On Nonhomogeneous Singular Elliptic Systems with Critical C-K-NExponent

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原虫概论阿米巴

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3、生活史
经口
四核包囊小肠下段脱囊 4个核滋养体
核分裂
8个单核小滋养体
肠粘膜
邹褶或隐窝，二分裂繁（以细菌粘膜肠内容
物
已消化食物为食）胞质分泌囊液
虫体团缩形成囊前期包囊
包囊→滋养体→包囊为疾病阿米巴生活史型
在一定条件下
抵抗力下降
滋养体侵入肠粘膜组织
肠腔内
组织内（肠壁、肝脑）、
染色后胞核形态特征是医学原虫病原诊断的重要依据
致病特点
1、增殖作用：大量增殖到一定数量后引起损害，血液、体液及分泌物中原虫的检查可为临床诊断提供可靠信息。
2、播散作用：由于快速增殖而具有的全身播散的倾向。病原学诊断不仅要考虑原发病灶，而且还要考虑到继发病灶乃至全身各器官。
3、机会致病：有些原虫对健康宿主不表现出明显致病性，但当宿主免疫功能低下时，可导致严重甚至致死性的感染。
常见医学原虫分类
1、生物学分类：隶属于4个纲：动鞭纲叶足纲孢子纲动基裂纲 (鞭毛虫)（阿米巴）（孢子虫）（纤毛虫） 2、按寄生部位分类：腔道内寄生原虫（肠
道、阴道）和血液及组织内寄生原虫（红细胞内、有核细胞内、肝、肺、脑及其他组织内寄生）。
阿米巴概述
以伪足为运动细胞器，多数生活史有滋养体和包囊两个时期，滋养体期为运动、摄食、繁殖和致病期，包囊为静止期，是阿米巴传播期。
对成形粪便，用碘液染色法查包囊。包囊形成有间歇，故检查时应隔日1次并连续3次以上送检为宜。（2）十二指肠液或胆汁检查滋养体（3）肠检胶囊法。（4）小肠活组织检查，利用纤维胃镜取小肠粘膜组织检查。
五、流行
、分布： 1本病在发达与发展中国家均有流行，我国平均感染率为2.65%

非单着丝粒染色体相关词汇

非单着丝粒染色体相关词汇理非单着丝粒染色体，就是着丝粒不止一个的染色体。

如双着丝粒染色体、三着丝粒染色体。

小编为大家整理非单着丝粒染色体相关词汇，希望对你有帮助哦!非单着丝粒染色体 aneucentric chromosome着丝粒错分 centromere misdivision无着丝粒染色体 akinetic chromosome无着丝粒断片 akinetic fragment, acentric fragment着丝粒融合 centric fusion无着丝粒环 acentric ring双着丝粒染色体 dicentric chromosome多着丝粒染色体 polycentric chromosome染色单体桥 chromatid bridge染色体桥 chromosome bridge染色体断裂 chromosome breakage断裂-融合-桥循环 breakage-fusion-bridge cycle[同源]嵌合体 mosaic[异源]嵌合体 chimera细胞[异源]嵌合体 cytochimera雌雄嵌合体 gynandromorph, gynandromorphism隐蔽[同源]嵌合体 cryptic mosaic突变延迟 mutational lag可突变性 mutability自发突变 spontaneous mutation诱发突变 induced mutation可见突变 visible mutation体细胞突变 somatic mutation回复突变back mutation, reversion突变基因又突变为原有状态。

拟回复突变 pseudoreversion前突变 premutation副突变 paramutation致死突变 lethal mutation突变发生 mutagenesis突变体 mutant又称“突变型”。

突变率 mutation rate突变频率 mutation frequency微突变 micromutation大突变 macromutation染色体突变 chromosomal mutation正向突变 forward mutation细胞质突变 cytoplasmic mutation突变固定 mutation fixation突变谱 mutational spectrum突变协同作用 mutational synergism芽变 bud mutation, sport模拟突变体 mimic mutant重棒眼 double bar又称“双棒眼”，“超棒眼”，标记为“BB”。

一氧化氮生物系统及其药理作用

一氧化氮生物系统及其药理作用
第34页
（3）调整离子通道开放
• K+通道被NO打开, 是心外膜较大冠脉舒张主要原因。在基底动脉, NO可降低L– 型Ca2+通道开放, 从而控制血管担心度。
一氧化氮生物系统及其药理作用
第35页
（4）血管担心素相互作用
• 在高血压大鼠, 观察到NO经过两种方式与血管担心素相互作用, 一是在平滑肌水平抑制对方直接作用；二是经过增加对方合成与释放, 而间接增强对方作用, 从而控制血管担心度及全身循环。
N-氨基胍（Naminoguanidine）
iNOS>eNOS=nNOS
LY83583（6-amilino-518- 抑制NO激活可溶性鸟苷
quinolinedione）
酸环化酶（sGC）
一氧化氮生物系统及其药理作用
第24页
表9-3惯用NOS抑制剂与NOsGC汇抑制剂(续)
名称
作用性质特点
美蓝[methylene blue MB]
• 拟似精氨酸胍基部分非氨基酸化合物也能抑制 NOS, 如氨基胍（aminoguanidine）, 这些抑制剂常被作为NO生物学研究工具药, 其中对iNOS有选择性抑制作用一些药品有临床应用前景（表93）。
一氧化氮生物系统及其药理作用
第21页
表9-3惯用NOS抑制剂与NOsGC汇抑制剂
名称
作用性质特点
一氧化氮生物系统及其药理作用
第32页
1.维持血管平滑肌担心度
• （1）血管松弛 : NO即为EDRF。在化学或血管张力剌激下，血管内皮生成NO，进入相邻平滑肌细胞后，cGMP水平升高，激活下游蛋白激酶，最终引发肌球蛋白轻链去磷酸化，引发血管平滑肌松弛。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病代谢组学研究进展

机制尚未完全明确，１９９８年Ｄａｙ等［１２］提出“二次打击”学说。开。同时ＮＡＦＬＤ肝硬化患者与酒精性肝硬化患者也可有效区
随后Ｔｉｌｇ等［１３－１４］提出“多重平行打击”理论，包括遗传因素、分开（ＡＵＣ＝０．８３）。他们认为此方法可作为区分ＮＡＦＬＤ纤维
ＩＲ、氧化应激、脂毒性、慢性炎症、纤维化、免疫和肠道菌群等，化程度及诊断的无创生物标志物，且可以显著减少对肝活检的
黄酯和１３－ｃｉｓＲＡ呈正相关。他们在人类组织中首次检测到验证；单不饱和ＴＡＧ的增加可能是ＮＡＦＬＤ和ＣＨＢ患者ＮＡＳＨ
ａｔＲＡ的活性代谢物４－ｏｘｏ－ａｔＲＡ，表明这种类维生素Ａ可能的特异性标志物。
有助于人体类维生素Ａ的信号传导。肝脏维生素Ａ的稳态平２．３代谢组学对ＮＡＦＬＤ药物作用与疗效研究的推动作用
录组学、蛋白质组学为代表的系统生物学技术提供了新的技术展的新学科，代谢组学较为全面的展示了机体的代谢结果，为
与思路。区别于其他组学技术，以内源性小分子代谢物为研究临床医学提供了新的技术和方法。
对象的代谢组学可以很好的揭示机体变化的最终代谢结果。因２非酒精性脂肪性肝病（ＮＡＦＬＤ）
收基作ＤＯ稿金者Ｉ：日项简１０期目介．３：：：９１２上栾研６７０９）２海究雨／０ｊ．中婷－ｉｓ医１ｓ（ｎ１药．１－１９大０９０００６学１—；修－附）５回，属２女５日第６，．期七主２０：人２要２１０民．２从００医４事－．院０１慢４２人７－性才１肝７培病养计的划基（础ＸＸ与２０临１９床－通信作者：顼志兵，ｘｚｂ６１６０＠１６３．ｃｏｍ
和遗传易感密切相关的代谢应激性肝损伤，包括非酒精性单纯１代谢组学概述
性肝脂肪变（ＮＡＦＬ）、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎（ＮＡＳＨ）、肝硬化和１．１代谢组学含义代谢组学最初于１９９９年由Ｎｉｃｈｏｌｓｏｎ

