EG Test 1 Passage 2 阅读译文

THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT浪漫主义运动A Romanticism was an artistic and cultural movement that swept through Europe during the nineteenth century, reshaping everything from arts to politics to personal lifestyles as it flourished. Contrary to a commonly held misconception, Romanticism had little to do with 'romance' in the modern, popular sense of the word, and Romantics of the nineteenth century were generally not concerned with questions of infatuation and heartbreak. What interested them more was a different kind of Romantic vision, one that rebelled against caution and reason and praised the intensity and ferocity of wild landscapes and reckless human emotion.浪漫主义运动是一场在19世纪席卷整个欧洲的艺术文化运动，从艺术、政治再到个人生活方式，欧洲的一切无一不因其繁荣的发展而被重塑。

与我们平时理解的一般概念不同，浪漫主义与现如今我们通常所说的“浪漫”毫无关联，十九世纪的浪漫主义者们并不关心爱慕痴迷与心碎悲伤的问题，而是对一种全然不同的浪漫主义视角更感兴趣。

这样的视角是对审慎和理性的反抗，也是对荒凉狂放的自然景观以及放荡不羁的人类情感所表现出的热烈和凶暴的赞美。

B Like many popular movements, Romanticism emerged as a reaction to the ideas that preceded it. Europe in the 1700s was dominated by the ideals of the Enlightenment, which were firmly grounded in reason and logic, the scientific method, mastery over nature, and a belief that polite intellectual discourse in such institutions as coffee houses and debating societies constituted the most sophisticated expression of humanity's capacity for development. Enlightenment thinkers loathed the expression of emotion, particularly of fiery, uncontrollable feeling, perceiving it to be a threat to order and democracy. They also fought against irrationality and dogmatism of all kinds, having witnessed how despotic kings and other manipulative leaders used folk wisdom and superstition to stir discontent and gain power in their countries.像很多民众运动那样，浪漫主义运动作为前期运动思潮的响应而诞生。

17世纪的欧洲被启蒙运动的理想主义主导，以理性与逻辑，科学方法，统治自然的理念作为坚实的基础，坚信在诸如咖啡馆、辩论厅等场所进行礼貌并且理性的演说可以最精炼地表现出人类的发展能力。

启蒙运动的思想家们反感对情感的表达，特别是炽热激烈，不可控制的情感。

他们把这样的表达认作是对秩序和民主的威胁。

同时他们也目睹了暴虐残暴的君主们和操纵人心的领导者们如何使用民智和迷信在自己的国家引起不满并且集权之后，决心与各种无理性行为和教条主义作斗争。

C Romantic artists resisted the Enlightenment fixation with calmness, order and reason, although the nature of their rebellion varied from one art form to another. Romantic poets, for example, dismissed the sculpted, austere prose of their forebears, favouring styles that focused on the role of ordinary people and their language. As interest in governance and civic affairs waned, writers began to reject the once-respected literary format of satire. Instead, they turned their attention to those areas of human life that were previously downplayed or taboo. In Wuthering Heights, for example, Emily Brontëdescribes the effects of intense, destructive emotions such as jealousy and vengeance. Elements of the supernatural are introduced in the short stories of Edgar Allan Poe.虽然启蒙运动在艺术形式以及其他方面已经展现了自身的反抗性，但浪漫主义艺术家仍然抵制启蒙运动所固结的冷静，秩序与理性。

比如，浪漫主义诗人舍弃了先辈们刻板简朴的散文写作形式，偏向于关注普通人的角色与语言的写作方式。

出于对国家治理和衰落的公民事务的关心，浪漫主义作者们开始放弃一直受人尊敬的讽刺文学形式，并且把他们的写作重点转向早前轻描淡写或是避而不谈的人类生活领域。

比如，在小说《呼啸山庄》中，作者艾米丽·勃朗特描述了诸如嫉妒与复仇这样强烈消极的情感给人所带来的影响。

同时，在埃德加·爱伦·坡的短篇故事中，超自然元素也有所体现。

D Composers and soloists reached new levels of prominence during the Romantic Movement. This was partly because, freed from the constraints of the Enlightenment era, music was perceived to be the ideal form through which to explore the Romantic notion of a free spirit. Economic shifts also facilitated music's newfound dominance. Whereas musicians had hitherto been required to source financial support from a wealthy patron (usually from the royal court), they now earned their living by performing for burgeoning middle- class audiences. With this transition came the birth of the pop star musician, perhaps best exemplified by the Hungarian pianist Franz Liszt, who would tour cities performing for these crowds with brilliance and flair.在浪漫主义运动中，作曲家和演奏家的艺术造诣达到了前所未有的新高度，其中部分原因是由于在挣脱启蒙运动时期的诸多束缚获得自由以后，音乐被认为是人们探索灵魂自由中的浪漫主义概念的理想形式。

经济繁荣也帮助音乐取得新的主导地位。

从前音乐家们需要向一位富有的资助人（通常来自皇室）寻求经济资助，而现在他们可以通过为新兴的中产阶级观众们表演赚钱。

在这个过渡期中，流行音乐家诞生了。

其中最好的例证是匈牙利钢琴家弗朗兹·李斯特，他才华横溢，天资聪慧，在各个城市为人们弹奏表演。

E Romanticism also made its mark on painting, in two notable ways. The first change can be seen in landscape representations. In Enlightenment-era paintings, nature was usually neglected in favour of human subjects. Where nature was shown, it was typically in the form of manicured hedges and lawns, as in the style of estates and palaces of the time. Romantic artists, however, depicted nature as a violent force, rather than as something to beautify gardens and walkways. Windswept mountaintops, dense bush and fogs, and stormy, dark red skies were all popular with such artists.浪漫主义同样也在对绘画产生了两方面的重要影响。