The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector of the AMS experiment test beam results with a prototyp

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科学家受科幻电影启发 研发情感探测器20160613

科学家受科幻电影启发 研发情感探测器20160613

科学家受科幻电影启发研发情感探测器No more second guessing! Blade Runner-style'emotion detector' could rev eal if a person REALLYfinds you attractive on a first date无需再次猜测!“银翼杀手”风格的“情感探测器”会告诉你,第一次约会时对方是否真的被你所吸引。

First dates can be a nerve-wracking experience, filledwith unease and uncertainty over whether or notthe other person is interested. But new technologythat could help clear up at least some of themystery s urrounding such dates might be on itsway.初次约会是一件非常伤脑筋的经历,对方是否对自己感兴趣,你对此充满了不安与不确定。

但一项新技术,将有助于缓解这种约会可能会带来的一些神秘的氛围。

An 'emotion detector' has been created which researchers claim will b e able to tell whether ornot a person finds you attractive almost i nstantly.研究人员发明了一种“情感探测器”,据称,它可以帮助你判断对方是否真的被你所吸引。

Researchers at the University of Lancaster were inspired to make the device by a gadgetfeatured in the 1982 sci-fi fantasy film 'Blade Runner'. Replicating the Voight-Kampff machine,a fictional interrogation tool, the research team created a device that mimics this emotion-d etector.英国兰卡斯特大学的研究人员表示,这件有趣的设备的灵感来自于1982年的经典科幻电影《银翼杀手》。

把大侦探语录写进英语作文

把大侦探语录写进英语作文

把大侦探语录写进英语作文In the labyrinthine corridors of deception, where truth and lies intertwine like venomous serpents, the astute observations of the legendary detective Sherlock Holmes illuminate the path to justice. His incisive wit and unwavering dedication to uncovering the concealed have left an indelible mark on the annals of criminal investigation.From the fog-laden streets of Victorian London to the hallowed halls of academia, Holmes's brilliance has captivated generations of readers and inspired countless adaptations. His ability to perceive the most minute details, unravel intricate webs of deceit, and deduce the truth from the most seemingly innocuous observations has made him an enduring icon of deductive reasoning.Through the enigmatic figure of Dr. Watson, his loyal companion and chronicler, we witness Holmes's extraordinary methods and gain insights into the workings of his remarkable mind. In their shared adventures, Holmesdemonstrates an uncanny ability to read people like open books, discerning their motives, fears, and secrets with astonishing precision.One of Holmes's most famous maxims is, "When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth." This dictum underscores the importance of logical deduction and the rejection of unfounded assumptions. By systematically examining all available evidence and eliminating the implausible, Holmes narrows the field of possibilities until the only remaining explanation, however unlikely it may seem, emerges as the truth.Another of Holmes's guiding principles is, "It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. Insensibly one begins to twist facts to suit theories, instead of theories to suit facts." This warning against premature speculation emphasizes the need for a rigorous andobjective approach to investigation. Holmes insists on gathering all the relevant information before forming hypotheses, ensuring that his conclusions are based onevidence rather than preconceived notions.Holmes's profound understanding of human nature is also evident in his observations on deception. He notes, "There is no one more credulous than the man who has deceived himself." This insight highlights the self-deception that often accompanies lying, as individuals rationalize their falsehoods to maintain a sense of internal consistency. By recognizing the signs of self-deception, Holmes can penetrate the facade of honesty and uncover the hidden truths beneath.In addition to his deductive abilities, Holmes possesses an unwavering determination to pursue justice regardless of the obstacles he encounters. He believes that "crime is common. Logic is rare," and he is driven by a deep-seated need to expose the truth and right the wrongs that have been committed. His relentless pursuit of justice often brings him into conflict with corrupt individuals and powerful forces, but he remains steadfast in his commitment to uncovering the truth.The enduring legacy of Sherlock Holmes lies not only in his brilliant detective work but also in the timeless wisdom contained within his observations. His principles of logical reasoning, his insistence on objectivity, and his profound understanding of human nature continue to guide investigators and inspire writers, thinkers, and readers alike.In the realm of criminal investigation, Sherlock Holmes stands as an unparalleled master of deduction. His ability to perceive the most subtle clues, unravel intricate webs of deceit, and expose the truth has left an indelible mark on the annals of crime-solving. Through the enigmaticfigure of Dr. Watson, his loyal companion and chronicler, we witness Holmes's extraordinary methods and gain insights into the workings of his remarkable mind.Holmes's guiding principles, such as eliminating the impossible and avoiding premature speculation, underscore the importance of logical reasoning and objectivity in the pursuit of truth. His profound understanding of human nature allows him to discern the motives, fears, andsecrets of others with astonishing precision, even whenthey are concealed beneath a facade of deception.Beyond his detective work, Holmes's observations onlife, human nature, and the pursuit of justice continue to resonate with readers and inspire generations. His belief that "crime is common. Logic is rare" highlights the challenges of uncovering the truth in a world often shrouded in deception. His unwavering determination to pursue justice, even in the face of adversity, serves as a reminder of the importance of integrity and perseverance in the face of wrongdoing.The enduring legacy of Sherlock Holmes lies not only in his brilliant detective work but also in the timeless wisdom contained within his observations. His principles of logical reasoning, his insistence on objectivity, and his profound understanding of human nature continue to guide investigators, inspire writers, thinkers, and readers alike, ensuring that the legacy of the great detective will endure for generations to come.。

