国际贸易壁垒英文版
国际贸易实务英文版课后练习参考答案
练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter出口退税export tax rebate倾销dumping出口型经济增长export-driven economic growth东道国host country贸易差额balance of trade贸易顺差／贸易逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of trade欧盟European Union国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差favorable ／unfavorable balance of payments有形贸易visible trade无形贸易invisible trade货物贸易trade in goods服务贸易trade in servicesⅢThe chart above shows the U.S.imports from China,U.S.exports to China and the trade balance.The U.S.has a negative trade balance with China,and it has been growing.During the period from 1997 to 2003,imports from China have grown 244％while exports to China have grown 221％，indicating that the trade deficit is increasing.There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996,totalling ＄39.5 billion at the end of the year.Ⅳ1.Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2.Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods．3.Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4.International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5.FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations areself-sufficient.Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic reasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital）that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preference reasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balance of trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in aforeign company is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.Chapter 2关税壁垒tariff barriers非关税壁垒non-tariff barriers从量税specific duties配额quota保护性关税protective tariff市场失灵market failure幼稚产业infant industry许可证制度licensing system财政关税revenue tariff政府采购government procurement贸易保护主义trade protectionism从价税Ad valorem Duties最低限价floor price本地采购规则“buy local”rules增加内需raise domestic demandDomestic content 国内含量Red-tape barriers 进口环节壁垒Export susidies 出口补贴Binding quota 绑定配额Absolute quotas 绝对配额VER 自愿出口限制Tariff-rate quotas 关税配额Zero quota 零配额“Buy local”rules 本地采购原则Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
关于贸易壁垒英语作文初一
Trade barriers are measures imposed by governments to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.They come in various forms,including tariffs,quotas,and nontariff barriers.Heres a detailed composition on trade barriers suitable for a junior high school level:Title:Understanding Trade BarriersIntroduction:In the global economy,trade barriers are a common phenomenon.They are implemented by governments to shield their local industries from the intense competition posed by international markets.These barriers can be both beneficial and detrimental,depending on the perspective from which they are viewed.Tariffs:Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods,making them more expensive for consumers.This,in turn,encourages consumers to buy domestically produced goods. Tariffs can protect local industries from being overwhelmed by cheaper foreign alternatives,thus preserving jobs and supporting the domestic economy.Quotas:Quotas are limitations on the quantity of a particular product that can be imported into a country within a specific time frame.By restricting the amount of foreign goods,quotas protect domestic producers from being flooded by an excess of imports,which could lead to the collapse of local businesses.Nontariff Barriers:Nontariff barriers encompass a wide range of measures that do not involve direct taxes or quotas.These can include regulations,standards,and licensing requirements that make it more difficult for foreign goods to enter the market.While these barriers can protect consumers from potentially harmful products,they can also be used to unfairly discriminate against foreign goods.Positive Aspects of Trade Barriers:1.Job Protection:By supporting local industries,trade barriers can help preserve jobs and maintain employment levels within the country.2.Industry Development:They can provide a nurturing environment for domestic industries to grow and innovate without the pressure of immediate foreign competition.3.National Security:In some cases,trade barriers can be used to protect strategic industries that are vital to national security.Negative Aspects of Trade Barriers:1.Increased Prices:Tariffs and quotas can lead to higher prices for consumers,as the cost of imported goods increases.2.Limited Choices:Consumers may have fewer options to choose from,as the variety of goods available in the market is reduced.3.Strained International Relations:Trade barriers can lead to trade wars and strained relations between countries,as they may retaliate with their own barriers. Conclusion:While trade barriers can offer shortterm protection to domestic industries,they are not a sustainable solution for longterm economic growth.Encouraging fair competition and fostering innovation within industries can lead to more robust and competitive economies. It is essential for governments to strike a balance between protecting their economies and promoting international trade for mutual benefit.Recommendations:1.Gradual Reduction:Governments should consider gradually reducing trade barriers to allow for a smoother transition to a more open market.2.International Cooperation:Working with international partners to establish fair trade agreements can help minimize the negative impacts of trade barriers.3.Domestic Industry Support:Instead of relying solely on trade barriers,governments should invest in education,research,and development to strengthen domestic industries. Understanding trade barriers is crucial for students as it helps them grasp the complexities of international trade and the role of government policies in shaping economic outcomes.。
关于贸易壁垒英语作文初中
关于贸易壁垒英语作文初中Trade Barriers。
In recent years, trade barriers have become a hot topic in the international community. Trade barriers refer to the government-imposed restrictions on the movement of goodsand services between countries. They can take various forms, such as tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and technical barriers. While some argue that trade barriers are necessary toprotect domestic industries, others believe that theyhinder economic growth and global cooperation.One of the most common trade barriers is tariffs, which are taxes imposed on imported goods. Tariffs increase the price of imported products, making them less competitive in the domestic market. This protectionist measure aims to shield domestic industries from foreign competition and encourage consumers to buy locally-produced goods. However, tariffs can also lead to a decrease in consumer purchasing power and limit the availability of affordable products.Moreover, they can spark trade wars between countries, as one country's imposition of tariffs may trigger retaliatory measures from its trading partners.Another trade barrier is quotas, which limit the quantity of goods that can be imported or exported. Quotas are often used to protect domestic industries that are unable to compete with foreign producers on a level playing field. By restricting the supply of foreign goods, quotas artificially inflate prices, benefiting domestic producers but harming consumers. Additionally, quotas can lead to smuggling and black market activities, as individuals seek to bypass the restrictions and profit from the price differentials.Subsidies are also a common trade barrier. Governments provide financial support to domestic industries, enabling them to sell their products at lower prices than their foreign competitors. This practice aims to boost domestic production and employment. However, subsidies can distort market forces and lead to inefficient resource allocation. They can also spark disputes between countries, as foreignproducers argue that the subsidies give domestic industries an unfair advantage.Technical barriers, such as product standards and regulations, can also act as trade barriers. While these measures are intended to protect consumers and ensure product safety, they can be used as a means of protectionism. Developing countries often struggle to meet the stringent technical requirements imposed by developed nations, limiting their access to international markets. This creates an uneven playing field and hinders economic development.In conclusion, trade barriers have both positive and negative impacts on economies. While they may protect domestic industries and promote national self-sufficiency, they also limit consumer choice, increase prices, and hinder global cooperation. It is important for countries to strike a balance between protecting their industries and promoting free and fair trade. International cooperation and dialogue are necessary to address trade barriers and create a more inclusive and prosperous global economy.。
关税壁垒的英语作文
关税壁垒的英语作文Title: Understanding Tariff Barriers。
In today's globalized economy, tariff barriers have become a significant aspect of international trade relations. Tariffs, essentially taxes on imported goods, are employed by governments for various reasons, ranging from protecting domestic industries to generating revenue. However, they also have profound implications on trade dynamics, economic growth, and consumer welfare. In this essay, we will delve into the intricacies of tariff barriers, examining their impact on economies and trade relationships.Firstly, it's crucial to understand the rationale behind imposing tariffs. Governments often implementtariffs to shield domestic industries from foreign competition. By making imported goods more expensive,tariffs aim to encourage consumers to purchase domestically produced goods, thus supporting local industries andpreserving jobs. Additionally, tariffs can serve as asource of government revenue, especially in developing countries with limited fiscal resources.However, while tariffs may provide short-term benefitsto domestic industries, they can also lead to several adverse effects. One of the most significant consequencesis the distortion of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage, a fundamental concept in international trade, suggests that countries should specialize in producinggoods in which they have a lower opportunity cost. Tariffs disrupt this principle by artificially inflating the costof imported goods, thereby discouraging specialization and efficient allocation of resources.Moreover, tariffs often trigger retaliation fromtrading partners. When one country imposes tariffs on imports, its trading partners may respond in kind by imposing their tariffs on the originating country's exports. This retaliatory cycle can escalate into a trade war, characterized by tit-for-tat tariff increases, ultimately harming all involved economies. The recent trade tensionsbetween major economies serve as a stark reminder of the detrimental consequences of such actions.Furthermore, tariffs can exacerbate income inequality within a country. While they may protect jobs in certain industries, they also lead to higher prices for imported goods, disproportionately affecting low-income consumers who spend a larger portion of their income on basic necessities. This regressive impact undermines efforts to promote social equity and may deepen socio-economic disparities.In addition to their economic implications, tariffs also influence geopolitical dynamics. Trade relations often serve as a tool for diplomatic leverage, and the imposition of tariffs can strain international relations. Disputes over trade policies can escalate into broader geopolitical conflicts, as seen in recent tensions between major powers.Despite these challenges, there are alternative approaches to addressing trade imbalances and protecting domestic industries. Rather than resorting to tariffs,governments can pursue measures such as investment in education and technology to enhance competitiveness, fostering innovation and productivity growth. Additionally, multilateral trade agreements and institutions play a crucial role in promoting free and fair trade, providing a framework for resolving disputes and harmonizing trade policies.In conclusion, while tariff barriers remain a significant feature of international trade, their impact extends far beyond economic realms. While they may offer short-term benefits to certain industries, they also pose long-term risks to global prosperity, stability, and cooperation. By recognizing the complexities of tariff policies and exploring alternative approaches, policymakers can strive to create a more open, equitable, and sustainable global trading system.。