细胞生物学名词表法文

细胞生物学中-英-法文名词表第一章细胞cell (cellule)细胞生物学cell biology (biologie cellulaire)原核细胞prokaryocyte (prokaryote)真核细胞eukaryocyte (eukaryocyte)生殖细胞germ cell (cellules germinales)体细胞somatic cell (cellule somatique )癌细胞cancer cell (cellule du cancer)干细胞stem cell (cellules souches)细胞治疗cell therapy (thérapie cellulaire)组织工程tissue engineering (ingénierie tissulaire)第二章构建单元building block (élément fondamental, élément de base)单糖monosaccharide (monosaccharide)脂肪酸fatty acid (acide gras)氨基酸amino acid (acide aminé)核苷酸nucleotide (nucleotide)环腺苷酸adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate, cAMP(l'adénosine 3 ',5 ' –monophosphate)环鸟苷酸guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate, cGMP(guanosine 3 ',5 ' –monophosphate)多糖polysaccharide (polysaccharide)糖原glycogen (glycogène)脂质lipid (lipide)三酰甘油triacylglycerol (triacylglycérol)蛋白质protein (protéine)肽peptide (peptide)多肽链polypeptide chain (chaîne polypeptide)α螺旋α helix (α hélice)β折叠β pleated sheet (β pliage)翻译后修饰post-translational modification(modification post-traductionnelle)核酸nucleic acid (acides nucléiques)核糖核酸ribonucleic acid, RNA (acide ribonucléique, ARN)脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA (acide désoxyribonucléique, ADN) （DNA）双螺旋结构double helix structure (structure en double hélice)信使核糖核酸messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA(acide ribonucléique messager, ARN messager ouARNm)转运核糖核酸transfer ribonucleic acid, tRNA(acide ribonucléique de transfert, ARNt) 核糖体核糖核酸ribosome ribonucleic acid, rRNA(acide ribonucléique ribosomique, ARNr) 质膜plasma membrane (membrane plasmique )细胞质cytoplasm (cytoplasme)细胞器organelle (organite)细胞骨架cytoskeleton (cytosquelette)胞质溶胶cytosol (cytosol)细胞核nucleus (noyau)染色质chromatin (chromatine)染色体chromosome (chromosome)核仁nucleolus (nucleoli)第三章激光扫描共聚焦显微镜laser scanning confocal microscope(microscope confocal à balayage laser)电子显微镜electron microscope (microscope électronique)细胞化学技术cytochemistry (cytochimie)免疫细胞化学技术immunocytochemistry (immunocytochimie) 流式细胞术flow cytometry (cytométrie de flux)细胞培养cell culture (la culture cellulaire)第四章细胞核nucleus (noyau)核被膜nuclear envelope (envelope nucléaire)核膜nuclear membrane (membrane nucléaire)核孔nuclear pore (pores nucléaires)核孔复合体nuclear pore complex (pores nucléaires complexes) 核纤层nuclear lamina (lamina nucléaire)染色质chromatin (chromatine)染色体chromosome (chromosome)异染色质heterochromatin (hétérochromatine)常染色质euchromatin (euchromatine)核型karyotype (caryotype)基因gene (gène)基因表达gene expression (expression génique)外显子exon (exon)内含子intron (intron)基因组genome (genome)复制起始点replication origin (origine de replication)着丝粒centromere (centromère)端粒telomere (telomère)组蛋白histon (histone)非组蛋白non-histon (non-histone)核小体nucleosome (nucléosome)组蛋白修饰histon modification (histone modification)DNA复制DNA replication (réplication de l'ADN)半保留复制semiconservative replication (réplication semiconservative )复制叉replication fork (fourche de replication)前导链leading strand ( brin précoce)后随链lagging strand (brin tardif)DNA修复DNA repair (réparation de l'ADN)转录transcription (transcription)非编码RNA non-coding RNA (ARN non codant)微小RNA microRNA (microARN)小干扰RNA small interfering RNA (petits ARN interférents)核仁组织者nucleolus organizer (nucléole organiseur)核仁nucleolus (nucléole)第五章核糖体ribosome (ribosome)游离核糖体free ribosome (ribosomes libres)膜结合核糖体membrane-bound ribosome (ribosomes associés aux membranes) 密码子codon (codon)mRNA (ARNm)tRNA (ARNt)rRNA (ARNr)泛素－蛋白酶体系统ubiquitin-proteasome system(systèm de l'ubiquitine-protéasome)泛素ubiquitin (ubiquitine)蛋白酶体proteasome (protéasome)泛素化ubiquitination (l'ubiquitination)内质网endoplasmic reticulum，ER (réticulum endoplasmique)糙面内质网rough endoplasmic reticulum，RER(réticulum endoplasmique rugueux)光面内质网smooth endoplasmic reticulum，SER(réticulum endoplasmique lisse)蛋白质糖基化protein glycosylation (glycosylation des protéines)蛋白质折叠protein folding (repliement des protéines )内质网应激ER stress未折叠蛋白反应unfolded protein response高尔基体Golgi apparatus (appareil de Golgi)蛋白质分选protein sorting (tri des protéines)溶酶体lysosome (lysosome)异体吞噬泡heterophagic vacuole (vacuole heterophagique)自体吞噬泡autophagic vacuole (vacuole autophagique)吞噬作用phagocytosis (phagocytose)吞饮作用pinocytosis (pinocytosis)自体吞噬autophagy (autophagie)过氧化物酶体peroxisome (peroxysome)线粒体mitochondria (mitochondrie)电子传递链electron-transport chain (la chaîne de transport d'électrons)呼吸链respiratory chain (chaîne respiratoire)（线粒体）基粒elementary particle (particule élémentaire)化学渗透偶联chemiosmotic coupling (couplage chimiosmotique)质子动力势proton-motive force (la force proton motrice)氧化磷酸化oxidative phosphorylation (la phosphorylation oxydative )线粒体DNA mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA (ADN mitochondrial, ADNmt) 细胞骨架cytoskeleton (cytosquelette)微管microtubule (microtubule)微管蛋白tubulin (tubuline)马达蛋白motor protein (protéines du moteur)微管组织中心microtubule organizing center, MTOC(le centre organisateur des microtubule)中心体centrosome (centrosome )中心粒centriole (centriole)细胞质微管cytoplasmic microtubule (microtubule cytoplasmique)纺锤体微管spindle microtubule ( microtubules du fuseau)微丝microfilament (microfilaments)肌动蛋白actin (actine)微绒毛microivilli (microivilli)中间丝intermediate filament (filament intermédiaire)角蛋白keratin (kératine)第六章质膜plasma membrane (membrane cytoplasmique)脂筏lipid raft (radeaux lipidiques)第七章细胞连接cell junction (jonctions cellulaires)细胞黏附cell adhesion (adhérence cellulaire )细胞外基质extracellular matrix (matrice extracellulaire)紧密连接tight junction (jonctions serrées ou jonctions étanches)锚定连接anchoring junction (jonction d'ancrage)黏合带adhesion belt (adhésion en ceinture)v http://biologie.univ-mrs.fr/upload/p204/adherence2.pdf黏合斑adhesion plaque (plaque adherence)桥粒desmosome (desmosome)半桥粒hemidesmosome (hemidesmosome)间隙连接gap junction (jonction gap)细胞黏附分子cell adhesion molecules (molécules d'adhérence cellulaire)钙黏素Cadherin (cadhérine)上皮－间质转变epithelial-mesenchymal transition(transition épithéliale-mésenchymateuse)选择素selectin (sélectine)免疫球蛋白超家族黏附分子the immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules(les molécules d'adhérence cellulaire de la superfamille des immunoglobulines) 整合素integrin (intégrine)胶原collagen (collagène)纤粘连蛋白fibronectin (fibronectine)层粘连蛋白laminin (laminine)糖胺聚糖glycosaminoglycan (glycosaminoglycanes)蛋白聚糖proteoglycan (protéoglycanes)基膜basal lamina (lamina basale)失巢凋亡anoikis (anoïkis)第八章单纯扩散simple diffusion (simple diffusion)膜运输蛋白membrane transport protein (protéine de transport de la membrane)易化扩散facilitated diffusion (diffusion facilitée)电化学梯度 electrochemical gradient (gradient électrochimique)转运体transporter (transporteur)偶联转运体 coupled transporter (transporteur couplé)钠钾泵 sodium potassium pump (pompe sodium-potassium)通道蛋白 channel protein (protéine de canal)离子通道ion channel (canal ionique)水通道water channel (canal d'eau)电压门控通道voltage-gated channel (canal voltage-dépendant)递质门控通道transmitter-gated channel (canal transmetteur-dépendant)乙酰胆碱受体acetylcholinergic receptor (récepteur acétylcholinergique)水孔蛋白aquaporin (aquaporine)第九章蛋白质分选 protein sorting (tri des protéines)蛋白质分选信号protein sorting signals (signaux de tri de protéines)信号肽 signal peptide (peptide signal)信号斑Signal spot (tache de signal)门控运输gated transport (transports fermée)穿膜运输transmembrane transport (transport transmembranaire)小泡运输vesicular transport (transport vésiculaire)共翻译转运Cotranslational translocation (translocation cotraductionnelle)信号识别颗粒signal recognition particle(particle de reconnaissance de signaux)有被小泡coated vesicle (vésicule couché)内体endosome (endosome)受体介导的胞吞receptor-mediated endocytosis固有分泌途径constitutive secretory pathway (voie de sécrétion constitutive) 受调分泌途径regulated secretory pathway (voie de sécrétion régulée)第十章细胞通讯cell communication (communication cellulaire)信号分子signaling molecule (molécule de signalisation)配体ligand (ligand)（细胞）信号转导(cell) signalling (la transduction du signal cellulaire)膜受体membrane receptor (récepteur membranaire)细胞内受体（核受体）intracellular receptor(récepteur intracellulaire, récepteur nuclaire)细胞内信号转导蛋白intracellular signaling proteins(protéines de signalisation intracellulaires)分子开关molecular switch (commutateur moléculaire)小分子信使small messenger molecule (petite molécule messagère)G蛋白偶联受体G protein-coupled receptor (récepteur couplé à la G-protéine) 酶偶联受体enzyme-linked receptor (récepteurs liés à une enzyme)受体酪氨酸激酶receptor tyrosine kinase (récepteur tyrosine kinase)第十一章转录调控蛋白transcription regulator (régulateur transcriptionnelle)基因调节蛋白gene regulatory protein (protéine de régulation génique)转录因子transcription factor (facteur de transcription)组成性基因表达constitutive gene expression (l'expression du gène constitutif) 核糖开关riboswitch微小RNA micro RNA (micro ARN)RNA干扰RNA interference, RNAi (l'interférence ARN)组合调控combinatorial regulation (réglementation combinatoire)细胞记忆cell memory (mémoire cellulaire)第十二章细胞增殖cell proliferation (prolifération cellulaire)细胞周期cell cycle (cycle cellulaire)限制点restriction point (point de restriction)有丝分裂mitosis (mitose)细胞核分裂karyokinesis (karyokinèse)细胞质分裂cytokinesis (cytokinèse)减数分裂meiosis (méiose)动粒kinetochore (kinétochore)纺锤体(mitotic) spindle (fuseau mitotique)周期蛋白cyclin (cycline)周期蛋白依赖性激酶cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk (la kinase cyclin-dépendante) 周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制物cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, CKI(inhibitrices de Cdk)检查点check point (points de contrôle)第十三章细胞分化cell differentiation (la différenciation cellulaire)分化潜能differentiation potential (potentiel de différenciation)全能性totipotency (totipotence)胚胎干细胞embryonic stem cell, ES cell (les cellules souches embryonnaires)去分化dedifferentiation (dédifférenciation)（干细胞）自我更新(stem cell) self-renewal(auto-renouvellement (de cellules souches))组织干细胞（成体干细胞）tissue stem cells, adult stem cells(les cellules souches de tissu)奢侈基因luxury gene (gène de luxe)基因的差异性表达differential expression of genes(gènes exprimés de manière différentielle)第十四章细胞凋亡apoptosis (apoptose)坏死necrosis (nécrose)程序性坏死programmed necrosis (nécrose programmée)程序性细胞死亡programmed cell death (la mort cellulaire programmée)胱冬肽酶caspases (caspases)死亡受体death receptors (récepteurs de mort)。

微生物英汉对照

Coccus 球菌Staphylococcus 葡萄球菌Streptococcus 链球菌Neisseria 奈瑟菌Pneumococcus 肺炎链球菌（肺炎球菌）Gonococcus 淋病奈瑟菌（淋球菌）Meningococcus 脑膜炎奈瑟菌（脑膜炎球菌）Enterobacteriaceae 肠杆菌Enteric bacilli 肠道杆菌Escherichia 埃希菌E.coli 大肠埃希菌Shigella 志贺菌Dysentery bacterium 痢疾杆菌Salmonella 沙门菌S.typhi 伤寒沙门菌Vibrio 弧菌V.cholerae 霍乱弧菌Parahaemolyticus 副溶血性弧菌Helicobacter 螺杆菌H.pylori 幽门螺杆菌Campylobacter 弯曲菌C.jejuni 空肠弯曲菌Mycobacterium 分枝杆菌M.tuberculosis 结核分枝杆菌Tubercle bacillus 结核杆菌M.leprae 麻风分枝杆菌Anaerobic bacteria 厌氧性细菌C.tetani 破伤风梭菌C.perfringens 产气荚膜梭菌C.botulinum 肉毒梭菌B.fragilis 脆弱类杆菌P.acnes 痤疮丙酸杆菌E.lentum 迟钝真杆菌Brucella 布鲁菌B.melitensis 羊布鲁菌Bacillus 芽胞杆菌B.anthracis 炭疽芽胞杆菌B.subtilis 枯草芽胞杆菌B.sereus 蜡样芽胞杆菌Yersinia 耶尔森菌Y.pestis 鼠疫杆菌Y.enterocolitica 小肠结肠炎耶氏菌Y.pseudotuberculosis 假结核耶氏菌Francisella 弗朗西斯菌Pseudomonas 假单胞菌P.aeruginosa 铜绿假单胞菌Acinetobacter 不动杆菌A.baumanii 鲍曼不动杆菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌Legionella 军团菌L.pneumophila 嗜肺军团菌Corynebacterium 棒状杆菌C.diphtheriae 白喉棒状杆菌Haemophilus 嗜血杆菌H.influenzae 流感嗜血杆菌Bordetella 鲍特菌B.pertussis 百日咳鲍特菌Aeromonas 气单胞菌Mycoplasma 支原体M.pneumoniae 肺炎支原体U.urealyticum 溶脲脲原体Chlamydia 衣原体C.trachomatis 沙眼衣原体Spirochete 螺旋体Leptospira 钩端螺旋体Treponema 密螺旋体Syphilis 梅毒T.pallidum 苍白密螺旋体Borrelia 疏螺旋体Rickettisiae 立克次体Coxiella burnetii 贝纳柯克斯体Actinomycetes 放线菌Nocardia 诺卡菌Orthomyxoviridae 正黏病毒Influenza virus 流感病毒Paramyxoviridae 副黏病毒Measles virus 麻疹病毒Mumps virus 腮腺炎病毒Coronavirus 冠状病毒Adenovirus 腺病毒Rubella virus 风疹病毒Enterovirus 肠道病毒Rotavirus 轮状病毒Calicivirus 杯状病毒Astrovirus 星状病毒Poliovirus 脊髓灰质炎病毒Coxsackievirus 柯萨奇病毒Echovirus 埃可病毒Hepatitis virus 肝炎病毒Arbovirus 虫媒病毒Encephalitis B virus 流行性乙型脑炎病毒Dengue virus 登革病毒Forest encephalitis virus 森林脑炎病毒West Nile virus 西尼罗病毒Hemorrhagic fever virus 出血热病毒Herpesvirus 疱疹病毒Rabies 狂犬病病毒Poxvirus 痘病毒Parvovirus 细小病毒Prion 朊粒Fungus 真菌Mold 霉菌Dermatophytes 皮肤癣菌C.albicans 白假丝酵母Cryptococcus neoformans 新生隐球菌Aspergillus 曲霉Protozoa 原虫Amoeba 阿米巴原虫Entamoeba histolytica 溶组织内阿米巴Giardia lamblia 蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫Trichomonas vaginalis 阴道毛滴虫Leishmania donovani 杜氏利什曼原虫Toxoplasma gondii 刚地弓形虫Malaria parasite 疟原虫。

生物专业英语词汇-常用前缀

生物专业英语词汇 - 常用前缀第一节表示无，抗，非的前缀一.a-,an-无，非。

无可以进一步理解为离开，除去，脱去等1. 无abacteria 无菌的，atony 无力，anemia 贫血（无血之意）。

abiosis 无生命，abraehia 无臂畸形，adaerya 无泪，asaetylia 无指（趾）畸形，asendrie无树突的，adermotrophia 皮肤萎缩（即无皮肤营养之意），adiaphoresis 无汗症。