疑犯追踪第一季第九集

疑犯追踪第一季第九集

第一季第九集你被监视着You are being watched.政府有一套秘密系统The government has a secret system--一台每时每刻都在监控你的机器a machine that spies on you every hour of every day. 我会知道因为它是我造的I know because...I built it.我设计这台机器是为了侦测恐怖行动I designed the machine to detect acts of terror但它却看到了一切but it sees everything--牵涉普通人的暴力罪行violent crimes involving ordinary people,像你一样的普通人people like you,政府认为这些罪行是无关信息crimes the government considered irrelevant.他们不肯作为所以我决定插手They wouldn't act, so I decided I would.但我需要一个搭档But I needed a partner.一个有能力介入其中的人Someone with the skills to intervene.受当局追捕我们只能秘密活动Hunted by the authorities, we work in secret.你永远找不到我们You'll never find us.但无论是受害人还是行凶者只要你的号码被列出来But victim or perpetrator, if your number's up,我们就会找到你we'll find you.归你了He's all yours.我已经告诉过其他美国人了I already told the other Americans...我运送水果蔬菜I deliver fruits and vegetables.你运送炸药给基地组织You deliver explosives for Al-Qaeda.你的手机引爆了一枚自杀式炸弹Your cell is responsible for a suicide bomb在费卢杰炸死了三名美国士兵that killed three US soldiers in Fallujah.你最好赶紧告诉我You should tell me the location剩下的炸药在哪里of the remainder of those explosives.快交代Talk to me,不然你就得跟我上司交代了or else you're gonna have to talk to my boss. 相信我And believe me when I tell you,你不会想和我上司谈you don't want to talk to my boss.好吧All right.你好尤瑟夫Hello, Yusuf.逼得太紧了必须叫停Getting too close-- enough already.她今天就得死She goes...today.但要做得干净But it's got to be clean.你不能总是这样下去You can't keep coming in here like this.-我得走了-卡特警探- I gotta go. - Detective Carter?科瓦奇太太来保释她丈夫It's Mrs. Kovach here to bail out her husband.又来了Again?你也许能跟她谈谈Figured maybe you could talk to her.谢谢Thanks.我负责凶杀案的科瓦奇太太I work homicide, Mrs. Kovach, okay?你丈夫最终把你殴打至死时I'm the one who have to investigate it我就是负责调查的人when your husband finally beats you to death.每一次你声称这是意外Look, every time you tell us it was an accident,都在为他最终逍遥法外提供更多证据you're strengthening the story he's gonna use to get out of it 他会归罪于你笨手笨脚总出事故that you were clumsy, accident-prone.你听见了吗Do you hear me?是楼梯The stairs.我从楼梯上摔下来了I fell down the stairs.如果他再对你动手If he puts his hands on you again,打电话给我call me.抱歉我得走了Sorry. I have to go.不明白你烦恼个什么劲卡特I don't know why you bother, Carter.你没法拯救所有人You can't save 'em all.眼瞅着一场凶杀案就要发生That's a homicide waiting to happen.我想换种方式提前制止Figured I'd try to stop one for a change.DNA报告几周前被你打伤肩膀的枪手DNA came back on the shooter you winged a couple weeks ago, 冲你开枪那家伙the guy who took a shot at you.一半基因吻合玛琳·以利亚Half the DNA matched Marlene Elias...另一半黑帮头目莫雷蒂the other half... Don Moretti.卡尔·以利亚被你抛弃自生自灭的私生子Carl Elias--the bastard son you left to rot in the system四十多年前你谋杀了他母亲after you murdered his mother almost 40 years ago.你的情妇Your mistress.我早说过了亲爱的I told you before, sweetheart.我不是那个人的父亲I ain't the father of nobody by that name.DNA可不这么说头目先生DNA says otherwise, Don.你们完全吻合You're a perfect match.你猜怎么着And guess what.你儿子现在翅膀硬了Your son's all grown up now.他近期受害人中的几位Just a few of his recent victims.退休的警探伯尼·沙利文Retired detective Bernie Sullivan,你的老手下文森特·德卢卡Your old capo Vincent Deluca.这算什么关我什么事What is this? What do I care?我只是在这等死的老头I'm gonna die an old man in here.估计等不了多久了Maybe sooner than you think.你杀了他母亲还把他丢在狼窝里不管You killed his mother, and you left him to the wolves. 你觉得他会怎么报答你What do you think he's gonna do to you?我看就别指望父亲节贺卡了I wouldn't expect any Father's Day cards.你帮我的话If you help me,我可以给你保护性监禁I can offer you protective custody.你以为你在和谁讲话Who do you think you're talking to?你还没明白你在哪儿以利亚都会找到你You don't get it. Elias can get to you anywhere.他会找到你的旧识策反他们对付你He can find someone you know, turn them on you. 你知道吗And you know what?这只是迟早的事It's not a question of if, but when.这小子已经宰了个警察Telling me this guy already took out a cop,还因为你逼得太紧冲你开枪了took a shot at you 'cause you got too close,你还跑来这儿警告我and you came here to warn me, huh?就当是礼节性拜访吧Consider it a courtesy call.现在追查以利亚的是整个组There a task force going after this Elias,还是只有你一个人警探or is it just you, Detective?你想说什么What is that supposed to mean?就我看来你是一个人Way it looks from my side of the fence, you're all alone. 听起来似乎他要干掉你了Sounds to me like maybe he's coming after you.各小组请注意All units respond--168号街和奥杜邦交口发生枪击shooting at 168th and Audubon.我听到报告就立刻赶来了I came as soon as I heard the description.年轻的非洲裔男性Yeah, got a young African-American male回家路上遭到枪击gunned down on his way home.我在路边找到一堆9毫米弹壳I got 9-millimeter casings all over the curb.看起来像是驾车射击Looks like it was a drive-by.有人目击到车吗Any witnesses see the car?在这一带你在开玩笑是吧In this neighborhood? You're kidding, right?-罗尼·米尔顿-你认识这孩子吗- Ronnie Middleton. - You knew this kid?六个月前他目击了布朗克斯一场枪击案He witnessed a shooting six months ago up in the Bronx. 指认了枪手这片区的黑帮分子赫克托·阿瓦雷ID'd the shooter--neighborhood thug Hector Alvarez.-这孩子告密了-没错- This kid was a snitch? - Yeah.但他后来缩了放弃了证词He got cold feet though. Recanted his testimony.地检官撤销了那个案子D.A. dropped the case.看来赫克托找到他了Looks like Hector found him.他这次逃不掉了He won't get away with it again.罗尼身上带什么东西吗Was Ronnie carrying?只有一个手机和一个饮料瓶Yeah, just a, uh, cell phone, and that soda bottle.七星可乐Mariquitas Cola?墨西哥汽水Mexican soda.这个市面上可不多见They don't sell that everywhere.我想我知道哪有卖I think I know a place that does.知道有人看到了什么And I know somebody saw something.好吧但让他们开口又是另一回事了Yeah, getting them to talk is another matter.我相信你的个人魅力弗斯科I'm sure you'll charm something out of them, Fusco.我说卡特You know, Carter,我们一起工作了一阵了we've been working together for a while now.我朋友都叫我"莱奈尔" 你总有个名字吧My friends call me "Lionel." You got a first name?当然"警探"Sure. "Detective."我是纽约警局的弗斯科警探My name's Detective Fusco with the N.Y.P.D.任何人如果看到或听到If anyone has seen or heard anything任何关于今晚这一案件的线索pertaining to what happened here tonight,请拿一张...You can call me at--我已经有你的名片了莱奈尔I already have your card, Lionel.你跑这儿来搞什么What the hell are you doing here?就来看看Just checking in.怎么回事What happened here?中弹Lead poisoning.这一带经常这样It's going around the neighborhood.纽约警察先生怎么称呼N.Y.P.D., Mister...?卡斯蒂尔我我要关门了Castillo. I'm--I'm closed for the night.你看到今晚这里发生了什么吗卡斯蒂尔先生You see what happened out here tonight, Mr. Castillo? 我当时在屋里忙I was busy in the back.警察来之前我啥也没听到I-I-I didn't hear anything till the police showed up.真是难以置信呢卡斯蒂尔先生See, I find that hard to believe, Mr. Castillo.那年轻人在你店里买了七星可乐After that young man bought this Mariquitas Soda from your store 出门后就像条狗一样被枪杀在马路上he walked out and got shot like a dog in the street.他买了汽水然后就走了He bought the soda. He left the store.我听到枪响但但我什么都没看到I heard the shots, but--but I didn't see anything.好吧那你听到枪响了Okay, so you heard shots.你没往外看看发现有车开走吗You didn't look out, see a car take off?求你了Please...别在这问Not here.我明白I understand.不如你明天Why don't you come down到局里录个口供吧to the precinct tomorrow, give a statement?说你所见的Just what you saw.好我明天过去Okay, I'll come down tomorrow.里瑟先生你跑哪儿去了Mr. Reese? Where have you been?我们有新号码了We've got another number.如果你要告诉我罗尼·米尔顿If you're gonna tell me Ronnie Middleton,那有点晚了芬奇you're a little late, Finch.那孩子已经死了Kid's already gone.什么你在哪儿What? Where are you?在凶案现场At the scene of a homicide,疑惑机器为什么会看到一个号码wondering how the machine can see one 却忽略另外一个and miss another.抱歉里瑟先生I'm sorry, Mr. Reese.机器只能侦测有预谋的行动The machine detects acts of premeditation. 机器这次看到的号码And I'm afraid we've got a big problem恐怕我们有大麻烦了with the one it's seeing right now.列出了谁的号码Whose number came up?我们共同的朋友Mutual friend of ours...卡特警探Detective Carter.你昨晚去哪了Want to tell me where you were last night? 我还想问你呢I was about to ask you the same thing.-忙新案子-您的咖啡- Working a new case. - There you go.谢谢Thank you.我可没有宵禁And I don't have the curfew.我打电话回家你不在You weren't home when I called,手机也不接泰勒and you didn't answer your cell, Taylor.我就晚回家了半个小时I was only a half an hour late.是呀你去跟外婆住一起Yeah. You're staying with grandma直到我这案子结束till I'm off this case.泰勒Hey, Taylor.我知道你们的返校节舞会So I saw you got that, uh, homecoming dance 这周五举行coming up Friday.你去吗You gonna go?新生不容易呀Yeah, it must be tough being a freshman.姑娘们都喜欢找学长约会All the girls going out with the older guys.我已经约了人I already asked somebody.-是吗-真的- Really? - Yeah.我想见见她Well, I want to meet her.我要迟到了I'm gonna be late for school.我开车送你我不急I'm taking you. I have time.坐好Stay.我还以为我充好电了呢I thought I charged this thing.-你先请-谢谢- After you. - Thank you.把你养得真有礼貌Raised you well.你知道她还有个儿子吗Did you know she had a son?不知道你还关心这个Didn't know you cared.这段时间没发现孩子有爸爸No dad in the picture for some time.你在调查警探吗里瑟先生You been looking into the detective, Mr. Reese?应该了解追捕你的人呢芬奇It pays to know the person coming after you, finch. 他们出门了你得快点Okay, they're leaving now. You'd better hurry up. 马上就好Almost got it.别管了快撤退Forget it. Get out of there now.收到影像了吗Do we have picture?还有GPS追踪器And a GPS tracker.漂亮哈罗德Nice work, Harold.我们得对她全程监控We need eyes and ears on her 24-7,在警局里也不例外even inside the precinct.芬奇卡特直接去了赫克托的店Finch, Carter's going right into Hector's shop.枪杀罗尼·米尔顿的最大嫌疑人Primary suspect in the Ronnie Middleton shooting. 车行生意怎么样赫克托How's the car business, Hector?说得好像你真的关心似的警探You say that like you really care, Detective.关心你昨天晚上在哪里Care about where you were last night.来吧扯扯淡蒙蒙我Go ahead, spin that yarn, dazzle me.抱歉我是居家好男人Sorry. I'm a domesticated man.我和我老婆在家看电视I was back with my old lady, watching some show.-不信问她-当然- Ask her. - Of course.总有忠诚的不在场证明Always with the loyal alibi.莫妮卡他是挺帅但你能找更好的You know, Monica, he's handsome, but you can do better. 你敢一个人跑来这挺有种的女士You got some huevos coming down here all alone, lady. 这么说昨晚So that wasn't your muscle car在华盛顿高地的车不是你的took a detour into Washington Heights last night?当然我听说那边挺危险Nah, I hear it's dangerous down there.我知道你们都听说I know y'all heard罗尼·米尔顿的事了what happened to Ronnie Middleton.我听说他吃了颗枪子儿消化不了I heard he ate a bullet that didn't agree with him.店不错东西也不错Nice shop, nice tools.混得不错嘛赫克托Doing well for yourself, Hector.你那么多钱都是修车赚的吗You make all this money fixing up old cars? 我有案底只能自己做事I got a record. I got to work for myself.这车挺靓介意我看看吗This is a nice ride. You mind if I check it out? 当然介意Sure as hell do.要看拿搜查令来You're gonna need a warrant for that.杀死孩子是步错棋赫克托You messed up, taking that kid out, Hector. 我对那个孩子的死深表惋惜It's a shame what happened to that kid...虽然他是个二货告密者even if he was a punk-ass snitch.下次你绝对逃不掉You won't get away with it again.我一定会有办法抓住你I will find a way to bring you down.祝你成功搞到搜查令警探Good luck with that warrant, Detective.不知道你还收集娃娃呢芬奇Didn't know you collected dolls, Finch.如你所知我收集绝版书籍里瑟先生As you know, I collect rare books, Mr. Reese. 还有180克黑胶唱片180-gram vinyl以及施乐阿尔托只要我能搞到and a Xerox alto when I can find one.首台个人计算机当今电脑应用基础的技术由其奠定娃娃是给弗斯科警探的This doll is for Detective Fusco.弗斯科喜欢娃娃吗Fusco's into dolls?他必须喜欢因为我们得盯住卡特警探He is now, if we want to keep eyes on Detective Carter. 我保证放到他桌子上I'll make sure it lands on his desk.我一直在查我们的新号码I've been looking into our new number.纽约警局任职纪录卡特一级探员凶杀案调查组成员Carter, detective first grade, homicide task force.单身妈妈有个青春期的儿子Single mom, teenage son,曾任军队审讯官Served as an army interrogator.04年通过律师资格考试Passed the bar in '04,又放弃资格回到队里gave it up to go back on the force.-非常出色里瑟先生-出色的女士- It's impressive, Mr. Reese. - Impressive lady.直言不讳Honest to a fault.意味着她树敌众多Which means she made a lot of enemies,不只是黑道中人也包括警方内部both in the criminal world and in her own department. 我把嫌疑人的范围I've narrowed the list of possible suspects缩小到了300人左右to a little over 300 or so.凶案组探员的正常生活Day in the life of a homicide detective.有没有比较紧迫的威胁Any more immediate threats?赫克托·阿瓦雷Hector Alvarez...在她六个月前的一个案子里被控谋杀indicted for homicide on a case she worked six months ago... 之后指控被撤销till the charges were dropped.爱德华·科瓦奇累犯家暴Edward Kovach-- repeat felon, spouse abuser,她极力想保护他的妻子whose wife she's taken a keen interest in protecting.还有就是以利亚And then there's Elias--冷血的杀手犯罪组织老大ruthless killer, organized crime boss,已经冲她开过枪了who's already taken a shot at her.她就是个活靶子啊Well, she's a walking target.得时刻紧盯住她Gonna have to keep her in sight at all times.你要小心You have to be careful.跟得太近你就有被抓的危险Get too close, you risk getting caught.这个险我必须冒That's a chance I got to take.不然我怎么办任由她吃枪子儿吗What am I supposed to do, let her catch a bullet?那她抓住你怎么办What will you do if she catches you?我相信你会有办法哈罗德Well, I'm sure you'll figure something out, Harold.这是啥玩意儿What the hell?弗斯科警探Detective Fusco.生日快乐莱奈尔Happy birthday, Lionel.谢谢不过免了今天不是我生日Thanks, but no thanks. It's not my birthday.我搞不懂你又玩什么花样I don't know what the hell you're trying to tell me here.放在桌子上对着卡特就行Just put on your desk and face it towards Carter.为啥Why?因为里面有个摄像头'Cause there's a camera inside,我们要知道她都和谁有过接触and we need to know everyone she's talking to.你知道什么我不知道的事吗You know something I don't?-她有麻烦了吗-你说呢- She in trouble? - Well, you tell me.去找警队内部的腐败同僚们打探一下吧Ask around with some of your corrupt pals inside the force. 出什么事情了你要干嘛Hey, what's going on? What do you need?我要知道是谁想把卡特做掉I need to find out who might want to take Carter out.等等Wait a minute.我可不要牵扯此事I can't be involved in something like that.不莱奈尔只要把摄像头对着她就好No, Lionel, just turn the camera towards her desk.娃娃不错Nice doll.是啊我我儿子送我的Yeah, my, uh-- my son gave it to me.跟班房里的老头目谈的怎么样了How'd it go with the old Don at the big house?我试着探探他Tried to reach out,看看他对自己的亲生儿子都知道什么see what he knew about his biological son.-以利亚-老家伙不睬我- Elias, huh? - Old man just shut me down.似乎觉得所有警察都不干净Seems to think every cop is dirty.可不Yeah.或许他那年代是这样Maybe back in his day.那杂货店店主卡斯蒂尔来过没That bodega owner Castillo come in yet?据我所知没有Not that I know of.看来又得去拜访他了Gonna have to pay him another visit.你来吗You coming?这样吧Nah, you know what?要不你去吧我我还有点事Why don't you, uh, go ahead? I-I got a thing.我回头去找你好吗I'll catch up with you later, okay?好Okay.-过来-我啥都没干啊- Come here. - Yo, I ain't done nothing.-手放在我能看到的地方-放开- Hands where I can see 'em. - Get off.有针没有有没有能扎我的东西Got any needles? Anything that's gonna stick me? 这是侵犯我的公民权This is violation of my civil liberties.芬奇看上去情况不妙Finch, I don't like the looks of this.贱人把手从我身上拿开Bitch, you better get your hands off me.闭嘴低头Shut up and get your head down.多谢你做的这么漂亮警探Yo, thanks for making it look good, Detective. 我估计我扭到手腕了I think I tweaked my wrist, man.有点演过头了瓶盖That was a little too theatrical, Bottlecap.等等里瑟Wait a minute, Reese.我想她认识他I think she knows him.刚才是在演戏It's all for show.肯定是她的线人Must be one of her CIs那是因为上次被抓后That's 'cause after I last got popped,我就花时间去戒毒了I used my time to rehabilitate myself.你戒毒了You got clean?-少来了瓶盖-我说真的- Come on now, BC. - I'm serious.毒瘾已经没了These pipes are junk-free.不过我还是需要点钱But I can always use some scratch,明白我的意思吧You know what I'm saying?我想知道你听到过什么I need to know what you've heard关于那个新人以利亚的消息about the new guy Elias.我最近总听到人提这名字I've been hearing that name up and coming a lot.我没见过他I never seen him,但我听说他这个人惹不起But I-I hear he's a man not to be trifled with.你知不知道昨晚枪击案的情况You, um, know anything about that shooting last night 168号街和奥杜邦交口那起over on 168th and Audubon?驾车射击是吧Drive-by, right?我知道那片地方但对那些人不熟I know the block, just not the players.你有没有听过赫克托·阿瓦雷这个名字You ever hear the name Hector Alvarez come up或者看见他在这区开车晃悠or see him cruise the block in his GTO?我没看见车也没听人提起过赫克托I didn't see the car or hear nobody talk about Hector, 不过我可以去打听一下But I can ask around.留神点瓶盖Good looking out, BC.如果你有任何关于赫克托或以利亚的消息If you get anything back on, um, Hector or Elias,还会有更多There's more where that came from.你好警长Hey, Captain.欢迎回来警探Welcome back, Detective.没想到你还能赏脸跟我们聚聚Didn't think you'd grace us with your presence again你现在可是跟下城区那些喷香水的混了once you spent time with the perfumed folk downtown. 你这样的二愣子是怎么做到的How'd a half-wit like you pull that off?要我说二愣子还是有点斤两的吧警长I guess the half's still got some juice, huh, Captain?他们安排了我跟卡特警探搭档They got me working with Detective Carter,于是And, uh...我开始听到一些风声I'm starting to hear some things.是吗比如呢Yeah? Like what?似乎她不太招某些人喜欢Maybe she's not so well-liked by, uh, a certain element. 听着莱奈尔Listen, Lionel...现在事情要恢复往昔了things are going back to the way they used to be.往昔Used to be?关于有组织犯罪那是有组织的Thing about organized crime? It was organized.管用有序Things worked. Trains ran on time.这个新人This new guy...他懂得游戏规则he knows the rules.新人你是指以利亚New guy-- you mean Elias.行事严密Runs a tight ship...低调low profile.不像那帮凶残的俄国废柴Not like these cut-throat Russian idiots.他知道该孝敬谁He knows who to grease...市政厅里都有人All the way up to City Hall.现在景气烂Look, the economy's in the toilet.卡特警探不懂游戏规则Detective Carter doesn't understand the rules. 对生意有害She's bad for business.-她干了啥-四处打探- What'd she do? - Sniffing around...想要立案trying to build a case.她在找以利亚的茬必须消失She's gunning for Elias. She's got to go.干掉警察这事儿可不好办It's a tricky business, getting rid of a cop.只要手段合适Went through the proper back channels...上头传令下来up the chain of command.批准了permission granted.只要把事情做得It's just got to look...干净clean.干净"Clean"?你是说做得像公殉职吗You mean like in the line of duty?我开始感觉自己被挤在中间了警长I'm starting to feel caught in the middle here, Captain. 我要是你肯定离得远点儿I'd keep my distance, if I were you.你没去警局啊You didn't come down to the precinct你明明说了会来卡斯蒂尔先生like you told me you would, Mr. Castillo.我的店今天没人照应我很忙I got no help today. I'm a very busy man.你在事发前后有没有看见过这辆车Did you see this car before or after the shooting?你没告诉我那个被打死的人You didn't tell me that the guy that they killed是另一起枪击案的目击者was a witness to another shooting.他决定不去作证结果也没保住命He decided not to testify. Didn't save him.如果你觉得那样就能说服我If you think that's gonna convince me to,-完全没用-关键是- it's not helping. - The point is...如果赫克托·阿瓦雷认为你看见他开枪了if Hector Alvarez thinks you saw him shoot someone, 你也会找上你he's gonna come after you too.拜托我有家人Please. Look, I have a family.正是Exactly.如果你帮我If you help me,我能保护你和你的家人I can protect you and your family.如果你不帮If you don't...他照样会找上你he could still come after you.怎么说莱奈尔What's the word, Lionel?我去打探了下I did some checking around.卡特确实榜上有名不是金榜Carter's name came up and not in a good way.以利亚要她今天就死Elias wants her gone... today.弑警引发的关注会很大Killing a cop brings a lot of heat.是所以他们要下手干净Yeah, which is why they're gonna make it look clean. 他会找人背黑锅或者干脆付钱He could set up a patsy or pay someone off让她正在调查的对象做掉她on a case she's working.我只知道现在卡特所经之处All I know is, every door that Carter walks through 遍地杀机could have a bullet behind it.你昨天晚上有没看见过这个人Did you see this guy in your store last night?拜托我只需要知道这个Please. That's all I need.我早些时候见过I saw him earlier.他前些日子来过我店里买过安全套啤酒He's been in my store before, to buy condoms, beer. 这有什么关系What does it mater?我反正不会给你口供的I'm not gonna give you a statement anyways. -你能离开我的店了吗-好吧- Can you please leave my store? - Okay.好吧谢了Okay. Thank you.抱歉警探Sorry, Detective.我从后面看过来还真没认出是你I didn't realize that was you from behind.这年头漂亮妞真多Lot of fine girls out today.走你的情圣Keep it moving, lover boy.在这一片走动要小心You got to be careful on this block.我听说昨晚这里有个小子被崩了I heard some kid got popped last night.你有孩子吗警探You got any kids, Detective?离这一片远点Stay off this block.我要是再见到这车在附近晃荡I see this car roll by one more time,我就扣了它I'm gonna impound it.我会过来看你的卡斯蒂尔先生I'll be seeing you around, Mr. Castillo.滚Get out of here.我们走Let's go.以利亚要卡特死Elias wants Carter gone.估计他会利用挑唆某人Possible he'll use someone with motive...她手头案子里的那些嫌犯the suspect in one of her cases.卡特在酒吧Carter's at a bar.她不是在当值吗I thought she was on duty.这么多人找她麻烦With this many people after her,我都乐意付钱请她喝酒了I'd be inclined to pick up the tab.说说看爱迪Tell me, Eddie...什么样的人渣会这样对待自己妻子What kind of degenerate does that to his wife?卡特在是来见科瓦奇的Carter's paying Kovach a visit.为什么凶案组警探要插手家庭事件Why is a homicide detective intervening in a domestic case?没准儿她就像我们Maybe she's like us.想要预先制止坏事的发生Trying to prevent something bad from happening.夫妻之间的家务事What happens between a man and his woman behind closed doors 管你鸟事is none of your damn business.你喝死自己我也不管Can't stop you from boozing your life away.但是你要再回家对妻子动手But you go home and put your hands on your wife again,我一定会抓你I'm coming after you.你敢来抓我You come after me,我就会行使第二修正案给我的权利and I will exercise my Second Amendment rights. 指公民的持枪权利向你保证我有杆大枪And I promise you, I got a pretty big gun.像你这样暴躁易怒的男人Man as angry and bitter as you are...我估计那玩意儿大不了爱迪I got a feeling it ain't that big, Eddie.不得不说芬奇我真喜欢她的范儿I got to admit, Finch, I sure like her style.我想我们找到出头鸟了I think we got a new front-runner.马克·汤姆森Mark Thomson,瑞奇·洛佩兹Ricky Lopez,乔瑟夫·米克奈利Joseph McNally...都死于那件自杀式炸弹背心all were killed from a suicide vest那是你帮忙运送的you helped transport.他们都有家人They had families...有爱着他们的人people that loved them.我这这些士兵感到遗憾I'm sorry for the soldiers,但我只是个送菜的but I deliver vegetables.我知道你在给基地组织干活尤瑟夫I know you're working with Al-Qaeda, Yusuf...我这里有照片'cause I have photos here你在往货车里装背心of you loading vests into your truck.你想告诉我Now, you want to tell me你的这些照片都是假的吗all these photos of you are fake?告诉我其他自杀式炸弹背心藏在哪儿尤瑟夫Show me where the other suicide vests are hidden, Yusuf. 指给我看Point to the location.你知不知道如果他们发现Do you know what they will do我帮了你们会怎么对付我if they find out that I helped you?他们会杀了我的妻子They will kill my wife.会杀了我儿子They will kill my son.我宁可你们现在就杀了我I would rather you just kill me now.卡特那不是那名死者的手机么Carter, is that the DOA's phone--罗尼·米尔顿Ronnie Middleton?他母亲甚至都没去验尸房His mother hasn't even come to the morgue.这孩子一直是一个人This kid was all alone.他不该这么惨He deserved better.目前为止我在赫克托身上什么都没发现So far, I've got nothing on Hector.实时犯罪监控中心的分析师发来了Analyst from the Real Time Crime Center sent over新新杂货店附近部分摄像头的录像footage from some of the cameras around Bodega La Nueva. 部分Some?还不止这些摄像头吗There's more cameras than this?是市长想要每个拐角都装一个Yeah. Mayor wants one on every corner.怪不得我总感觉被监视着No wonder I feel like I'm always being watched.我觉得赫克托的车应该经过了I figured Hector's G.T.O. had to pass这个十字路口但是什么都没有through this intersection, but nothing, nada.没准他没开车没准是步行Maybe he didn't drive. Maybe he walked.卡斯蒂尔说他进过几次他的小店Castillo said he came into his market a couple times买过酒和套套to purchase some booze and trojans.所以So?他的女朋友也住在布朗克斯区His girlfriend lives in the Bronx too.他干嘛跑25条街到下城区买安全套呢Why would he have to go 25 blocks downtown for condoms? 因为唐璜另有别的女人'cause Don Juan got a little chicky on the side.西班牙传奇风流人物赫克托是步行的Hector was on foot.或许他是从她的公寓走到超市Maybe he walked from her apartment to the market.而那就是赫克托遇上罗尼的地方And that's where Hector bumped into Ronnie.。

《哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒》第15章《魁地奇决赛》中英文对照学习版

《哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒》第15章《魁地奇决赛》中英文对照学习版

中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban《哈利˙波特与阿兹卡班囚徒》Chapter FifteenThe Quidditch Final第15章魁地奇决赛‘He - he sent me this,’ Hermione said, hol ding out the letter.“他──他送来的。

”赫敏举着信说。

Harry took it. The parchment was damp, and enormous teardrops had smudged the ink so badly in places that it was very difficult to read.哈利接过信,羊皮纸是潮的,有些地方墨迹被大颗的泪水弄得模糊难辨,很难阅读。

DEAR, HERMIONE,WE LOST. I’M ALLOWED TO BRING HIM BACK. TO HOGWARTS. EXECUTION DATE TO BE FIXED.BEAKY HAS ENJOYED LONDON.I WON’T FORGET ALL THE HELP YOU GAVE US.HAGRID亲爱的赫敏:我们败诉了。

我获准把它带回霍格沃茨。

处决日期待定。

比克很喜欢伦敦。

我不会忘记你们给我们的所有帮助。

海格‘They can’t d o this,’ said Harry. ‘They can’t. Buckbeak isn’t dangerous.’“他们不能那么干,”哈利说,“不能!巴克比克没有危险。

”‘Malfoy's dad’s frightened the Committee into it,’ said Hermione, wiping her eyes. ‘You know what he's like. They're a bunch of d odd ery ol d fools, and they were scared. There’ll be an appeal, though, there always is. Only I can't see any hope ... nothing will have changed.’“马尔福的爸爸胁迫委员会这么干的。

伦琴射线英文作文

伦琴射线英文作文

伦琴射线英文作文I was lying on the beach, enjoying the warm sunshine and the sound of the waves crashing against the shore. Suddenly, I felt a sharp pain in my leg and looked down to see a small stingray swimming away. It was my first encounter with a stingray and I was both fascinated and terrified by the experience.The doctor told me that I had been stung by a stingray and that I needed to be treated for a potential infection.I was surprised to learn that stingrays have venomous spines on their tails, and that their stings can be quite painful. I never realized how dangerous these seemingly harmless creatures could be.After receiving treatment for the stingray sting, I couldn't help but feel a newfound respect for the ocean and its inhabitants. It was a humbling experience to be reminded of the power and unpredictability of nature, and I knew that I would always be more cautious when swimming inthe ocean from that day forward.As I reflected on my encounter with the stingray, I couldn't help but feel grateful for the swift and effective medical care I had received. It made me realize the importance of being prepared for unexpected situations, and I made a mental note to always have a first aid kit on hand, especially when spending time near the ocean.The stingray encounter was a stark reminder that nature is not always as gentle as it seems. It was a wake-up callto always be aware of my surroundings and to never underestimate the potential dangers that may lurk beneath the surface of the water. From that day on, I made a conscious effort to educate myself about the marine life in the area and to take necessary precautions to ensure my safety.Despite the pain and fear I experienced, I couldn'tdeny the sense of awe and wonder that the stingrayencounter had sparked within me. It was a reminder of the beauty and diversity of the natural world, and I felt anewfound appreciation for the intricate balance of life in the ocean. It was a bittersweet realization that left me with a mix of emotions, but ultimately, I was grateful for the opportunity to witness the wonders of the sea, even if it came with a painful sting.。