贸易壁垒英文作文
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贸易壁垒
Six Types of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade
1.Specific Limitations on Trade 2.Customs and Administrative Entry Procedures 3.Standards: ernment Participation in Trade: 5.Charges on imports: 6. Others: Voluntary export restraints Orderly marketing agreements
TO CHINA
• Trade Protectionism • Discriminate
The influence to China
• Antidumping tariffs • Technical Barriers to Trade
China’s attitude
1. Improve enterprise consciousness of antidumping 2. Give full play to the role of industry associations, chambers of Commerce 3.To establish effective early warning mechanism 4. Adjustment of export strategy 5. Increase investment of science and technology, improve product quality 6. Establish and improve the integrity of the accounting books
Examples of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade
贸易壁垒英文短篇演讲稿
贸易壁垒英文短篇演讲稿HONG KONG —China’s notorious online controls have long been criticized as censorship by human rights groups, businesses, Chinese Internet users and others.Now they have earned a new label from the American government: trade barrier.United States trade officials have for the first time added China’s system of Internet filters and blocks — broadly known as the Great Firewall —to an annual list of trade impediments. The entry says that over the last decade, the limits have “posed a significant burden to foreign suppliers, hurting both Internet sites themselves, and users who often depend on them for business.”The report from the Office of the United States Trade Representative said that over the last year, the “outright blocking of websites a ppears to have worsened,” noting that eight of the top 25 most popular global sites are blocked in China.“Much of the blocking appears arbitrary; for example, a major home improvement site in the United States, which would appearwholly innocuous, is typical of sites likely swept up by the Great Firewall,” the report said.China blocks some of the biggest corporate names on the Internet, including services offered by Google, Facebook and Twitter. That can hobble the ability of foreign companies to do business in China, whether through blocked websites or workplaces that cannot reach Gmail, Google’s email service. China also blocks a growing number of foreign news outlets, including the website of The New York Times.Officials at China’s commerce and foreign affairs ministries, as well as at its top Internet regulatory agency, did not respond to requests for comment.In recent years, China and the United States have clashed over trade in the technology industry. Last year, the Obama administration responded to lobbying from American companies against a number of Chinese laws that the companies said were devised to push them out of China. Beijing toned down language in an anti terrorism law, and it scrapped a regulation restricting what foreign hardware could be sold to Chinese banks.Still, any effort by the United States to persuade China to reduce its Internet censorship would most likely be a nonstarter. The Chinese government considers the close control of online discourse a matter of national security, largely out of concerns about the Internet’s power to aid the organization of protests and the spread of dissent. As a result, Beijing has shown little flexibility on issues of censorship in the past, and it tends to block any Internet media it feels it does not have complete control over.Scott Kennedy, who holds the Freeman Chair in China Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, said the move by the United States trade office illustrated the gulf between the attitude represented by Chin a’s heavy regulation of the Internet and the one put forward by the United States through trade agreements like the Trans-Pacific Partnership.“China is far less willing to separate commercial and national security concerns,” he wrote in an email. “This di fference in approach is unlikely to disappear anytime soon, no matter how much the U.S. highlights the issue.”China cites the threat of online espionage, pointing todisclosures by Edward J. Snow den, the former National Security Agency contractor, that showed American intelligence efforts to use American hardware abroad to gather information.Online filters in China create an Internet largely walled off from the rest of the world, violating the fundamental idea of the web as an open channel of communication among people across the globe. Detractors say that the practice is anti competitive, prohibits freedom of expression and ultimately damages Chinese economic growth by limiting access to information. Supporters of China’s policies say that the rules have allowed the country to foster a thriving set of domestic Internet companies.The United States trade office added China’s Internet censorship policies to its annual National Trade Estimate Report, released on March 31. The insertion was reported on April 1 by Inside U.S. Trade, a trade publication.American trade officials have scrutinized the Great Firewall in the past. In 2011, the United States trade office said that China’s filters were a commercial barrier that hurt American small businesses. The statement was among the formal questionssubmitted through the World Trade Organization to China about what laws and regulations dictated the availability of commercial websites in the country.Some of the largest American Internet companies and foreign trade groups have long lobbied the United States to treat censorship as a trade matter. For instance, in 2008, Google’s deputy general counsel testified before a Senate subcommittee that the United States government should make the matter a central issue in trade talks.。
国际结算中英文互译总结
面值：face value赊账：open account破产法：bankruptcy law印花税：stamp duty总资产：total assets贸易壁垒：trade barrier进口关税：import tariff资金转移：fund transfer有形贸易：tangible trade无形贸易：intangible trade国际惯例：international customs and practices 清算系统：clearing system银行竞争：banking competition国际支付：international payment缺乏经验：lack of expertise全球策略：global strategy专业服务：professional service财务报表：financial statement远期汇票：term bill跟单汇票：documentary draft流通工具：negotiable instrument授权签字：authorized signature金融机构：financial institution运输单据：shipping document托收指示：collection instruction拒绝证书：protest商业用途：commercial utility契约安排：contractual arrangement付款义务：obligation of payment独立责任：independent responsibility合同义务：contractual obligation信用评估：credit evaluation经济衰退：economic recession法律文件：legal document指定银行：nominated bank信誉调查：credit investigation提货担保：shipping guarantee转移风险：transfer risk信用额度：credit line汇款人账户：remitter's account可兑换货币：convertible currency大小写金额：amount in words and figuresSWIFT密押：SWIFT authentication key第二还款来源：the second source of repayment多式联运提单：multimodal transport document全球金融市场：global financial market需要时的代理：agent in case of need全球经济一体化：economic globalization带有不符点的单据：discrepant document有条件的付款承诺：conditional undertaking of payment无条件的支付承诺：unconditional promise of payment全球金融同业通讯协会：SWIFT无条件的书面支付命令：unconditional order of payment in writing海外分支机构和代理行：overseas branches and correspondent banks1.国际结算涉及有形贸易和无形贸易，外国投资，从其他国家借贷资金等等。
国贸务实(贸易壁垒对经济的影响)(英文)
科目：international trade and practice 代码：CS102X老师：Eng Back Heng学生：Cao Bo HanInternational tradeInternational trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. This type of trade gives rise to a world economy, in which prices, or supply and demand, affect and are affected by global events. Since the 1990s, multilateral trade agreements and organizations such as the World Trade Organization have accelerated growth in free trade, enabling goods and services to cross borders more freely than in the past.Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources - whether labor, technology or capital - more efficiently. Because countries are endowed with different assets and natural resources (land, labor, capital and technology), some countries may produce the same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries. If a country cannot efficiently produce an item, it can obtain the item by trading with another country that can. This is known as specialization in international trade.Let's take a simple example. Country A and Country B both produce cotton sweaters and wine. Country A produces 10 sweaters and six bottles of wine a year while Country B produces six sweaters and 10 bottles of wine a year. Both can produce a total of 16 units. Country A, however, takes three hours to produce the 10 sweaters and two hours to produce the six bottles of wine (total of five hours). Country B, on the other hand, takes one hour to produce 10 sweaters and three hours to produce six bottles of wine (total of four hours). but these two countries realize that they could produce more by focusing on those products with which they have a comparative advantage. Country A then begins to produce only wine and Country B produces only cotton sweaters. Each country can now create a specialized output of 20 units per year and trade equal proportions of both products. As such, each country now has access to 20 units of both products. We can see then that for both countries, the opportunity cost of producing both products is greater than the cost of specializing. More specifically, for each country, the opportunity cost of producing 16 units of both sweaters and wine is 20 units of both products (after trading). Specialization reduces their opportunity cost and therefore maximizes their efficiency in acquiring the goods they need. With the greater supply, the price of each product would decrease, thus giving an advantage to the end consumer as well.Note that, in the example above, Country B could produce both wine and cotton more efficiently than Country A (less time). This is called an absolute advantage, and Country B may have it because of a higher level of technology. However, according to international trade theory, even if a country has an absolute advantage over another, it can still benefit from specialization. Effects of the Economic Crisis on Free TradeThe global economic crisis of 2008 began with the collapse of the U.S. mortgage market and quickly spread around the world, affecting the economies of other nations and impacting all aspects of the international economy, including global trade. The most obvious effect of the international economic crisis has been a reduction in overall trade activity among nations. The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas reported in 2009 that international trade declined nearly 12 percent that year. For leading economic powers such as the United States, exports declined by 13.6 percent, while developing nations experienced a smaller decline of about seven percent, the Dallas Fed reported Trade finance, according to the Dallas Federal Reserve bank, includes loans and insurance policies tied to international transactions, including credit given by exporters and guarantees given by export credit agencies. The global financial crisis, however, reduced the market for trade finance, making it more difficult to obtain credit for global