2. 否定asymmetercal 不对称的，asynergy 不协调，astnthests 不连接，aststole 心搏停止（心脏不收缩）。

atactic 共济失调的（不协调），astnchronous 不同步的，askyllabia 拼音不能。

3. 离开aspiration 吸引（即吸除之意），aberrent 迷走的（即离开正常途径的）。

4. an-在元音前用an-anaerove 厌氧菌，anesthesia 无感觉，麻醉，analgesia 无痛法，痛觉消失，anamniotic 无羊膜的，anangioplasia 血管发育不全，anapepsia 胃蛋白酶缺乏，anaplasia 发育不全，anascitia 无腹水的，anastigmatic 无散光的，anacholia 胆汁缺乏。

二，ab-去，离开，除abnormal 不正常的（即背离正常的），abapical 离尖的，离心尖的（尖以外的，心尖外的）。

abarticular 关节外的，abaxial 轴外的，离轴的，abduct 外展神经，ablactation 断奶（离开奶）。

abneural 神经外的。

三.ant-,anti-,对抗，取消，抑制，解除antagonistic 对抗的，antioxin 搞毒素，antibody 抗体，antigen 抗原，antacid 制酸剂，antipyretie 解热剂，antibiotic 抗菌素，antispasmin 解痉剂，→antiamylase 抗淀粉酶，antieoagulant 抗凝的。

数学专业英语词汇(部分)