《高度怀疑》的翻拍研究

《高度怀疑》的翻拍研究

《高度怀疑》的翻拍研究20XX 年版的影片《高度怀疑》是根据 1956 年的同名电影翻拍的。

本片在保留原作整体故事情节的基础上,加入了现代背景元素,使之更符合现代人的欣赏观念。

检察官马克亨特 (迈克尔道格拉斯饰) 为了使自己能够获得更多的公众支持率而顺利地竞选上州长,无数次凭借骗取和伪造的 DNA 来赢得检控。

但他这一丑恶的罪行却被身为电视新闻记者的 CJ尼古拉斯 (杰西麦特卡尔菲饰)发现了。

CJ 为了将亨特的罪行公布于众,和好朋友考利芬雷 (乔摩尔饰) 合作制造了一起谋杀案的假象,并使自己成为嫌疑人。

目的是希望能够引诱马克亨特来办理此案,并想要在法庭上当众揭穿马克亨特的罪行。

但老奸巨猾的亨特把这个看上去天衣无缝的计划识破了,并抢先一步派人毁掉了物证,杀害了人证。

然后,通过在法庭上的诡辩来诱导陪审团将 CJ 判处死刑。

现在的 CJ 将唯一的希望寄托在女友,同时也是马克亨特的助手艾拉克里斯特尔 (爱波塔布琳饰) 的身上。

艾拉为了捍卫法律的尊严,为了心爱的人,经历了生与死的考验,终于找到了亨特伪造DNA 的证据,将其绳之以法。

然而正当她和 CJ 庆祝胜利的时刻,却意外通过 CJ 获奖的 DVD 上被害人手的照片对比,发现了CJ 原来就是真凶。

一、导演分析1956 年版《高度怀疑》是由电影史上的传奇人物,世界顶级导演之一的德国人弗里茨朗执导完成的。

弗里茨朗对世界电影界的贡献世人有目共睹、记忆犹新。

他在电影界的成就和地位无人可以撼动。

早期,他执导的犯罪影片,在无声电影时代开启了世界电影的新视窗。

弗里茨朗执导过影片《大都会》。

这是人类首次将机器人带入影片中的科幻和表现主义的电影,弗里茨朗也因此享誉影坛。

《大都会》是科幻电影史上的一个里程碑,经典场面被后人无数次复制和模仿。

当电影进入了有声时代,弗里茨朗执导了影片《M》。

该片通过声效对气氛和环境的无限渲染,震撼了人们的心灵,吸引了人们的眼球,使其再一次获得了巨大的成功,成为电影史上最伟大的犯罪影片之一。

机器人发展史

机器人发展史

德国研制的无人机
长空一号
长虹-1
“暗剑”无人机
各种机器人例举
军用机器人
MAARS机器人
作战机器人
“第一人称视点”操作机器人
各种机器人例举
军用机器人
探雷/排爆机器人
“土拨鼠”和“野牛” ROBHAZ-DT2机器人
各种机器人例举
军用机器人
美国军用“大狗”机器人
各种机器人例举
警用机器人
德国的消防机器人
现代机器人
1998年,丹麦乐高公司推出机器人 (Mind-storms)套件。
(机器人制造变得跟搭积木一样,相对简单又能任意拼 装,使机器人开始走入个人世界。 )
现代机器人
2002年,丹麦iRobot公司推出了吸尘器 机器人Roomba。
(它能避开障碍,自动设计行进路线,还能在电量不足时,自动 驶向充电座。Roomba是目前世界上销量最大、最商业化的家 用机器人。 )
◆中国科学家定义
机器人是一种具有高度灵活性的自动化机器, 这种机器除能动作外,还具备了一些与人或生物 相似的智能,如感知、规划、动作和协同能力。
机器人的发展阶段
第一代机器人
第一代机器人是“可编程机器人”:这种机器人一般可以根据操作人员所编的程序, 完成一些简单的重 复性操作。这一代机器人是从 60 年代后半叶开始投入实际使用的, 目前在工业界已得到广泛应用。 这种机器人不具有外界信息的反馈能力,不能适应环境的变化。
特种机器人
各种机器人例举
空间站灵活操作机器人
勇气号火星车 “月面巡视探测器”
各种机器人例举
空间机器人
勇气号火星车
空间站灵活操作机器人 全球首名太空机器人即将前往空间站
“月面巡视探测器”

好看的漫画书推荐英语作文

好看的漫画书推荐英语作文

As an experienced English teacher,I often find myself in the delightful position of recommending captivating comic books to my students. Comics,or graphic novels,as they are sometimes called,are a unique blend of visual storytelling and literature that can engage readers of all ages and backgrounds.Here,I will share a selection of comic books that have not only entertained but also educated and inspired my students.One of the most beloved series I recommend is Maus by Art Spiegelman. This Pulitzer Prizewinning graphic novel recounts the harrowing experiences of the authors father during the Holocaust.The use of anthropomorphic animals to represent different nationalities is both a creative storytelling device and a poignant commentary on the dehumanizing effects of war.The stark black and white illustrations complement the heavy subject matter,making Maus a powerful and unforgettable read.For those interested in the superhero genre,Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons is a mustread.Set in an alternate history where superheroes emerged in the1940s,Watchmen delves into the complexities of morality,power,and the human condition.Its intricate plot and rich character development have made it a classic in the comic book world.Another title that has captured the imaginations of my students is Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi.This autobiographical graphic novel tells the story of the authors childhood in Iran during the Islamic Revolution.With its simple yet expressive black and white illustrations,Persepolis provides a personal and intimate perspective on a significant historical period.For readers who appreciate a mix of fantasy and humor,Saga by Brian K. Vaughan and Fiona Staples is an excellent choice.This epic space opera follows characters from various alien races as they navigate war,family, and love.The vibrant artwork and engaging storyline make Saga a compelling read that is both entertaining and thoughtprovoking.In the realm of Japanese manga,Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto stands out as a popular recommendation.The story of Naruto Uzumaki,a young ninja with dreams of becoming the strongest in his village,is filled with action, adventure,and personal growth.The detailed illustrations and welldeveloped characters make Naruto a favorite among my students.For those looking for something a bit more lighthearted,The Complete Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson is a timeless collection of comic strips. The adventures of a curious boy and his stuffed tiger,who comes to life in Calvins imagination,are both humorous and insightful,often reflecting on the nature of childhood and the world around them.Lastly,Bone by Jeff Smith is a fantasy adventure comic series that has been a hit with younger readers.The story follows the Bone cousins as they navigate a mysterious valley filled with strange creatures and ancient secrets.The whimsical illustrations and engaging plot make Bone a delightful read for all ages.In conclusion,comic books offer a diverse range of stories and styles that can cater to various interests and age groups.From historical narrativeslike Maus to the fantastical world of Naruto,these graphic novels provide a rich and immersive reading experience.By recommending these titles,I aim to inspire my students to explore the vast world of comics and discover the stories that resonate with them the most.。

简单侦探类小说英语作文

简单侦探类小说英语作文

In the heart of the bustling city,a mysterious case unfolded,captivating the attention of its citizens and the local police force.The story revolves around a renowned art gallery owner,Mr.Pierre Dupont,who was found murdered in his own gallery one fateful evening.The crime scene was meticulously arranged,with no signs of struggle or forced entry,leading the investigators to believe that the murderer was someone close to Mr. Dupont.The protagonist of our story is Detective Jean Leclair,a seasoned investigator with a keen eye for detail and an uncanny ability to unravel the most complex of mysteries.Upon arriving at the crime scene,Detective Leclair immediately noticed the peculiar arrangement of the art pieces,which seemed to be a clue in itself.The painting of a solitary figure standing on a bridge was slightly askew,and a small,seemingly insignificant,note was found tucked beneath the frame.The note read,The truth lies beneath the eyes of the beholder.Intrigued,Detective Leclair began to scrutinize the gallerys visitors and employees,each with their own motives and alibis.Among them were:1.Madeleine Rousseau,the gallerys curator,who had a tumultuous relationship with Mr. Dupont due to disagreements over the curation of the art collection.2.Lucien Moreau,a struggling artist whose work had been rejected by Mr.Dupont multiple times,harboring a deep resentment towards the gallery owner.3.Henrietta Dubois,a wealthy patron of the arts who had a secret affair with Mr.Dupont, and was rumored to have been involved in some shady dealings with him.4.Gaston Lefèvre,the gallerys security guard,who had access to the premises and was known to have gambling debts that he could not repay.As the investigation progressed,Detective Leclair discovered that the painting with the note was not an original piece but a forgery.This revelation led him to the underground world of art forgery,where he found a connection between Mr.Dupont and a notorious forgery ring.The ringleader,known only as The Master,had a reputation for ruthlessly eliminating anyone who threatened to expose their operation.Through a series of clever deductions and a bit of luck,Detective Leclair managed to piece together the puzzle.The truth was that Mr.Dupont had discovered the forgery ring and was planning to expose it to the authorities.In a desperate attempt to protect their operation,The Master had orchestrated Mr.Duponts murder,using one of the gallery employees as an unwitting accomplice.The climax of the story occurs when Detective Leclair confronts The Master during ahighstakes art auction,where a rare and valuable painting is being sold.With the help of his trusted partner,Detective Leclair manages to apprehend the elusive criminal,bringing an end to the forgery ring and avenging Mr.Duponts death.The story concludes with a sense of justice served,as the truth behind the murder is revealed,and the guilty parties are brought to justice.Detective Leclairs reputation as a brilliant investigator is further solidified,and he is celebrated for his unwavering commitment to uncovering the truth,no matter how deeply it is buried.。

