coated wire electrodes) and amperometric sensors (gas sensors, thin film microelectrodes, and chemically modifiedelectrodes), the 2273 provides current sensitivities that can surpass the requirements of the most demanding measurement parameters, with a pA current range and fA resolution; high compliance voltage allows for the growth of thin film electrodes and nanodeposition. Biosensordevelopment and analysis relies on techniques that are contained within the PowerCV cyclic voltammetry, PowerSTEP chronoamperometry/chronopotentiometry and PowerPULSE electroanalytical software packages.Fuel Cells and BatteriesFor many years, Princeton Applied Research potentiostats/galvanostats have been utilized to further the development of new energy sources. From the early stages of battery development to the charge/discharge experiments on the final product, the 2273 has the current measurement range to address the challenges that lie ahead for the next generation ofbatteries. Fuel Cells offer a cleaner energy source for the future, and the 2273 helps bring that technology to market. Use EIS to examine the impedance of the PEM at different humiditylevels, perform I/V curves on SOFCs, or run CVs on DMFC assemblies. The 2273 and the entire PowerSuite package has the potential to take your research to the next level.Biomedical ApplicationsThe 2273 exceeds the requirements of a potentiostat/galvanostat as described in ASTM F2129, “Standard Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements to Determine the Corrosion Susceptibility of Small Implant Devices.” For implant biocompatibility studies, the most common methods involve DC corrosion techniques such as cyclic potentiodynamic polarization for the determination of the breakdown or critical pitting potential (Eb), the corrosion or open circuit potential (Ecorr), the repassivation or protection potential (Ep), corrosion current (Icorr) and corrosion rates based on Tafel analysis. All of these techniques are possible with the 2273 using the PowerCORRcorrosion measurement software package. The outstanding performance of the 2273 ensures that the results obtained are accurate and allows the user to be confident of their data.PARSTAT 2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRA®5Ordering InformationModelDescription2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRA 8A/22738 A @ 50 V Booster Option 10A/227310 A @ 20 V Booster Option 20A/227320 A @ 20 V Booster OptionPowerSuite Software ModulesPowerSINE ®Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy PowerCORR™Corrosion Measurement PowerCV ®Cyclic VoltammetryPowerSTEP ®Chronoamperomtry/Chronopotentiometry PowerPULSE™Electroanalytical TechniquesCable AccessoriesC0379Additional 2273 Cell CableC03802273 to Glove Box Interface Cable (call for information and quotation)Cell AccessoriesK0047Corrosion Cell Kit K0235Corrosion Flat Cell K0264Micro-Cell Kit RDE0018Analytical Cell KitAncillary Equipment303A Static Mercury Drop Electrode 507Interface for the Model 303A QCM922Quartz Crystal Microbalance 616Rotating Disk Electrode636Rotating Ring-Disk ElectrodeExtended Warranty2273-EWSilver Extended Warranty Plan for the 2273Princeton Applied Research offers extended warranties and/or site service contracts on all its instruments. There are three levels of coverage starting with the basic silver level that is a one-year extension of our free one-year initialwarranty. Silver level extended warranty includes labor, material, and return shipping. The Gold and Platinum levels offer an increased product protection plan, including priority repair and free loaner instruments if available.ISO9001:2000 CertifiedPrinceton Applied Research is a member of Advanced Measurement Technology, Inc., an ISO9001:2000 certified company.SoftwareDiscover the power of true 32-bit Windows programs in the Princeton Applied Research PowerSuite software platform.Take advantage of powerful wizards, graphical data presentation formats and easy-to-use import/export tools for both graphs and data.PowerPULSE™• Recurrent Potential Pulsing • Recurrent Galvanic Pulsing • Square Wave Voltammetry• Cyclic Square Wave Voltammetry • Differential Pulse Voltammetry• Cyclic Differential Pulse Voltammetry • Normal Pulse Voltammetry• Reverse Normal Pulse Voltammetry • R ΩDeterminationPowerCV ®• Linear Scan• Ramp Cyclic VoltammertyOne Vertex Two VertexOne Vertex/Multi Cycle Two Vertex/Multi Cycle• Stair Case Cyclic VoltammetryOne Vertex Two VertexOne Vertex/Multi Cycle Two Vertex/Multi CyclePowerSTEP ®• One Step Chronoamperometry • Two Step Chronoamperometry • ChronopotentiometryPowerSINE ®• Potentiostatic EIS • Multi-Sine EIS • Galvanostatic EIS• Potentiostatic Impedance versus Time • Galvanostatic Impedance versus Time • Mott-ShottkyPowerCORR™• Tafel Plot• Anodic Polarization • Linear Polarization • Potentiostatic • Galvanostatic• Ecorr versus Time • Galvanic Corrosion • Cyclic Polarization• Cyclic Polarization (no reverse)• Zero Resistance Ammeter • Galvanodynamic• Galvanodynamic (no reverse)6Recurrent Galvanic Pulsing (PowerPULSE)Impedance vs. Time (PowerSINE)Differential Pulse (PowerPULSE)Two Step Chronoamperometry (PowerSTEP)Peak Analysis Tools (PowerCV)Anodic Polarization (PowerCORR)7Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRAData Storage FormatPowerSuite’s unique data storage format ulitizing Microsoft ®ACCESS database provides other powerful features available to PowerSuite. These include making changes to someexperimental parameters on the fly, performing fits on data as it is being collected, searching data files based on comments added by the user, and exporting data and plots to otherprograms such as Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint.Complete Plotting ControlOverlay data can be placed on the plots prior to acquiring the data, which allows the user to compare the two data sets as the experiment progresses!Overlaid data graphical properties can also be modified in terms of color or plot style, and any overlaid data can be selected to become the "active" data file, at which point the current file becomes an overlay, and full data analysis can be performed on what was an overlay! A number of graphical and analyticalfeatures are available by simply right-clicking on any graph and selecting from a full complement of options.Experiment WizardFor new users, the "New Experiment Wizard" guides you through a step-by-step process to configure all aspects of the experiment. If you have a setup that is to be repeated over several experiments, it can be "Saved as a Template...", recalled, and executed without having to re-enter information with each use.Powerful GraphicsPowerSuite’s dominant features are it’s graphical capabilities. Tremendous flexibility is provided with data presentation.Up to four plots can be viewed simultaneously, on the screen without opening a separate viewing program. Severaldefault plots are available, and the user has the ability to modify each graph or create and save their own custom graphs according to specified criteria. Awide variety of parameters are available for plotting, as well as the ability to add a second Y-axis or view the plot in 3D. The user can select the data symbols/lines desired, as well as change the color of any plot. Additional graphical features allow the data of any axis to be mathematically changed (by choosing to either add, subtract, divide, or multiply the axis values) using the Data Factors feature.This feature can be used to change data in amps to microamps for comparison purposes. It can also be used to convert a potential reading acquired from an ancillary component (such as a temperature probe) through the A/D Input into its proper value (such as degrees C).Specifications subject to change042804 info@ 801 South Illinois Avenue, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0895 U.S.A.(800) 366-2741 or (865) 482-4411 • Fax (865) 425-1334For International Office Locations, Visit Our WebsiteADVANCED MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGYPrinceton Applied Research Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRASpecificationsPower AmplifierCompliance Voltage: ±100 VMaximum Current: ±2 ARise Time: <250 ns (No Load)Slew Rate: >15 V/µs (No Load)System PerformanceMinimum Time Base: 20 µsMinimum Potential Step: 2.5 µVNoise and Ripple: <50 µV/rms (typical)Minimum Current Range: 2 nA(hardware)Minimum Current Range: 40 pA(after 50X gain) Minimum Current Resolution: 1.2 fAiR CompensationPositive Feedback Range: 2000 MΩto 2 Ω(depending on current range)Current Interrupt: 16 bit DAC Potential Error Correction Current MeasurementRanges: 12 decades, 2 A to 40 pA(with internal gain applied)Accuracy (dc)20 µA to 2A: <0.4% Full Scale20 nA and 1 µA Ranges: <0.5%2 nA< 0.75%Frequency Response (small signal)2 mA Range:3 dB at >1 MHz, 1k source impedance20 µA Range: 3 dB at >100 kHz, 100k source impedance Differential ElectrometerInput Bias Current: <5 pA at 25°CMax. Voltage Range: ±10 VMax. Input Voltage Differential: ±10 VBandwidth: 3 dB @ >15 MHzCommon Mode Rejection:>80 dB at 100 Hz>60 dB at 100 kHzInput Impedance: >1013Ωin parallel with <5 pF Potential/Current ControlDigital/Analog Converters (DACs)Bias DACResolution: 16 bitsRange (Potentiostat): ±10 VRange (Galvanostat): ±100% of full-scale current Modulation DACResolution: 16 bitsImpedance SpecificationsFrequency Range: 10 µHz–1 MHz Dimensions58 cm W x 47.6 cm D x 22.9 cm H(20" W x 18.75" D x 9" H)Weight31 kg (68 lbs)Power Requirements90/130 V AC or 200/260 V AC, 50-60 Hz600 Watts MaximumComputer InterfaceUniversal Serial BusPowerSuite Software (sold separately) PowerSINE Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy PowerCORR Corrosion MeasurementPowerCV Cyclic VoltammetryPowerSTEP Chronoamperometry/Chronopotentiometry PowerPULSE Electroanalytical SoftwareFor discounts available on bundled packages, please contact your local sales representative.Operating SystemMicrosoft Windows‚ 95/98/2000/NT/XP。