数学专业英语词汇（部分）n ary relation n元关系n ball n维球n cell n维胞腔n chromatic graph n色图n coboundary n上边缘n cocycle n上循环n connected space n连通空间n dimensional column vector n维列向量n dimensional euclidean space n维欧几里得空间n dimensional rectangular parallelepiped n维长方体n dimensional row vector n维行向量n dimensional simplex n单形n dimensional skeleton n维骨架n disk n维圆盘n element set n元集n fold extension n重扩张n gon n角n graph n图n homogeneous variety n齐次簇n person game n人对策n simplex n单形n sphere bundle n球丛n th member 第n项n th partial quotient 第n偏商n th power operation n次幂运算n th root n次根n th term 第n项n times continuously differentiable n次连续可微的n times continuously differentiable function n次连续可微函数n tuple n组n tuply connected domain n重连通域n universal bundle n通用丛nabla 倒三角算子nabla calculation 倒三角算子计算nabla operator 倒三角算子napier's logarithm 讷代对数natural boundary 自然边界natural boundary condition 自然边界条件natural coordinates 自然坐标natural equation 自然方程natural equivalence 自然等价natural exponential function 自然指数函数natural frequency 固有频率natural geometry 自然几何natural injection 自然单射natural isomorphism 自然等价natural language 自然语言natural logarithm 自然对数natural mapping 自然映射natural number 自然数natural oscillation 固有振荡natural sine 正弦真数natural transformation 自然变换naught 零necessary and sufficient conditions 必要充分的条件necessary and sufficient statistic 必要充分统计量necessary condition 必要条件necessity 必然性negation 否定negation sign 否定符号negation symbol 否定符号negative 负数negative angle 负角negative binomial distribution 负二项分布negative complex 负复形negative correlation 负相关negative definite form 负定型negative definite hermitian form 负定埃尔米特形式negative definite quadratic form 负定二次形式negative function 负函数negative number 负数negative operator 负算子negative parity 负电阻negative part 负部分negative particular proposition 否定特称命题negative proposition 否定命题negative rotation 反时针方向旋转negative semidefinite 半负定的negative semidefinite eigenvalue problem 半负定特盏问题negative semidefinite form 半负定型negative semidefinite quadratic form 半负定二次形式negative sign 负号negative skewness 负偏斜性negative variation 负变差negligible quantity 可除量neighborhood 邻域neighborhood base 邻域基neighborhood basis 邻域基neighborhood filter 邻域滤子neighborhood retract 邻域收缩核neighborhood space 邻域空间neighborhood system 邻域系neighborhood topology 邻域拓扑neighboring vertex 邻近项点nephroid 肾脏线nerve 神经nested intervals 区间套net 网net function 网格函数net of curves 曲线网net of lines 直线网network 网络network analysis 网络分析network flow problem 网络潦题network matrix 网络矩阵neumann boundary condition 诺伊曼边界条件neumann function 诺伊曼函数neumann problem 诺伊曼问题neumann series 诺伊曼级数neutral element 零元素neutral line 中线neutral plane 中性平面neutral point 中性点newton diagram 牛顿多边形newton formula 牛顿公式newton identities 牛顿恒等式newton interpolation polynomial 牛顿插值多项式newton method 牛顿法newton potential 牛顿位势newtonian mechanics 牛顿力学nice function 佳函数nil ideal 零理想nil radical 幂零根基nilalgebra 幂零代数nilpotency 幂零nilpotent 幂零nilpotent algebra 幂零代数nilpotent element 幂零元素nilpotent group 幂零群nilpotent ideal 幂零理想nilpotent matrix 幂零矩阵nilpotent radical 幂零根基nine point circle 九点圆nine point finite difference scheme 九点有限差分格式niveau line 等位线niveau surface 等位面nodal curve 结点曲线nodal line 交点线nodal point 节点node 节点node locus 结点轨迹node of a curve 曲线的结点noetherian category 诺特范畴noetherian object 诺特对象nomogram 算图nomographic 列线图的nomographic chart 算图nomography 图算法non additivity 非加性non archimedean geometry 非阿基米德几何non archimedean valuation 非阿基米德赋值non countable set 不可数集non critical point 非奇点non denumerable 不可数的non denumerable set 不可数集non developable ruled surface 非可展直纹曲面non enumerable set 不可数集non euclidean geometry 非欧几里得几何学non euclidean motion 非欧几里得运动non euclidean space 非欧几里得空间non euclidean translation 非欧几里得平移non euclidean trigonometry 非欧几里得三角学non homogeneity 非齐non homogeneous chain 非齐次马尔可夫链non homogeneous markov chain 非齐次马尔可夫链non isotropic plane 非迷向平面non linear 非线性的non negative semidefinite matrix 非负半正定阵non oriented graph 无向图non parametric test 无分布检验non pascalian geometry 非拍斯卡几何non ramified extension 非分歧扩张non rational function 无理分数non relativistic approximation 非相对性近似non reversibility 不可逆性non singular 非奇的non stationary random process 不平稳随机过程non steady state 不稳定状态non symmetric 非对称的non symmetry 非对称non zero sum game 非零和对策nonabsolutely convergent series 非绝对收敛级数nonagon 九边形nonassociate 非结合的nonassociative ring 非结合环nonbasic variable 非基本变量noncentral chi squre distribution 非中心分布noncentral f distribution 非中心f分布noncentral t distribution 非中心t分布noncentrality parameter 非中心参数nonclosed group 非闭群noncommutative group 非交换群noncommutative ring 非交换环noncommutative valuation 非交换赋值noncommuting operators 非交换算子noncomparable elements 非可比元素nondegeneracy 非退化nondegenerate collineation 非退化直射变换nondegenerate conic 非退化二次曲线nondegenerate critical point 非退化临界点nondegenerate distribution 非退化分布nondegenerate set 非退化集nondense set 疏集nondenumerability 不可数性nondeterministic automaton 不确定性自动机nondiagonal element 非对角元nondiscrete space 非离散空间nonexistence 不存在性nonfinite set 非有限集nonholonomic constraint 不完全约束nonhomogeneity 非齐性nonhomogeneous 非齐次的nonhomogeneous linear boundary value problem 非齐次线性边值问题nonhomogeneous linear differential equation 非齐次线性微分方程nonhomogeneous linear system of differential equations 非齐次线性微分方程组nonisotropic line 非迷向线nonlimiting ordinal 非极限序数nonlinear equation 非线性方程nonlinear functional analysis 非线性泛函分析nonlinear lattice dynamics 非线性点阵力学nonlinear operator 非线性算子nonlinear optimization 非线性最优化nonlinear oscillations 非线性振动nonlinear problem 非线性问题nonlinear programming 非线性最优化nonlinear restriction 非线性限制nonlinear system 非线性系统nonlinear trend 非线性瞧nonlinear vibration 非线性振动nonlinearity 非线性nonlogical axiom 非逻辑公理nonlogical constant 非逻辑常数nonmeager set 非贫集nonmeasurable set 不可测集nonnegative divisor 非负除数nonnegative number 非负数nonnumeric algorithm 非数值的算法nonorientable contour 不可定向周线nonorientable surface 不可定向的曲面nonorthogonal factor 非正交因子nonparametric confidence region 非参数置信区域nonparametric estimation 非参数估计nonparametric method 非参数法nonparametric test 非参数检定nonperfect set 非完备集nonperiodic 非周期的nonperiodical function 非周期函数nonplanar graph 非平面图形nonprincipal character 非重贞nonrandom sample 非随机样本nonrandomized test 非随机化检验nonrational function 非有理函数nonremovable discontinuity 非可去不连续点nonrepresentative sampling 非代表抽样nonresidue 非剩余nonsense correlation 产生错觉相关nonsingular bilinear form 非奇双线性型nonsingular curve 非奇曲线nonsingular linear transformation 非退化线性变换nonsingular matrix 非退化阵nonspecial group 非特殊群nonstable 不稳定的nonstable homotopy group 非稳定的同伦群nonstandard analysis 非标准分析nonstandard model 非标准模型nonstandard numbers 非标准数nonsymmetric relation 非对称关系nonsymmetry 非对称nontangential 不相切的nontrivial element 非平凡元素nontrivial solution 非平凡解nonuniform convergence 非一致收敛nonvoid proper subset 非空真子集nonvoid set 非空集nonzero vector 非零向量norm 范数norm axioms 范数公理norm form 范形式norm of a matrix 阵的范数norm of vector 向量的模norm preserving mapping 保范映射norm residue 范数剩余norm residue symbol 范数剩余符号norm topology 范拓朴normability 可模性normal 法线normal algorithm 正规算法normal basis theorem 正规基定理normal bundle 法丛normal chain 正规链normal cone 法锥面normal congruence 法汇normal coordinates 正规坐标normal correlation 正态相关normal curvature 法曲率normal curvature vector 法曲率向量normal curve 正规曲线normal density 正规密度normal derivative 法向导数normal dispersion 正常色散normal distribution 正态分布normal distribution function 正态分布函数normal equations 正规方程normal error model 正规误差模型normal extension 正规开拓normal family 正规族normal force 法向力normal form 标准型normal form problem 标准形问题normal form theorem 正规形式定理normal function 正规函数normal homomorphism 正规同态normal integral 正规积分normal linear operator 正规线性算子normal mapping 正规映射normal matrix 正规矩阵normal number 正规数normal operator 正规算子normal order 良序normal plane 法面normal polygon 正规多角形normal polynomial 正规多项式normal population 正态总体normal probability paper 正态概率纸normal process 高斯过程normal sequence 正规序列normal series 正规列normal set 良序集normal simplicial mapping 正规单形映射normal solvable operator 正规可解算子normal space 正规空间normal surface 法曲面normal tensor 正规张量normal to the surface 曲面的法线normal valuation 正规赋值normal variate 正常变量normal variety 正规簇normal vector 法向量normality 正规性normalization 标准化normalization theorem 正规化定理normalize 正规化normalized basis 正规化基normalized function 规范化函数normalized variate 正规化变量normalized vector 正规化向量normalizer 正规化子normalizing factor 正则化因数normed algebra 赋范代数normed linear space 赋范线性空间normed space 赋范线性空间northwest corner rule 北午角规则notation 记法notation free from bracket 无括号记号notation of backus 巴科斯记号notion 概念nought 零nowhere convergent sequence 无处收敛序列nowhere convergent series 无处收敛级数nowhere dense 无处稠密的nowhere dense set 无处稠密点集nowhere dense subset 无处稠密子集nuclear operator 核算子nuclear space 核空间nucleus of an integral equation 积分方程的核null 零null class 零类null divisor 零因子null ellipse 零椭圆null function 零函数null hypothesis 虚假设null line 零线null matrix 零矩阵null method 衡消法null plane 零面null point 零点null ray 零射线null relation 零关系null representation 零表示null sequence 零序列null set 空集null solution 零解null system 零系null transformation 零变换null vector 零向量nullity 退化阶数nullring 零环nullspace 零空间number 数number defined by cut 切断数number defined by the dedekind cut 切断数number field 数域number interval 数区间number line 数值轴number notation 数记法number of partitions 划分数number of repetitions 重复数number of replications 重复数number of sheets 叶数number sequence 数列number set 数集number system 数系number theory 数论number variable 数变量numeration 计算numerator 分子numeric representation of information 信息的数值表示numerical 数值的numerical algorithm 数值算法numerical axis 数值轴numerical calculation 数值计算numerical coding 数值编码numerical coefficient 数字系数numerical computation 数值计算numerical constant 数值常数numerical data 数值数据numerical determinant 数字行列式numerical differentiation 数值微分numerical equality 数值等式numerical equation 数字方程numerical error 数值误差numerical example 数值例numerical function 数值函数numerical inequality 数值不等式numerical integration 数值积分法numerical invariant 不变数numerical mathematics 数值数学numerical method 数值法numerical model 数值模型numerical operator 数字算子numerical quadrature 数值积分法numerical series 数值级数numerical solution 数值解numerical solution of linear equations 线性方程组的数值解法numerical stability 数值稳定性numerical table 数表numerical value 数值numerical value equation 数值方程nutation 章动obelisk 方尖形object 对象object language 对象语言object variable 对象变数objective analysis 客观分析objective function 目标函数oblate ellipsoid 扁椭面oblate spheroid 扁椭面oblique angle 斜角oblique angled 斜角的oblique astroid 斜星形线oblique circular cone 斜圆锥oblique circular cylinder 斜圆柱oblique cone 斜圆锥oblique coordinate system 斜角坐标系oblique coordinates 斜角坐标oblique parallelepiped 斜六面体oblique prism 斜棱柱oblique pyramid 斜棱锥oblique strophoid 斜环诉oblique triangle 斜三角形observable 可观测的observable component 可观测分量observation 观测observation function 观测函数observational error 观测误差observer 观察器观测员obstruction 障碍obstruction cocycle 障碍闭上链obstruction theory 障碍理论obstruction to lifting f 提升的障碍obtuse 钝的obtuse angle 钝角obtuse triangle 钝角三角形octagon 八角形octahedral 八面体octahedral form 八面体形式octahedral group 八面体群octahedron 八面体octal digit 八进制数字octal notation 八进记数法octal system 八进制系octant 卦限octuple 八倍的odd 奇的odd dimensional space 奇维空间odd even check 奇偶校验odd function 奇函数odd number 奇数odd parity 负电阻odd permutation 奇置换oddness 奇数性omega consistent 相容性omega group 群one address 单地址one address instruction 单地址指令one digit 单位的one dimensional 一维的one dimensional boundary value problem 一维边值问题one dimensional differential equation 一维微分方程one dimensional integral 单积分one dimensional space 一维空间one figure 单位的one figure number 单位数one parameter 单参数的one parameter family of curves 曲线的单参数族one place number 单位数one place predicate calculus 一元谓词演算one point compactification 单点紧化one point set 退化集one point union 一点并one sample method 单样本法one sided 单侧的one sided continuity 单侧连续性one sided derivative 单边导数one sided differentiability 单侧可微性one sided limit 单侧极限one sided lower approximate limit 单侧下近似极限one sided surface 单侧曲面one sided test 单侧检验one sided upper approximate limit 单侧偏大近似极限one term 单项的one to many correspondence 一对多对应one to many mapping 一对多映射one to one 一对一的one to one correspondence 一一对应one to one mapping 一一映射one to one relation 一一关系one to one sequence 一一序列one valued 单值的one valued function 单值函数onevaluedness 单值性onto hpmpmprphism 满射同态onto mapping 满射open ball 开球open base 开底open cover 开覆盖open disk 开圆盘open interval 开区间open manifold 开廖open map 开映射open mapping theorem 开映射定理open neighborhood 开邻域open ordered set 开有序集open parallelepiped 开平行六面体open rectangular parallelepiped 开长方体open relation 开关系open segment 开线段open semicircle 开半圆open set 开集open sphere 开球open star 开星形open subprogram 开型子程序open