B Decays at BABAR

B Decays at BABAR

a r X i v :h e p -e x /0308069v 1 28 A u g 20031Presented at QCD 02:High Energy Physics International Conference in Quantum Chromodynamics,Montpellier,France,2-9Jul 2002.Nucl.Phys.B (Proc.Suppl.)121(2003)239-248SLAC-PUB-10138B Decays at B A B A RJ.J.Back a ∗aPhysics Department,Queen Mary,University of London,Mile End Road,London,E14NS,UK (on behalf of the B A B A R Collaboration)We present branching fraction and CP asymmetry results for a variety of B decays based on up to 56.4fb −1collected by the B A B A R experiment running near the Υ(4S )resonance at the PEP-II e +e −B -factory.1.The B A B A R DetectorThe results presented in this paper are based on an integrated luminosity of up to 56.4fb −1collected at the Υ(4S )resonance with the B A B A R detector [1]at the PEP-II asymmetric e +e −col-lider at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.Charged particle track parameters are measured by a five-layer double-sided silicon vertex tracker and a 40-layer drift chamber located in a 1.5-T magnetic field.Charged particle identification is achieved with an internally reflecting ring imag-ing Cherenkov detector (DIRC)and from the av-erage d E/d x energy loss measured in the track-ing devices.Photons and π0s are detected with an electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC)consisting of 6580CsI(Tl)crystals.An instrumented flux return (IFR),containing multiple layers of re-sistive plate chambers,provides muon and long-lived hadron identification.2.B Decay ReconstructionThe B meson candidates are identified kine-matically using two independent variables.Thefirst is ∆E =E ∗−E ∗beam ,which is peaked at zero for signal events,since the energy of the B candi-(E ∗2beam −p ∗2B ),where p ∗Bis the momentum of the B meson in the Υ(4S )rest frame,and must be close to the nominal B mass [5].The resolution of m ES is dominated by the beam energy spread and is approximately 2.5MeV /c 2.Several of the B modes presented here havedecays that involve neutral pions (π0)and K 0S particles.Neutral pion candidates are formed by combining pairs of photons in the EMC,with re-quirements made to the energies of the photons and the mass and energy of the π0.Table 1shows these requirements for various decay modes,aswell as the selection requirements for K 0S candi-dates,which are made by combining oppositely charged pions.Significant backgrounds from light quark-antiquark continuum events are suppressed using various event shape variables which exploit the difference in the event topologies in the centre-of-mass frame between background events,which have a di-jet structure,and signal events,which tend to be rather spherical.One example is thecosine of the angle θ∗T between the thrust axis of the signal B candidate and the thrust axis of the2Table1Selection requirements forπ0and K0Scandidates for various B decay modes(h=K/π).Eγis the minimum photon energy and mπ0and Eπ0the mass and energy,respectively,ofπ0candidates.Themass of the K0S is m K0S,the opening angle between the K0Smomentum and its line-of-flight isφK0S,thetransverseflight distance of the K0S from the primary event vertex is d K0Sandτ/σK0Sis the K0Slifetimedivided by its error.B→DK>70[124,144]>200————B→D(∗)D(∗)>30[115,155]>200[473,523]<200>2—B→hπ0>30[111,159]—————B→hK0———[487,509]——>5 B→φK(∗)———[487,510]<100—>3 B→ηh>50[120,150]—————B→ηK0>50[115,155]—[491,507]<40>2—B→η′K(∗)0———[488,508]———B→K∗γ>30[115,150]>200[489,507]———B→K(∗)ℓ+ℓ−———[480,498]—>1—33.B→DKThe decays B−→D0K−and B±→D0±K±,where D0±denotes the CP-even(+)or CP-oddstates(−)(D0±¯D0)/√B(B−→D0π−)=(8.31±0.35±0.13)%,(2)where thefirst error is statistical and the sec-ond error is systematic.This quantity has alsobeen measured by the CLEO and BELLE Col-laborations,where they get R=(5.5±1.4±0.5)%[7]and R=(7.9±0.9±0.6)%[8],re-spectively.Theory predicts,using factorisationand tree-level Feynman diagrams only,a valueR≈tan2θC(f K/fπ)2≈7.4%,whereθC is theCabibbo angle,and f K and fπare the mesondecay constants.For the CP-even mode D0+→K+K−we have measuredB(B−→D0+K−)+B(B+→D0+K+)R CP=B(B−→D0+K−)+B(B+→D0+K+)=0.15±0.24+0.07.(4)44.B→D(∗)D(∗)Time-dependent CP violating asymmetries in the decays B→D(∗)D(∗)can be used to measurethe CKM angleβ[9],in a way complimentary to measurements already made with decays such asB0→J/ψK0S[10].However,the vector-vector decay of B0→D∗+D∗−is not a pure CP eigen-state,which may cause a sizeable dilution to theCP violation that can be observed.In principle,a full time-dependent angular analysis can remove this dilution[11].We reconstruct exclusively the decays B0→D∗+D∗−and B0→D∗±D∓,where D∗±→D0π±or D±π0.Thefinal states we consider for the neutral D mesons are K−π+,K−π+π0, K−π+π−π+and K0Sπ+π−,while we consider theD+final states K−π+π+,K0Sπ+and K−K+π+. B0candidates are reconstructed by performing a mass-constrainedfit to the D and D∗candi-dates.In the case when more than one B candi-date is found for an event,we chose the B candi-date in which the D and D∗mesons have invari-ant masses closest to their nominal values[5]. Signal events are required to satisfy|∆E|< 25MeV and5.273<m ES<5.285GeV/c2. Using a sample of22.7million BΓdΓ4(1−R t)sin2θtr+3B(B+→π+π0),(9)where B(B0→π0π0) CP=15m ES (GeV/c 2)E v e n t s /2 M e V /c2B A B AR5105.2 5.225 5.25 5.2755.3Figure 3.Distribution of m ES for B +→π+π0events in on-resonance data.The solid curve rep-resents the projection of the maximum likelihood fit result,while the dotted curve represents the background contribution.Table 2Two-body charmless B decay branching frac-tions (B )and CP asymmetries (A CP )based on 56.4fb −1.Upper limits are given at the 90%confidence level.π+π04.1+1.1+0.8−1.0−0.7−0.02+0.27−0.26±0.10K +π011.1+1.3−1.2±1.00.00±0.11±0.02π+K 017.5+1.8−1.7±1.8−0.17±0.10±0.02K +6.Three-body Charmless Charged B Decays The decays B +→h +h −h +,where h =πor K ,can be used to measure the angle γ[18].The ba-sic idea is that there can be interference between resonant and non-resonant amplitudes leading to direct CP violation.A Dalitz plot analysis can,in principle,give us information about all of the strong and weak phases in these decays.A first step towards this goal is to measure the branch-ing fractions into the whole Dalitz plot.We can write these asB =1Bi S iBis the total number of B6Figure4.Unbinned Dalitz plots(with no back-ground subtraction or efficiency corrections)for B+→K+π−π+events in on-resonance sideband (top left)and signal(top right)data,and forB+→K+K−K+events in on-resonance side-band(bottom left)and signal(bottom right) data.Open charm contributions are not removed.measure(180±4±11)×10−6for the branch-ing fraction for the B−→D0π−control sample, which agrees with the previously measured value of(203±20)×10−6[5].7.B→φK(∗),φπThese modes are interesting because only pen-guin diagrams contribute to the decay amplitudes (mainly b→s¯s s),and the time-dependent CP asymmetry for the neutral mode B0→φK0S can be used to measure sin2β.Comparison with sin2βresults from charmonium modes will allow Table3Three-body charmless charged B decay branching fractions(×10−6)from B A B A R(51.5fb−1)and BELLE(29.1fb−1).π+π−π+8.5±4.0±3.6(<15)—K+π−π+59.2±4.7±4.955.6±5.8±7.7 K+K−π+2.1±2.9±2.0(<7)<21K+K−K+34.7±2.0±1.835.3±3.7±4.57 Table4Branching fractions(×10−6)for B→φK and B+→φπ+decays from B A B A R(56.3fb−1and20.7fb−1†), BELLE(21.6fb−1)and CLEO(9.1fb−1).φK+9.2±1.0±0.811.2+2.2−2.0±1.45.5+2.1−1.8±0.6φK08.7+1.7−1.5±0.98.9+3.4−2.7±1.0<12.3φK∗+9.7+4.2−3.4±1.7†<36<22.5φK∗08.7+2.5−3.7−1.7−2.1±1.1†13.0+6.4−5.2±2.111.5+4.5+1.8φπ+<0.6—<5Mode B(×10−5)A C PB0→K∗0γ4.23±0.40±0.22−0.05±0.09±0.01B+→K∗+γ3.83±0.62±0.22−0.04±0.13±0.01B(¯B→¯K∗γ)+B(B→K∗γ).(11)Theoretical expectations for the branching frac-tions are in agreement with the measured values.8Table 5Measured branching fractions (×10−6)for B decays with ηand η′mesons from the CLEO,BELLE and B A B A R collaborations.ηπ+1.2+2.8−1.2(<5.7)5.4+2.0−1.7±0.62.2+1.8−1.6±0.1(<5.2)†ηK +2.2+2.8−2.2(<6.9)5.3+1.8−1.5±0.63.8+1.8−1.5±0.2(<6.4)†ηK 00.0+3.2−0.0(<9.3)6.0+3.8−2.9±0.4(<12)†ηK ∗013.8+5.5−4.6±1.616.5+4.6−4.2±1.219.8+6.5−5.6±1.5†ηK ∗+26.4+9.6−8.2±3.326.5+7.8−7.0±3.022.1+11.1−9.2±3.2†η′K +80+10−9±778±6±967±5±5η′K 089+18−16±968±1046±6±4η′K ∗07.8+7.7−5.7(<24)4.0+3.5−2.4±1.0(<13)9) 2c (GeV/ES m)2c (GeV/ES m 2c E n t r i e s /3 M e V /Figure 6.Projections from the likelihood fits of the K (∗)ℓ+ℓ−modes onto m ES for the signal re-gion −0.11<∆E <0.05GeV for electrons and −0.07<∆E <0.05GeV for muons.The dotted lines show the level of background,while the solid lines show the sum of the signal and background contributions.11.ConclusionsWe have shown a selection of results from the B A B A R experiment based on up to 56.4fb −1col-lected at the Υ(4S )resonance.We have made the following observations:•B →DK .We have measured the ratio of the branching fractions for B −→D 0K −and B −→D 0π−,as well as the CP asym-metry for the CP -even mode B −→D 0+K −,which is the first step towards measuring γ.•B →D (∗)D (∗)decays,which can be used to measure β,have been fully reconstructed.We have a first measurement of the CP -oddcontent of these decays.•We observe B +→π+π0for the first time,which,with other two body charmless modes,can be used to extract the angle α.•Three-body charmless B decays.Signifi-cant signals have been observed for B +→K +π−π+and B +→K +K −K +.A Dalitz plot analysis of these decays could give us information about the angle γ.•We have made observations of the decays B +→φK +and B 0→φK 0,and we also confirm the rather large branching fractions of ηK ∗and η′K first seen by CLEO,which presents a theoretical challenge.•Radiative penguin modes.We observe a sig-nal for B 0→Kℓ+ℓ−for the first time.Many of the results are approaching the level of predictions from the Standard Model.We ob-serve no direct CP violation in several decays,which could indicate that (the differences be-tween)strong phases are small.We can expect many more fruitful searches and improvements to existing measurements in the near future.REFERENCES1.B A B A R Collaboration,B.Aubert et al.,“TheB A B A R Detector”,Nucl.Instr.and Meth.A 479,1(2002),hep-ex/0105044.2.ARGUS Collaboration,H.Albrecht et al.,Z.Phys.C 48,543(1990).3.M.Gronau and D.Wyler,Phys.Lett.B 265,172(1991);M.Gronau and D.London,Phys.Lett.B 253,483(1991).4. D.Atwood,I.Dunietz and A.Soni,Phys.Rev.Lett.78,3257(1997).5.Particle Data group,D.E.Groom et al.,,Eur.Phys.Jour.C 15,1(2000).6.G.C.Fox and S.Wolfram,Phys.Rev.Lett.41,1581(1978).7.M.Athanas et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.80,5493(1998),hep-ex/9802023.8.BELLE Collaboration,K.Abe et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.87,111801(2001),hep-ex/0104051.109.Y.Grossman and M.Worah,Phys.Lett.B395,241(1997);R.Fleischer,Int.Jour.Mod.Phys.A12,2459 (1997).10.B A B A R Collaboration, B.Aubert et al.,SLAC-PUB-9293,hep-ex/0207042(2002), submitted to Phys.Rev.Lett.11.I.Dunietz et al.,Phys.Rev.D43,2193(1991).12.M.Gronau and J.Rosner,Phys.Rev.Lett.76,1200(1996),hep-ph/9510363;R.Fleischer and T.Mannel,Phys.Lett.B 397,269(1997),hep-ph/9610357;13.M.Gronau and D.London,Phys.Rev.Lett.65,3381(1990).14.Y.Grossman and H.Quinn,Phys.Rev.D58,017504(1998).15.M.Neubert,Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl.86,477(2000),hep-ph/9909564.16.B A B A R Collaboration, B.Aubert et al.,Phys,Rev.Lett.87,151802(2001), hep-ex/0105061.17.S.L.Wu,Phys.Rep.107,59(1984).18.R. E.Blanco, C.Gobel,R.Mendez-Galain,Phys.Rev.Lett.86,2720(2001), hep-ph/0007105;S.Fajfer,R.J.Oakes,T.N.Pham,Phys.Lett.B539,67(2002),hep-ph/0203072. 19.BELLE Collaboration,K.Abe et al.,Phys.Rev.D65,092005(2002),hep-ex/0201007.20.H-Y.Cheng,Talk given at International Eu-rophysics Conference on High-Energy Physics (HEP2001),Budapest,Hungary,12-18Jul 2001,hep-ph/0110026;S.Mishima,Phys.Lett.B521,252(2001), hep-ph/0107206.21.BELLE Collaboration,K.Abe et al.,KEK-PREPRINT-2001-74,BELLE-CONF-0113(2001).22.CLEO Collaboration,R. A.Briereet al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.86,3718(2001), hep-ex/0101032.23.CLEO Collboration,S.J.Richichiet al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.85,520(2000), hep-ex/9912059.24.P.Ko,Talk given at4th International Work-shop on Particle Physics Phenomenology,Kaohsiung,Taiwan,China,18-21Jun1998, hep-ph/9810300.25.H.H.Asatrian,H.M.Asatrian, D.Wyler,Phys.Lett.B470,223(1999), hep-ph/9905412.26.A.Ali et al.,Phys.Rev.D61,074024(2000),hep-ph/9910221.。