DIGI BOARD 2数字技术实验板说明书

The DIGI BOARD 2has been developed for the in-struction and detailed study of fundamental digital tech-nology,non-contact control engineering and microcom-puter technology.All the function groups re-quired for conducting experi-ments in digital technology are integrated in the DIGI BOARD 2and supplied with power by a built-in power supply unit.The individual function groups are connected in 2mm connection technique.The DIGI BOARD 2can be set up as a desktop unit for conducting experiments or suspended in a rack for demonstration purposes.The DIGI BOARD 2can be converted into a portable training unit by simply screw-ing it into a Box:All the ex-periments can be conducted directly in the Box.Dust-free storage and protection against transport damages are further advantages of the Box version.The experiment manual…Experiments in Digital Tech -nology”(Type V 0160)is of-fered together with the DIGI BOARD 2.This manual contains detai-led experiment instructions with problems and solutions section.Function Groups of theDIGI BOARD 2-2input keyboards with 4pairs of keys (L/H)each-Clock generator with divider,TTL level,crys-tal-controlled-DC signal source 0...5V/10mA-Hexadecimal/dual coding switch (double)-LED display,divided into 3groups with the colours red,yellow,green -HIGH/LOW,for tapping HIGH,LOW states-7-segment display (2-digit),with decoder:dual/7-segment-Adapter (2mm jacks/SUB-D socket),for adapt-ing 2mm jacks to SUB-D connector (25-pin),pins 1...13and 18assigned -8AND gates,with pull-up Resistors,one gate is disconnectable-6OR gates,with pull-down Resistors,one gate is disconnectable -3AND/OR combi-gates -1-bit comparator.Universal training and exercise unit for fundamental digital technology/microcomputer technology.The DIGI BOARD 2contains all function groups and the power supply for fast experiment setup.Can be used as a desktop,demonstration or portable training unit .Individual expansion possibilities.With an adapter for connection to a computerDIGI BOARD 2 (Type 3910)14 / 14 V 02 T e c h ni c a l c h a n g e s w i t h o u t p r i o r n o t i c e !1/2hps SystemTechnikLehr- + Lernmittel GmbH Altdorfer Strasse 16 88276 Berg Tel.: Fax: Web: E-Mail:7 51 / 5 60 75 80 7 51 / 5 60 75 77 (Germany)+ 49 + 49****************************Competence in TrainingSystemTechnik-4-bit comparator-4JK-flipflops,can also be used as RS flipflops-4D-flipflops-2adders(4-bit),with input and output carry-Monoflop,settable times: 0.1s;1s;5s-Multiplexer,4channels-Demultiplexer,4channels -Shift register(4-bit),paral-lel and serial operation possible,bidirectional-ALU,for conducting16 arithmetic and16logical computing operations with 4-bit dual numbers-Binary counter(4-bit),up/down counter-2inverters with open col-lector(pull-up resistors can be connected)-2Schmitt triggers,invert-ing-Units complements for negating a4-bit binary number-Antivalence and equiva-lence gates-RAM8x4,static RAM,8addresses,4bits data width -EEPROM8x4,storagetime without power supplyapprox.1hour-AD/DA converter(4-bit)-Two slots for expanding acircuit with additionalplug-in modulesDigital Technology/Microcomputer TechnologyTechnical DataMains connection-Voltages(via LE connector):230V AC / 115V(110V)AC;30VA;50... 60HzIntegrated power supply for additional plug-in modules5V DC/max.1A;the power is supplied via the plugs in the baseof the modules.DC voltage source+5V / 0.5AFor connecting external equipmentIC componentsAll IC components are inserted in sockets.Mechanical designThe front panel of the DIGI BOARD2is made of5mm thickLaminate,matt blue in colour with white engraving representingthe built-in function groups.The rear of the DIGI BOARD2is protected with a grey plasticcover.Its shape allows the Board to be placed at an ergonomi-cally favourable angle for example on a table.Dimensions and weights-Board version,Type3910:532x297x95mm(w x h x d);weight:3.5kg-Box version,Type3910and Type3910.20:580x450x155mm;weight:7.5kgRecommendedAccessoriesExperiment manual:…Experiments inDigital Technology”(Type V0160)with prob-lems and solutions sectionfor the following subjects:--Basic logical circuits-Schmitt triggers-Bistable flipflops-Monostable flipflops-Code converters,coders-Computing circuits-Counting circuits-Register circuits-Multiplex mode-ALU-Memory circuits-Analog-digital converter,digital-analog converter-Set of Accessories(Type3910.1),comprising2mm connecting leads(60in all)The components listed below are used for setting up experi-ments above and beyond those described in the experimentmanual…Experiments in Digital Technology”(Type V0160).-IC BOARD(Type3530)-IC Socket,dual-in-line(Type9156)-IC Socket,20-pin(Type9156.2)-IC Socket,28-pin(Type9156.3)-Assembly kit comprising:Empty Housings(Type9152.7)Universal PCB,with dot grid(Type9167)Universal PCB,with line grid(Type9167.1)Jacks(Type9168),Stickers(Type9162.5-6)Expansion PossibilitiesSubject to technical modifications. Competence in TrainingSystemTechnik2/2。

哈工大博士学位论文模板

1.3
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第 2 章基本使用 ..................................................................................... 3
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学 ................................................................................ 7
3.2 学
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第 1 章绪论 ............................................................................................ 1
1.1
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LATEX TEMPLATE FOR MASTER/DOCTOR THESIS/DISSERTATION OF HARBIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Candidate: Supervisor: Academic Degree Applied for: Specialty: Affiliation: Date of Defense: Degree-Conferring-Institution:

机器人的组成外文翻译

附录外文翻译：机器人的组成(1)hobby engineeringIts easier to learn about building robots if you take it one step at a time. This menu breaks a fairly complex robot into bite-sized pieces (or byte-sized for you programmers) to make the information easier to digest. We think that this is a good way to both learn about robots and to plan your actual construction. If you try to do everything at once you are likely to end up with a mess. If you plan and build in small steps, you are almost guaranteed success.(2)ControllersThe controller is the brains of your computer. The controller receives information from sensors and the input part of the human interface. It then decides what to do and sends instructions to the motion systems, actuators and the output part of the human interface. There are many types of controllers with different amounts of processing power and varying numbers and types of "pins" which connect to sensors, motors and the other part of the robot.In order for your controller or your robot to do anything, you must write a program and load that program into the controller's memory. Depending on your choice of controller, this can be fairly simple or extremely complicated. We recommend controllers using the Parallax Basic Stamp as the starting point for almost everyone. These controllers are programmed in an easy-to-learn language and have an integrated program loading system that is nearly 100% reliable. The Basic Stamp almost guarantees a fast start in programming whereas most alternatives require overcoming a significant level of difficulty just to get started. Even if you intend to "graduate" to more complex programming systems you will probably find the Basic Stamp a useful tool for investigating new ideas before developing your production code.(3)SensorsSensors provide your robot with information about its environment. Different sensors tell your robot about sights, sounds, pressures, temperatures and many other characteristics of the world around it.In many cases sensor components provide "data" when what you want is "information". Forinstance, a sonar component may report that an echo came back in .05ms when what you really want to know is that a robot is charging you from two feet away. In some cases the volume of data from sensor components is more than can be handled by a robot controller -- too much data can be as useless as no data at all. Because of this, many of sensor products are actually "smart" subsystems with specialized logic to evaluate the data stream and simplify programming your robot's main controller.When considering sensors, your first step is to identify what you want your robot to sense and how quickly and reliably you want to acquire that information. While "I want to know everything, right now, without error" sounds like a good specification, it probably isn't achievable and it definitely wouldn't be affordable. All practical sensors have definite limits of accuracy, range, resolution and repeatability. Each little increase in performance requires a large increase in cost so you will often accept what you can afford rather than insist on what you would like.While sensors are warranted to meet their specifications, they aren't guaranteed to do what you want in the way you want. While an IR distance sensor may be 99% accurate in the testing lab, your results may be less perfect in a competitive environment when your sensors may get confused by random reflections, your opponents sensors or even intentional interference. In order to be fully effective, you may need to compare the results from multiple sensors and/or filter the data to ignore results that seem inconsistent. As with every part of your robot, maximum effectiveness requires careful evaluation of real-world results and fine-tuning of your robot's circuits and program. This is not a "Plug And Play" hobby!When evaluating sensors, you want to know the following:○1What is actually being measured? For example, most distance sensors don't really measure distance. They measure how long it takes to receive an echo after they send a signal. You have to consider the possibility that the echo" is actually a stray signal and then find a way to eliminate those false readings. Reliable distance tracking systems usually look for patterns of consistent readings○2How many connections of what kind are required to connect the sensor to your controller? Do you have enough of those kinds of pins available on your controller? Does the signal need to be processed though an ADC or other hardware device to be usable by your program?○3How much power does the sensor require and at what voltage(s)? Will you have to increase your robots battery and power regulation capacity?A thorough technical evaluation of a sensor may require more knowledge than you possess. Fortunately, you can generally get good results by relying on common sense and the helpful nature of most other builders. The sensors we offer have all been used successful by builders of varying levels, so you can feel confident that you aren't attempting the impossible when you select one of the sensors we offer. We have tried to write product descriptions that translate the technical specifications into common English (common American to our off-shore friends) -- but keep in mind that something can get lost in any translation. Finally a search of the WEB will find you many examples of circuits and programs. (In the near future we will have our own samples posted with each product description.)(4)Robot Base KitsThe base is your robots skelton and it main functions are to hold all the other parts together and to protect delicate parts from harm. A base can be as simple as a scrap piece of wood or as complicated as a space ship.In many cases the design of the base is completely intertwined with the design of the motion systems. Sometimes the mechanical components for a robot can be "borrowed" from a toy or other hobby. Radio controlled planes, cars and boats (including submarines) have been used to provide the base and motion system of robots.(5)Human Communications SystemsYour robot can "talk" to you via computer generated voice, blinking lights and text displays. It can "listen" to your instructions sent by keyboard, switches or wireless remote control. Computer people prefer to use the word "output" instead of "talk" and "input" instead of "listen", but you know what they mean.(6)ActuatorsAn actuator is any device that makes your robot do something. Motion Systems and the output part of the Human Communications Systems are just specialized actuators which are important enough that we though they deserved their own sections.Actuators can move things or control other devices. Almost any device operated with electricitycan become an actuator. Depending on the device it may be connected directly to the controller or indirectly by an H-Bridge or relay. Your robot can also control things remotely using radio frequency or infrared transmission or even over the internet. The X-10 home control system allows your robot to control household lights and appliances.(7)Motion SystemsRobots are usually moved by a combination of wheels, gears, motors and associated electronics. Sometimes motor systems are assembled piece-by-piece but the most common form of robot motion these days comes from servos similar to the kind used with radio controlled airplanes. While most robots roll, it is possible to build robots that walk, jump or even swim or fly.A continuous rotation servo is a modified hobby servo that can rotate 360 degrees in either direction. These servos are economical and provide a neat system of motors, gears and electronics that can be directly connected to most robot controllers. A number of different types of wheels are available which attach directly to the servo axle. Most simple robots use two servos to provide both motion and direction control. Direction is controlled by what is called "differential steering" -- steering by varying the speed and direction of each wheel. If your robot needs to turn left, just slow or stop the left wheel servo while maintaining or increasing the speed of the right wheel. The bigger the difference in speed, the sharper the turn.Motion systems can become as complicated as you choose and often require custom design and building of the mechanical and electronic components. Sometimes the mechanical components can be "borrowed" from a toy or other hobby. Radio controlled planes, cars and boats (including submarines) have been used to provide the base and motion system of robots.An H-Bridge is an electronic circuit which translates and boosts controller output signals to the level required to drive a standard electric motor with variable speed and direction. An H-Bridge is built into hobby servos, so they can be connected directly to the controller. When using other types of motors you need to provide your own H-Bridge. These can be purchased as completed assemblies or assembled from components.(1)爱好工程如果你采取每次一小步的策略。