subroutine 开型子程序open surface 开曲面operand 运算对象operating characteristic 运算特征operating system 控制系统operation 运算operation code 操纂operation of symmetric difference 对称差运算operational 运算的operational amplifler 运算放大器operational calculus 算子演算operational code 操纂operational research 运筹学operational unit 运算部件operations research 运筹学operator 算子operator algebra 算子代数operator automorphism 算子同构operator domain 算子域operator equation 算子方程operator function 算子函数operator homomorphism 算子同态operator isomorphism 算子同构operator method 符号法operator norm 算子范数operator of finite rank 有限秩算子operator set 算子域operator valued function 算子函数oppose 反对opposite 逆的opposite angles 对角opposite category 对偶范畴opposite sides 对边opposite sign 导号opposite vector 反向向量opposite vertex 对顶opposition 对立optimal 最佳的optimal control 最优控制optimal disjunctive normal form 最优析取范式optimal normal form 最优标准形optimal policy 最优策略optimal position 最优位置optimal process 最优过程optimal step size 最优步长optimal strategy 最优策略optimal trajectory 最优轨道optimal value function 最优值函数optimality 最优性optimality criterion 最优性判别optimality policy 最优策略optimality principle 最优性原理optimalization problem 最优化问题optimally useful direction 最优可用方向optimization 最优化optimization of scheduling 工序的最优化optimization problem 最优化问题optimum 最佳optimum conditions 最优条件optimum programming 最优规划optimum solution 最优解optimum strategy 最优策略optimum system 最佳系统optimum system control 最佳系统控制optimum value 最优值optional sampling 任意抽样optional selection 任意抽样orbit 轨道orbit curve 轨道曲线orbit determination 轨道计算orbit space 轨道空间orbital stability 轨道稳定性order 次数order bounded set 有序有界集order boundedness 有序有界性order code 指令码order complete set 有序完全集order continuous topology 有序连续的拓扑order convergence 有序收敛order function 序函数order homomorphic group 序同态群order homomorphic image 序同态象order homomorphism 序同态order homomorphism operator 序同态算子order interval 有序区间order isomorphic field 序同构域order isomorphic group 序同构群order of a differential equation 微分方程的阶order of a group 群的阶order of an infinitesimal 无穷小的阶order of approximation 逼近的阶order of branch point 支点的阶数order of contact 接触度order of convergence 收敛的阶order of infinities 无穷大的阶order of infinity 无穷大的阶order of magnitude 绝对值的阶order of polynomial 多项式的阶order of rational integral function 有理整函数的阶order of units 位数order of zero point 零点的阶order preserving correspondence 保序对应order preserving isomorphism 保序同构order register 指令寄存器order relation 序关系order simple group 序单群order statistic 顺序统计量order type 有序型ordered 有序的ordered chain complex 有序链复形ordered factor group 有序商群ordered field 有序域ordered group 有序群ordered linear space 有序线性空间ordered module 有序模ordered pair 序对ordered product 有序积ordered sample 有序样本ordered set 有序集ordered set bounded below 下有界有序集ordered simplex 有序单形ordered singular boundary 有序奇异边界ordered triplet 有序三个一组orderisomorphism 序同构orderpreserving relation 保序关系ordinal 序数ordinal number 序数ordinal number class 序数类ordinal number of the second class 第二类的序数ordinal product 序数积ordinal series 序数列ordinal type 有序型ordinary 导常的ordinary differential equation 常微分方程ordinary differential operator 常微分算子ordinary dirichlet series 狄利克雷级数ordinary integral element 寻常积分元素ordinary linear differential equation 线性常微分方程ordinary multiple point 寻常多重点ordinary point 单点ordinary singularity 寻常奇点ordinate 纵坐标ordinate axis 纵轴orient 定向orientability 可定向性orientable 可定向的orientable surface 可定向曲面orientation 定向orientation class 定向类orientation of surface 曲面的定向orientation of torsion 挠率的定向orientation preserving automorphism 保持定向自同构orientation preserving isomorphism 保持定向同构orientation preserving parameter transformation 保持定向参数变换orientation reversing 反转定向的oriented chain complex 有向链复形oriented circle 有向圆oriented contour 有向围道oriented element 有向元oriented homology group 有向同岛oriented intersection 有向交叉oriented line 有向直线oriented plane 有向平面oriented polygon 有向多角形oriented space 有向空间oriented sphere bundle 有向球丛oriented surface 有向曲面origin 坐标的原点origin of coordinates 坐标的原点original 初始的ortho pinacoid 正交平行双面orthocenter 垂心orthocentric 垂心的orthocentric quadrangle 垂心四边形orthocentric tetrahedron 垂心四面体orthocomplement 正交补orthogonal 直交的orthogonal axonometry 正轴测射影法orthogonal basis 正交基orthogonal circle 正交圆orthogonal complement 正交补orthogonal coordinate system 正交坐标系orthogonal coordinates 正交坐标orthogonal decomposition 正交分解orthogonal expansion 正交函数展开orthogonal functions 正交函数orthogonal groups 正交群orthogonal involution 正交对合orthogonal matrix 正交矩阵orthogonal polynomial expansion 正交多项式展开orthogonal polynomials 正交多项式orthogonal projection 正射影orthogonal projector 正交射影算子orthogonal sequence 正交序列orthogonal series 正交级数orthogonal space 正交空间orthogonal square 正交方格orthogonal stochastic process 正交随机过程orthogonal subspaces 正交子空间orthogonal substitution 正交代换orthogonal sum 正交和orthogonal system 正交系orthogonal tests 独立检验orthogonal trajectory 正交轨线orthogonal transformation 正交变换orthogonal vectors 正交向量orthogonality 正交性orthogonality of columns 列正交性orthogonality of lines 行正交性orthogonality relation 正交关系orthogonality rows 行正交性orthogonalization procedure 正交化过程orthogonalization process 正交化过程orthogonally irreducible representation 正交不可约表示orthography 正投影法orthoheliotropism 直向阳性orthohexagonal 正六方的orthomorphism 正交射orthonormal 规格化正交的orthonormal basis 标准正交基orthonormal sequence 标准正交序列orthonormality 标准正交性orthonormalization 标准正交化orthonormalization process 标准正交化过程orthonormalized basis 标准正交化基orthopole 正交极orthotomy 面正交性oscillate 振动oscillating divergent series 振动发散级数oscillating infinite determinant 振动无穷行列式oscillating series 振荡级数oscillation 振动oscillation equation 振动方程oscillation function 振动函数oscillation of a function 函数的振幅oscillation theorem 振动定理oscillatory 振动的osculating circle 密切圆osculating cone 密切锥面osculating conic 密切二次曲线osculating curve 密切曲线osculating figure 密切图形osculating helix 密切螺旋线osculating parabola 密切抛物线osculating plane 密切平面osculating quadric 密切二次曲面osculating sphere 密切球面osculation 密切osculatory 密切的outdegree 出度outer 外部的outer automorphism 外自同构outer boundary 外边界outer capacity 外容量outer diameter 外径outer direct product 外直积outer lebesgue measure 勒贝格外测度outer measure 外测度outer point 外点outer product 外积outer semidirect product 外半直积output 输出output alphabet 输出字母表output device 输出装置output function 输出函数output quantity 输出量output signal 输出信号output state 输出状态output unit 输出设备outside 外部outward normal 外法线oval 卵形线oval surface 卵形曲面overconvergence 过度收敛overcrossing point 上交叉点overdetermined problem 超定问题overdetermined system 超定组overdetermined system of partial differential equations 偏微分方程的超定组overfield 扩张域overflow 溢出overidentification 过分识别overlap 交叠overlapping domains 交叠域overrelaxation 超松弛p adic algebra p进代数p adic fraction p进分数p adic integer p进整数p adic number p进数p adic representation p进表示p adic system p进法p adic valuation p进赋值pack 束pair 对paired comparison 成对比较法paired samples 成双样本pairing 配对pairwise 两两的pairwise independent events 互相独立事件paleogeometry 古几何学pantograph 比例画器放大器parabola 抛物线parabola of order n n阶抛物线parabolic coordinates 抛物线坐标parabolic curve 抛物曲线parabolic cusp 抛物尖点parabolic cylinder 抛物柱面parabolic cylinder function 抛物柱面函数parabolic differential equation 抛物型微分方程parabolic folium 抛物叶形线parabolic orbit 抛物线轨道parabolic point 抛物点parabolic regression 抛物回归parabolic segment 抛物线段parabolic spiral 抛物螺线parabolic type 抛物型parabolograph 抛物图形paraboloid 抛物面paraboloid of revolution 回转抛物面paraboloidal coordinates 抛物面坐标paracompact space 仿紧空间paradox 悖论paradoxical 荒谬的paradoxical set 不合理集合parallactic displacement 视差位移parallel 平行线parallel algorithm 并联算法parallel angle 平行角parallel axiom 平行公理parallel body 平行体parallel circle 平行圆parallel coordinates 平行坐标parallel curve 平行曲线parallel displacement 平行位移parallel edge 平行棱parallel line 平行线parallel operation 并行运算parallel plane 平面平行的parallel projection 平行射影parallel rule 平行直尺parallel shift 并行进位parallel slit 平行缝隙parallel slit domain 平行裂纹域parallel strip 平行带parallel subspace 平行子空间parallel surface 平行曲面parallel translation 并行进位parallelepiped 平行六面体parallelepipedal neighborhood 平行六面体邻域parallelism 平行parallelizability 可平行性parallelizable 可平行的parallelizable manifold 可平行廖parallelizable variety 可平行廖parallelogram 平行四边形parallelogram axiom 平行四边形公理parallelogram identity 平行四边形恒等式parallelogram law 平行四边形定律parallelogram of forces 力的平行四边形parallelotope 超平行体parallels of latitude 纬度线parameter 参数parameter curve 参数曲线parameter group 参数群parameter integral 参数积分parameter representation 参数表示parameter space 参数空间parameter variety 参数簇parametric curvature 参数曲率parametric curve 参数曲线parametric equation 参数方程parametric estimation 参数估计parametric hypothesis 参数假设parametric optimal solution 参数最优解parametric optimization 参数最优化parametric programming 参数规划parametric representation 参数表示parametric surface 参数曲面parametric test 参数检验parametric variable 参变数parametrics 参数学parametrix 拟基本解parametrization 参数化法parametron 变参数元件parastatistics 仲统计法paraxial 旁轴的paraxial rays 旁轴光线parent population 母体parenthesis 圈括弧parenthesize 引入括弧内parity 奇偶性parity check 奇偶校验parity digit 奇偶校验位parseval equality 帕谢互尔等式parted hyperboloid 双叶双曲面partial 部分的partial carry 部分进位partial confounding 部分混区partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial cross section 部分截面partial denominator 偏分母partial derivative 偏导数partial difference 偏差partial difference equation 偏差分方程partial difference quotient 偏差商partial differential 偏微分partial differential coefficient 偏导数partial differential equation 偏微分方程partial differential equation of elliptic type 椭圆型偏微分方程partial differential equation of first order 一阶偏微分方程partial differential equation of hyperbolic type 双曲型偏微分方程partial differential equation of mixed type 混合型偏微分方程partial differential equation of parabolic type 抛物型偏微分方程partial differential operator 偏微分算子partial differentiation 偏微分法partial fraction 部分分数partial fraction decomposition 部分分数展开partial fraction expansion 部分分数展开partial function 部分函数partial functor 部分函子partial graph 部分图partial linear differential equation 线性偏微分方程partial mapping 部分映射partial matrix 子阵partial numerator 偏分子partial ordering 偏序partial product 部分积partial rank correlation coefficient 偏等级相关系数partial recursive function 部分递归函数partial recursive scheme 部分递归格式partial regression 偏回归partial subgraph 部分子图partial sum 部分和partially adjoint operator 部分伴随算子partially computable function 部分可计算的函数partially differentiable function 可偏微函数partially isometric operator 部分等距算子partially ordered set 半序集partially ordered space 半序空间particular 特别的particular integral 特别积分particular solution 特解partition 分划partition function 分折函数partition of an integer 整数的分拆partition of unity 单位分解partition problem 划分问题partly well ordered set 半良序集pascal distribution 帕斯卡分布pascal hexagon 帕斯卡六边形pascal line 帕斯卡线pascal triangle 帕斯卡三角形passive 被动的path 道路path component 道路连通区path connected space 道路连通空间path matrix 道路矩阵path of a projectile 弹道path of integration 积分路线path space 道路空间pathological function 病态函数pattern 图形pauli matrices 泡利阵payoff 支付payoff function 支付函数payoff matrix 支付阵peak 峰pearson distribution 皮尔逊分布pedal 垂足线pedal circle 垂足圆pedal curve 垂足线pedal surface 垂足曲面pedal transformation 垂足变换pedal triangle 垂足三角形peirce decomposition 皮尔斯分解penalty function 罚函数penalty method 补偿法pencil 束pencil of circles 圆束pencil of conics 二次曲线束pencil of curves 曲线束pencil of lines 线束pencil of parallel lines 平行线束pencil of planes 面束pencil of spheres 球束pendulum 摆pentad 拼五小组pentadecagon 十五边形pentagon 五角形pentagonal number 五角数pentagonal pyramid 五角锥pentagram 五角星pentahedron 五面体pentaspherical coordinates 五球坐标percent 百分率percent error 百分误差percentage 百分率percentile 百分位数perfect cube 完全立方perfect field 完全域perfect form 完全型perfect group 完全群perfect information 完全信息perfect magic square 完全幻方perfect mapping 完全映射perfect matching 全匹配perfect number 完全数perfect number of the second kind 第二类完全数perfect set 完备集perfect space 完全空间perfect square 完全平方perfectly normal space 完全正规空间perigon 周角perimeter 周围period 周期period matrix 周期矩阵period of a function 函数的周期period of oscillation 振荡的周期period relations 周期关系式period strip 周期带periodic 周期的periodic distribution 周期广义函数periodic element 周期元素periodic error 周期误差periodic function 周期函数periodic group 周期群periodic law 周期律periodic motion 周期运动periodic orbit 周期轨道periodic solution 周期解periodic system 周期系periodical decimal fraction 循环十进小数periodicity 周期性periodicity interval 周期性区间periodicity of function 函数的周期性periodogram 周期图periodogram analysis 周期图分析periodograph 周期图periodparallelogram 周期平行四边形peripheral 周边的peripheral device 外围设备peripheral unit 外围设备periphery 周边permanently convergent series 永久收敛级数permissible error 容许误差permissible function 容许函数permissible value 容许值permutation 置换。