热红外传感史

热红外传感史

History of infrared detectorsA.ROGALSKI*Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str.,00–908 Warsaw, PolandThis paper overviews the history of infrared detector materials starting with Herschel’s experiment with thermometer on February11th,1800.Infrared detectors are in general used to detect,image,and measure patterns of the thermal heat radia−tion which all objects emit.At the beginning,their development was connected with thermal detectors,such as ther−mocouples and bolometers,which are still used today and which are generally sensitive to all infrared wavelengths and op−erate at room temperature.The second kind of detectors,called the photon detectors,was mainly developed during the20th Century to improve sensitivity and response time.These detectors have been extensively developed since the1940’s.Lead sulphide(PbS)was the first practical IR detector with sensitivity to infrared wavelengths up to~3μm.After World War II infrared detector technology development was and continues to be primarily driven by military applications.Discovery of variable band gap HgCdTe ternary alloy by Lawson and co−workers in1959opened a new area in IR detector technology and has provided an unprecedented degree of freedom in infrared detector design.Many of these advances were transferred to IR astronomy from Departments of Defence ter on civilian applications of infrared technology are frequently called“dual−use technology applications.”One should point out the growing utilisation of IR technologies in the civilian sphere based on the use of new materials and technologies,as well as the noticeable price decrease in these high cost tech−nologies.In the last four decades different types of detectors are combined with electronic readouts to make detector focal plane arrays(FPAs).Development in FPA technology has revolutionized infrared imaging.Progress in integrated circuit design and fabrication techniques has resulted in continued rapid growth in the size and performance of these solid state arrays.Keywords:thermal and photon detectors, lead salt detectors, HgCdTe detectors, microbolometers, focal plane arrays.Contents1.Introduction2.Historical perspective3.Classification of infrared detectors3.1.Photon detectors3.2.Thermal detectors4.Post−War activity5.HgCdTe era6.Alternative material systems6.1.InSb and InGaAs6.2.GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well superlattices6.3.InAs/GaInSb strained layer superlattices6.4.Hg−based alternatives to HgCdTe7.New revolution in thermal detectors8.Focal plane arrays – revolution in imaging systems8.1.Cooled FPAs8.2.Uncooled FPAs8.3.Readiness level of LWIR detector technologies9.SummaryReferences 1.IntroductionLooking back over the past1000years we notice that infra−red radiation(IR)itself was unknown until212years ago when Herschel’s experiment with thermometer and prism was first reported.Frederick William Herschel(1738–1822) was born in Hanover,Germany but emigrated to Britain at age19,where he became well known as both a musician and an astronomer.Herschel became most famous for the discovery of Uranus in1781(the first new planet found since antiquity)in addition to two of its major moons,Tita−nia and Oberon.He also discovered two moons of Saturn and infrared radiation.Herschel is also known for the twenty−four symphonies that he composed.W.Herschel made another milestone discovery–discov−ery of infrared light on February11th,1800.He studied the spectrum of sunlight with a prism[see Fig.1in Ref.1],mea−suring temperature of each colour.The detector consisted of liquid in a glass thermometer with a specially blackened bulb to absorb radiation.Herschel built a crude monochromator that used a thermometer as a detector,so that he could mea−sure the distribution of energy in sunlight and found that the highest temperature was just beyond the red,what we now call the infrared(‘below the red’,from the Latin‘infra’–be−OPTO−ELECTRONICS REVIEW20(3),279–308DOI: 10.2478/s11772−012−0037−7*e−mail: rogan@.pllow)–see Fig.1(b)[2].In April 1800he reported it to the Royal Society as dark heat (Ref.1,pp.288–290):Here the thermometer No.1rose 7degrees,in 10minu−tes,by an exposure to the full red coloured rays.I drew back the stand,till the centre of the ball of No.1was just at the vanishing of the red colour,so that half its ball was within,and half without,the visible rays of theAnd here the thermometerin 16minutes,degrees,when its centre was inch out of the raysof the sun.as had a rising of 9de−grees,and here the difference is almost too trifling to suppose,that latter situation of the thermometer was much beyond the maximum of the heating power;while,at the same time,the experiment sufficiently indi−cates,that the place inquired after need not be looked for at a greater distance.Making further experiments on what Herschel called the ‘calorific rays’that existed beyond the red part of the spec−trum,he found that they were reflected,refracted,absorbed and transmitted just like visible light [1,3,4].The early history of IR was reviewed about 50years ago in three well−known monographs [5–7].Many historical information can be also found in four papers published by Barr [3,4,8,9]and in more recently published monograph [10].Table 1summarises the historical development of infrared physics and technology [11,12].2.Historical perspectiveFor thirty years following Herschel’s discovery,very little progress was made beyond establishing that the infrared ra−diation obeyed the simplest laws of optics.Slow progress inthe study of infrared was caused by the lack of sensitive and accurate detectors –the experimenters were handicapped by the ordinary thermometer.However,towards the second de−cade of the 19th century,Thomas Johann Seebeck began to examine the junction behaviour of electrically conductive materials.In 1821he discovered that a small electric current will flow in a closed circuit of two dissimilar metallic con−ductors,when their junctions are kept at different tempera−tures [13].During that time,most physicists thought that ra−diant heat and light were different phenomena,and the dis−covery of Seebeck indirectly contributed to a revival of the debate on the nature of heat.Due to small output vol−tage of Seebeck’s junctions,some μV/K,the measurement of very small temperature differences were prevented.In 1829L.Nobili made the first thermocouple and improved electrical thermometer based on the thermoelectric effect discovered by Seebeck in 1826.Four years later,M.Melloni introduced the idea of connecting several bismuth−copper thermocouples in series,generating a higher and,therefore,measurable output voltage.It was at least 40times more sensitive than the best thermometer available and could de−tect the heat from a person at a distance of 30ft [8].The out−put voltage of such a thermopile structure linearly increases with the number of connected thermocouples.An example of thermopile’s prototype invented by Nobili is shown in Fig.2(a).It consists of twelve large bismuth and antimony elements.The elements were placed upright in a brass ring secured to an adjustable support,and were screened by a wooden disk with a 15−mm central aperture.Incomplete version of the Nobili−Melloni thermopile originally fitted with the brass cone−shaped tubes to collect ra−diant heat is shown in Fig.2(b).This instrument was much more sensi−tive than the thermometers previously used and became the most widely used detector of IR radiation for the next half century.The third member of the trio,Langley’s bolometer appea−red in 1880[7].Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834–1906)used two thin ribbons of platinum foil connected so as to form two arms of a Wheatstone bridge (see Fig.3)[15].This instrument enabled him to study solar irradiance far into its infrared region and to measure theintensityof solar radia−tion at various wavelengths [9,16,17].The bolometer’s sen−History of infrared detectorsFig.1.Herschel’s first experiment:A,B –the small stand,1,2,3–the thermometers upon it,C,D –the prism at the window,E –the spec−trum thrown upon the table,so as to bring the last quarter of an inch of the read colour upon the stand (after Ref.1).InsideSir FrederickWilliam Herschel (1738–1822)measures infrared light from the sun– artist’s impression (after Ref. 2).Fig.2.The Nobili−Meloni thermopiles:(a)thermopile’s prototype invented by Nobili (ca.1829),(b)incomplete version of the Nobili−−Melloni thermopile (ca.1831).Museo Galileo –Institute and Museum of the History of Science,Piazza dei Giudici 1,50122Florence, Italy (after Ref. 14).Table 1. Milestones in the development of infrared physics and technology (up−dated after Refs. 11 and 12)Year Event1800Discovery of the existence of thermal radiation in the invisible beyond the red by W. HERSCHEL1821Discovery of the thermoelectric effects using an antimony−copper pair by T.J. SEEBECK1830Thermal element for thermal radiation measurement by L. NOBILI1833Thermopile consisting of 10 in−line Sb−Bi thermal pairs by L. NOBILI and M. MELLONI1834Discovery of the PELTIER effect on a current−fed pair of two different conductors by J.C. PELTIER1835Formulation of the hypothesis that light and electromagnetic radiation are of the same nature by A.M. AMPERE1839Solar absorption spectrum of the atmosphere and the role of water vapour by M. MELLONI1840Discovery of the three atmospheric windows by J. HERSCHEL (son of W. HERSCHEL)1857Harmonization of the three thermoelectric effects (SEEBECK, PELTIER, THOMSON) by W. THOMSON (Lord KELVIN)1859Relationship between absorption and emission by G. KIRCHHOFF1864Theory of electromagnetic radiation by J.C. MAXWELL1873Discovery of photoconductive effect in selenium by W. SMITH1876Discovery of photovoltaic effect in selenium (photopiles) by W.G. ADAMS and A.E. DAY1879Empirical relationship between radiation intensity and temperature of a blackbody by J. STEFAN1880Study of absorption characteristics of the atmosphere through a Pt bolometer resistance by S.P. LANGLEY1883Study of transmission characteristics of IR−transparent materials by M. MELLONI1884Thermodynamic derivation of the STEFAN law by L. BOLTZMANN1887Observation of photoelectric effect in the ultraviolet by H. HERTZ1890J. ELSTER and H. GEITEL constructed a photoemissive detector consisted of an alkali−metal cathode1894, 1900Derivation of the wavelength relation of blackbody radiation by J.W. RAYEIGH and W. WIEN1900Discovery of quantum properties of light by M. PLANCK1903Temperature measurements of stars and planets using IR radiometry and spectrometry by W.W. COBLENTZ1905 A. EINSTEIN established the theory of photoelectricity1911R. ROSLING made the first television image tube on the principle of cathode ray tubes constructed by F. Braun in 18971914Application of bolometers for the remote exploration of people and aircrafts ( a man at 200 m and a plane at 1000 m)1917T.W. CASE developed the first infrared photoconductor from substance composed of thallium and sulphur1923W. SCHOTTKY established the theory of dry rectifiers1925V.K. ZWORYKIN made a television image tube (kinescope) then between 1925 and 1933, the first electronic camera with the aid of converter tube (iconoscope)1928Proposal of the idea of the electro−optical converter (including the multistage one) by G. HOLST, J.H. DE BOER, M.C. TEVES, and C.F. VEENEMANS1929L.R. KOHLER made a converter tube with a photocathode (Ag/O/Cs) sensitive in the near infrared1930IR direction finders based on PbS quantum detectors in the wavelength range 1.5–3.0 μm for military applications (GUDDEN, GÖRLICH and KUTSCHER), increased range in World War II to 30 km for ships and 7 km for tanks (3–5 μm)1934First IR image converter1939Development of the first IR display unit in the United States (Sniperscope, Snooperscope)1941R.S. OHL observed the photovoltaic effect shown by a p−n junction in a silicon1942G. EASTMAN (Kodak) offered the first film sensitive to the infrared1947Pneumatically acting, high−detectivity radiation detector by M.J.E. GOLAY1954First imaging cameras based on thermopiles (exposure time of 20 min per image) and on bolometers (4 min)1955Mass production start of IR seeker heads for IR guided rockets in the US (PbS and PbTe detectors, later InSb detectors for Sidewinder rockets)1957Discovery of HgCdTe ternary alloy as infrared detector material by W.D. LAWSON, S. NELSON, and A.S. YOUNG1961Discovery of extrinsic Ge:Hg and its application (linear array) in the first LWIR FLIR systems1965Mass production start of IR cameras for civil applications in Sweden (single−element sensors with optomechanical scanner: AGA Thermografiesystem 660)1970Discovery of charge−couple device (CCD) by W.S. BOYLE and G.E. SMITH1970Production start of IR sensor arrays (monolithic Si−arrays: R.A. SOREF 1968; IR−CCD: 1970; SCHOTTKY diode arrays: F.D.SHEPHERD and A.C. YANG 1973; IR−CMOS: 1980; SPRITE: T. ELIOTT 1981)1975Lunch of national programmes for making spatially high resolution observation systems in the infrared from multielement detectors integrated in a mini cooler (so−called first generation systems): common module (CM) in the United States, thermal imaging commonmodule (TICM) in Great Britain, syteme modulaire termique (SMT) in France1975First In bump hybrid infrared focal plane array1977Discovery of the broken−gap type−II InAs/GaSb superlattices by G.A. SAI−HALASZ, R. TSU, and L. ESAKI1980Development and production of second generation systems [cameras fitted with hybrid HgCdTe(InSb)/Si(readout) FPAs].First demonstration of two−colour back−to−back SWIR GaInAsP detector by J.C. CAMPBELL, A.G. DENTAI, T.P. LEE,and C.A. BURRUS1985Development and mass production of cameras fitted with Schottky diode FPAs (platinum silicide)1990Development and production of quantum well infrared photoconductor (QWIP) hybrid second generation systems1995Production start of IR cameras with uncooled FPAs (focal plane arrays; microbolometer−based and pyroelectric)2000Development and production of third generation infrared systemssitivity was much greater than that of contemporary thermo−piles which were little improved since their use by Melloni. Langley continued to develop his bolometer for the next20 years(400times more sensitive than his first efforts).His latest bolometer could detect the heat from a cow at a dis−tance of quarter of mile [9].From the above information results that at the beginning the development of the IR detectors was connected with ther−mal detectors.The first photon effect,photoconductive ef−fect,was discovered by Smith in1873when he experimented with selenium as an insulator for submarine cables[18].This discovery provided a fertile field of investigation for several decades,though most of the efforts were of doubtful quality. By1927,over1500articles and100patents were listed on photosensitive selenium[19].It should be mentioned that the literature of the early1900’s shows increasing interest in the application of infrared as solution to numerous problems[7].A special contribution of William Coblenz(1873–1962)to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy is marked by huge bib−liography containing hundreds of scientific publications, talks,and abstracts to his credit[20,21].In1915,W.Cob−lentz at the US National Bureau of Standards develops ther−mopile detectors,which he uses to measure the infrared radi−ation from110stars.However,the low sensitivity of early in−frared instruments prevented the detection of other near−IR sources.Work in infrared astronomy remained at a low level until breakthroughs in the development of new,sensitive infrared detectors were achieved in the late1950’s.The principle of photoemission was first demonstrated in1887when Hertz discovered that negatively charged par−ticles were emitted from a conductor if it was irradiated with ultraviolet[22].Further studies revealed that this effect could be produced with visible radiation using an alkali metal electrode [23].Rectifying properties of semiconductor−metal contact were discovered by Ferdinand Braun in1874[24],when he probed a naturally−occurring lead sulphide(galena)crystal with the point of a thin metal wire and noted that current flowed freely in one direction only.Next,Jagadis Chandra Bose demonstrated the use of galena−metal point contact to detect millimetre electromagnetic waves.In1901he filed a U.S patent for a point−contact semiconductor rectifier for detecting radio signals[25].This type of contact called cat’s whisker detector(sometimes also as crystal detector)played serious role in the initial phase of radio development.How−ever,this contact was not used in a radiation detector for the next several decades.Although crystal rectifiers allowed to fabricate simple radio sets,however,by the mid−1920s the predictable performance of vacuum−tubes replaced them in most radio applications.The period between World Wars I and II is marked by the development of photon detectors and image converters and by emergence of infrared spectroscopy as one of the key analytical techniques available to chemists.The image con−verter,developed on the eve of World War II,was of tre−mendous interest to the military because it enabled man to see in the dark.The first IR photoconductor was developed by Theodore W.Case in1917[26].He discovered that a substance com−posed of thallium and sulphur(Tl2S)exhibited photocon−ductivity.Supported by the US Army between1917and 1918,Case adapted these relatively unreliable detectors for use as sensors in an infrared signalling device[27].The pro−totype signalling system,consisting of a60−inch diameter searchlight as the source of radiation and a thallous sulphide detector at the focus of a24−inch diameter paraboloid mir−ror,sent messages18miles through what was described as ‘smoky atmosphere’in1917.However,instability of resis−tance in the presence of light or polarizing voltage,loss of responsivity due to over−exposure to light,high noise,slug−gish response and lack of reproducibility seemed to be inhe−rent weaknesses.Work was discontinued in1918;commu−nication by the detection of infrared radiation appeared dis−tinctly ter Case found that the addition of oxygen greatly enhanced the response [28].The idea of the electro−optical converter,including the multistage one,was proposed by Holst et al.in1928[29]. The first attempt to make the converter was not successful.A working tube consisted of a photocathode in close proxi−mity to a fluorescent screen was made by the authors in 1934 in Philips firm.In about1930,the appearance of the Cs−O−Ag photo−tube,with stable characteristics,to great extent discouraged further development of photoconductive cells until about 1940.The Cs−O−Ag photocathode(also called S−1)elabo−History of infrared detectorsFig.3.Longley’s bolometer(a)composed of two sets of thin plati−num strips(b),a Wheatstone bridge,a battery,and a galvanometer measuring electrical current (after Ref. 15 and 16).rated by Koller and Campbell[30]had a quantum efficiency two orders of magnitude above anything previously studied, and consequently a new era in photoemissive devices was inaugurated[31].In the same year,the Japanese scientists S. Asao and M.Suzuki reported a method for enhancing the sensitivity of silver in the S−1photocathode[32].Consisted of a layer of caesium on oxidized silver,S−1is sensitive with useful response in the near infrared,out to approxi−mately1.2μm,and the visible and ultraviolet region,down to0.3μm.Probably the most significant IR development in the United States during1930’s was the Radio Corporation of America(RCA)IR image tube.During World War II, near−IR(NIR)cathodes were coupled to visible phosphors to provide a NIR image converter.With the establishment of the National Defence Research Committee,the develop−ment of this tube was accelerated.In1942,the tube went into production as the RCA1P25image converter(see Fig.4).This was one of the tubes used during World War II as a part of the”Snooperscope”and”Sniperscope,”which were used for night observation with infrared sources of illumination.Since then various photocathodes have been developed including bialkali photocathodes for the visible region,multialkali photocathodes with high sensitivity ex−tending to the infrared region and alkali halide photocatho−des intended for ultraviolet detection.The early concepts of image intensification were not basically different from those today.However,the early devices suffered from two major deficiencies:poor photo−cathodes and poor ter development of both cathode and coupling technologies changed the image in−tensifier into much more useful device.The concept of image intensification by cascading stages was suggested independently by number of workers.In Great Britain,the work was directed toward proximity focused tubes,while in the United State and in Germany–to electrostatically focused tubes.A history of night vision imaging devices is given by Biberman and Sendall in monograph Electro−Opti−cal Imaging:System Performance and Modelling,SPIE Press,2000[10].The Biberman’s monograph describes the basic trends of infrared optoelectronics development in the USA,Great Britain,France,and Germany.Seven years later Ponomarenko and Filachev completed this monograph writ−ing the book Infrared Techniques and Electro−Optics in Russia:A History1946−2006,SPIE Press,about achieve−ments of IR techniques and electrooptics in the former USSR and Russia [33].In the early1930’s,interest in improved detectors began in Germany[27,34,35].In1933,Edgar W.Kutzscher at the University of Berlin,discovered that lead sulphide(from natural galena found in Sardinia)was photoconductive and had response to about3μm.B.Gudden at the University of Prague used evaporation techniques to develop sensitive PbS films.Work directed by Kutzscher,initially at the Uni−versity of Berlin and later at the Electroacustic Company in Kiel,dealt primarily with the chemical deposition approach to film formation.This work ultimately lead to the fabrica−tion of the most sensitive German detectors.These works were,of course,done under great secrecy and the results were not generally known until after1945.Lead sulphide photoconductors were brought to the manufacturing stage of development in Germany in about1943.Lead sulphide was the first practical infrared detector deployed in a variety of applications during the war.The most notable was the Kiel IV,an airborne IR system that had excellent range and which was produced at Carl Zeiss in Jena under the direction of Werner K. Weihe [6].In1941,Robert J.Cashman improved the technology of thallous sulphide detectors,which led to successful produc−tion[36,37].Cashman,after success with thallous sulphide detectors,concentrated his efforts on lead sulphide detec−tors,which were first produced in the United States at Northwestern University in1944.After World War II Cash−man found that other semiconductors of the lead salt family (PbSe and PbTe)showed promise as infrared detectors[38]. The early detector cells manufactured by Cashman are shown in Fig. 5.Fig.4.The original1P25image converter tube developed by the RCA(a).This device measures115×38mm overall and has7pins.It opera−tion is indicated by the schematic drawing (b).After1945,the wide−ranging German trajectory of research was essentially the direction continued in the USA, Great Britain and Soviet Union under military sponsorship after the war[27,39].Kutzscher’s facilities were captured by the Russians,thus providing the basis for early Soviet detector development.From1946,detector technology was rapidly disseminated to firms such as Mullard Ltd.in Southampton,UK,as part of war reparations,and some−times was accompanied by the valuable tacit knowledge of technical experts.E.W.Kutzscher,for example,was flown to Britain from Kiel after the war,and subsequently had an important influence on American developments when he joined Lockheed Aircraft Co.in Burbank,California as a research scientist.Although the fabrication methods developed for lead salt photoconductors was usually not completely under−stood,their properties are well established and reproducibi−lity could only be achieved after following well−tried reci−pes.Unlike most other semiconductor IR detectors,lead salt photoconductive materials are used in the form of polycrys−talline films approximately1μm thick and with individual crystallites ranging in size from approximately0.1–1.0μm. They are usually prepared by chemical deposition using empirical recipes,which generally yields better uniformity of response and more stable results than the evaporative methods.In order to obtain high−performance detectors, lead chalcogenide films need to be sensitized by oxidation. The oxidation may be carried out by using additives in the deposition bath,by post−deposition heat treatment in the presence of oxygen,or by chemical oxidation of the film. The effect of the oxidant is to introduce sensitizing centres and additional states into the bandgap and thereby increase the lifetime of the photoexcited holes in the p−type material.3.Classification of infrared detectorsObserving a history of the development of the IR detector technology after World War II,many materials have been investigated.A simple theorem,after Norton[40],can be stated:”All physical phenomena in the range of about0.1–1 eV will be proposed for IR detectors”.Among these effects are:thermoelectric power(thermocouples),change in elec−trical conductivity(bolometers),gas expansion(Golay cell), pyroelectricity(pyroelectric detectors),photon drag,Jose−phson effect(Josephson junctions,SQUIDs),internal emis−sion(PtSi Schottky barriers),fundamental absorption(in−trinsic photodetectors),impurity absorption(extrinsic pho−todetectors),low dimensional solids[superlattice(SL), quantum well(QW)and quantum dot(QD)detectors], different type of phase transitions, etc.Figure6gives approximate dates of significant develop−ment efforts for the materials mentioned.The years during World War II saw the origins of modern IR detector tech−nology.Recent success in applying infrared technology to remote sensing problems has been made possible by the successful development of high−performance infrared de−tectors over the last six decades.Photon IR technology com−bined with semiconductor material science,photolithogra−phy technology developed for integrated circuits,and the impetus of Cold War military preparedness have propelled extraordinary advances in IR capabilities within a short time period during the last century [41].The majority of optical detectors can be classified in two broad categories:photon detectors(also called quantum detectors) and thermal detectors.3.1.Photon detectorsIn photon detectors the radiation is absorbed within the material by interaction with electrons either bound to lattice atoms or to impurity atoms or with free electrons.The observed electrical output signal results from the changed electronic energy distribution.The photon detectors show a selective wavelength dependence of response per unit incident radiation power(see Fig.8).They exhibit both a good signal−to−noise performance and a very fast res−ponse.But to achieve this,the photon IR detectors require cryogenic cooling.This is necessary to prevent the thermalHistory of infrared detectorsFig.5.Cashman’s detector cells:(a)Tl2S cell(ca.1943):a grid of two intermeshing comb−line sets of conducting paths were first pro−vided and next the T2S was evaporated over the grid structure;(b) PbS cell(ca.1945)the PbS layer was evaporated on the wall of the tube on which electrical leads had been drawn with aquadag(afterRef. 38).。