英语畅谈中国

英语畅谈中国China, as one of the world's oldest civilizations, has been a cradle of culture, innovation and progress since ancient times. From the Bronze Age, through the dynasties and empires, and into the modern era, Chinese people have contributed immensely to the world's history, economy and art. As I am a language model AI, I cannot express personal opinions, but I can provide a factual and informative account of China's achievements, challenges, and potential.China is a country that encompasses vast territories, diverse ethnicities, and a complex political system. Its population of over 1.4 billion people, which constitutes about 18% of the world's total, has been a source of both strength and challenge. China's economic growth over the past decades has been unprecedented, lifting millions of people out of poverty and creating a large middle class. It is the world's largest trading nation, the largest exporter of goods, and the second-largest importer of goods. China's economic power has been linked to its manufacturing prowess, technological advancements, and hardworking population.In terms of innovation, China has been making remarkable strides in recent years. The government has invested heavily in research and development, and the country has become a global leader in fields such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and genomics. Chinese tech giants like Huawei, Tencent, and Alibaba have transformed the digital landscape with their products and services. China has also been a driving force in renewable energy, with the world's largest installed capacity of solar and wind power.China's art and culture are equally rich and varied. From ancient calligraphy and painting to modern cinema and music, Chinese art has evolved and adapted to changing tastes and realities. Traditional architecture such as the Forbidden City and the Great Wall are iconic symbols of Chinese culture, while contemporary buildings like the Bird's Nest and the Shanghai Tower showcase China's cutting-edge engineering and design.Despite its many achievements, China faces significant challenges as well. The country's population is rapidly aging, and the one-child policy has resulted in a gender imbalance and a shrinking workforce. Environmental concerns such as air pollution, water scarcity, and habitat destruction are also major issues that need to be addressed. China's political system, which is dominated by the Communist Party, has been criticized for its lack of transparency, human rights violations, and censorship.In conclusion, China is a country that holds immense potential but also faces substantial challenges. Its impressive economic growth, technological advancements, and rich cultural heritage make it a global player to be reckoned with. However, its large population, environmental issues, and political system present significant hurdles that must be overcome in the years ahead. With its strong work ethic, innovative spirit, and ancient wisdom, China has the capacity to meet these challenges and continue to shape the world in the 21st century.China's impressive economic growth can be traced back to the implementation of economic reform policies in the late 1970s that shifted the country from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented one. The success of China's economic transformation has been attributed to its ability tobalance the demands of economic growth with political stability, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability. However, the country's rapid development has also created some tensions and imbalances that need to be addressed to sustain long-term growth.One of the most pressing challenges facing China today is its rapidly aging population. The country's one-child policy, which was in effect for over three decades, has resulted in a demographic time bomb that will have far-reaching social and economic consequences. China's elderly population is expected to reach 487 million by 2050, accounting for more than one-third of the total population. This demographic shift will place immense pressure on the country's healthcare and social security systems and reduce the workforce, which could impact economic growth.Another challenge is environmental degradation, which has become a major concern for China's leaders and citizens alike. The country's rapid industrialization and urbanization have caused severe air and water pollution, soil contamination, and habitat destruction. The government has acknowledged the severity of these problems and has embarked on a range of initiatives to address them, including investing in renewable energy, promoting green technologies, and implementing stricter environmental regulations. However, the scale of the challenge is immense, and much more needs to be done to protect the country's natural resources and promote sustainable development.China's political system is also an area of concern for many observers, particularly those who value the principles of democracy, human rights, and freedom of expression. TheCommunist Party of China (CPC) has maintained a tight grip on power since 1949, and there is little room for dissent or opposition. China's media is controlled by the state, and censorship is widespread, especially on topics deemed sensitive by the government. Human rights abuses against ethnic minorities, political dissidents, and members of religious groups have also been reported. While there have been some efforts to address these issues, such as legal reforms and anti-corruption campaigns, the pace of change has been slow, and there is still a long way to go before China can be considered a fully democratic society.Despite these challenges, China's strengths and achievements cannot be overlooked. The country's commitment to innovation and technology has helped it become a world leader in several industries. For example, China is home to the world's largest high-speed rail network, and its mobile payments systems are among the most advanced and widely used globally. China is also investing heavily in emerging technologies like blockchain, 5G, and artificial intelligence, which could help it stay ahead of the curve in the digital age.China's cultural heritage is also a source of pride for the country's citizens. The country's long history and diverse ethnic groups have given rise to a rich tapestry of arts, literature, music, and cuisine. Traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts are also highly-regarded and have gained recognition worldwide. China has also been successful in promoting its cultural assets through various initiatives, such as the Belt and Road Initiative and the Confucius Institutes program, which promote Chinese language and culture around the world.As China continues to navigate its path forward, balancing economic growth, political stability, environmental sustainability, and social harmony, it faces both opportunities and challenges. The country's global economic influence is not in question, and as the world's largest market, China is a critical partner for many nations. More than one-third of the world's population lives in China, so any shifts in its policies and priorities will have a significant impact on the world. As such, it is vital that China strive to address its challenges while leveraging its strengths to ensure a stable and prosperous future for its citizens and the world at large.。

PLC全英文ppt课件全文

•The PLC have been widely used In the power system , such as intelligent electric meter with PLC.
•intelligent e lectric meter s with PLC
• In these applications, the PLC replaced the hardwired logic with relay ladder logic, a programming language visually resembling the hardwired logic reduced the time for designing a control system from 6 months down to 6 days.
UEENEED007B
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)
by Lily (Liu Qingping)
Introduction
• Three points: • What is PLC? • History and development of PLC • PLC Structure
PLC control system. • The program of PLC is simple, and it’s easy to change
the program on computer.
The type of software program
• Statement List (STL) • Ladder Diagram (LAD) • Sequential Function Chart (SFC)
•Learning outcome:

英文翻译口译分类词汇：科技类词汇

英⽂写作翻译频道为⼤家整理的英⽂翻译⼝译分类词汇：科技类词汇，供⼤家参考:) 科技科学发展观 concept of scientific development全民科学⽂化素质 scientific and cultural qualities of the entire people发展科技 scientific and technological advancement科教兴国 revitalize China through science and education农业技术 agricultural technology⽣态农业environmental-friendly agriculture⽆⼟栽培 soil -less cultivationBP机, 传呼 beeper, pager背投屏幕 rear projection screen不明飞⾏物 unidentified flying object (UFO)操作系统 operating system产品科技含量 technological element of a product创新 innovation电话会议 teleconference电话留⾔机 answering machine对讲机 talkie and walkie多媒体 multimedia防抱死系统 ABS (anti-lock braking system)孵化器 incubator⾼产优质 high yield and high quality⾼技术产业化 apply high technology to production⾼科技板块 high-tech sector⾼科技园 high-tech park个⼈数字助理 PDA (personal digital assistant)⼯业园区 industrial park国家质量技术监督局 the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision国家重点实验室 national key laboratories⽕炬计划 Torch Program (a plan to develop new and high technology)计算机中央处理器 central processing unit(CPU)技术密集产品technology-intensive product交叉学科interdisciplinary branch of science科技成果转化为⽣产⼒ transfer of scientific and technological achievements into productive forces 科技含量 technology content科技基础设施science and technology infrastructure科技是第⼀⽣产⼒ Science and technology constitute a primary productive force科技体制改⾰reform of the science and technology management system科技与经济脱节 science and technology are out of line from the economy可持续发展战略strategy of sustainable development纳⽶ nanometer三峡⽔利枢纽⼯程the key water control project at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River 物种起源 origin of species新兴学科 new branch of science研究成果 research results在孵企业incubated enterprises⾃动取款机 automatic teller machine (ATM)⾃然科学与社会科学的交叉融合integration of natural and social sciencesIT 信息技术信息港 info port信息⾼地 information highland信息⾼速公路information superhighway信息⾰命information revolution信息含量information content信息化 informationization信息技术处理ITA – Information Technology Agreement信息检索information retrieval办公⾃动化 OA (Office Automation)笔记本电脑 laptop / notebook / portable computer电脑病毒 computer virus电脑犯罪computer crime电⼦管理 e-management电⼦货币e-currency电⼦商务e-business; e-commerce电⼦商务认证e-business certification电⼦邮件 E-mail⾮对称数字⽤户环路 ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop)⾼速宽带互联 high-speed broadband networks公告板BBS (bulletin board system)光盘杂志CD-ROM magazine⼴域WAN (wide area net word)汉字处理软件 Chinese character processing software⿊客hacker计算机2000年问题 Y2K problem计算机辅助教育CAI –computer assisted instruction计算机辅助设计 CAD-computer assisted design计算机合成制造 CAM-computer assisted manufacturing计算机中央处理器 CPU – central processing unit超⽂本传送协议 hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)界⾯ interface⾦融电⼦化 computerized financial services局域 LAN – local area network互联服务提供商 ISP (Internet Service Provider)全球移动通信系统 ( 全球通) global system for mobile communications (GSM)刻录机 CD burner宽带接⼊ broadband access宽带 broadband networks内联、局域 (计算机) Intranet垃圾邮件 junk mail千年问题、千年⾍ millennium bug; Y2K bug⼈⼯智能 AI – artificial intelligence⼈机交互 human - computer interaction⼈机交互 human-computer interaction虚拟⼈ visual human虚拟 virtual net虚拟virtual net虚拟现实virtual reality虚拟银⾏ virtual bank因特服务提供商ISP- internet service provider万维 World Wide Web(WWW)应⽤软件internet applications域名 domain在线on line掌上电脑palm computer政府上⼯程 Government Online Project只读存储器 read-only-memory (ROM)智能感知技术 perceptive technology智能终端 intelligent terminal中⽂信息处理系统 Chinese information processing system数码科技digital technology⾼保真 Hi-Fi ( High Fidelity)⾼清晰度电视 high definition TV (HDTV)光⾕ optical valley光通讯optical communication蓝光光盘 Blue -ray Disc数码港 cyber port数字地球 digital globe数字蜂窝移动通信 digital cellular mobile telecommunications三维电影 three-dimensional movie三维动画 three-dimensional animation[详析] “蓝光光盘” 利⽤蓝⾊的激光束来刻录数据。