transactions. The International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) reported in 2008 that the lack of affordable trade finance especially affects developing nations, which rely on such financing to fully participate in the global economy. Without access to affordable financing, international trade is less able to absorb the effects of a global recession, according to ICTSD.A reduction in overall trade activity means nations export fewer goods. The Congressional Research Service (CRS), in a report on the global economic crisis and its effects, wrote that exports help nations obtain the foreign funds needed to buy imports and pay foreign debt. A decline in export revenues reduces the value of a country's currency, which raises interest rates for households, companies and government entities, according to CRS.Rising protectionismProtectionism occurs when governments begin setting limits on imported goods or setting price restrictions on specific products. Governments will attempt to save domestic jobs during an economic downturn or crisis. Most economic downturns result in massive layoffs for domestic jobs. Limiting the amount of imports from a free trade policy may help companies avoid these layoffs and increase the domestic production of consumer goods.An increase in free trade reduces protectionist policies, such as tariffs and quotas, designed to make foreign goods more expensive and thus, less attractive to domestic consumers. Decreases in trade have the opposite effect, however, and result in increased protectionism. The Congressional Research Service reported that the international financial crisis triggered new protectionist measures. Citing World Trade Organization figures, CRS stated that India, China, the European Union, Russia and others enacted new restrictions on trade in the wake of the financial problems that gripped the world in 2008.Currency fluctuations related to an economic crisis can have negative effectsduring the free trade process. Countries often important export goods based on the currency exchange rates from one country to another. If a country’s currency rises or falls during the economic crisis, this can significantly change the advantage of importing and exporting goods. An increase in the currency exchange rate may lead to more expensive goods and fewer imports in the free trade market.The crisis has shown the dangers of the free trade paradigm: in times of crisis, all countries want to export their way out of the crisis through export strategies, which is a situation that existed in the pre-war period in the 1930s. However, export strategies that lead to trade surpluses in one country result in trade deficits elsewhere. The Bretton Woods system after World War II had designed a mechanism to intervene against countries with trade and current account surpluses or deficits, through the IMF. However, this and other attempts failed to tackle trade imbalances and the US did not want to submit itself to external control.Now, the WTO’s negotiation round, the so-called Doha Development agenda, is stalled because the advanced countries want more access for their exports to overcome the crisis, while many developing countries still have not seen many of their interests included in the current draft texts. In FTAs, advanced countries are pushing hard to defend their comparative advantage (such as access for services, more protection of intellectual property rights) and maintain access to raw materials (a major comparative weakness of the EU). At the same time, more constituencies in the rich countries raise their voices to not allow more imports e.g. in US and EU’s FTA with South Ko rea. /list_6891878_effects-economic-crisis-trade.html/effects-economic-crisis-trade-1667.html/paper/impact-free-trade-financial-crisis-%E2%80%A6-and-vice-versa/articles/03/112503.asp#axzz1XCTLZaBG/articles/03/112503.asp#ixzz1XCWP6VH1/issue/38/free-trade-and-globalization/article/40/criticisms-of-current-forms-of-free-trad e。
国内法规,国际标准和技术贸易壁垒【外文翻译】
外文翻译原文Domestic regulation, international standards, and technical barriers to tradeMaterial Source:Griffith Law School, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia Author:JAN MCDONALD2. The TBTA and international standards2.1 The TBTA’s harmonization objectivesIt has long been accepted that domestic policies and laws can nullify or impair the purported benefits of trade policies, and that the WTO must therefore reach beyond border measures (Bhagwati, 1996: 23–24). The GATT’s national treatment and MFN obligations do this to some extent, but the growth in non-tariff barriers to trade during the 1960s–1970s prompted GATT parties to negotiate the Standards Code, the predecessor to the TBTA, in the Tokyo Round. The addition of the SPSA during the Uruguay Round stemmed from the failures of the Standards Code to curtail the growth in technical regulations in food and agricultural products (Marceau and Trachtman, 2002: 813–815). The TBTA and its companion on food and plant safety now add considerably to the disciplines on domestic regulatory autonomy that are contained in the GATT.The Preamble to the TBTA sheds light on the Agreement’s underlying harmonization claims. Its key trade concerns are to promote transparency by eliminating a country’s ability to choose rules that have greater protective effect and to facilitate trade expansion with associated economies of scale (TBTA, Preamble; WTO CTBT, 1995, annex 4, Principle 10). These objectives do not necessarily require regulatory harmonization in the form of a single international standard or rule. If the basis of the claim for harmonization is simply to achieve economies of scale or to address transparency concerns, Cassis de Dijon makes clear that mutual recognition would be equally appropriate (Leebron, 1996; Bhagwati,1996: 9; Bhagwati and Srinivasan, 1996: 15). But mutual recognition does not respond to concerns that the regulatory regime of another country imposes transboundary costs, hinders the implementation of domestic laws, o r is somehow ‘unfair’ (Leebron, 1996: 94). Such concerns frequently underpin domestic regulation in fields of consumersafety and environmental health.Accordingly, the TBTA strives for a balance between trade facilitation and domestic regulatory objectives. Its starting premise is the right of Members to introduce product requirements that serve a range of legitimate non-trade objectives, including health, and environmental and consumer protection. In this respect, the TBTA is consistent with both trade and consumer concerns about harmonization. The Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) ‘Principles for International Harmonization’, for example, advocate the preservation of cultural preferences in the field of health and safety, identifying such regulations as inappropriate subjects of harmonization (TACD, 2000, Principle 1). Unlike the TACD Principles, however, the TBTA still places strong harmonizing disciplines on the regulatory autonomy of Members in these policy spheres. These disciplines are considered further below.2.2 The scope of the TBTAThe TBTA does not attempt to specify the final content of rules or requirements.Rather, it is concerned only with the reduction of difference between Members(Leebron, 1996: 42). It therefore sets general rules for how Members may develop product requirements and conformity assessment procedures for testing compliance with substantive rules. These general rules include a duty to consider adoption of international standards for products and conformity assessment procedures; a duty to participate in international standard-setting; criteria with which standards and conformity must comply when international standards are not used, such as MFN, national treatment, necessity, and least trade restrictiveness ; and mutual recognition.The significance of the TBTA’s endorsement of international standards and related disciplines is obviously affected by the Agreement’s reach. The TBTA is concerned with technical regulations and standards; only measures that fall within the defin ition of technical regulation or standard are subject to the TBTA’s disciplines. If a measure does not fall within either of these definitions, its WTOconsistency is examined under either the SPSA (if the measure sets food safety, or plant or animal health requirements) or the GATT (for other restrictions on trade in goods). One might expect that Members wishing to constrain the use of trade measures as instruments of non-trade policy, or the abuse of product regulations for trade protection purposes would advocate broad definitions that lead to broad TBTA coverage. Broader subject matter coverage would supplement the arguably weaker GATT disciplines.3 The discussion below suggests, however, that the AB’s currentinterpretation leaves many domestic regulations that indirectly affect trade in goods outside the scope of TBTA obligations.2.3 TBTA disciplines for adopting international standardsFor measures that constitute TBTA technical regulations, the Agreement imposes a range of substantive and procedural disciplines on Members. TBTA Article 2.1 synthesizes the national treatment and most-favoured nation principles contained in GATT Articles I and III into a single non-discrimination obligation in respect of like products. Members are also required to avoid creating unnecessary obstacles to trade and to adopt the least trade restrictive means of achieving legitimate objectives (TBTA Article 2.2). These obligations have been analysed in detail elsewhere (Marceau and Trachtman, 2002: 874–875; Neumann and Tuerk, 2003). The following discussion therefore focuses on the provisions dealing with the adoption of international standards as domestic technical regulations. The TBTA does not mandate harmonization of product standards, but provides strong incentives for the adoption of international standards. Article 2.4 requires Members to use international standards as a basis for technical regulations, where standards exist, but it permits higher standards in some circumstances. Members may adopt their own measure where no international norm has been established or where the international measure would be ineffective or inappropriate to fulfil a particular policy objective, ‘for instance because of fundamental climatic or geographical factors or fundamental technological problems’ (TBTA, Articles 2.2 and Domestic regulation, international standards, and technical barriers to trade 2572.4). Technical regulations that accord with international standards are rebuttably presumed to be consistent with the TBTA’s obligation to avoid unnecessary obstacles to trade (TBTA, Article 2.5).This provision was contested in Sardines because the EC Regulation’s restrictive naming standards departed from the standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex). Codex adopted a standard for canned sardines and sardinetype products in 1978 and revised it in 1995 (‘Codex Stan 94’). Codex Stan 94 set quality and minimum content standards for products containing fish and regulated product naming and labelling. Under Codex Stan 94, the name ‘sardines ’ was reserved exclusively for the species Sardina pilchardus, but other species on the list could use the name ‘sardines’ in conjunction with a country, regional or common name qualifier (Codex Stan 94, Article 6.1.1). Peru argued that the EC Regulation prohibited the marketing of Peruvian Sardinops Sagax as ‘Pacific Sardines ’, andthat this was inconsistent with Codex Stan 94 as the relevant international standard. Accordingly, it argued that the EC Regulation was inconsistent with TBTA Article 2.4. This claim raised several important issues for the operation of the TBTA standardization obligation.TBTA application to pre-existing product requirementsThe Sardines