一对极 磁铁

一对极 磁铁

一对极磁铁小时候,詹姆斯·平弗德(James Pinfold)喜欢玩磁铁。

他回忆,那种无形的力量把金属物体吸在一起或分开,令他惊讶不已。

出于好奇,他曾经把一块磁铁锯成两半,试图把磁铁的北极和南极分开。

像其他曾经尝试过的人一样,平弗德最终只能得到一对更小的两极磁铁。

现在,平弗德已经是阿尔伯塔大学(University of Alberta)的物理学家了,他说:“我曾想,‘这太不可思议了’,为什么就没有独立的磁极呢?“平弗德从未停止思考这个问题。

如今他领导着一个实验,目的是寻找具有单个磁荷的理论粒子,这种单一磁荷有了北极就没有南极,反之亦然,它被称为磁单极子。

在物理学家提出的种种关于统一自然界基本力的理论中,它们的存在似乎是完全可能的,甚至是不可避免的。

然而几十年来,这种麻烦的粒子始终躲避着科学的搜寻。

科研人员已经搜寻了天空、海水和冰块,他们从北极和南极洲采集岩石样本,在陨石和月球尘埃中进行搜索,在近10 亿年前的矿石中寻找它们的踪迹。

可以说,在科学的历史上,无论从时间还是空间的角度,没有别的东西经历过同样规模的搜寻。

但是至今我们仍然一无所获。

但是物理学家们并没有打算认输。

平弗德正在耗资40 亿美元的大型强子对撞机(Large Hadron Collider,LHC)上进行实验,通过筛选亚原子碎片寻找具有单极子特征的粒子。

科学家们也在密切关注来自太空的宇宙单极子。

甚至可以说,我们有可能已经发现了这神奇的粒子。

(图片来源:Dan Bishop/Discover)何必这样大费周章呢?因为磁单极子也许有助于打破粒子物理学当前的僵局。

经过了几十年的建立,标准模型(Standard Model)的框架已经能用量子力学的语言精确描述自然界四种基本力中的三种及其伴随的粒子。

然而,作为所有科学中最成功的理论之一,标准模型仍不完整,它无法描述引力,也不能解释暗物质的问题——这种神秘物质的量远超常规物质,是可见物质的5倍。

螳螂科学家英语作文

螳螂科学家英语作文

螳螂科学家英语作文The Praying Mantis Scientist。

The praying mantis is a fascinating insect that has captured the interest of scientists and nature enthusiasts for centuries. With its unique appearance and predatory behavior, the praying mantis has become the subject of many scientific studies and research projects. In recent years, one scientist in particular has dedicated her career to studying the praying mantis and uncovering its secrets. Dr. Sarah Johnson, a renowned entomologist, has made groundbreaking discoveries about the behavior, anatomy, and evolutionary history of the praying mantis.Dr. Johnson's interest in the praying mantis began at a young age when she would spend hours observing the insects in her backyard. She was captivated by their graceful movements and intricate camouflage, and she knew that she wanted to learn more about these fascinating creatures. After earning her Ph.D. in entomology, Dr. Johnson embarkedon a mission to study the praying mantis in its natural habitat and uncover the mysteries that surround it.One of Dr. Johnson's most significant discoveries was related to the praying mantis's unique hunting behavior. Through meticulous observation and experimentation, she found that the praying mantis possesses highly specialized visual and sensory abilities that enable it to detect and capture prey with incredible precision. Dr. Johnson's research shed light on the complex neural pathways and visual processing mechanisms that allow the praying mantis to be such an efficient predator.In addition to her studies on hunting behavior, Dr. Johnson also delved into the evolutionary history of the praying mantis. By analyzing the genetic and morphological characteristics of different mantis species, she was able to trace their evolutionary lineage and uncover the ancient origins of these insects. Her research provided valuable insights into the evolutionary adaptations that have allowed the praying mantis to thrive in diverse ecosystems around the world.Dr. Johnson's work has not only expanded our understanding of the praying mantis but has also inspired new avenues of research in the field of entomology. Her findings have implications for fields as diverse as robotics, visual neuroscience, and evolutionary biology. By sharing her knowledge and passion for the praying mantis, Dr. Johnson has sparked the interest of a new generation of scientists and nature enthusiasts who are eager to continue her legacy of discovery.In recognition of her contributions to the field of entomology, Dr. Johnson was awarded the prestigious Nobel Prize in Biology. Her groundbreaking research on the praying mantis has not only advanced our understanding of these remarkable insects but has also highlighted the importance of preserving their natural habitats. Dr. Johnson's work serves as a reminder of the incredible diversity and complexity of the natural world and the importance of continued scientific exploration and conservation efforts.As she continues her research, Dr. Johnson remains committed to unraveling the remaining mysteries of the praying mantis and sharing her knowledge with the world. Through her dedication and passion, she has become aleading authority on these enigmatic insects and a role model for aspiring scientists everywhere. The legacy of Dr. Sarah Johnson, the praying mantis scientist, will continueto inspire and educate future generations for years to come.。