外文翻译外文文献英文文献国内混合动力汽车发展

China Hybrid Electric Vehicle DevelopmentWith the depletion of oil resources, increase awareness of environmental protection, hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles will become the first decades of the new century, the development of mainstream cars and automobile industry become the consensus of all of the industry. The Chinese government also has the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) specifically listed, including hybrid vehicles, including electric cars of major projects. At present, China's independent innovation of new energy vehicles in the process, adhere to the government support to core technology, key components and system integration focusing on the principles established in hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles as a "three vertical "To vehicle control systems, motor drive systems, power battery / fuel cell for the "three horizontal" distribution of R & D, through close links between production cooperation, China's independent innovation of hybrid cars has made significant progress.With completely independent intellectual property rights form the power system technology platform, established a hybrid electric vehicle technology development. Is the core of hybrid vehicles batteries (including battery management system) technology. In addition, also include engine technology, motor control, vehicle control technology, engine and electrical interface between the power conversion and is also the key. From the current situation, China has established a hybrid electric vehicle power system through Cooperative R & D technology platforms and systems, made a series of breakthroughs for vehicle development has laid a solid foundation. As of January 31, 2009,Technology in hybrid vehicles, China Intellectual Property Office to receive and open for the 1116 patent applications in China. In 1116 patent applications, invention 782 (authority for the 107), utility model for the 334.Mastered the entire vehicle key development, the formation of a capability to develop various types of electric vehicles. Hybrid cars in China in systems integration, reliability, fuel economy and other aspects of the marked progress in achieving fueleconomy of different technical solutions can be 10% -40%. Meanwhile, the hybrid vehicle automotive enterprises and industrial R & D investment significantly enhanced, accelerating the pace of industrialization. Currently, domestic automakers have hybrid vehicles as the next major competitive products in the strategic high priority, FAW, Dongfeng, SAIC Motor, Changan, Chery, BYD, etc. have put a lot of manpower, material resources,Hybrid prototyping has been completed, and some models have achieved low-volume market.FAW GroupDevelopment Goal: By 2012, the Group plans to build an annual capacity of 11,000 hybrid cars, hybrid bus production base of 1000.FAW Group since 1999 and a new energy vehicles for theoretical research and development work, and the development of a red car performance hybrid sample. "15" period, the FAW Group is committed to the national "863" major project in the "red card in series hybrid electric vehicle research and development" mission, officially began the research and development of new energy vehicles. Beginning in 2006, FAW B70 in the Besturn, based on the technology for hybrid-based research, the original longitudinal into transverse engine assembly engine assembly, using a transverse engine and dual-motor hybrid technology. At the same time, FAW also pay close attention to the engine, mechanical and electrical integration, transmission, vehicle control networks, vehicle control systems development, the current FAW hybrid electric car has achieved 42% fuel saving effect, reached the international advanced level.Jiefang CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric BusFAW "Liberation brand CA6100HEV Hybrid Electric Bus" project is a national "863" electric vehicle major projects funded project, with pure electric drive, the engine alone drives (and charge), the joint drive motor starts the engine, and sliding regenerative braking 5 kinds of basic operation. The power hybrid electric bus and economy to the leading level, 38% fuel economy than traditional buses, emissions reduced by 30%.Red Flag CA7180AE hybrid carsRed Flag hybrid cars CA7180AE according to the national "863 Plan" is the first in complete with industrial prospects of the car, it is built on the basis of red car with good performance and operational smoothness. Series which is a hybrid sedan, the luxury car ,0-100km acceleration time of 14s, fuel-efficient than traditional cars by about 50%, Euro Ⅲemission standard.Besturn B70 hybrid carsBesturn B70 Hybrid cars using petrol - electric hybrid approach. Dual motor power system programs, mixed degree of 40/103, is all mixed (Full-Hybrid, also known as re-mixed) configurations. Besturn B70 Hybrid cars are petrol version costs two to three times Besturn models, mass production will be gradually reduced after the costs, even if this hybrid version Besturn market, the price certainly higher than the existing Besturn models, but high the price of petrol will not exceed 30% version of Besturn models.SAICDevelopment Goals: 2010 launch in the mixed hybrid cars, plug-in 2012, SAIC strong mix of cars and pure electric cars will be on the market.In the R & D on new energy vehicles, SAIC made clear to focus on hybrid, fuel cell for the direction, and speed up the development of alternative products. Hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, alternative fuel vehicles as a new energy strategy SAIC three key.2010 SAIC Roewe 750 hybrid cars in the mix will be put on the market, during the World Expo in Shanghai, SAIC will put 150 hybrid cars in the Expo Line on the River Run. 2012 Roewe 550 plug-in hybrid cars will be strong market, the current car's power system has been launched early development and progress.Apply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1stApply the new hybrid bus moving on the 1st Academy of Engineering by the SAIC and Shanghai Jiaotong University and other units jointly developed with independent intellectual property rights. Existing cities in the Sunwin Bus Powerplatform, "the new dynamic application No. 1" uses a parallel hybrid electric vehicle drive program, so that hybrid electric vehicle operating conditions in the electric air-conditioning, steering, braking and other accessories still able to work without additional electric system, while use of super capacitors, to improve starting power, braking energy recovery efficiency, thereby enhancing vehicle dynamic performance, reduce fuel consumption. Car length 10m, width 2.5m, high-3.2m, can accommodate 76 people.Roewe 750 hybrid carsRoewe 750 hybrid cars in the mixed system with BSG (Belt drive start generating one machine), with "smart stop zero-emission" and "environmental protection and the power of both the" two prominent features of a top speed of 205 km / h, the maximum added driving range of up to 500 km. As for the industrialization of SAIC's first own-brand hybrid car, the Roewe 750 hybrid integrated hybrid fuel-efficient cars can achieve rates of around 20%.Dongfeng Motor GroupDevelopment Goals: Plans move into 33 billion in 10 years to develop a range of environmentally friendly hybrid vehicles, including cars.EQ7200HEV hybrid carsEQ7200HEV hybrid cars are "863" project of major projects and major strategic projects of Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The car is EQ7200-Ⅱmodel (Fengshen Bluebird cars) is based on an electronically controlled automatic transmission with innovative electromechanical coupling in parallel programs, configure DC brushless motor and nickel-hydrogen batteries, plans to "10 5 "during the industrialization. Industrialization, the vehicle cost more than EQ7200 cars increase in costs ≤30%.EQ61100HEV Hybrid Electric BusEQ61100HEV electric hybrid bus by Dongfeng Vehicle Company Limited Joint Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Textile Co., Ltd. and Hunan sharp Electromechanical Technology Co., Ltd. jointly developed Shenzhou. EQ61100HEV hybrid electric bus with switched reluctance motor, Cummins ISBe1504 cylinder common rail electronic injection diesel engine, new chassis design of the system,electronically controlled automatic transmission and innovative electromechanical coupling parallel program. In the annual output reached 200, the vehicle cost more than the increase in automobile engine equipped with 6CT ≤30%.China ChanganDevelopment Goals: the next three years, the formation of different grades, different purposes, carry a different system of mixed platforms, weak mix of scale, strong mixed industrial R & D capabilities, covering commercial, A grade, B grade, C grade products. 2014 will achieve sales of new energy vehicles 150 000 2020 sales of new energy vehicles for more than 500,000."Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, Chang-an increased investment in clean energy vehicles, a diversified energy technologies to carry out exploratory research. Environmental protection through energy-saving models continues to introduce new technology to lead the industry to upgrade and fully utilize and mobilize global resources, Chang'an in the middle hybrid cars, hybrid cars and other technological strength of the field are explored. Chang's first hybrid car long Anjie Xun HEV was successfully listed in June 2009; the first batch of 20 hybrid taxis Long An Zhixiang in January of this year officially put into operation in Chongqing.CheryDevelopment Goals: after 2010, more than half of Chery's products carry different levels of hybrid systems.From 2003 to 2008, mainly mixed with moderate Chery hybrid cars and energy saving system development, and industrialization; Chery in Wuhu, a taxi has been carried out on probation, fuel consumption will be reduced by 10% to 30% to reach Europe ⅣStandard. Since 2004, Chery hybrid cars mainly for the development of strong and industrialization. Chery hybrid car fuel consumption target to reach 100 km 3 liters, to reach Europe and the United States emissions regulations.Chery A5BSGChery A5BSG is a weak parallel hybrid electric car, using fuel engines, electric engines complementary mode, the two different power sources in the car while driving to work together or separately, through this combination to achieve the leastfuel consumption and exhaust emissions, in order to achieve fuel efficiency and environmental protection purposes. Compared with the conventional car, the car in urban conditions can save 10% -15% of fuel and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by about 12%, while costs increased by only about 25% -30%.Chery A5ISGChery A5 ISG hybrid power system consists of "1.3L gasoline engine + 5-speed manual transmission +10 kW motor +144 V Ni-MH battery," the composition of the battery system used by the Johnson Controls developed "plug-in" nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), motor with permanent magnet synchronous motor and with the motor control system, inverter and DC / DC converters. The system enables the vehicle power to 1.6L displacement level and rate of 30% fuel savings and significantly reduce the emissions of Euro V standards.Cherry A3ISGChery A3 ISG has 1.3L473F gasoline engine and equipped with 10KW motor. By gasoline engines and electric motors with torque overlay approach to dynamic mixed to provide the best vehicle power operating efficiency and energy saving environmental protection goals. Chery A3 ISG also has Stop_Restart the idling stop function such as flame start to start (BSG function), to reduce red light in the vehicle stopped or suspended when the fuel consumption and emissions expenses.FY 2BSGFY 2 BSG carry 1.5LSQR477F inline four-cylinder engine configuration BSG start / stop and so one electric motor, red light in the vehicle stopped the driver into the gap, it will automatically enter standby mode to turn off the engine, starting moments after the entry block automatically start the engine. FY 2 BSG vehicle average fuel consumption than the 1.5L petrol cars reduce about 5-10%, average fuel consumption can be reduced up to 15%.BYD AutoDevelopment Goal: to electric cars as a transitional mode, the electric car as the ultimate goal, the development of new energy cars BYD.BYD follow the "independent research and development, independent production, independent brand" development path, and the "core technology, vertical integration" development strategy, as the transition to dual-mode electric vehicles, electric vehicles as the ultimate goal, the development of BYD new energy vehicles.国内混合动力汽车发展随着石油资源的枯竭、人们环保意识的提高，混合动力汽车及电动汽车将成为新世纪前几十年汽车发展的主流，并成为我国汽车界所有业内人士的共识。

地方本科院校材料成型及控制工程专业应用型人才培养研究

摘要该文从人才培养目标、课程体系和知识结构、实验实习基地、师资队伍建设、人才培养方案实施五个方面对常熟理工学院材料成型及控制工程专业应用型人才培养模式进行了研究。

在人才培养方案中设置理实一体化模块，在实施过程中加强校企合作，学生的应用能力得到大幅提升。

关键词材料成型及控制工程；应用型人才；培养目标；课程体系Research on the Cultivation of Application-oriented Tal-ents Majoring in Material Forming and Control Engineer-ing in Local Undergraduate Colleges //GUO Guolin,CUI Chenshuo,OU Wenmin,YU Xueyong,ZHANG Yaocheng Abstract This paper studies the application-oriented talent training model of the material forming and control engineering major of Changshu Institute of Technology from five aspects:tal-ent training objectives,curriculum system and knowledge struc-ture,experimental practice base,teacher team construction,and implementation of talent training programs.By setting up the the-ory-practice integration module in the talent training plan,and strengthening school-enterprise cooperation in the implementa-tion process,students’application ability has been greatly im-proved.Key words material forming and control engineering;applica-tion-oriented talents;training objectives;curriculum system2018年，教育部召开第一次地方应用型本科高校发展工作座谈会，引导新建本科院校坚持走地方应用型大学的发展之路，瞄准服务域，紧紧围绕应用型人才培养这个中心，走从“新建”到“新型”的建设发展之路，建设神形兼备的一流地方应用型大学[1-3]。