dispute clarified that WTO members are obliged to review technical regulations that predate the WTO Agreement upon the introduction of new international standards. Article 2.4 says that ‘where technical regulations are required.they shall be based on international standards’. This language is capable of implying a temporal trigger (‘at the time regulations are required ’) or a circumstantial trigger (‘ in situations where regulations are required’) for the obligation to use international standards. Peru advocated a circumstantial trigger, arguing that the obligation refers to all on-going circumstances that require regulation, even where those regulations are already in place.5The equivalent harmonization provision of the SPSA was considered in the Hormones dispute. In Hormones, the AB concluded that the international standards provision of the SPSA applied to all existing and future domestic measures, there being no evidence of an intention to exempt existing measures from SPSA disciplines (Hormones AB, 128). This decision was based in part on the language of the SPSA, which refers to b oth ‘adopting or maintaining’ SPS measures, but more broadly on a contextual reading of the SPSA’s obligations. This context included reference to Article XVI:4 of the WTO Agreement, which requires Members to ‘ensure the conformity of its laws, regulations and administrative procedures with its obligations as provided in the [covered] agreements’.3. The implication of the TBTA for international standardsWhile the TBTA does not mandate adoption of international standards, the Sardines decision demonstrates that it is certainly easier for a Member to defend product requirements that are based on, or adapted to suit, international standards. As well as promoting harmonization of domestic product requirements, the delegation of standard-setting functions to other international bodies achieves ‘political economies of scale’ by allowing a pooling of Members’ regulatory and technical resources (Howse, 2002: 101). Moreover, removing controversial standard- setting functions to international fora insulates Members from the pressure of domestic coalitions, albeit sometimes at the expense of national democratic processes (Leebron, 1996: 63–64). The device of quasi-legislative delegation alsohas the potential to address gaps in the WTO’s subject matter competence in po licy areas like health and environment (Marceau and Trachtman, 2002: 838). These factors should provide a powerful incentive to Members to contribute to their development. The TBTA calls on Members to ‘play a full part, within the limits of their resources, in the development of international standards for products for which they have adopted or intend to adopt regulations’ (TBTA Article 2.6). The following discussion considers two aspects of the quality and appropriateness of international standards, namely the composition of standards bodies and the range of bodies that the TBTA recognizes.3.1 Composition and decision makingThe proviso to TBTA Article 2.6, that Members should contribute to standards setting within the limits of their resources, points to a key deficiency in the composition of current bodies, namely, their northern bias. The TBTA defines an international organization as one whose Membership is open to at least all WTO Members (TBTA, Annex 1, 4). It undermines the very basis of the TBTA’s k ey harmonization mechanisms if that definition is purely theoretical because developing countries lack the resources and expertise to participate. While this north–south imbalance is hardly unique to standards bodies, their influential status in the new WTO regime has attracted increased attention to the problem (Wilson, 2001). Wilson suggests prioritizing the development of international standards for key areas that will deliver trade enhancement for both developed and developing countries, thus enabling developing countries to concentrate their resources and representation. The FAO has acknowledged the need to build the capacity of developing countries in Codex (FAO, 2002, 29) and a recent World Bank–Doha Development fund initiative, the ‘Standards and Trade Development Facility ’, is aimed at improving developing country representation. The success of the developments should be monitored closely. The SPS committee has this function in relation to international SPS standards, but no such role is given to the Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade, so there is no formal process for assessing improvements in the functioning of TBT standards bodies.A corollary of the northern bias is the over-representation of industry representatives on national delegations, creating internal tensions over who ‘represents ’ a nation (Hauselmann, 1996; Consumers International, 1999; Maskus and Wilson, 2000; Wilson, 2001: 12; Wallach, 2002: 835–837). This industry bias also manifests itself in the departmental lead agency representation – usually headedby trade or agriculture officials, rather than health or environment and in the general preference for an ‘experts group’ model of standards development (Piciotto, 2003). These developed country, industry, and ‘expert’ biases in the composition of standards bodies compound the risks inherent in their weaker procedural transparency and voting requirements. Domestic regulation, international standards, and technical barriers to trade 267 Removing the need for consensus in favour of a majority vote certainly makes standard setting easier, and insulates the WTO from criticism. It comes at a cost, however, to democratic decision making, which could ultimately undermine the legitimacy of international standards (Marceau and Trachtman, 2002: 840; Trachtman, 2003a: 72; in relation to SPSA standards bodies, Stewart and Johansen, 1998: 45, 52). Broadening the composition of standard-setting bodies and improving their decision-making procedures would enhance the legitimacy of the resulting standards. It would make them more democratic and accountable, and enable them to accommodate perspectives that acknowledge the subjective and contingent nature of specialist knowledge.译文国内法规，国际标准和技术贸易壁垒（节选）资料来源:格里菲斯法学院，格里菲斯大学，昆士兰，澳大利亚作者：JAN MCDONALD2.与国际接轨的TBTA2.1 TBTA的统一目标长期以来一直认为，对国内政策和法律可以取消或损害的贸易政策的本意是利益，因此，世贸组织必须超越边界措施（巴格瓦蒂，1996：23-24）。
International-Green-Trade-Barrier-国际贸易壁垒分析(英文版)
International Green Trade Barrier(一)IntroductionGreen Trade Barrier, simply Green Barrier or Environment Barrier, comes into being at the late 1980s and begins to develop in every country all over the world in the 90s. It concludes those measures either directly or indirectly taken to restrict or even ban on import trade by the importing country during the international trade activities in order to protect its environment, natural resources and human beings’health. It is a new type of non-tariff barriers which is actually used by developed countries as a tool of restricting developing countries’ importing and exporting trade in the name of environmental protection under the condition of the fierce conflict between environment and trade. For example, American refused to import the petrol of Venezuela because the Pb content in it has been beyond the standard of this country; European countries ban imports on the refrigerators which content Freon; The USDA bans imports on the beef from countries that have had cases of mad cow disease.Objectively speaking, there are two general kinds of Green Barrier, namely Kind Green Barrier and Vicious Green Barrier, which is classified according to its own motives. If the importing countries establish and implement their policies, law and technical standards to restrict the import with the purpose of protecting ecology, people’s health and developing sustainably, it is a Kind Green Barrier. However, the Vicious Green Barrier is actually a way of trade protectionism, which is aimed at making use of the domestic technical advantages to stop developing countries from entering its home market. Such kind of green barrier should be resisted and prevented. They have different or even opposite influence on the international trade. The former can keep our society developing in a sustainable and harmonious order, whereas the latter fails to do it like that. Therefore, we should keep this problem in prospective.(二) Reasons of the Risei.Green Trade Barrier is more elusive and safer than othernon-tariff barriers.Compared with import quotas, import license, import ban and many other non-tariff barriers, the Green Trade Barrier has fewer problems in the unreasonable distribution and varieties of discriminations hence it is much easier to avoid trade friction. Besides, the modern inspection standards based on the scientific technology are so stringent and complicated that it is difficult for the export countries to deal with and adjust to.ii.The deterioration of the worldwide environment has changed our human value.With the fast growth of the Industrialization and the world economy, the pollution and disruption of environment and natural recourses have become more and more serious, such as global warming, ozone depletion, bio-diversity reduction and many other environmental problems. And they have brought out great changes in people’s value and consuming behaviors. Going for good life quality and creating green civilization have taken the dominant place in their mind.Therefore, there is an increasing demand in environmentally friendly and healthy green products. The preference for green products in the developed countries is one of forming reasons of this barrier.iii.The decrease of traditional non-tariff barriers has given a good chance for the rise of the Green Trade Barrier.With the implement of The GATT and the World Trade Organization and the constant decrease of duties, the non-tariff barriers have been more restricted stringently and the traditional trade barriers do not work as well as before.In this case, the developed countries have to find out and conduct new trade-protection measures standing in their own shoes. So the Green Trade Barrier happens.iv.The environmental standards in every country are different.It cannot be denied that the level of social productive forces and the awareness of protecting environment in the developed countries are far higher than them in the developing ones. Though the stipulation and implement of Environmental standards in which they are very strict mean little to the homemade product competitive, they will have great impact on lots of developing countries.Consequently, for protecting their own trade, the Green Barriers are built with restricting the import of developing countries.v.The existence of all kinds of green organizations and its influence on the national policy are one of the major factors Since 1970s, there have been many green organizations establishing all over the world. They are an increasingly important kind of political power which has directly great impact on the government policy as well as the official status and their political career. Therefore lots of parties have politicalized the environmental problems by setting about adding the environment protection policy into their policy system, which unavoidably involves the economy and trade areas. At the same time, under the pressure given by the domestic manufacturers, the governments in developed countries have to establish some green barriers to protect their benefits.vi.Another rise of the trade protectionism in developed countriesand the loophole of WTO rules are the fundamental factors for therise of Green Trade Barrier.Under the pressure of the slow growth of domestic economy, the increasing unemployment and the lack of superior industry, the developed countries, on one hand, strongly advocate Free Trade Theory within WTO for developing and expanding service trading market, especially in the superior industry and Knowledge-based economy. On the other hand, they adopt new trade protectionism measures in their relatively inferior areas by establishing some unattainable standards for the import products of the developing countries. It is not surprising that the Green Trade Barrier is adopted.