海绵英语作文

海绵英语作文Sponges are fascinating creatures that have been around for millions of years. They are simple yet highly efficient organisms that play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. In this essay we will explore the characteristics of sponges their habitat and their importance to the environment.Characteristics of SpongesSponges belonging to the phylum Porifera are multicellular organisms that lack true tissues and organs. They are composed of cells that are organized into a few distinct cell types but these cells are not separated by specialized tissues. The most notable features of sponges include1. Porosity Sponges have a porous structure that allows water to flow through their bodies. This is crucial for their filterfeeding mechanism.2. Chambered Body The body of a sponge is made up of a series of chambers connected by a network of canals.3. Lack of Nervous System Unlike more complex animals sponges do not have a nervous system brain or even a true digestive system.4. Reproduction Sponges reproduce both asexually and sexually. They can regenerate from small fragments which is a form of asexual reproduction.Habitat of SpongesSponges can be found in a variety of aquatic environments predominantly in marine settings. They are known to inhabit1. Shallow Waters Many species prefer shallow waters where sunlight is abundant aiding in the photosynthesis of their symbiotic algae.2. Deep Sea Some sponges can survive in the deep sea where they adapt to the high pressure and lack of light.3. Coral Reefs Sponges are often found in coral reefs where they contribute to the biodiversity and provide habitats for other marine creatures.4. Polar Regions Surprisingly some sponges can be found in the cold waters of polar regions demonstrating their adaptability.Importance of SpongesSponges are vital to the health of marine ecosystems for several reasons1. Filter Feeders By filtering water sponges help remove excess nutrients and pollutants thus contributing to water purification.2. Biodiversity As a part of the coral reef ecosystem sponges provide habitats and food for a variety of marine species.3. Bioindicators Sponges are sensitive to environmental changes and can serve as bioindicators of water quality.4. Sponge Products Some species of sponges have been used by humans for various purposes including as cleaning tools and in the medical field for their unique properties. In conclusion sponges are not just simple organisms they are complex and integral parts of marine ecosystems. Their ability to thrive in diverse environments and their contributions to the marine food web and water quality make them an essential component of our planets biodiversity. Understanding and protecting sponges is crucial for maintaining the health of our oceans.。

Remarks on monopoles in Abelian projected continuum Yang-Mills theories

a r X i v :h e p -t h /0112051v 1 6 D e c 20011Remarks on monopoles in Abelian projected continuum Yang-Mills theories ∗A.R.Fazio a S.P.Sorella baUniversit`a degli Studi di Milano and INFN,via Celoria 16,20143Milano,ItalybUERJ,Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rua S˜a o Francisco Xavier 524,20550-013Maracan˜a ,Rio de Janeiro,BrazilA possible mechanism accounting for monopole conﬁgurations in continuum Yang-Mills theories is discussed.The presence of the gauge ﬁxing term is taken into account.1.IntroductionThe understanding of conﬁnement in non-abelian gauge theories is one of the major chal-lenge in theoretical physics.The idea that con-ﬁnement could be explained as a dual Meissner eﬀect for type II superconductors is largely ac-cepted,with conﬁrmations from lattice simula-tions.A key ingredient for the picture of dual super-conductivity is the mechanism of Abelian projec-tion introduced by ’t Hooft [1],which consists of reducing the gauge group SU (N )to an Abelian subgroup,identiﬁed with the Cartan subgroup U (1)N −1,by means of a partial gauge ﬁxing.This is achieved by choosing any local composite oper-ator X (x )which transforms in the adjoint rep-resentation,X ′(x )=UX (x )U †.The gauge is partially ﬁxed by requiring that X becomes di-agonal,X ′(x )=diag(λ1(x ),......,λN (x )),where λi (x )denote the gauge invariant eigenvalues.As shown in [1],monopoles conﬁgurations appear at the points x 0of the space-time where two eigen-values coincide,i.e.λi +1(x 0)=λi (x 0).Further,the gauge ﬁeld is decomposed into its diagonal and oﬀ-diagonal parts.The diagonal compo-nents correspond to the generators of the Car-tan subgroup and behave as photons.The oﬀ-diagonal components are charged with respect to the Abelian residual subgroup and may become massive [2,3],being not protected by gauge invari-ance.This mass should set the conﬁnement scale,allowing for the decoupling of the oﬀ-diagonal ﬁelds at low energy.The ﬁnal Abelian projected theory turns out thus to be described by an eﬀec-tive low-energy theory in which the relevant de-grees of freedom are identiﬁed with the diagonal components of the gauge ﬁelds and with a certain amount of monopoles,whose condensation should account for the conﬁnement of all chromoelectric ttice simulations [4,5]have provided evidences for the Abelian dominance hypothe-sis,according to which QCD in the low-energy regime is described by an eﬀective Abelian the-ory.This supports the realization of conﬁnement through a dual Meissner eﬀect,although the in-frared Abelian dominance in lattice calculations seems not to be a general feature of any Abelian gauge [6].Furthermore,many conceptual points remain to be clariﬁed in order to achieve a satis-factory understanding of conﬁnement in the con-tinuum.Certainly,the problem of the deriva-tion of the Abelian dominance from the QCD La-grangian is a crucial one.Also,the characteriza-tion of the eﬀective low-energy Abelian projected theory and of its monopoles content is of great relevance.There,one usually starts by impos-ing the so called Maximal Abelian Gauge (MAG)[7],which allows for a manifest residual subgroup U (1)N −1.The presence of monopoles in the MAG follows then from Π2(SU (N )/U (1)N −1)=Z N −1.However,being the MAG a gauge-ﬁxing condi-tion,it is manifestly noncovariant.Therefore,2monopoles here do not seem to be directly re-lated to the singularities occurring for coinciding eigenvalues in the process of diagonalization of a local covariant operator X (x ).Rather,they are associatedtosingular conﬁgurations of the ﬁelds [7].The purpose of this contribution is to discuss a possible mechanism accounting for the presence of monopoles in the MAG,for continuum gauge theories.The argument turns out to be general-ized to any renormalizable gauge,the main idea being that of showing that ’t Hooft Abelian pro-jection can be suitably carried out in the presence of gauge ﬁxing terms.2.Monopoles in quantized Yang-Mills the-ories In what follows we present a simple way in or-der to account for monopoles in continuum quan-tized Yang-Mills theories.In particular,we point out that it is possible to introduce in the path in-tegral a covariant local quantity whose diagonal-ization is compatible with the gauge ﬁxing,repro-ducing at the end the usual form of the Yang-Mills partition function in the presence of monopoles [7].Let us start by considering the partition func-tion for the quantized SU (N )Yang-Mills theoryZ =N[D Φ][DA ]exp − d 4x Tr14F µνF µν→Tri4B µνB µν(2)Therefore,for the partition function we getZ =N[D Φ][DA ][DB ]exp −S GF− d 4x TriF µνB µν4(3)Notice that the ﬁeld B µνtransforms covariantly under a gauge transformation of SU (N )B µν−→B Uµν=UB µνU †,from which it follows that the quadratic term Tr B µνB µνis left invariantTr B µνB µν=Tr B U µνB Uµν.Also,it is worth remarking that the ﬁeld B µνdoes not appear in the gauge ﬁxing term S GF (A,b,c,¯c ).According to ’t Hooft procedure,we can now pick up any component of B µν,say B 12,and,due to its hermiticity,diagonalize it by a suitable transformation Ωof SU (N ),namelyB 12→B diag12=ΩB 12Ω†.Due to the invariance of Tr B µνB µν,we haveTr B µνB µν=Tr2B 12B 12+B jk B jk=Tr2ΩB 12Ω†ΩB 12Ω†+ΩB jk Ω†ΩB jk Ω†=Tr2B diag 12B diag12+ΩB jk Ω†ΩB jk Ω†,(4)where the sum over the indices (j,k )does not in-clude the component B 12.The partition functionZ becomesZ =N[D Φ][DA ][DB ][D Ω]exp −S GF− d 4xi4Tr2ΩB 12Ω†ΩB 12Ω†+ΩB jk Ω†ΩB jk Ω†where we have inserted the integration measure [D Ω]over the gauge transformations which diag-onalize B 12.This is always possible,thanks to eq.(4).Performing now the change of variables B µν→Ω†B µνΩ,Ω→Ω,(5)3 we obtainZ=N [DΦ][DA][DB][DΩ]exp d4x Tr −iBµνBµν −S GF4The change of variables(5)has the eﬀect of mov-ing theΩ’s from the quadratic term BB to theﬁrst term F B.Recalling then that theΩ’s areprecisely those transformations which diagonalizeB12,it follows thatΩFµνΩ†=Ω ∂µAν−∂νAµ−[Aµ,Aν]+([∂µ,∂ν]Ω†)Ω Ω†,Fµν=[Dµ,Dν].Finally,we can path integrate theﬁeld B obtain-ing the expressionZ=N [DΦ][DA][DΩ]exp d4x T r −14M.N.Chernodub, F.V.Gubarev,M.I.Po-likarpov,V.I.Zakharov,Monopoles and Con-ﬁning Strings in QCD,hep-lat/0103033.8. F.Fucito,M.Martellini,M.Zeni,Nucl.Phys.B496(1997)259.9.K.-I.Kondo,Phys.Rev.D57(1998)7467.。