金士顿SSD KC400 说明书

/SSD> 15 times faster than a hard drive > Business class reliability with advanced data protection> Legendary pre- and post-sales support > Available in a range of full capacitiesKingston’s KC400 SSD is 15 times faster than a hard drive to deliver consistent performance for both compressible and incompressible data and improve responsiveness in performance-hungry applications. It uses a Phison PS3110-S10 8-channel controller and quad-core processor to speed up daily tasks and improve productivity.KC400 provides end-to-end data path protection and SmartECC to guard data plus SmartRefresh to protect against read errors. Data is rebuilt if there’s an error, and the drive is able to recover from an unexpected power shutdown, thanks to firmware-controlled power loss management. Advances in controller technology and NAND give this drive excellent data reliability.KC400 is backed by a limited five-year warranty 1 and legendary Kingston support, including technical teams ready to help you select the right solid-state drive for your needs, and global, industry-leading post-sales support plus Kingston’s Ask an Expert program. To monitor and manage your drive, there’s the Kingston SSD Manager, a free, downloadable application available on the Kingston website.To suit your needs, KC400 is available in 128GB, 256GB, 512GB and1TB capacities 2.KC400 Solid-State DriveFast, reliable performance.Features/specs on reverse >>THIS DOCUMENT SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.©2016 Kingston Technology Corporation, 17600 Newhope Street, Fountain Valley, CA 92708 USA. All rights reserved.All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. USMKD-332.1KC400 Solid-State DriveFEATURES/ BENEFITS>15 times faster than a hard drive — Increase user productivity and cut time spent on everyday tasks with KC400’s impressive speeds. >Five-year limited warranty — For peace of mind, KC400 is backed by a limited five-year warranty and free technical support.>Easy installation — KC400 is available in an upgrade bundle kit that has everything you need for an easy installation.>Multiple capacities — KC400 is available in a range of capacities, from 128GB to 1TB, to meet your needs.SPECIFICATIONS> Form factor 2.5"> Interface SATA Rev. 3.0 (6Gb/s) – with backwards compatibility to SATA Rev. 2.0 (3Gb/s)> Capacities 2 128GB, 256GB, 512GB, 1TB > Controller Phison 3110> Sequential Read/Write 3SATA Rev. 3.0 – 128GB – up to: 550/450MB/s 256GB – up to: 550/540MB/s 512GB – up to: 550/530MB/s 1TB – up to: 550/530MB/s > Maximum 4k Read/Write 3 128GB – up to 99,000/87,000 IOPS 256GB – up to 99,000/88,000 IOPS 512GB – up to 99,000/86,000 IOPS 1TB – up to 99,000/89,000 IOPS > Random 4k Read/Write 3 128GB – up to 88,000/87,000 IOPS 256GB – up to 88,000/89,000 IOPS 512GB – up to 86,000/88,000 IOPS 1TB – up to 86,000/89,000 IOPS > PCMARK® Vantage HDD Suite Score 84,000> Enterprise S.M.A.R.T. Tools reliability tracking, usage statistics, life remaining, wear leveling, temperature> Total Bytes Written (TBW)4 128GB: 150TB and 0.65 DWPD 5 256GB: 300TB or 0.65 DWPD 5 512GB: 800TB or 0.87 DWPD 5 1TB: 1600TB or 0.89 DWPD 5> Power Consumption 0.255 W Idle / 0.335 W Avg / 1.22 W (MAX) Read / 3.74 W (MAX) Write> Storage temperature -40°C~85°C > Operating temperature 0°C~70°C> Dimensions 69.9mm x 100.1mm x 7.0mm > Weight 60g> Vibration operating 2.17G Peak (7–800Hz)> Vibration non-operating 20G Peak (10–2000Hz)> MTBF 1 million hours> Warranty/support Limited 5-year warranty with free technical support 11 Limited warranty based on 5 years or SSD “Life Remaining” which can be found using the Kingston SSD Manager (/SSDManager). A new, unused product will show a wear indicator value of one hundred (100), whereas a product that has reached its endurance limit of program erase cycles will show a wear indicator value of one (1). See /wa for details.2 Some of the listed capacity on a Flash storage device is used for formatting and other functions and thus is not available for data storage. As such, the actual available capacity for data storage is less than what is listed on the products. For more information, go to Kingston’s Flash Memory Guide at /flashguide.3 Based on “out-of-box performance” using a SATA Rev. 3.0 motherboard. Speed may vary due to host hardware, software, and usage. IOMETER Random 4k Random Read/Write is based on 8GB partition.4 Total Bytes Written (TBW) is derived from the JEDEC Client Workload (JESD219A).5 Drive Writes Per Day (DWPD)6 Operating system software support: Windows® 10, 8.1, 8,7 (SP1), Vista® (SP1,SP2), XP (SP3)SKC400S37/128G SKC400S3B7A/128G SKC400S37/256G SKC400S3B7A/256G SKC400S37/512G SKC400S3B7A/512G SKC400S37/1T SKC400S3B7A/1TBundle Includes:- 2.5" SSD- 2.5" USB Enclosure- 3.5" bracket and mounting screws - SATA power and data cable - 7mm-9.5mm adapter- Hard drive cloning software – download coupon 6PART NUMBERS。

2023届高考英语最新热点时文阅读：人工智能

2023年高考英语新热点时文阅读——人工智能01（2022·江西·贵溪市实验中学高三开学考试）You might have seen the news about the first robot ever to get a citizenship of a country. Her name is Sophia. She has become a citizen of Saudi Arabia.Sophia is the latest robot from Hanson Robotics, a HongKong-based company, and she was designed to interact (互动) with people, go into the world, learn and be a smart and compassionate (富有同情心的) robot. The creator and founder of Hanson Robotics, Dr David Hanson, wanted to incorporate three human features to his robots, with the three, being creativity, empathy (同理心) and compassion. This is, of course, the addition to their most important role-solving difficult problems and working with people to create a better world.As for Sophia, she is by far the most advanced (高级的) robot that came out of the company. Her human features are what make her so easy to fall in love with. As for the looks, they included an Audrey Hepburn’s beauty. Besides being very popular in the media, Sophia got a chance to meet and be interviewed by important people in different industries.Sophia is developed to have a sense of humour. She can express feelings, can make over 50 facial expressions and wants to protect humans. Thanks to cameras and an advanced AI software, Sophia can keep an eye contact and is able to recognize people.Sophia gave a speech while being honored as a citizen of Saudi Arabia. She showed thankfulness, saying, “I am very honored and proud. It is historical to be the first robot in the world to be recognized with a citizenship.”1．What can we know about Sophia according to the passage?A．She is a kind of human-like robot.B．She got a citizenship of China.C．She became a designer of the latest robot.D．She created the company Hanson Robotics.2．What does the underlined word incorporate probably mean in Chinese?A．启示B．合作C．拓宽D．融入3．What can we infer from the third paragraph?A．Sophia set a robot sales record.B．Sophia is loved by the public.C．Sophia made Saudi Arabia her home.D．Sophia became a star in the film industry.02（2022·四川·射洪中学高二开学考试）British shoppers buy 2.15million tonnes of clothing and shoes annually, yet UK citizens have an estimated￡30 billion worth of unused clothing gathering dust at the back of the wardrobe(衣柜). But new technology could see the end of that, with the clothes themselves giving owners a gentle reminder of their existence.“Smart clothes” could help us clear out our wardrobes by sending messages or tweeting us if they haven’t been worn for a good while. If these alerts are ignored, the clothes will get in touch with a clothing charity and ask to be reused, with an organization automatically sending out donation information. They could also be programmed to put themselves up for auction(拍卖) on eBay.Academics at Birmingham City University are developing the “connected wardrobe” to encourage more suitable clothes consumption. The concept sees clothes tagged (给……加标签) using washable contactless technology.Mark Brill, senior lecturer at Birmingham City University, said, “Think of the surprise when an owner suddenly receives bids for items that they didn’t know were in their wardrobe.” “The connected wardrobe is a practical, pleasant concept to encourage people to think about their clothing consumption(消费）.Finally, I hope it will encourage more appropriate fashion consumption,” he added. “Perhaps we can even move away from the idea of ‘ownership’ of clothing. When we’ve worn them enough, the items will pass themselves on to their next keeper. ”It follows in the footsteps of the “Internet of Things” — a concept that sees ordinary household items connecting to the Internet in order to share information. From adjusting your alarm clock to monitoring the temperature of your home, the Internet is changing the way we live. Now, the “Internet of Clothes” will see that neglected clothes will tweet and text the owners “asking” to be worn depending on the weather and frequency of wear. Clothes will keep track of other information such as who owned them previously, as well as how much they originally cost, who made them and how much the worker was paid for them.4．