（三）The basic characteristics of Green Trade Barrieri.It is nominally reasonable.Outwardly speaking, Green Trade Barrier is set with the purpose of preserving our natural resources, environment and maintaining our health. However, it is actually used by developed countries as a tool of restricting developing countries’ importing and exporting trade.ii.It is formally lawful.Green Trade Barrier belongs to non-tariff barriers. However, it is based on a series of international and domestic public law and regulations, which is totally different form the other non-tariff barriers. It is lawfully allowable that the developed countries conduct the stringent green barriers measures towards the import according to the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.iii.It is extensive in the content of protectingIt not only makes provisions and restrictions in producing and selling of many products involved with environmental protection and human beings’ health, but also lays great pressure in the industrial manufactured goods which have to commit to the safety, health, antifouling and many other environmentalstandards.iv.It is elusive in the ways of protectingCompared with import quotas, import license, import ban and many other non-tariff barriers, the Green Trade Barrier has fewer problems in the unreasonable distribution and varieties of discriminations hence it is much easier to avoid trade friction. Besides, the modern inspection standards based on the scientific technology are so stringent and complicated that it is difficult for the export countries to deal with and adjust to.v.It needs high technology.It has great demand in high technology in the process of products’ producing,using, consuming and use-after handling.The Exports of Agricultural Commodities of China & International Green Trade Barrier(一)T he Present Situation of Chinese Agricultural ProductExportIntroductionSince China's accession to WTO, its labor-intensive farm products have lost their international competitive advantage. As a large agricultural country our country is, its technological level of farm products’producing is low. That’s why so many developed countries restrict our farm products export by making use of the Green Barriers in order to weaken our competition, which can be seen from the chart below.The change of Chinese agricultural competitive advantage from 1980 to 2005(二)The problems existing in domestic farm producti.Low quality; low Value-added processing rate and lack of internationalcompetition are the main problems.Though great progress has been made andthe export of the processing agricultural products has increased over theyears, the processing technology cannot keep pace with other developedcountries with a result of being unable to get rid of the simple producingstyle.ii.The less protection and support on the safety of the farm commodity’s exportis another problem.Recently, some countries establish Green Barriers torestrict our country’s export of farm produce, which might because of theunsolved problems about the use of hormone and the overuse of pesticide inthem. In this case, if the producers and exporters fail to know about thespecific regulations on the farm product in the import countries, they willrisk losing a lot for being unable to meet the product quality standard.iii.The imperfect of rule of law is another problem. Though the environment protection law system has been taken into effect since the raise of thereform and opening-up policy, it is impossible to be conductedcomprehensively over the country.(三)The influence of Green Trade Barrier on the export ofChinese farm product1)The positive influence of Green Barrier on the agriculture ofChinai.It is helpful to protect and ameliorate our agricultural ecologicalenvironment.The mandatory execution of Green Barrier can enhance the publicpeasantry’s awareness of environment protection and encourage them to takeenvironment-protection measures in the process of producing farm producein order to protect the produce from being polluted. Therefore, a beneficialcycle that protecting and ameliorating environment in the process ofproducing and producing in the process of protecting and amelioratingenvironment can be formed.ii.It is good to optimize the industrial structure of agriculture of our country and develop the strategy of green agriculture. Conducting GreenBarriers can spur farm producers to adapt soon to the Green Trade Standard;make good use of farming resource and focus on producingenvironment-friendly farm output. It also contributes to keep the usingdosage of fertilize; pesticide and Veterinary drug under control, which ishelpful to protect our environment from being polluted.iii.It is good to develop our country’s agricultural technology and improve the farm production’s quality.Every technological standard involved GreenBarriers is usually based on the advanced environment-protection technology.In order to comply with such standards and avoid the trouble made by theGreen Barriers, the farming producers have to enhance technological levelto guarantee the production’s quality. In the long run, with the rise ofagriculturally technological level and quality, our country’sinternational status will be higher.2)The negative influence on the agricultural products of Chinai.Firstly, the “Green trade Barrier” leads to the reducing amount of theexporting agriculture products.Since the Reform Police was put intopractice, the export of national agriculture products has been increasingabout 5% annually. However, along with the expansion and enhancement of the“Green trade Barrier”, it shows an reducing tendency. The major influencedindustries included animal husbandry, fishery, fruit and vegetableproduction and so on. For example, it was reported by the Animal ProtectionOrganization from many countries like Switzerland in February 2006, whichrevealed the news of fur and feather animals breeding and process industriesin Gangshu Count, Heber Province. Among them, the Animal ProtectionOrganization appeal for the European Unit to prevent our fur and featherindustries from entering the EU market. As a result, the proportion of ourfur and feather industries which occupied the international market isdropping down dramatically nowadays.ii.Secondly, the “Green trade Barrier”makes the exporting cost of the agricultural products go up.Take the identification of the green mark forexample; we have to make an effort to pay a large amount of money for theequipment expense caused for the detection, test and evaluation. Besides,we also have to give a payment for the direct fee of the annual usage fromthe identification, the application and even the usage of the brands.Therefore, the cost of these products is rising in a large degree, whichmakes them lose the competitive strength of price.iii.Thirdly, the Green Trade Barrier decreases farmers’income in our country.Due to the strike from the “Green trade Barrier”form some advanced countries, farmers in our country have cut down their production enthusiasm, which insome degree restrict the development of our farming. In the recent years,the majority of our agricultural product market has verged to saturationalong with continual development of our national marketing economic. Inresult, an important method of increasing income lies to open-up overseaagriculture and bring the national agricultural product to theinternational market. It is because of the implement of the “Green tradeBarrier”, our national export of agricultural product has met successiveobstruct. In contrast, the foreign agricultural products enter our marketsmoothly. For example, the European countries had ever taken the seawaterpollution as excuse to limit our exporting amount, which caused our exportof seawater product to reduce to the rate of 50%. Some food like frozenchicken and frozen meet have dropped to 7% to 30%. All of them are the directreasons for the reducing amount of farmers’ income.。
国际贸易壁垒英文版
Intemational Trade Barriers
product by John&Jiaqi Zhou
1
目录
1 Intemational Trade Barriers and
classifications
2
Technical barriers
3
Technical barriers' feature
6
Technical barriers' feature
技术贸易壁垒 的特点
（一）广泛 性，从产品
到生产过程， 技术壁垒无 处不在。
（二）形式上 的合法性，贸 易壁垒大多以 国内国际公开 立法的形式存 在。
（三）保护方式的 隐蔽性，发达国家 设置高于世界平均 水平，并以高科技 手段进行检验，使 科技发展水平相对 落后的发展国中国 家难以适应。
2
Intemational Trade Barriers
Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition （征收） of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results.
痛定思痛，永通集团积极寻求破解绿色壁垒之法。当初，国内化工行业还 没有环保染料，永通就用国外的，尽管在大力开源节流之后，成本还是高了 30%，出口几乎无利可图，但是永通人下定决心，要在世界市场上打响这张 “绿色”牌。集团不仅将染料全部改为环保型产品，还斥资200多万元在企 业内部建立了检测中心。 破解了绿色壁垒后的永通集团如同掌握了阿里巴巴“芝麻开门”的秘诀一 样，顺利打开了欧洲市场，并牢牢占据了世界市场中的份额。这家10多年前 还名不见经传的民营企业，去年在全国印染行业中创下了产量、销售、出口 三项全国冠军，外贸出口超过1亿美元，产品行销75个国家，其中，欧美国 家占了40％。今年前三个月，产品出口又比上年同期增长了60％，让业内人 士连连称奇。如今，随着国内环保染料价格的总体走低，永通集团的效益显 著提高。总经理李传海深有感触地说：“绿色壁垒不可怕，关键是要图‘破 壁’。
贸易壁垒英文演讲稿范文
Ladies and Gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon. It is an honor to stand before you today to discuss a topic that is not only crucial for the global economy but also deeply intertwined with the fate of nations and their citizens – trade barriers. In this speech, I will explore the nature of trade barriers, their impact on global trade, and the ways in which we can work together to overcome them for the sake of economic prosperity and mutual benefit.Introduction:Trade has been the backbone of human civilization since the dawn of time. It has allowed us to exchange goods and services, fostering innovation, and driving economic growth. However, the existence of trade barriershas often hindered this natural flow of commerce. These barriers come in various forms, such as tariffs, quotas, and non-tariff measures, andthey have a detrimental effect on the global trading system.The Nature of Trade Barriers:Trade barriers are essentially restrictions placed by governments on the import and export of goods and services. They are designed to protect domestic industries, regulate trade flows, and serve various policy objectives. However, they often come at a significant cost, both economically and socially.1. Tariffs: These are taxes imposed on imported goods, which increase their price and make them less competitive compared to locally produced items. Tariffs are one of the most common forms of trade barriers andcan lead to higher prices for consumers, reduced economic efficiency,and retaliation from trading partners.2. Quotas: These limit the quantity of goods that can be imported, effectively creating artificial shortages and driving up prices. Quotas can lead to black markets, decreased consumer choice, and inefficiencies in resource allocation.3. Non-tariff measures: These include regulations, standards, and technical barriers that can make it difficult or impossible for foreignproducts to enter a market. They can be intentionally designed toprotect domestic industries or can be unintended consequences of good intentions.The Impact of Trade Barriers:The consequences of trade barriers are far-reaching and can be devastating. Here are some of the key impacts:1. Reduced Economic Growth: Trade barriers lead to inefficiencies in the allocation of resources, which can slow down economic growth and reduce the overall prosperity of nations.2. Higher Prices for Consumers: By restricting competition, trade barriers can lead to higher prices for consumers, reducing their purchasing power and living standards.3. Job Displacement: While trade barriers may protect certain jobs in the short term, they can lead to