基础有机化学英语词汇表

phloroglucinol
间苯三酚
pyrogallol
连苯三酚
['æsid]
['pɑ:rə]
['fi:nɔ:l]
['æminəu]
['ffii::nnɔɔ::ll']fθæ [fɔ:'mæ
li:n]
ldəhaid]
[flɔrə'glu:sinɔ
l,-nəul]
[paiərəu'gæ ləul,
penicillin pentothal porphyrin purine pyrazine pyrazole pyridazine pyridine pyridine N-oxide pyridinium salt pyridoxine pyrimidine pyrrole pyranose periodic acid polysaccharide
折叠型构象汽油石油热裂裂解气石油裂解气
paramagnetic effect
顺磁效应
proton magnetic resonance；
PMR;1H-NMR
质子磁共振
[plein] [plein] [pərə'tueknaʃəi'lr]æ liti]
[p'usjcuk:edrəu] ['pʌkə]
palmitic acid palmitic alcohol plastifier permeability phosgene phosphatide polyester primary amide β-propanolactone protonated proton protonation polarity reverse perirnicyipcleicorfeaction microreversibility phenyl halide

pohozaev流形方法的开题报告

Nehari流形：
假设 ,且是的临界点的一个必要条件是
这个条件定义了一个Nehari流形
Euler函数
首先找出方程的Nehari流形，定义Euler函数，讨论关于函数的一些引理，结合（PS）条件，山路引理和Sobolev嵌入定理确定合适的，使得，方程至少存在两个正解。
研究的意义：
方程在当今科学研究领域中扮演着重要的角色.近年来,很多源于物理学,工程学等科学领域,具有实际应用背景的微分方程边值问题引起了人们的极大兴趣.众多作者综合运用变分法,山路引理，临界点理论等多种方法分析研究方程解的存在性与多重性.方程在物理、化学、生物、金融数学等不同的学科领域已得到广泛的应用。具N-Laplace算子的微分方程边值问题也早已运用到工程、物理学等领域，随着分数阶微分方程在实际生产和生活中的不断应用，关于分数阶微分方程边值问题理论的研究已引起了国内外学者的广泛关注并逐渐成为研究热点。椭圆型偏微分方程在工程技术科学与自然科学中的应用很广泛,许多重要的物理,力学学科的基本方程本身就是偏微分方程,许多领域中的数学模型都可以用偏微分方程来描述.因此,求解偏微分方程就变得很重要.N-Laplace方程在晶体错位、守恒律、金融、火焰传播、极小平面、多元散射、材料学、最优化等方面都有广泛应用，近几年来得到了广泛关注。
[5]LilianeA.Maia Positive solutions of a symptotically linear equations via Pohozaev manifold.RaquelLehrera.
[6]A.Ambrosetti, G.Cerami, D.Ruiz, Solutions of linearly coupled systems of semilinear non-autonomous equations on R N, J.Funct.Anal.254 (2008)2816–2845.

分子生物学名词解释大全

分子生物学名词解释大全AAbundance (mRNA 丰度)：指每个细胞中mRNA 分子的数目。

Abundant mRNA(高丰度mRNA)：由少量不同种类mRNA组成，每一种在细胞中出现大量拷贝。

Acceptor splicing site (受体剪切位点)：内含子右末端和相邻外显子左末端的边界。

Acentric fragment(无着丝粒片段)：(由打断产生的)染色体无着丝粒片段缺少中心粒，从而在细胞分化中被丢失。

Active site(活性位点)：蛋白质上一个底物结合的有限区域。

Allele(等位基因)：在染色体上占据给定位点基因的不同形式。

Allelic exclusion(等位基因排斥)：形容在特殊淋巴细胞中只有一个等位基因来表达编码的免疫球蛋白质。

Allosteric control(别构调控)：指蛋白质一个位点上的反应能够影响另一个位点活性的能力。

Alu-equivalent family(Alu 相当序列基因)：哺乳动物基因组上一组序列，它们与人类Alu家族相关。

Alu family (Alu家族)：人类基因组中一系列分散的相关序列，每个约300bp长。

每个成员其两端有Alu 切割位点(名字的由来)。

α-Amanitin(鹅膏覃碱)：是来自毒蘑菇Amanita phalloides 二环八肽，能抑制真核RNA聚合酶，特别是聚合酶II 转录。

Amber codon (琥珀MM子)：核苷酸三联体UAG，引起蛋白质合成终止的三个MM子之一。

Amber mutation (琥珀突变)：指代表蛋白质中氨基酸MM子占据的位点上突变成琥珀MM子的任何DNA 改变。

Amber suppressors (琥珀抑制子)：编码tRNA的基因突变使其反MM子被改变，从而能识别UAG MM子和之前的MM子。

Aminoacyl-tRNA (氨酰-tRNA)：是携带氨基酸的转运RNA，共价连接位在氨基酸的NH2基团和tRNA 终止碱基的3¢或者2¢－OH 基团上。

expressions and sentences

Expressions1.renal hypertension肾性高血压2.renal failure肾衰竭3.nephritis肾炎4.nephroscope肾镜5.cardiogram心电图6.cardiovascular心血管的7.cardiopulmonary 心肺的8.pulmonology 肺病学9.pneumocardial肺心的10.bronchial asthma支气管哮喘11.bronchial pneumonia支气管肺炎12.cardiac ventricle心室13.right atrium 右心房14.renal hilum 肾门15.peripheral arteriole末梢小动脉16.capillary proliferation 毛细血管增生17.pulmonary circulation肺循环系统18.venous effluent静脉输出19.subsegmental airways下段气道20.cardiac output心输出量21.retrosternal 胸骨后的22.abdominal aorta腹主动脉23.thoracic aorta胸主动脉24.prefrontal cortex 前额叶皮质区25.corticomedullary junction 皮髓质结合处26.the fractures of the pelvis骨盆骨折27.renal pelvis肾盂28.glomerular capillaries肾小球毛细血管29.thyroid parenchyma 甲状腺实质30.antioxidant 抗氧化剂31.antibody抗体32.antigen抗原33.atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化34.metabolism新陈代谢35.skeletal age 骨龄36.free radical 自由基37.oxide 氧化物38.digestive enzyme 消化酶39.superoxide dismutase 超氧（化）物歧化酶40.macrophage 巨噬细胞41.macroadenoma大腺瘤42.cystotomy 膀胱切开术43.cystogram膀胱造影照片44.hematology 血液学45.hemoglobin 血红素; 血红蛋白46.hemometry血成分测定法47.myoatrophy肌萎缩48.genetic transcription 基因转录anic macromolecule compound 有机高分子化合物50.amino acid 氨基酸51.aplastic anemia 再生障碍性贫血52.cystic fibrosis 囊性纤维化53.hereditary hemophilia 遗传性血友病54.myocardial infarction 心肌梗死55.myocardial ischemia 心肌缺血56.Alzheimer’s dementia 阿尔兹海默痴呆症57.schizophrenia 精神分裂症58.fungicide 除真菌剂59.cardiac arrest60.urethra61.afferent arterioles62.efferent arterioles63.afferent or sensory nerve fibers64.efferent or motor fibers65.pulmonary vein66.peritoneal dialysis67.cerebral cortex68.adrenal cortex69.inferior vena cava70.pathophysiology71.connective tissue72.erythrocyte73.leukocyte74.lymphocyte75.myocyte76.myoma77.myopathy78.myocarditis79.nephrotomy80.chromosome81.specific inhibitors82.immunodeficiency83.lobar artery84.interlobar artery85.interlobular artery86.mitosis87.amitosis88.tuberculosis89.nitrite90.presbyopia91.cataract92.glaucoma93.hypothermia94.dull pain95.sharp pain96.viral infectionSentences1.The nutritive blood flow to all but (except) the alveolar structures comes from the bronchial circulation, which originates from the aorta and upper intercostal arteries and receives about 1 per cent of the cardiac output.流向除肺泡以外的所有组织的营养血流来自于支气管循环。

特殊的单复数

①特殊的单复数(单数→复数)•a→ae ▲aortae-aortae[主动脉]▲pleura-pleurae[胸膜]•us→i ▲coccus-cocci[球菌]▲bacillus-bacilli[杆菌]•um→a ▲serum-sera[血清]▲bacterium-bactera[细菌]•on→ a ▲phenomenon-phenomena[现象]▲criterion-criteria[标准]•x→ces ▲cortex-cortices[皮质]▲appendix-appendices[阑尾]▲thorax-thoraces[胸廓]•x→ges ▲pharynx-pharynges[咽]▲larynx-larynges[喉]•is→es ▲crisis-crises[危象]▲analysis-analyses[分析]•ma→mata ▲trauma-traumata[创伤]▲hemotoma-hemotomata[血肿] •men→mina ▲lumen-lumina[腔]▲abdomen-abdomina[腹]2、字母可互通使用医学全在.线提供•ae-e ▲haemorrhage-hemorrhage[出血]▲aetiology-etiology[病因] •oe-e ▲oedema-edema[水肿]▲oesophagus-esophagus[食管] •ou-u ▲oulitis-ulitis[牙龈炎]▲ouroscopy-uroscopy[尿检] •ph-f ▲sulphate-sulfate[硫酸盐]▲sulphonamide-sulfonamide[磺胺]•k-c ▲EKG-ECG[心电图]▲leukocyte-leucocyte[白细胞]▲Katabolism-catabolism[分解代谢]•y-i ▲syrup-sirup[糖浆]3、英美的不同拼写形式(英-美)•our(英)-or(美) ▲colour-color[颜色]▲tumour-tumor[肿瘤]•re-er ▲centre-center[中心]▲metre-meter[米]•yes-yze ▲analyse-analyze[分析]▲paralyse-paralyze[瘫痪]•xion-ction ▲connexion-connection[连接] ▲reflexion-reflection[反射]•mme-m ▲gramme-gram[克]•ogue-og ▲dialogue-dialog[对话]▲catalogue-catalog[目录]•c-k ▲disc-disk[软盘]▲sceptic-skeptic[怀疑论者] 4、词根交替现象•mouth[口]-oral[口的]•tooth[牙齿]-dental[牙齿的]•tongue[舌]-lingual[舌的]•ear[耳]-aural[耳的]•nose[鼻]-nasal[鼻的]•eye[眼]-ophthalmic[眼的]•skin[皮肤]-dermal[皮肤的]•heart [心]-cardiac[心脏的]•liver[肝]-hepatic[肝的]•stomach[胃]-gastric[胃的]•lung[肺]-pulmonary[肺的]•kideny[肾]-renal[肾的]•neck[颈]-cervical[颈的]•chest[胸]-thoracic[胸的]•brain[脑]-cerebral[脑的]•nerve[神经]-neural[神经的]•rib[肋骨]-costal[肋骨的]•mother[母]-maternal[母亲的]•heat[热]-thermal[热的]•bone[骨]-bony[骨的]•virus[病毒]-viral[病毒的]•saliva[唾液]-salivary[唾液的] •respiration[呼吸]-respiratory[呼吸的] •joint[关节]-arthritis[关节炎]•kidney[肾]-nephritis[肾炎]•nerve[神经]-neuritis[神经炎]•lioer[肝]-hepatitis[肝炎]•brain[脑]-encephalitis[脑炎]•stomache[胃]-gastritis[胃炎]•artery[动脉]-arteritis[动脉炎]•bronchus[支气管]-bronchitis[支气管炎] •heart[心]-cardiology[心脏病学]•eye[眼]-ophthalmology[眼科学]•cell[细胞]-cytology[细胞学]•tumor[肿瘤]-oncology[肿瘤学]•disease[病]-pathology[病理学]•drug[药]-pharmocology[药理学] •parasite[寄生虫]-parasitology[寄生虫学] •bacterium[细菌]-bacteriology[细菌学] •cell[细胸]-cyto-[细胞]•blood[血]-hemo-[血]5、常用拉丁短语•ad arbitrium[随意地]•ad decubitum[临睡时]•ad effectum[直至有效]•ad interim[暂时]医学全在.线提供•ad libitum（ad lib）[随意]•ad usum externum[外用]•ad usum internum[内服]•ante caenam[晚饭前]•ante cibum[饭前]•ante horam decubitus[睡前]•ante jentaculum[早饭前]•ante meridiem(A.M)[上午]•bis in die(B.i.d)[每天二次]•curriculum vitae (C.V)[简历]•et al (et alia)[等等]•exmpli gratia (e.g)[例如]•id est (i.e)[即]•in brevi[简言之]•in situ[原位]•in vitro[体外]•in vivo[体内]•locus in quo[现象]•note bene(N.B)[注意]•per annum[每年]•per centum (percent)[百分之……]•per diem[每日]•per mensem[每月]•per os (p.o)[经口]•per rectum[经直肠]•post meridiem （P.M）[下午]•post mortem[死后]•post partum[产后]•post scriptum(P.S)[附言]•pro dosi[一次量]•pro et contra (pro et con)[赞成和反对] •pro re nata (p.r.n)[必要时]•quaque die (q.d)[每天一次]•quaque nocte (q.n)[每晚一次]•quaque quarta hora(q.4h)[每4小时1次] •quaque secundo die(q.o.d)[每二天一次] •ter in die (t.i.d)[每天三次]该文章转载自医学全在线：/yingyu/2008/20569_ 2.shtml。