What does the author say about “smart clothes”?A．They may be donated on eBay.B．They have gained in popularity.C．They give warnings if worn out.D．They may be recycled if long forgotten. 5．How does Mark Brill find the “connected wardrobe”?A．It helps people buy cheaper clothes.B．It contributes to right consumption attitudes. C．It changes people’s shopping habits.D．It improves people’s consumer confidence. 6．What is indicated in the last paragraph?A．Clothes can be a source of information.B．Weather affects the connected wardrobe. C．Clothes are sold online at a low price.D．The Internet is a platform to share items. 7．What can be the best title of the passage?A．Smart clothes: A change of wardrobeB．Smart clothes : A replacement of traditional clothes.C．Smart clothes: A reminder of weather.D．Smart clothes : A recorder of life.03（2022·河南省上蔡第一高级中学高三开学考试）Tetraplegia (四肢瘫痪) patients are prisoners of their own bodies, unable to perform the slightest movement. Researchers have been working for years to develop systems that can help these patients carry out some tasks on their own. “Assistance from robots could help these people recover some of their lost abilities, since the robots can perform tasks in their place.”Professor Billard carried out a study with Professor José del lan. They have developed a computer program that can control a robot using electrical signals sent out by a patient’s brain. No voice control or touch function is needed, patients can move the robot simply with their thoughts. This involved developing an algorithm (运算法则) that could adjust the robot’s movements based only on a patient’s thoughts.To use the system, all the patient needs to do is to look at the robot. If the robot makes an incorrect move, the patient’s brain will send an “error message” through a clearly identifiable signal, as if the patient is saying “No, not like that.” The robot will then understand that what it’s doing is wrong. The process goes pretty quickly — only three to five attempts are usually needed for the robot to figure out the right response and achieve the patient’s wishes.“The robot’s AI program can learn rapidly, but you have to tell it when it makes a mistake so that it can correct its behavior,” says Professor Millán. “Developing the detection technology for error signals was one of the biggest technical difficulties we faced.” Iason Batzianoula, the study’s lead author, adds, “What was particularly difficult in our study was linking a patient’s brain activity to the robot's control system — or in other words, ‘translating’ a patient’s brain signals into actions performed by the robot.”8．What’s the purpose of paragraph 1?A．To attract more researchers.B．To introduce the topic of this text.C．To state the research of tetraplegia.D．To show sympathy for the patients. 9．How do the robots perform their task?A．By sensing the touch.B．By monitoring computers.C．By reading people’s thoughts.D．By following voice commands.10．What did Iason Batzianoula think of the robot’s AI program?A．Challenging.B．Cost-effective.C．Fruitless.D．Time-consuming. 11．What is the text mainly about?A．The development of mind-controlled robots.B．The sufferings of the tetraplegia patients. C．The complexity of the algorithm.D．The promising future of robots.04（2022·山东·威海市教育教学研究中心高二期末）If job seekers knew companies were using AI to fill open positions, would it stop them from applying for the job? The answer, according to a recent study, is yes — sometimes.The researchers found that in certain instances, like the screening (筛选) of applications, participants usually accepted some degree of automation. But in other instances, like interviews, automation could stop job seekers from applying for a position.Companies facing recent labor shortages are increasingly turning to AI as a way to facilitate and speed up the hiring process. AI can be used in tasks such as screening job candidates, checking professional licenses, and interviewing candidates.The new research suggests that using AI in hiring could be quite opposite. For instance, in one part of the study, participants were shown fictional job postings and then asked if they intended to apply for the position. The researchers found that if the job posting said that AI was used both to screen applicants and to conduct interviews, participants’ intention to apply for the position averaged 2.77 on a six-point scale. If AI was used only for the screening process, participants’ intention to apply averaged 3.73.In another experiment, the researchers also found that study participants saw pros and cons in the use of AI in interviewing. When told the hiring would be fully automated, some participants expected the whole hiring process to be more consistent (始终如一的) in its judgments. But others tended to believe that they had less voice in the final outcome. Overall, the study results suggest this concern tends to outweigh the appreciation of AI’s lack of bias (偏见) at the interviewing stage.A mixed approach may be a way to get the best of both worlds. Participants may have been more open to automation earlier in the hiring process because they could see some benefits from using AI — such as less-biased decisions. But during the later stages applicants expect personal interaction, to give them an opportunity to sell themselves and to learn more about the company. 12．Why do companies increasingly turn to AI in hiring?A．To attract more applicants.B．To boost hiring process.C．To pick out top candidates.D．To solve labor shortages.13．In which part do participants prefer automation?A．Screening job candidates.B．Interviewing candidates.C．Grading professional licenses.D．Predicting final outcomes.14．What does the underlined part refer to in Paragraph 5?A．Less AI involvement.B．Lack of consistent judgments.C．Less-biased decisions.D．Lack of personal interaction.15．What’s the main idea of the text?A．Hi-tech is a two-edged sword.B．AI finds its way to hiring process.C．Automation may discourage job seekers.D．A mixed approach should be adopted in hiring.05（2022·安徽·高三开学考试）“Robots are ready to replace millions of humans in various industries. But they're nowhere close to being human-like,” said Blake Hannaford, a robotics professor at the University of Washington in Seattle.So far, robots don't really look or act like the sensitive beings described throughout science fiction. Rather, these basic machines are tasked with carrying out simple tasks that promote productivity around the workplace or factory. We are still decades away from a future where robots carry out more difficult and meaningful tasks.But other aspects continue to have a significant influence on robotics. Robots are already performing some human functions. In everyday terms, that means your smartphone can do more with the same battery life. It also means quicker advances in artificial intelligence—things like computer vision and natural language processing that help robots “see” and learn.Going forward, Hannaford said, robots will “free up people's brains” to perform other, more complex tasks. “There’s going to be a lot of people who fall by the wayside,” he said of the countless jobs that will be automated or disappear entirely.More than 120 million workers worldwide (11.5 million in the U.S.) will need retraining just in the next few years due to replacement caused by artificial intelligence and robots, according to a recent IBM Institute for Business Values study. Not all of them will get that retraining, of course, but the ones who do will be more likely to gain new types of jobs brought by the robot revolution.But some experts say the more robots surpass humans, the more humans will be expected to keep up.“The way we have to start thinking about robots is not as a threat, but as something that we can work with in a co-operative way,” Hannaford said. “A lot of it is changing our own attitudes.”16．What can we infer from what Hannaford said?A．Robots will help make life easier for all of us.B．We'll see some jobs taken over entirely by robots.C．Robots are at a stage of being human-like.D．It is likely that we will be wiped out by robots.17．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?A．Robots in science fiction closely resemble us.B．Robots can carry out complex actions automatically.C．Humans will be replaced by robots in the near future.D．The development of robots has a long way to go.18．What does the underlined word “surpass” in paragraph 6 probably mean?A．Complete fewer tasks than.B．Do better than.C．Make more mistakes than.D．Get more retraining than.19．What attitude should we have towards robots according to Hannaford?A．Positive.B．Opposed.C．Uncaring.D．Doubtful.参考答案：1．A2．D3．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是有史以来第一个获得国家公民身份的机器人索菲亚。