job displacement in the long run as industries become less competitive and inefficient.4. Retaliation and Trade Wars: When one country imposes trade barriers, it often triggers retaliation from other countries, leading to trade wars that can harm all participants.Overcoming Trade Barriers:So, how can we overcome these barriers and create a more open and prosperous global trading system? Here are some suggestions:1. Promoting Free Trade Agreements: Free trade agreements (FTAs) can eliminate or reduce trade barriers and promote economic integration. Countries should strive to negotiate and implement comprehensive FTAs that cover a wide range of goods and services.2. Enhancing Transparency and Predictability: Governments should ensure that trade policies are transparent and predictable, allowing businesses to plan and invest with confidence.3. Addressing Non-tariff Measures: It is crucial to address non-tariff measures that create unnecessary barriers to trade. This can be donethrough international cooperation and the establishment of common standards and regulations.4. Investing in Education and Training: To mitigate the negative effects of trade on jobs, governments should invest in education and training programs to help workers adapt to changing market conditions.5. Promoting a Rules-Based Trading System: A rules-based trading system, as enshrined in the World Trade Organization (WTO), can help prevent countries from using trade barriers as a tool for unfair competition and provide a platform for resolving disputes.Conclusion:In conclusion, trade barriers are a significant obstacle to global economic prosperity. By promoting free trade, enhancing transparency, and addressing the root causes of these barriers, we can create a more open and equitable global trading system. It is in the interest of all nations to work together to overcome trade barriers, as this will not only benefit their own economies but also contribute to the overallwell-being of the global community.Thank you for your attention, and I look forward to a lively discussion on this vital issue.。
商务部 对外贸易壁垒调查规则英文版
商务部对外贸易壁垒调查规则英文版English:The Ministry of Commerce's rules on investigating foreign trade barriers are aimed at ensuring fair and transparent international trade practices. These rules outline the procedures and criteria for investigating and addressing trade barriers imposed by foreign governments or entities. The investigation process typically involves gathering relevant information, such as trade data, regulations, and policies, and assessing their impact on Chinese businesses. The Ministry of Commerce may initiate investigations based on complaints from Chinese enterprises, industry associations, or government agencies, or it may conduct investigations on its own initiative. Once an investigation is launched, the Ministry will communicate with relevant stakeholders, including the government of the country in question, to seek clarification and resolve any issues through consultations and negotiations. Depending on the findings of the investigation, the Ministry may take various actions to address the identified trade barriers, including filing complaints with the World Trade Organization (WTO), imposing retaliatory measures, or negotiating bilateral agreements to eliminate or mitigate the barriers.Throughout the process, the Ministry of Commerce aims to uphold China's rights and interests in international trade while promoting cooperation and resolving disputes through dialogue and negotiation.中文翻译：商务部关于调查外国贸易壁垒的规则旨在确保公平透明的国际贸易实践。
商务英语之贸易壁垒
The Impact of Trade Barriers on China’s ExportAbstract: After China’s accession to the WTO, the international trade has become more and more popular. At the same time, the competition between China and other countries has become much more acute, as Chinese goods are more popular in the world market. In order to protecting domestic market, barriers to trade has been taken by other countries against China, this paper will tell different ways of trade barriers.Keywords: international trade, trade barriers, world market摘要：随着中国加入世界贸易组织，国际贸易变得越来越流行，但随之国际贸易的竞争也就变得越来越激烈了，随着中国产品在世界市场上倍受青睐，各国为了保护本国产品，纷纷对中国进行贸易壁垒，这篇文章将从各国采取的各种各样的壁垒方式入手，探讨中国国内企业应该如何应对贸易壁垒，政府应该采取何种措施来保护本国企业减少贸易壁垒给我国企业造成的损失。
关键字：国际贸易，贸易壁垒，世界市场IntroductionDue to rapid development of China’s foreign trade during the last decades, especially the increase of our export, in order to restrict our export and protect their own market, many developed countries take various restrictive measures. The most popular way is trade barriers, this paper mainly discuss how they restrict China’s export through the trade barriers and how Chinese government and enterprises face such barriers to maintain their own benefit.1. Tariff barrier1.1 The definition of tariff barrierIt means there is large sum of impost. Through levying many kinds of large impost, making a barrier against foreign goods into domestic market, that would step up the costs of the imports so as to cut down the competition ability, thereby protect domestic production and market. It is also an important manner to force peer compromising through the trade negotiations. The World Trade Organization objects this manner very much, and cut down such behavior by a large margin through the negotiations. (Li, 2007:203)1.2 Forms of tariff barrier(2)tariff escalation(3)tariff quota(4)specific tariff(5)ad valorem tariff2. Non-tariff Barriers2.1 The definition of nontariff barriersIt means a government takes all kinds of ways excepting tariff, the summation of policy and ways to regulating domestic foreign trade activities, management and domination. The purpose is to restricting import in a degree, so as to protect domestic market and the development of domestic industry. Direct and indirect are the two kinds of the non-tariff barrier: “direct” means the customs restrict the quantities and species of the import goods directly, the main ways are restricting the quantities of the import goods, import license, “auto export” restriction,export license. “indirect”means making strict customs formalities to the import goods or managing the foreign exchange, restrict importing goods indirectly, the main measures are managing the foreign exchange, levying the internal taxes to the import goods, making items about purchasing domestic goods and restrict foreign goods, complex customs procedure, cockamamie health and safety quality standard and packing decoration standard.(ibid:218)2.2 Forms of non-tariff barrier(1)clearance section barrier(2)levying domestic taxes to the import goods(3)import injunction(4)import permission(5)TBT(technical barriers to trade)(6)health and plant health measures(7)trade relief measures(8)government purchasing against the import goods(9)export restriction(10)subsidy(11)barriers to service trade(12)intellectual property measures relate to tradeIn the forms of non-tariff barriers, green trade barriers are the most popular in the modern world especially the developed countries to the developing countries for example of our nation.Green trade barriers, also known as environmental barriers, green barriers, is in international trade, a country to protect the environment, safeguard human health grounds, through legislation and mandatory technical regulations, restrictions on access to foreign trade in commodities measures. It is mainly through technical standards, sanitary and quarantine standards, packaging and labeling requirements for mandatory implementation, involving product development, development, production, packaging, transport, use, recycling and so the whole process of whether to adopt effective environmental protection measures. Green Trade began in the 20th century 80s, a great popular trend in recent years.2.3 The basic characteristics of the green trade barriers2.3.1 Name of rationalityGreen trade barriers are to protect the world's resources, environment and human health in the name, line of trade restrictions and sanctions in reality. Modern society people right quality living environment and increasingly demanding high quality life, will be very naturally concerned about the environment for these possible on the environment and health hazards of the goods and services reflect high sensitivity. Green trade barriers took advantage of the common psychological make trade protection in the name and the wording had the ingenious nature of rationality.2.3.2 Forms of legitimacyAlthough non-tariff trade barriers are green areas, but the difference is that the vast majority of non-tariff barriers is not to be provided through public legislation and implementation, and green trade barrier measures are based on a series of international and domestic legislation as a public the basis and foundation. 70 years, the international community, through the relevant international organizations and international conferences has developed a number of multilateral environmental agreements, rules. Their customary law in shaping the international environment and the impact on international trade and impacts, play an important role cannot be ignored.2.3.3 Extensive protected contentGreen barrier protection is very broad, it not only with resources related toenvironmental protection and human health-related goods in the production and sale of many requirements and restrictions. But also for those who must reach a certain degree of safety, health, pollution, and other standards for industrial products is also a huge pressure, therefore developed countries of Foreign Trade will have a great challenge to developing countries.2.3.4 Hidden nature of the protection methodsNon-tariff barriers and the traditional measures such as imports, compared with the quotas, green protective barriers with more subtle. First, it measures like quotas and license management, as the allocation of significant areas are unreasonable and discriminatory, is not easily lead to trade friction. Secondly, based on modern science and technology based on a variety of test is not only extremely strict and cumbersome and complex, so difficult to cope and adapt to the exporting country. For example, in April, 1995, to carry out the implementation of the International Standards Organization “standards of international environmental monitoring system”, many countries use this standard limits and refused to imports2.3.5 Strong technicalNamely, the production, use, consumption, and the identification process include more technical elements.With the development of the economy, especially the developing countries, their level of development has threatened the developed countries, so these countries apply a lot of crafty ways to restrict the export of the developing countries, and non-tariff barriers has become their major way to limit the export of developing countries and made bad influence to these countries.2.4 The influence of nontariff barrierThere are different kinds of non-tariff barriers, and have a wider outreach, so it is very hard to estimate the influence to the international trade and relevant import and export countries.2.5 The influence to the international tradeNon-tariff barrier has a strong baffle to the development of international trade. In the case of other unchangeable conditions, it has been inverse ratio between the strengthen degree of nontariff barrier and the development speed of international trade. For example, at the beginning from the fifties to the seventies after World WarⅡ, the tariff has been decimated, at the same time, the developed countries soften and call off substantially the restriction of import tariff such non-tariff measures, thereby itpromoted the development of the international trade in some degree, from the year 1950 to 1973, the average growth rate of international trade reached to 7.2%. On the contrary, at the middle period of twenty