医学英语超级无敌终结版（2）

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e蛔苷层asper gil lar曲霉的asper gil li（复）曲霉asper gil loma曲霉肿asper gil losis喂鸽者病:曲霉病asper gil lus(复aspergilli)曲霉asp irin阿司匹林aster ococc us星球菌属Asteroi d星状的;星样aster omyci n星霉素aster oph or a星形菌asti gma散光astrin gent收敛剂asymmetrical不对称的asymmetric不对称的asymmetrin不对称菌素asymmetry不对称ateli a发育不全ateloc ardi a心发育不全atelomyeli a脊髓发育不全atelosteogene si s骨发育不全症atheroscler osi s动脉粥样硬化autocr ine自分泌autonomic自主的autopl oid同源体；同倍体autore gu lati on自身调节autor hythmicity自动节律性,自律性bacill ary杆状细菌的bacill ifor m杆菌状的bacill ifor m杆状的bacill in杆菌素bacill i杆菌bacill us杆菌bacill us杆菌属bacill us芽胞杆菌属back背bacteremi a菌血症bacteri ology细菌学bacteri ost atic抑菌剂bacteri otrop in亲菌素bad恶，病bal l球形ban dage绷带ban dagin g绷扎ban daletta小带(小带状解剖结构)ban dlik e带状base bott om底basipetal由上往下的basop hil嗜碱性细胞beade d串珠状的before前；原behin d后belly腹belt带状betw een之间bifidobacer iu m双岐杆菌bifidobacteri a双歧杆菌bile胆汁bilirubi nuri a胆红素尿biliverdi n胆绿素binoc ul ar双眼的binomi al二项式(的)biop har maceutics生物药剂学bisalbu mine mia双白蛋白血症bis-di methylsilyl-acet ami debishydr oxyc ou mar i双(羟)香豆素bisph osph ate二磷酸盐(酯)bitter苦bivalent二价的bivari ate双变,二变量；二元的black黑blastocysi s芽囊原虫属blastocyst胚泡blastocystide a芽囊原虫纲blastomer e卵裂球blastomer e卵裂球blast胚细胞；胚；芽blenne mesi s黏液呕吐blenn oge nic生黏液的blenn orrh agi a黏液溢出blenn othor ax黏液胸blood血blue蓝boat舟状body体brady arthri a言语过慢brady au xesi s部分(生长)发育徐缓,bradyc ardi a心动过缓,心搏徐缓bradyp nea呼吸缓慢,呼吸过慢brevibacteriu m短杆菌属brevimycin短杆霉素brevin短杆菌素brevis短的bridge桥bronc hostron gylu s窦圆线虫属brow n褐色,赭bullet-sh ape d弹丸状bunyavirid ae布尼亚病毒科butadi ene丁二烯butan ol丁醇butaz olidi n保泰松,布他酮cachecti n恶病质素;恶液素cache xi a恶病质cacogen ics劣生学,种族退化论cain e卡因cal oredi ance热辐射（线）cal orescenc e热光;灼热cal oric热的cal orifier加热器can alicul ar小管（样）的can alicul itis泪管炎can alicul us(复canal icul i)小管can aliz ation成管；穿通cann ular中空的cann ul a插管capill ary-resi stanc e毛细血管抵抗力capsule囊capsuliti s囊炎carb amazepi ne卡马西平cell细胞center中心centigr ade摄氏度；百分度centigr am厘克centimeter百分度,厘米centipede蜈蚣,百足虫centricity中心centrifugation离心液centrifuge离心机centrilob ul ar小叶中心的centriol 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m大肠杆菌状类colise pticemi a大肠杆菌败血症col oclysi s结肠灌洗col or色col our色colu mell ar小柱的colu mell a小柱colu mn ar柱状的comp atibi lity相容性comp atibl e相容的conc ave凹面的concentri c同心的cone-shap ed锥形cone锥体con oid锥形的contraceptive避孕剂contradicti on矛盾,抵触contraexten si on对抗牵伸术contraindic ati on禁忌症contraindic ati on禁忌症contralater al对侧的contrastimulant抗兴奋药contrast对照,对比conul e锥状突cord索,带corner角状coronavir us冠状病毒corte x皮质corticosterone皮质酮corticostriat e皮质纹状体的coryneb acteri a棒状菌coryneb acteriu m棒状杆菌coryneci n棒状杆菌素corynesp or a棒孢属counter act抵抗,解(毒),中和countercu rrent逆流,对流,反向电流counterirr itant对抗刺激剂counterp oi son抗毒剂counter sh ock抗休克countertr acti o对抗牵引crisp脆crymother apy冷冻疗法cryoan al gesi a冷止痛法;冷冻止痛法cryocauteriz ati on冻烧灼术cryodamage冷冻损伤cryptamne si a潜在记忆cryptobi osi s隐生现象cryptococc osi s隐球菌病cryptococc osi s隐球菌病cryptorchism隐睾病crystal晶体状cubic立体cuneifor m楔状的cuneocere bell arfibers楔小脑纤维cuneonavicu lar楔舟的cuneu s楔叶cyanei n蓝菌素,布雷菲德菌素Acyanobacteri a蓝细菌cyanopsi a蓝视(症)cyanosi s发绀,青紫cylinder圆柱cylindrical圆柱形的cylindroma圆柱瘤cylindruri 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ojejunal十二指肠空肠的duodenu m十二指肠d-urob ilin d-尿胆素dysau di a听力障碍dysbacteri osis菌群失调症dyschondr opl asi a软骨发育不良,奥利埃(氏)病dyserethism应激性不良dyssymmetry不对称echinoboth riu m棘颈绦虫属echinochasmi asis棘隙吸虫病echinococci asis棘球蚴病echinocyte棘红细胞ectobl ast外胚层ectocytosi s细胞排吐作用ectodomain外功能区ectohormone外激素eelw orm线虫egg卵形elast orrhe xis弹性组织(纤维)破裂ellipse椭圆形ellipsoi d椭圆体elliptical椭圆形的elliptocyte椭圆红细胞elliptocytosi s椭园形红细胞增多症；椭圆(形)红细胞性贫血embolifor m栓状embolifor m栓状embolism栓塞embolizati on栓塞术emboly栓塞形成endoc ardi u m心内膜endoc ardi u m心内膜endocervic al子宫颈内的endocr ine内分泌的endocr inology内分泌学endometrium(复endometria)子宫内膜endopar asit e体内寄生虫endopolypl oi d核内多倍体endothe liu m内皮(组织)enema灌肠(剂)enteroclysi s灌肠剂eosi nocyte嗜曙红细胞,嗜酸性细胞eosi nophili a嗜曙红细胞增多eosi nophili c嗜曙红细胞的eosi nophil嗜酸性细胞eosi nophyll叶曙红素eosi n曙红,伊红epibl ast上胚层epicant hal内眦赘皮的epicon dylar上髁的epicotyl上胚轴epicytoma上皮瘤epididymiti s附睾炎epimasti gote s上鞭毛体epitheliu m上皮(组织)epitheliz ation上皮化epitop e表位ergoc orn ine麦角柯宁碱ergonovin e麦角新碱ergot ami ne麦角胺ergot oxine麦角毒ergot麦角erythrobl 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al杀丝虫的filarifor m丝状的,丝虫状的filum丝first伯、甲five五flagel lar鞭毛的flagel l a鞭毛(复)flagel lin鞭毛蛋白,鞭毛素flagel losi s鞭毛虫病flagel lum(复flage lla)鞭毛flatfoot扁平足flattened扁平的flattenin g变扁flatw orm扁虫flat扁形flavaci n黄曲霉素flavivirus黄病毒属(B群黄病毒)flavob acteriu m黄杆菌属flesh肉flexib acter屈挠杆菌属flexibil ity屈曲性flexibl e屈，屈曲fleximeter关节屈度计flexor屈肌folded sh ape皱襞状fold倍体foramin a（复）孔foraminifer有孔虫foramin otomy椎间孔切开术foraminul ate有小孔的forear m前臂fore-con sci ousness前意识forefoot前足forehe ad额,前额,颜formaldehyd e甲醛formate甲酸盐formic甲酸的formyl甲酸基fourth季、丁、第四four四friability脆性friable脆的,易碎的frontal额的；前额的frontomaxill ary额上颌的frontonasal额鼻的frontotempor al额颞(骨)的frontozy gomati c额颧骨的front前fundectomy底部切除术fundi(单f undus)底,基底fundoplic ation胃底折术fundusc opi c眼底检查的funge mi a真菌血症fungi al真菌的fungici de杀真菌剂fungi stasis抑制真菌fungi static抑制真菌的fungit oxic ity真菌毒性fungu s(复f ungi)真菌gametogony配子生殖genesis起源genetic基因的gene基因gen ome染色体组,基因组gen otype基因型gentamici n庆大霉素genu s-specifi c属特异性的geotr opi sm向地性ger m细菌giganti sm巨人症gigant obl ast巨大母红细胞gigant oc otyle巨孔[吸虫]属gigant omasti a巨乳症glassy透明globispori n球孢菌素globuli nuri a球蛋白尿globuli n球蛋白glycagon胰高血糖素glycan聚糖glyceride甘油酯glycyrrhizi a甘草gol den金黄goniosc opy前房角镜检查goniot omy前房角切开术good优granul ocytop oiesis粒细胞生成gray灰色green绿grisei n灰霉素grise oc occin灰球霉素,灰球菌素grise ofulvi n灰黄霉素grise oviridi n灰绿霉素,灰绿菌素grise um灰色的groove沟gru b幼虫gyrase旋转酶gyraul us旋螺属gyrosc op e回旋器gyrus(复gyri)(脑)回haemat ocrit血细胞比容haemat ology血液病学haemat oma血肿haematuri a血尿haemod ialysis血液透析haemogl obin血色素,血红蛋白haemolytic溶血的haemorrh age出血hairthri x毛发half半har d硬hectogram百克hectoliter百升hectometer百米hectonew ton百牛顿helical螺旋状的helicase解螺旋酶helicobacteri um螺杆菌属helicopepsin螺蛋白酶helicotre ma蜗孔hemangioma血管瘤hemat ocrit血细胞比容hemat ospermi a血精hemat uri a血尿(症)hemifac ial半面的hemiple gi a偏瘫,半身不遂hemipter a半翅目hemisphere半球hemobili a胆道出血hemodi alysi s血液透析hemolytic-resistance溶血抵抗力hemolytic溶血的hemopurific ation血液净化hemostasi s止血hepat ocyte肝细胞heptan e庚烷heptape ptide七肽heptol庚醇heptose庚糖heterau xesi s异速生长heteroantige n异种抗原heterocyst异形细胞;异形囊胞heterogamy异配生殖heterophye s异形吸虫heterophyi dae异形科heterophyi d异形的hetero异形hexagon al六角形的hexane己烷hexok inase己糖(磷酸)激酸hidde n隐hidradeniti s汗腺炎hidroc arci noma汗腺癌hidrocy stoma汗腺囊瘤hidror rhe多汗症，大汗high高histidin e[生化]组氨酸;histoc hemi stry组织化学histoc ompati bility组织相容性histoc ompati ble组织相容的histol ogy组织学holl ow form中空状hol oantige n全抗原hol ocrin e全浆分泌hol oenzyme全酶hol ogr ap hy全息摄影术home od omai n同源结构域home other mi a恒温homoami noaci d高氨基酸homoatropine高阿托品homobet ain e高甜菜碱homob ioti n高生物素homocysteine高半胱氨酸，同型半胱氨酸homogamete同型配子homol actic同乳酸的homol og同源的homosexu ality同性恋homot omu s同体的honeyc omb蜂窝状hot热hyaliniz ati on透明化作用；透明样变化hyaloge n透明蛋白原hyalomere透明质hyalopl asm透明质hydrati on缺水hydrocep hal us脑积水hydrol ase水解酶hydrone phr osi s肾积水hydrop hilic亲水的hydrop hob ic疏水的,狂犬病的hydrotropism向水性hyperacid ity胃酸过多症hyperactive活动过度的;机能亢进的hyperactivity机能亢进hyperamyl ase mi a高淀粉酶血症hyperbiliru bine mi a高胆红素血症hypercalce mi a高钙血症hypercalci uri a多钙尿,尿钙过多,高钙尿hypercellul ar细胞过多的hyperph ori a上隐斜视hyperplasi a超常增生hypoaffectivity情感低下hypobl ast下胚层hypobu li a意志消沉hypoc alcemi 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n新阿斯匹林novobioc in新生霉素novomycin新新霉素nucleic核的nucleophili c亲核的nucleopl asm核质nucleosome核小体(ν-小体)nucleosome核小体(ν-小体)nucleoti de核苷酸nucleu s核nullify使无效nullip arity未经产nullip ar ou s未经产的nullisomic缺对染色体的nutobli que斜的obli quimete(骨盆)斜度计obli quity倾斜；斜度obli quu s(拉)斜肌ochr atoxi n赭曲毒素ochre赭石,赭色ochr on osi s褐黄症,褐黄病ochr on otic褐黄病的octamer八聚体octamethyl八甲基octan ol辛醇octape ptide八肽old旧ole oph obi c疏油的oli godactyly少指[畸形],少趾[畸形]oli gohidr osi s少汗oli gohydramni os羊水过少oli guri a少尿onc oge ne癌基因onc otrop ic亲瘤的on e单,一one单,一onu pon over上，外onychi a甲床炎onych odystrophy指(趾)甲营养不良onych omal aci a甲软化onych osi s甲病oocyte卵母细胞；卵泡细胞op acificati on造影术op acity不透明性;浑浊度op aqu e不透明的op aq u不透明的opp osit e逆,对organ ogenesis器官发生organ opl asty器官成形术organ osc opy内脏镜检查organ other apy器官疗法organ器官ori gin al原orosomuc oi d血清类粘蛋白oroti dine乳清酸orrh omen in gitis浆膜炎orrh other apy血清疗法orthoc hromic正色的orthodeoxi a直立低氧血症orthodi agr am正影描记图orthopedi c矫形的oste obl ast成骨细胞oste omalaci a骨软化症oste openi a骨质减少outsi de外ovary卵巢ovicell卵泡ovoi d卵形的ovum卵,卵子ozen a臭鼻症ozoc hroti a皮臭症ozone O;臭氧ozonizer臭氧发生器pachyder ma厚皮pachymet e厚度测量器pachyne ma(核分裂)粗线期pachy onychi a甲肥厚pale obi oche mistry古生物化学pale ocerebel lu m旧小脑pale oc ortex旧皮质pale omicr ob iol ogy古微生物学pan arteritis全身动脉炎,全动脉炎panc hromati c全色的pancre asislet s岛、胰岛pani mmunit全免疫par aaortic主动脉周围的par acentr al旁中央的par acervical宫颈旁的par acervi x子宫颈旁组织par acortic al副皮质区的par asite寄生虫par asitif orme s寄螨目par asiti sm寄生(现象),par asit ology寄生虫学par asit osi s寄生虫病par athyrotr ophi n促甲状旁腺(激)素pariet al壁的,顶骨的parietitis（器官）壁层炎pariet ofront al顶额的pariet ospl anc hnic壁与内脏的part部分penicilli n青霉素pentagonal五角形的pentamidin e戊脘脒pentape ptide五肽pentetate五乙酸盐pentob arbit al戊巴比妥[镇静催眠药]pepper胡椒periad eniti s腺周围炎periap pend iceal阑尾周围的pericar diectomypericyte周细胞period ontiti s牙周炎peripher al-resi stance.末梢抵抗力perisin uous窦周的peritrichat周毛菌phac oan aphyl axi s晶体过敏症phac ocystec om晶状体囊切除术phac oerysi s晶状体针吸术phac ofragmentati on晶状体粉碎术phar mac odyn amics药效动力学phar mac ok inetics药物(代谢)动力学phar mac ol ogy药理学phlegm黏液,phlegm痰phosph orib osyltr ansfer ase磷酸核糖转移酶phylac agogic促成防御素的phylactic防御的physiot herapy物理疗法pia-arac hn oid软-蛛网膜piamater软脑膜picroac onitin e苦乌头碱picroci ne苦糖胺picromycin苦霉素picroti n印防己苦内酯;苦宁piperacilli n哔哌青霉素piperazine哌嗪,胡椒嗪piperidi on e二乙哌啶二酮piperin e胡椒碱plan e平面plan oc onve x平凸型plan ogram X线体层照片plan ograph X射线体层照像术plan omycin平霉素plasmalemma质膜plasmame mbr ane质膜plasma血浆plasmdic id al杀疟原虫的plasmi d质体,质粒plasmin ogen纤维蛋白溶酶原plasmi n血浆反应素plasmodi al疟原虫的,合胞体的plasmodi a疟原虫；合胞体plasmodiu m疟原虫plasmodiu m疟原虫plasm浆,血浆,原生质plasm浆,原生质；胞质pleiotr opi sm(基因)多效性plenocyte脾细胞pleoch roi sm多色现象pleocytosis脑脊液(淋巴)细胞增多pleomor phism多型现象pluril ocul a多腔的plurip ol ar多极的plurip otenti al多能造血干细胞plurispor e多室孢子pneumoc occu s肺炎球菌poik ilocyte异形红细胞poik ilocyt osi s异形红细胞病poik iloderma皮肤异色病poik ilothe rmi a(拉)变温poi son毒poi son毒poli oence ph alopathypoli omyeliti s脊髓灰质炎,小儿麻痹症poli omyel omal aci apoli omyel omal aci a脊髓灰质软化poli osi s白发(症),灰发(症)polyac etylene聚乙烯polyarteriti s多动脉炎polyart hral gi a多关节痛polyaxon多轴突[神经]细胞polyd actylism多指(趾)(畸形)polymorph 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omyci n绛红霉素pycnosis[细胞]致密化,核固缩pyk nodysostosis致密性骨发育不全,骨发育障碍矮小症pyrami dal is锥状肌pyrami dal锥体的pyretic热的,热病的pyretogen in致热原pyretoge n热原pyretotherapy发热疗法quadrangu lar方形的；四边形的quadrangu lar四边形的quadrate方形的quadrate方形的;quadrati c方形的；四方(的)quadratu s方肌quadratu s方肌quadril ateral四边形的quincu ncial双盖覆瓦状radi at辐射状radi other apy放射疗法raglottic声门下的rectan gul ar矩形的red红reovirid ae呼吸病毒科reovirus呼肠病毒,呼吸道肠道病毒repellent驱虫剂retrobr onchi al支气管后的retrobul bar眼球后的retrocecal盲肠后的retrocession倒退,后移rhab ditis小杆线虫属rhab doi dsarcoma杆状肉瘤rhab domyobl ast成横纹肌细胞rhab domyolvsi s横纹肌溶解rhab domyoma横纹肌瘤rhab domyoma横纹肌瘤rhab domyosarc oma横纹肌肉瘤rhab domyosarc oma横纹瘤rhab doviri dae棒状病毒科rhinovir us鼻病毒rhod ocid in紫红杀菌素rhod oc occu s红球菌属rhod op sin视紫质,视紫红质rhod otor ul osi s红酵母菌病rhombencep halon菱脑rhomboidal菱形的rhomboid偏菱形rhombomere菱脑节rhomb菱形ribofl avin核黄素ribon ucle otide核糖核苷酸,核糖核甙酸,核苷酸ribose核糖ribosome核蛋白体ribosome核糖体ribozyme RN A构成酶,核酶right右rod杆状，横纹rotameter血流测定器rotary旋转的rotat or回旋肌rotaviru s轮状病毒roun dw orm线虫,蛔虫roun d圆形rubeosi s发红,潮红ruber(拉)红的,红核rubid omyci n柔红霉素salicyl ami de水杨酰胺salicyl anil ide水杨酰苯胺salicyl ate水杨酸盐salicyli c水杨酰的salicy l水杨酸基saliv ation流涎,多涎saliv atory催涎的saliv ator催涎剂salivin涎淀粉酶；唾液淀粉酶sal monell a(复salmonellae)沙门(氏)菌sal monell a(复salmonellae)沙门(氏)菌sal monell al沙门(氏)菌引起的sal monell ose s沙门氏菌病sal monell osi s沙门菌感染sameequ al同same同sap ogeni n皂甙元,皂甙配基sap onific ati on皂化(作用)sap oni n皂甙,皂素sap otoxi n皂角毒苷sap o皂sarc ocysti s肉孢子虫属sarc oma(复sarcomas,sarcomata)肉瘤sarc omer e肌(原纤维)节sarc omer e肌节sarc opl asmic肌质的,肌浆的scal e鳞状scap h a耳舟scap hoce ph aly舟状头,舟状头畸形scap hoiditi s舟骨炎scap hoid舟状的,舟骨schist omete声门裂schist osomacid e杀血吸虫剂schist osomal血吸虫的schist osoma裂体吸虫属schist osoma裂体吸虫属,血吸虫属schist osome裂体吸虫schist osomi asis血吸虫病schiz oge nesi s裂殖schiz ogony裂殖生殖,裂体增殖schiz oid精神分裂样的,类精神分裂症的scleredema硬化病sclerok erat osi s巩膜角膜炎,硬化性角膜炎arterioscler osi s动脉硬化scoli ometer脊柱侧凸测量计scoli osis脊柱侧凸scoli otic脊柱侧凸的scoli ot one脊柱侧凸矫正器scot ob acteri a暗细菌scot oma(复scot omata)暗点scot opi a暗视,暗适应secon d乙sector gate扇形阀门sectori al扇形的sectorsc 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非蛋白氮的英语单词

非蛋白氮的英语单词Captivating the essence of biochemistry, the term "non-protein nitrogen" (NPN) stands as a pivotal element in the intricate dance of cellular metabolism. This fascinating compound is a diverse class of nitrogen-containing substances that, unlike proteins, do not consist of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. NPN encompasses a variety of molecules, including nucleic acids, amino acids, peptides, urea, and other nitrogenous compounds, each playing a unique role in the biochemical processes within living organisms.In the grand scheme of biological systems, non-protein nitrogen is crucial for the synthesis of nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, essential for genetic information storage and expression. It's also vital for the production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell, and for the synthesis of other important biomolecules like hormones and neurotransmitters.Moreover, NPN is a critical component in the nitrogen cycle, the natural process through which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms as it circulates through the environment. It is involved in the assimilation of nitrogen by plants and its subsequent conversion into proteins, highlighting its importance in the food chain and agricultural practices.Understanding non-protein nitrogen is not just ascientific endeavor but also a key to unlocking the mysteries of life itself. Its presence in various forms, from the microscopic to the macroscopic, underscores the interconnectedness of all life and the delicate balance of our ecosystems.。