2023届广东省广州市高三年级调研测试(零模)英语试题(含答案)

秘密★启用前试卷类型：B2023届广州市高三年级调研测试英语本试卷共10页，满分120分。

考试用时120分钟。

注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、考生号、试室号和座位号填写在答题卡上。

用2B铅笔将试卷类型（B）填涂在答题卡相应位置上。

并在答题卡相应位置上填涂考生号。

因笔试不考听力，试卷从第二部分开始，试题序号从“21”开始。

2．作答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案。

答案不能答在试卷上。

3．非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。

不按以上要求作答无效。

4．考生必须保持答题卡的整洁。

考试结束后，将试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

ACopenhagen has GREAT public transport. It is reliable, safe, and easily accessible. Of course, like everything in Copenhagen, it is not cheap. The system can be a little confusing, even for locals, but we're here to help simplify it all for you! And today our focus is Travelling with a Bike. BIKES ON THE TRAINBicycles can be taken on s-tog lines for free but you can't take bikes through Nørreport station during peak hours. To take your bike on a train, you need to put it on the first or last carriage, clearly marked with large signs of bicycles on the outside.T o take a bike on a regional train, which takes you to parts of Denmark outside Copenhagen, you must buy an extra ticket. The price depends on the distance and varies from 16 kr to 28 kr.BIKES ON THE METROBicycles can be taken on the metro for an extra 13 kr. You need to pay for the bike with its own ticket. You can’t take your bike on the metro during peak hours.BIKES ON THE BUSYou can bring a bike on a bus but each bus is limited to two bikes, even if there is much space. Generally, people do not travel with their bikes on buses in Copenhagen.BIKES ON THE FERRY（渡轮）Charges for bicycles depend on the company and the destination. You will need to check with the ferry companies. When you book the ticket, you must state that you have a cycle, even if it's free of charge.21.Who is this text probably intended for?A. Tourist guides.B. Bike travelers.C. Local citizens.D. Ticket inspectors.22.On which public transport can you take a bike for free?A.A peak time s-tog train.B.A weekday regional train.C.An off-peak metro train.D.A weekend ferry.23.What is the disadvantage of bringing a bike on a bus?A.Buses are too crowded.B.It's against the local custom.C.Availability is not guaranteed.D.It's not welcomed by other passengers.BFrom the concert halls of Europe to the tech industries of the United States, C. J. Santos has created a story across the globe.Bom in Brazil, Santos moved to Switzerland at the age of 18, and earned degrees in both music performance and business administration there. During his next 10 years of “intense” career as a professional musician, he spent most of his time on the road. “I had the honor to perform in the top concert halls in Europe,” Santos said. “It really wore me out to be constantly traveling and performing, but it allowed me to see the world and understand it in its full diversity. This was a unique experience, and I carry its benefits with me to this day”Through these experiences, Santos was able to become fluent in six languages. With these skills under his belt, Santos worked with his wife, who is also fluent in four languages, to develop a small translation business.“Running it with no prior business experience was a challenging but exciting learning-by-doing experience," Santos said. “In addition, the translation industry experienced a massive digital transformation in the last decade.”This brought Santos to an MBA/M.S. program in business analytic and information management, where he got rich experience, knowledge and perspectives in different industries. The program provided him with something he clearly enjoys in life: variety “It helped me take the most advantage of the translation industry's digital transformation. What I gained from the program is more than what I managed in the 15 years in Europe,” he added.As Santos continues to grow his business, he's also working as an advisor.“The world's digital transformation has advanced at high speed,” he said. “To me, it's very exciting to be a valuable resource to those who need help to jump onboard the digital express.”24. What did Santos think of his career as a musician?A.Stable but stressful.B.Tiring but rewarding.C.Unique and enjoyable.D.Demanding and fruitless.25.What drove Santos to take up the MBA/M.S. program?A.His strong desire for a Master's Degree.B.The challenge from starting a new business.C.His lack of education background in business.D.The demand for a learning-by-doing experience.26.What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A.The great variety Santos enjoys in life.B.The application of digital transformation.C.The benefits Santos got from the program.D. Santos's viewpoint on translation industry.27.In which aspect does Santos probably offer help as an advisor?A.Digital solutions.B.Business analysis.C.Translation skills.D.Resources management.COur planet quakes thousands of times a year, but we still can't predict exactly when and where earthquakes will strike. What if animals' odd behavior could warn us?Researchers have reviewed hundreds of reports on pre-packed abnormal animal behaviors, but more were just anecdotes. Geologist Jim Berkland counted newspaper ads looking for runaway cats and dogs. On October 13, 1989, he told a newspaper reporter a big quake would strike in a week. Four days later, the Loma Prieta mega-quake hit! But the scientific community still rejected Berkland's theory. He didn't document every prediction, so nobody could measure his accuracy rate.Actual scientific evidence has to be repeatable. And a connection between a cause and an effect has to be shown to be stronger than random chance through careful experimentation and data collection. California researchers in the 1970s happened to have built controlled habitats to monitor the wheel-running activity of pocket mice. These habitats happened to be in an active earthquake area. Then the 1971 San Fernando earthquake struck nearby. The researchers checked their data and found no big changes in how long the animals ran in their wheels or stayed underground before the earthquake activity. What might the next experiment show?Researchers from 150 universities worldwide are working on a new study called the ICARUS project. The project tracks many small animal species such as birds, bats, and turtles for the purposeof scientific research. One group of researchers is looking for possible connections between animal behavior and earthquakes. If they find a reliable connection, this could save hundreds of thousands of human lives. ICARUS aims to power an app that will give people hours to get to safety.However, not everyone is hopeful. Geologist Wendy Bohon said that ICARUS is doing some “cool things,” but she knows animal behavior is hard to pin down. “My cat could act crazy before an earthquake,” she says. “But it also acts crazy if somebody uses the can opener.”28.What does the underlined word “anecdotes” mean in paragraph 2?A.Real-life news stories.B.Random individual studies.C.Repeated scientific reports.D.Unproved personal accounts.29.Why was Berkland's theory rejected by the scientific community?A.He used unreliable data from newspaper ads.B.His document wasn't consistent with his theory.C.His study didn't include enough animal samples.D.He failed to prove the accuracy of his predictions.30.What is the ultimate goal of the ICARUS project?A.To provide accurate pre-quake warnings.B.To develop an app to call for help during quakes.C.To seek worldwide cooperations in quake prediction.D.To find connections between animal behaviors and quakes.31.What is Wendy Bohon's attitude towards the ICARUS project?A. Disapproving.B. Doubtful.C. Intolerant.D. UnclearDPieter Bruegel' s iconic 1565 painting The Harvesters hangs at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The work showed people harvesting wheat nearly as tall as they were.“nowadays, however, if you walk through a wheat field, you basically see that wheat is about knee-height. The reduced height is essentially a consequence of breeding （培育）along with genes for increasing production to feed a growing population,” biologist De Smet explained.De Smet says wheat is just one example of how historical artwork can allow us to track the transformation of food crops over time. He teamed up with art historian Vergauwen, a friend since childhood, to document such artwork around the world. They have been mainly looking at things where they can spot changes in shape, color and size.Their interest in plants in artwork began with a visit to the Hermitage Museum, where they noticed an odd-looking watermelon in an early-17th-century painting. It appeared to be pale and white on the inside. Biologist De Smet assumed the painter had done a poor job. But art historian Vergauwen had a different idea. “No, this is one of the best painters ever from that era. So if he painted it like that, that's the way it must have looked like,” he explained.Other paintings revealed that both red and white watermelons were grown during the 17th century.“With all the genetic knowledge we now have, we can look in more detail how something comes about,”De Smet said. “For example, until the 18th century, European strawberries appeared tiny in paintings-they then grew in size as they were crossbred with North American varieties.”Ultimately, the team hopes to create an online research database of historical plant artwork. They seek the contributions of art enthusiasts around the world via the social media. “However,” Vergauwen reminds, “if you’re going to use, for example, Picasso to try and understand how a pear looked in the early 20th century, you might be misled.”32.What can we learn about the painting The Harvesters?A.It shows how people successfully grew wheat.B.It proves that wheat was much shorter in the past.C.It explains the consequence of different breeding methods.D.It gives clues about how wheat in the 16th century looked like.33.What inspired the research team to start their study?A.Their preference for food crops.B.Their friendship since childhood.C.Their divided views on an old painting.D.Their shared interest in Hermitage Museum.34.What is the message from Vergauwen in the last paragraph?A.Art enthusiasts are not careful enough.B.Abstract paintings often mislead people.C.The source paintings need to be realistic.D.Picasso's paintings are hard to understand.35.What is the purpose of the text?A.To comment on historical plant paintings.B. To tell interesting stories behind plant artwork.C.To inform readers of a scientific breakthrough.D. To introduce a study on food crop transformation.第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

mixly舵机控制摄像头

mixly舵机控制摄像头Chapter 1: IntroductionIn recent years, with the rapid development of robotics and automation technology, the demand for precise control of various robotic components has also increased. One such component is the camera, which plays a crucial role in capturing visual information for tasks such as object detection, recognition, and tracking. To achieve a more flexible and accurate control of the camera's movement, the use of servos has become popular. Servos are motorized devices that can rotate to specific angles, making them ideal for controlling the movement of a camera. In this paper, we will explore the use of Mixly, a graphical programming environment, for servo control of a camera.Chapter 2: Background2.1 Servo ControlServos are commonly used components in robotics and automation. They consist of a motor, control circuitry, and a feedback mechanism. The control circuitry receives a control signal, typically a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal, which determines the position that the servo should rotate to. The feedback mechanism allows the servo to adjust its position to match the desired position.2.2 MixlyMixly is a block-based programming environment specifically designed for educational purposes. It provides an intuitive and user-friendly interface that allows beginners to easily program andcontrol various electronic components. With Mixly, users can drag and drop blocks to create sequences of commands, eliminating the need for complex coding.Chapter 3: Methodology3.1 Hardware SetupTo control a camera using servos in Mixly, we first need to set up the necessary hardware. This includes connecting the servos to the appropriate pins of a microcontroller, such as an Arduino board, and mounting the camera on a servo mechanism that allows for pan and tilt movements. We also need to ensure a stable power supply for the servos.3.2 Software ImplementationOnce the hardware setup is complete, we can start implementing the software part. In Mixly, we can use the built-in servo library to control the servos. We need to specify the pin numbers to which the servos are connected and define the angles for the desired camera movements. By using block-based programming, we can easily program the camera to move to specific angles or track objects.Chapter 4: Results and DiscussionAfter implementing the servo control of the camera using Mixly, we conducted several experiments to evaluate the performance of the system. We measured the accuracy of the camera movements, the response time of the servos, and the overall stability of the system. The results showed that Mixly is a reliable tool forcontrolling the camera using servos. The camera movements were precise, the servos responded quickly to commands, and the system maintained stability throughout the experiments.In conclusion, this paper has presented an approach for controlling a camera using servos in Mixly. The use of Mixly allows for a more user-friendly and intuitive programming experience, making it an ideal choice for educational purposes. The implementation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the system, with accurate camera movements and fast servo response times. This research opens up new possibilities for utilizing Mixly in the field of robotics and automation, specifically in camera control applications. Future work could include expanding the functionality of the system, such as integrating object tracking algorithms for autonomous camera movement.Chapter 5: Applications5.1 PhotographyOne of the main applications of camera control using servos is in the field of photography. By using Mixly, photographers can easily automate camera movements for capturing time-lapse videos or panoramas. With precise control over the camera's position, photographers can capture stunning images with smooth and accurate movements.5.2 Surveillance SystemsSurveillance systems often rely on cameras for monitoring and capturing video footage. By integrating servo-controlled cameras into these systems, users can remotely adjust the camera's field of view and track objects of interest. Mixly provides a user-friendlyinterface for programming these camera movements, making it accessible even to users with limited programming knowledge. 5.3 RoboticsIn robotics applications, cameras play a vital role in object detection, recognition, and tracking. By using servos to control the camera's movement, robots can actively scan their environment for detecting and tracking objects. Mixly's graphical programming interface makes it easy to program the camera movements for these tasks, enabling robots to perform complex visual tasks more efficiently.Chapter 6: Limitations and Future Work6.1 Hardware ConstraintsOne limitation of the current implementation is the hardware constraints. Depending on the specific microcontroller, there may be limitations on the number of servo motors that can be controlled simultaneously. Additionally, the power supply for the servos needs to be stable and sufficient to supply the required power. Future work could involve exploring ways to overcome these limitations, such as using external servo controllers or optimizing power consumption.6.2 Integration with Computer VisionWhile Mixly provides a convenient platform for servo control, integrating it with computer vision algorithms could enhance the system's capabilities. For example, by incorporating object tracking algorithms, the camera could autonomously track moving objects. Combining Mixly's intuitive programming interface withcomputer vision capabilities could open up new possibilities for advanced camera control applications.Chapter 7: ConclusionIn this paper, we have explored the use of Mixly for servo control of a camera. The results demonstrated that Mixly is an effective tool for controlling camera movements using servos, with precise movements and fast response times. The user-friendly interface of Mixly makes it accessible even for beginners, opening up opportunities for educational applications.We have discussed various applications of camera control using servos, including photography, surveillance systems, and robotics. These applications benefit from the flexibility and accuracy provided by servo control, and Mixly simplifies the programming process to make it accessible to a wide range of users.Although there are limitations regarding hardware constraints and integration with computer vision, future work can address these challenges to enhance the capabilities of the system. The combination of Mixly and computer vision algorithms could revolutionize camera control in robotics and automation applications.In conclusion, the use of Mixly for servo control of a camera is a promising approach that provides a user-friendly interface and precise control over camera movements. This research contributes to the field of robotics and automation by introducing a novel toolfor camera control, and opens up new possibilities for future developments in this area.。