century 70s, many countries took different kinds of non-tariff barriers, they affected the development of international trade, from the year 1973 to 1979, the average growth rate per year of the international trade was to 4.5%, and from the year 1980 to 1985, it decreased for 3%.2.5.1 The influence to the structure of commodities and the direction of foreign tradeNontariff barrier has influenced the structure of commodities and the direction of foreign trade in some degree. After the WARⅡ, the tendency of the products which influenced by the non-tariff barrier are: the degree of agricultural products are more than the industrial goods which they are influenced by the international trade, and the degree of labor-intensive products are more than the technology intensive which they are influenced by the international trade, among the influenced countries, the quantity of developing countries and the Socialist State are more than developed countries. These phenomenon, have strongly influenced the changing of international trade structure of commodities and the direction of foreign trade, it made bad barriers to the development of developing countries and Socialist State countries.2.5.2 The influence to the import countriesTo the import countries of the tariff barriers, it may restrict the import, and protect the domestic market and produce, and it also made influence to the import countries the price increase of domestic market. For example, if the import countries take measures to restrict the quantities of import goods directly, so whatever whether the price increase or not in the foreign countries, and how necessary the demanding of the domestic, and never increase the import, and it may cause the different prices between the domestic and foreign countries, and the gap may be a large different, and made the price increased of the import goods, so as to protect the produce of the same goods in the domestic, and it may promote the relevant products in the home country.But the strengthen of the non-tariff barrier may make the consumers from the import countries pay a lot of money to purchase the necessary goods, the price and the costs which would be exported could also be increased, and weaken the competition ability of the exported goods. In order to increase export, the government has to take measures such as export refunds, so it increased the budget of the country and the adversity of people’s tax.2.5.3 The influence to the export countriesThe import countries enhance the measures of nontariff barriers, especially restrict the quantity of the import goods directly, regular the quantity of import goods will make bad influence to the export quantity and price of the export countries, and decrease the export quantity and price of the export goods. In general, if the supplement of the export goods have more elastic, then the price which to be influenced by the non-tariff barriers of the import countries will be slight; on the contrary, if the supplement of the export goods have little elastic, then the price which to be influenced by the non-tariff barriers of the import countries will be serious. For most developing countries have little elastic of the export supplement, so the enhancement of the worldwide non-tariff barriers will make bad influence to the developing countries.3. Trade barriers casesHere are some examples about nontariff barriers which the developed countries against China.Our frozen chicken meat doesn’t conform to the standard of the EU health quarantine, so our frozen chicken meat was prohibited to get in the EU market by EU from the August 1st, 1996.There is a textile import/export company in Beijing who sells more than 10tons cotton yarns to the European in 1995 which was tested by the Germany that had forbidden AZO dyes in it and all the goods were prohibited to export, our company lost more than four hundred thousand RMB.The same thing comes to a Shanghai knitwear import/export company, who exported children’s garments to the European countries, and all the goods were forbidden also because of the AZO dyes and over HCHO, and lost more than five millions dollars.Here is a typical case about tariff barriers against China:On February17th, 2004, the U.S. department of commerce received an antidumping duty petition on imports of certain tissue paper products from China filed by seven paper manufacturers and a national union (“petitioners”).Petitioners claimed that the imports of certain tissue paper from China are being, or are likely to be, sold in the United States at less than fair value and that such imports are materially injuring, or threatening material injury to ,the relevant U.S.industries.The department always considers China to be a NME which does not operate on market principles of cost or pricing structures, so that sales of product do not reflect the fair value of the product. The determination that a foreign country is a NME shall remain in effect until it is revoked. Unfortunately, in all previous cases China has been consistently deemed at the NME status.According to the U.S. Antidumping Law, if a product is imported from a NME country, the department shall determine normal value based on the total value of the factors of production priced in a surrogate market economy country. Specifically, the two selection criteria for the surrogate country as required by law, are economic comparability and significant production of comparable product.In this case, the department selected India as the appropriate surrogate country to compare in the investigation for three reasons: (1) India is at similar level of economic development to that of the PRC; (2) India manufacturers produce comparable products and are significant producers of certain tissue paper products; (3) India provides the best opportunity to use appropriate, publicly available data to value the factors of production.The surrogate values were derived from public published U.S. domestic prices, import prices, and quoted prices obtained from India manufacturers and reprinted in industry publications. Factory overhead, general and administrative expenses, profit, the cost of packing, and other expenses were added to the cost of manufacturing associated with the production of each product.Based on the calculation of the normal value, on February 3rd, 2005, the department made its final determination that China was selling certain tissue paper at less than fair value and the dumping margin is 112.64%, which is amazingly high.The United States International Trade Commission examined U.S. domestic economic indicators before and during period of investigation, such as increase in volume and market share of imports, decline in domestic prices, decrease in U.S. shipments, decline in operating income, decrease of domestic market share, drop in domestic capacity utilization rates, lost sales and lost revenue. In March it notified the department of its final determination that the industry in the United States is materially injured as the result of less-than-fair-value imports from China.On March23th, 2005, the department issued an antidumping duty order directing the U.S. Customs and Border Protection to assess and impose antidumping duties onall imports of the product from China. (Zhu and Sang, 2009:84)In order to protect our nation enterprises and maintain the benefit of our import and export, our government as well as the enterprises should take manners to deal with such problems.4. The measures of the government to deal with the nontariff barriers1. The govern ment should take part into the “environmental diplomacy” actively, undertaking the conference about the environment between the other countries. For the differences of the economy development, the environment standards and demands of the developed countries are much more higher than the economy of the developing countries, we should fully utilize the multilateral trading system, play the important role of trade power, make close to the developing countries in coordination and corporation, make international standards that acceptable to both developed countries and developing countries, or add some items in the international standards that protect the developing countries in the international trade.2. The government agencies and relevant industry agencies should enhance the corporation with the international organizations and the agencies which approved by the other countries, and promote our legislation about environment and integrity environmental protection standards. We should pay attention to the transformation of the international environmental protection standards and grasp the information timely, and make feasibility research, making the international standards as national standards through the legislation. Thus, on the one hand it can improve the environment standards of our home appliance, on the other hand it can stop the foreign products which do harm to the environment into our country.3. The government should make industrial policy for green products. The government should give some encourages and assistants in investment, credit preferential, tax preferential, export rebate etc to the green environmental technology, the innovation, exploitation, production and usage of the products4. The government should enhance foundation science research, enlarge the investment of the detecting techniques equipment and the quality inspector construction, and establish our own green trade barriers technical indicators system. At the same time, enhance the environmental standards formulation and corporation with the surrounding countries, and make our environmental technical indicators system adapt for the national conditions as well as getting close to the internationalstandards.5. The government should enhance propaganda, improve the sense of urgency of the whole society to the green trade barriers, bring the challenge and opportunity of the green trade barriers to the power of the whole society, make all the members aware that face the challenge of green trade barriers is not only the requirement of our economy existing and developing but also the requirement of entering the world economy extended family and undertaking for competition, response the challenge consciously action-oriented.5. The measures of the enterprises to deal with the non-tariff barriers5.1Establish the modern corporations system which adapt for the WTOregulationsFirst of all, the system of the environmental management should change the traditional environmental into the self-awareness environmental management by law. Change the traditional government administration management system, advance the environmental economy market actively, carry out the environment cost internalization, the core concept is put the resources produce, transportation, usage, recycle and the cost of the pollution-discharge right into the cost price, make the enterprises accept the environment management under the law.Second, change the extensive economy of high consumption and low volume, depend on the technology, enhancing the management, into the intensive economy. Change the economy development that are high speed with low effectiveness, high input with low products, high pollution with low quality, to be the intensive economy.Third, the current intensive management should be to a breakthrough in environmental pollution control, change “those who created pollution” as a “polluter pays”, the establishment of a number of large-scale pollution treatment facilities to run the professional company. With the market to operate, the company transformed into self-pollution treatment market players, rely on markets to promote investment and technology enterprise to adjust the scale of change swept the traditional practice of government.5.2Vigorously promote cleaner production system“China’s 21 century agenda”to the definition of cleaner production are: Clean produc tion is not only to meet people’s needs, but also the rational use of natural resources and energy, and production methods and environmental protection measures,its essence is a material and energy consumption of the smallest human activities in the planning and management, waste reduction quantitative, resource-based and harmless, or destroy the production process. Cleaner production, including cleaner production processes and clean products both for the contents of the production process, the clean production, including conservation of raw materials, and all the emissions from the production process to reduce their numbers before, to achieve the production process of polluting or less pollution; On products, cleaner production is the life-cycle analysis, making products from raw materials until final disposal was a series of process, all with minimal environmental impact as possible. Thus, the concept of cleaner production includes not only the technical feasibility, but also economically profitable nature, reflects the economic, environmental and social benefits of unification. According to the requirements of clean production, simply summarized as: clean energy, clean production, the circumstances of product. To meet these requirements, companies must do the following:1. To better material selection and product design related, not to adopt environmentally harmful materials, does not produce products harmful to the environment.2. Production process, new equipment to maximize production efficiency to reduce emissions.3. To strengthen production management, to reduce and eliminate run, run, drip, drain.4. In the product life cycle assessment or clean production audits, targeted to make cleaner production program and feasibility analysis.In addition, a region in the implementation of cleaner products, can be established in Industrial Park. Including the use right of land use within the region to conduct scientific planning, combine production chain, establish an optimized industrial structure, unified organization in the region of energy production and supply of integrated planning and wastewater reuse systems, organizations in the region cross-plant material of a cycle of strong measures to implement the comprehensive utilization of waste.5.3 Positive for environmental standards and enforcement of environmental labeling products certification systemJoin the WTO, the face of trading nations to set “green barrier”, China’s export enterprises need to fully carry out the green certification. Implementing theenvironmental labeling system. China’s export products are now mainly textiles, agricultural products and some raw materials, technological content and added value is very low. In order to reduce other countries restricted by the name of environmental protection of China’s exports of fact, China should be as soon as possible with international environmental standards prevailing management systems converge: the first is to implement the ISO14000 international standards, strengthen the export products from design to production until process recovery in the use of the green program implementation. Although costly ISO14000 standard certification, the burden to the enterprise to a certain extent, but it proved through the establishment, implementation of environmental management certification system, to control pollution from the source of production, energy saving, reduce pollution treatment costs, but will enterprises bring comprehensive social and economic benefits. Second, we must actively implement the system for environmental labeling products to allow more exports in the implementation of environmental standards for certification based on environmental standards to further expand the range of products to export more than “green barriers”, access to international export pass.5.4 Depth study of WTO dispute cases related to environmental protection and trade in the country's environmental legislation and environmental trade measures.As the WTO case law relevant laws and regulations with the characteristics of their study, on the one hand will help companies on environmental policy and environmental protection provisions of understanding, increase employee awareness of environmental protection. At the same time, familiar with and use of environmental agreements, dispute settlement mechanism, in the event of a dispute with other countries, to ensure against violations of their legal rights and interests. As a result of foreign “green barrier”of implementation of disputes with foreign companies, we must respond actively, dare to foreign products and quarantine, customs and other administrative authorities in litigation, make full use of WTO rules and systems, argue to protect their legitimate rights and interests.ConclusionTrade barriers are mainly used by the developed countries especially non-tariff barriers because the price of goods which produced by the developing countries are less than the developed countries. In order to protect their own market, thesedeveloped countries take such trade barriers to restrict import, China as the biggest export country, has more challenge to deal with these problems, our government must take some manners to help our foreign trade and our enterprises should innovate and face such challenges to survive in the competitive international trade market.Reference朱淑英, 桑莉琳. 国际经贸岗位群模块英语[M] . 江苏大学出版社, 2009.李健. 经济全球化背景下的新贸易壁垒[M]. 东北财经大学出版社, 2007C. P. Chandrasekhar, Jayati Ghosh and Parthapratim Pal. The Green Barrier to FreeTrade. New York: Knopf, 2006Wikipedia. “the free encyclopedia”. </wiki/Trade_barrier > BaiDu, BaiKe. “贸易壁垒”. /view/77956.htm?fr=ala0_1。
国际贸易实务英文版参考答案完整版
国际贸易实务英文版参考答案标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]C h a p t e r1 I.YES，Pleaserefertothe1stparagraphofthetext.II.流动性过剩自给自足经济资源直接投资国际收支易货交易出口退税倾销出口型经济增长东道国贸易差额贸易顺差／贸易逆差欧盟国际收支顺差／国际收支逆差有形贸易无形贸易货物贸易服务贸易excessliquidityself-sufficient economicresourcesdirectinvestmentbalanceofpaymentsbarter exporttaxrebatedumpingexport-driveneconomicgrowthhostcountrybalanceoftradefavorable/unfavorablebalanceoftradeEuropeanUnionfavorable/unfavorablebalanceofpaymentsvisibletradeinvisibletradetradeingoodstr adeinservicesIIIThechartaboveshowstheU.S.importsfromChina,U.S.exportstoChinaandthetradebalance .TheU.S.hasanegativetradebalancewithChina,andithasbeengrowing.Duringtheperiodfrom1997to2003,importsfromChinahavegrown244%whileexportstoChinahavegrown221%,in dicatingthatthetradedeficitisincreasing.Therehadalreadybeenasizeabletradebalan cedeficitwithChinain1996,totaling$billionattheendoftheyear.IV1.Exportgoodsaretangiblegoodssentoutofcountries.2.Tradeinservicesareinternationalearningsotherthanthosederivedfromtheexporting andimportingoftangiblegoods.3.Importgoodsaretangiblegoodsbroughtin.4.Internationaltradeisallbusinesstransactionsthatinvolvetwoormorecountries.5.F DIisonethatgivestheinvestoracontrollinginterestinaforeigncompany.6.Investmentisusedprimarilyasfinancialmeansforacompanytoearnmoremoneyonitsmone ywithrelativesafety.V1.Internationaltradeisthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossn ationalboundaries.Itconcernstradeoperationsofbothimportandexportandincludesthe purchaseandsaleofbothvisibleandinvisiblegoods.2.Intoday'scomplexeconomicworld,neitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationsparticipateintheinternationaltradeformanyreasons.Astotheecon omicreasons,nonationhasalloftheeconomicresources(land,laborandcapital)thatitne edstodevelopitseconomyandculture,andnocountryenjoysaparticularitemsufficienten oughtomeetitsneeds.Asforthepreferencereasons,internationaltradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationofstyle.Besides,everynationcanspecializeinacertainfieldandenjoya comparativeadvantageinsomeparticularareaintermsoftradesothattheyneedtodobusine sswitheachothertomakeuseofresourcesmoreefficientlyandeffectively.3.Inmeasuringtheeffectivenessofglobaltrade,nationscarefullyfollowtwokeyindicat ors,namely,balanceoftradeandbalanceofpayments.4.FDI,theabbreviationformForeignDirectInvestment,meansbuyingofpermanentpropert yandbusinessinforeignnations.Itoccurswhenacquisitionofequityinterestinaforeign companyistrade.ThegreatsignificanceofFDIforChinamightbethat:FDIsolvetheproblem ofcapitalshortageforChinasothatChinamayspendthemoneyonimportingadvancedequipme ntandtechnologiesforitsinfrastructure,nationalsupportingindustry,keyprojects,e tc.Chapter2I关税壁垒非关税壁垒从量税配额保护性关税市场失灵幼稚产业许可证制度财政关税政府采购贸易保护主义从价税最低限价本地采购规则增加内需DomesticcontentRed-tapebarriersExportsubsidiesBindingquotaAbsolutequotasVER Tariff-ratequotasZeroquota"Buylocal"rulesTariffbarriersnon-tariffbarriersspecificdutiesquotaprotectivetariffmarketfailureinfantindustrylicensingsystemRevenuetariff governmentprocurementtradeprotectionismAdValoremDutiesfloorprice "buylocal"rulesraisedomesticdemand国内含量进口环节壁垒出口补贴绑定配额绝对配额自愿出口限制关税配额零配额本地采购原则II1.Protectionismmeansthedeliberateuseorencouragementofrestrictionsonimportstoen ablerelativelyinefficientdomesticproducerstocompetesuccessfullywithforeignprod ucers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
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（三）保护方式的
隐蔽性，发达国家 设置高于世界平均 水平，并以高科技 手段进行检验，Company Logo
the cause of technical barriers
主观原因：贸易保护 主义思想依然存在
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Technical barriers to trade Technical barriers to trade (TBTs), a category（种类） of nontariff（非关税） barriers to trade, are the widely divergent（大相径庭） measures that countries use to regulate markets, protect their consumers, or preserve their natural resources (among other objectives), but they also can be used (or perceived by foreign countries) to discriminate（区别） against imports in order to protect domestic industries.
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贸易壁垒
贸易壁垒（Barrier to trade） 又称贸易障碍。对国 外国间商品劳务交换所设置的人为限制，主要是指导 一国对外国商品劳务进口所实行的各种限制措施。这 种壁垒一般可分为关税壁垒和非关税壁垒两种。 所谓关税壁垒，是指进出口商品经过一国关境时，由 政府所设置海关向进出口 商征收关税所形成的一种 贸易障碍。 非关税壁垒，是指除关税 以外的一切限制进口措施 所形成的贸易障碍。
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技术性贸易壁垒 “技术性贸易壁垒”又称“技术性贸易措施”或 “技术壁垒”，是以国家或地区的技术法规、协 议、标准和认证体系（合格评定程序）等形式出 现，涉及的内容广泛，含盖科学技术、卫生、检 疫、安全、环保、产品质量和认证等诸多技术性 指标体系，运用于国际贸易当中，呈现出灵活多 变、名目繁多的规定。由于这类壁垒大量的以技 术面目出现，因此常常会披上合法外衣，成为当 前国际贸易中最为隐蔽、最难对付的非关税壁垒。
our country’s solution to it
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3
5 6
7 8 9
Intemational Trade Barriers
Most trade barriers work on the same principle: the imposition（征收） of some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded products. If two or more nations repeatedly use trade barriers against each other, then a trade war results.
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Technical barriers' feature
技术贸易壁垒 的特点
（一）广泛 性，从产品 到生产过程， 技术壁垒无 处不在。
（二）形式上 的合法性，贸 易壁垒大多以 国内国际公开 立法的形式存 在。
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Intemational Trade Barriers
product by John&Jiaqi Zhou
目 录
1 2
Intemational Trade Barriers and classifications
Technical barriers Technical barriers' feature the cause of technical barriers case of technical barriers case analysis the influence on our enterprise
客观原因：WTO贸易规则原则上 不反对成员国规定必要的卫生和 技术要求
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case analysis
【案情】 浙江一家专门从事女装出口的制衣公司将一批成衣按订单要求发往德国时， 却被拒之门外。纳闷不已的经营者被告知：不是服装尺寸不对路，而是小小 的钮扣出了大问题——不符合环保要求 浙江绍兴雪尔服饰有限公司董事长蒋国良告诉记者，纺织品出口在欧盟 国家的检验中有几项重要的指标就是染料中的偶氮和19种分散染料（染原 料的几种有害化学成分）是否超标。入世后，作为纺织大县的绍兴出现了空 前的出口好势头，但不少绍兴纺织品在欧洲国家屡屡受挫，多数问题出在染 料上。 痛定思痛，永通集团积极寻求破解绿色壁垒之法。当初，国内化工行业 还没有环保染料，永通就用国外的，尽管在大力开源节流之后，成本还是高 了30%，出口几乎无利可图，但是永通人下定决心，要在世界市场上打响 这张“绿色”牌。集团不仅将染料全部改为环保型产品，还斥资200多万 元在企业内部建立了检测中心。 破解了绿色壁垒后的永通集团如同掌握了阿里巴巴“芝麻开门”的秘诀一 样，顺利打开了欧洲市场，并牢牢占据了世界市场中的份额。这家10多年 前还名不见经传的民营企业，去年在全国印染行业中创下了产量、销售、出 口三项全国冠军，外贸出口超过1亿美元，产品行销75个国家，其中，欧 美国家占了40％。今年前三个月，产品出口又比上年同期增长了60％，让 业内人士连连称奇。如今，随着国内环保染料价格的总体走低，永通集团的 效益显著提高。总经理李传海深有感触地说：“绿色壁垒不可怕，关键是要 图‘破壁’。