第七章切伦科夫探测器与穿越辐射探测器7-1切伦…_-17816041

第七章切伦科夫探测器与穿越辐射探测器7-1切伦…_-17816041

第七章切伦科夫探测器与穿越辐射探测器§7-1 切伦科夫探测器的组成和工作原理§7-2 切伦科夫探测器的类型和应用§7-3 穿越辐射探测器的组成和工作原理§7-4穿越辐射探测器的应用切伦科夫探测器的类型•计数器–脉冲型–累积型•径迹探测器•量能器•粒子鉴别器–阈式–成像式:微分型,环像型,内反射型–时间型3•脉冲型–可提供高效和快速的粒子探测和触发SLAC PEPII对撞机上的亮度探测器NIM A463, 68 (2001)On-line display of luminosity, bunch by bunch.4•累积型–测量辐射通量或强度反应堆乏燃料放射性的测量5径迹探测器•通过对切伦科夫光的方向和产生位置的测量实现对带电径迹的探测以及事例重建。

超级神岗实验(水切伦科夫探测器)记录到的一个中微子事例67通过测量切伦科夫光产额可以确定入射粒子能量折射率n 辐射长度X0 (cm)临界能量Ec(MeV)γ阈值1.672.5415 1.25 1.73 2.10 1.23 1.750.9510.0 1.22•选用阻止本领大(辐射长度短)的吸收体并保证足够的尺寸,使电子和 射线产生的级联簇射全部都沉积在辐射体内,以获得好的能量的分辨和线性。

•分全吸收型和取样型–吸收型:吸收体和辐射体为同一介质(如: 铅玻璃)–取样型:铅(吸收体,电磁簇射发生的地方)和有机玻璃(辐射体,负责产生切伦科夫光)的夹层结构9•可用PMT收集切伦科夫辐射。

PMT朝着簇射发展方向收集光。

辐射体四周加反射层;PMT与辐射体之间加透明有机硅胶。

一个全吸收型切伦科夫电磁量能器10粒子鉴别器•切伦科夫探测器作为粒子鉴别器往往和其他探测器配合使用。

粒子运动方向、能动量等由其他探测器测量,切伦科夫探测器联合这些探测器实现入射粒子种类的鉴别。

•按照所用切伦科夫辐射过程中的不同信息,切伦科夫粒子鉴别器分为:–阈式:只利用切伦科夫辐射强度,不直接测量切伦科夫辐射角度;–成像式(微分型,环像型,内反射型):测量切伦科夫辐射角度;–时间型:测量切伦科夫光的传播时间。

IMDB TOP 250 影片排行

IMDB TOP 250 影片排行

1IMDB.Top001.肖申克的救赎.The.Shawshank.Redemption.1994 IMDB.Top002.教父.The.GodfatherIMDB.Top003.教父2.The.Godfather.Part.IIIMDB.Top004.黄金三镖客.The.Good.The.Bad.And.The.Ugly.EX IMDB.Top005.低俗小说.Pulp.Fiction.1994IMDB.Top006.辛德勒的名单.Schindlers.list.1993IMDB.Top007.十二怒汉.12.Angry.Men.19572IMDB.Top008.飞越疯人院.One.Flew.Over.The.Cuckoos.Nest.1975 IMDB.Top009.星球大战5.帝国反击战.Star.Wars.V-The.Empire.Strikes.Back.1980 IMDB.Top010.蝙蝠侠前传2:黑暗骑士.The.Dark.KnightIMDB.Top011.魔戒3王者归来加长版.The.Lord.Of.The.Rings.3.Return.Of.The.King.2003 IMDB.Top012.星球大战4-新的希望.Star.Wars.A.New.Hope.1977IMDB.Top013.卡萨布兰卡.Casablanca.1942IMDB.Top014.好家伙.Goodfellas.19903IMDB.Top015.七武士.Seven.Samurai.1954IMDB.Top016.搏击俱乐部.十周年纪念版.Fight.Club.1999.10th.Anniversary.EditionIMDB.Top017.上帝之城.City.Of.God.2002IMDB.Top018.夺宝奇兵.Indiana.Jones.And.The.Raiders.Of.The.Lost.Ark.1981 IMDB.Top019.魔戒1魔戒现身加长版.The.Lord.Of.The.Rings.The.Fellowship.Of.the.RingIMDB.Top020.后窗.Rear.Window.1954IMDB.Top021.非常嫌疑犯ual.Suspects.1995IMDB.Top022.惊魂记.Psycho.19604IMDB.Top023.西部往事.Once.Upon.a.Time.in.the.West.1968IMDB.Top024.沉默的羔羊mbs.1991IMDB.Top025.黑客帝国1.The.Matrix.1999IMDB.Top026.七宗罪.Se7en.1995IMDB.Top027.记忆碎片.Memento.2000IMDB.Top028.魔戒2双塔奇兵加长版.The.Lord.Of.The.Rings.2.The.Two.Towers.2002 IMDB.Top029.生活多美好.Its.A.Wonderful.Life.1946IMDB.Top030.奇爱博士.Dr.Strangelove.19645 IMDB.Top031.日落大道.Sunset.Boulevard.1950 IMDB.Top032.西北偏北.North.By.NorthwestIMDB.Top033.公民凯恩.Citizen.Kane.1941IMDB.Top034.这个杀手不太冷加长版.Leon.The.Professional.1994 IMDB.Top035.现代启示录.Apocalypse.Now.ReduxIMDB.Top036.美国丽人.American.Beauty.1999IMDB.Top037.美国X档案.American.History.X.1998IMDB.Top038.阿甘正传.Forrest.Gump.19946IMDB.Top039.出租车司机.Taxi.Driver.1976IMDB.Top040.迷魂记.Vertigo.1958IMDB.Top041.阿凡达.Avatar.2009IMDB.Top042.阿拉伯的劳伦斯.Lawrence.of.Arabia IMDB.Top043.终结者2审判日.Terminator.2.Judgment.Day IMDB.Top044.机器人总动员.台版.WALL-E.2008 IMDB.Top045.天使爱美丽.Amelie.2001IMDB.Top046.异形.Alien.DC.19797IMDB.Top047.拯救大兵瑞恩.Saving.Private.RyanIMDB.Top048.发条橙.A.Clockwork.Orange.1971IMDB.Top049.闪灵.The.Shining.1980IMDB.Top050.光荣之路.Paths.of.Glory.1957IMDB.Top051.无间行者.The.DepartedIMDB.Top052.杀死一只知更鸟.To.Kill.A.Mockingbird.1962 IMDB.Top053.钢琴师.The.Pianist.2002IMDB.Top054.异形2.Aliens.II.19868IMDB.Top055.千与千寻.Spirited.Away.2001IMDB.Top056.窃听风暴.The.Lives.of.Others.2006IMDB.Top057.M就是凶手.M.1931IMDB.Top058.双重保险.Double.Indemnity.1944IMDB.Top059.美丽心灵的永恒阳光.Eternal.Sunshine.of.the.Spotless.Mind.2004IMDB.Top060.?迫私?.Chinatown.1974IMDB.Top061.梦之安魂曲.Requiem.for.a.Dream.2000IMDB.Top062.第三个人.The.Third.Man.1949IMDB.Top063.洛城机密.L.A.Confidential.1997IMDB.Top064.落水狗.Reservoir.Dogs.1992IMDB.Top065.碧血金沙.The.Treasure.Of.The.Sierra.Madre.19489IMDB.Top066.从海底出击.Das.Boot.1981IMDB.Top067.巨蟒与圣杯.Monty.Python.and.the.Holy.Grail.1975 IMDB.Top068.潘神的迷宫.Pan'byrinth.2006IMDB.Top069.城市之光.City.Lights.1931IMDB.Top070.无耻混蛋.Inglourious.Basterds.2009 IMDB.Top071.桂河大桥.The.Bridge.On.The.River.Kwai.1957 IMDB.Top072.飞屋环游记-英版.Up.2009IMDB.Top073.愤怒的公牛.Raging.Bull.1980IMDB.Top074.致命魔术.The.Prestige.20061 0IMDB.Top075.雨中曲.Singin'.in.the.Rain.1952 IMDB.Top076.2001太空漫游.2001.A.Space.Odyssey.1968 IMDB.Top077.美丽人生.La.vita.e.bella.1997IMDB.Top078.回到未来.Back.to.the.Future.1985 IMDB.Top079.帝国的毁灭.Der.Untergang IMDB.Top080.热情似火.Some.Like.It.Hot.1959IMDB.Top081.摩登时代.Modern.Times.1936 IMDB.Top082.马耳他之鹰.The.Maltese.Falcon.1941 IMDB.Top083.莫扎特传.Amadeus.19841 1IMDB.Top084.老爷车.Gran.Torino.2008IMDB.Top085.全金属外壳.Full.Metal.Jacket.1987IMDB.Top086.罗生门.Rashomon.1950IMDB.Top087.贫民窟的百万富翁lionaire.2008 IMDB.Top088.天堂电影院.Cinema.Paradiso.1989IMDB.Top089.勇敢的心.Braveheart.1995IMDB.Top090.美国往事.Once.Upon.A.Time.In.America.1984 IMDB.Top091.象人.The.Elephant.Man.19801 2IMDB.Top092.彗星美人.All.About.Eve.1950 IMDB.Top093.罪恶城市.Sin.City.UNRATED.ReCut.EXT.2005IMDB.Top094.绿里奇迹IMDB.Top095.大都会.Metropolis.1926IMDB.Top096.蝴蝶梦.Rebecca.1940IMDB.Top097.大独裁者.The.Great.Dictator.1940 IMDB.Top098.桃色公寓.The.Apartment.1960 IMDB.Top099.骗中骗.The.Sting.19731 3IMDB.Top100.夺宝奇兵st.Crusade.1989 IMDB.Top101.大逃亡.The.Great.Escape.1963IMDB.Top102.角斗士.Gladiator.2000IMDB.Top103.星球大战6.绝地大反击.Star.Wars.VI-Return.of.the.Jedi.1983 IMDB.Top104.蝙蝠侠诞生.Batman.Begins.2005IMDB.Top105.偷自行车的人.Bicycle.Thieves.1948IMDB.Top106.不可饶恕.Unforgiven.1992IMDB.Top107.大白鲨.jaws.19751 4IMDB.Top108.第九区.District.9.2009IMDB.Top109.银翼杀手.Blade.Runner.1982IMDB.Top110.卢旺达饭店.Hotel.Rwanda.2004IMDB.Top111.史密斯先生到华盛顿.Mr.Smith.Goes.To.Washington.1939 IMDB.Top112.老无所依.No.Country.for.Old.Men.2007IMDB.Top113.虎胆龙威.Die.Hard.1988IMDB.Top114.码头风云.On.the.Waterfront.1954IMDB.Top115.历劫佳人.Touch.of.Evil.1958IMDB.Top116.老男孩.Oldboy.2003IMDB.Top117.第七封印.The.Seventh.Seal.19571 5IMDB.Top118.冰血暴.Fargo.1996IMDB.Top119.幽灵公主.Princess.Mononoke.1997IMDB.Top120.绿野仙踪.The.Wizard.Of.Oz.1939IMDB.Top121.镖客三部曲之二-黄昏双镖客.For.a.Few.Dollars.More IMDB.Top122.火车怪客.Strangers.on.a.Train.1951IMDB.Top123.盗火线.HeatIMDB.Top124.死亡幻觉.Donnie.Darko.D.C.2001IMDB.Top125.铁窗喋血.Cool.Hand.Luke.1967IMDB.Top126.摔角王.The.Wrestler.2008IMDB.Top127.正午.High.Noon.19521IMDB.Top128.美人计.Notorious.19466 IMDB.Top129.血色将至.There.Will.Be.Blood.2007IMDB.Top130.满洲候选人.The.Manchurian.Candidate.1962IMDB.Top131.灵异第六感.The.Sixth.Sense.1999IMDB.Top132.安妮霍尔.Annie.Hall.1977IMDB.Top133.猎鹿人.The.Deer.HunterIMDB.Top134.杀死比尔.Kill.Bill.V ol1.2003IMDB.Top135.野战排.Platoon.1986IMDB.Top136.偷拐抢骗.Snatch.2000IMDB.Top137.将军号.the.general.19261 7IMDB.Top138.宾虚IMDB.Top139.夜长梦多.The.Big.Sleep.DC.1946 IMDB.Top140.荒野生存.Into.the.Wild.2007 IMDB.Top141.谋杀绿脚趾.The.Big.Lebowski.1998 IMDB.Top142.百万宝贝.Million.Dollar.Baby.2004 IMDB.Top143.用心棒.Yojimbo.1961IMDB.Top144.乱.Ran.1985IMDB.Top145.一夜风流.It.Happened.One.Night.19341 8IMDB.Top146.星际迷航.Star.Trek.2009IMDB.Top147.谍影重重3.最后通牒.The.Bourne.UltimatumIMDB.Top148.布莱恩的一生.Life.of.Brian.1979IMDB.Top149.狮子王.The.Lion.King.SP.1994IMDB.Top150.神枪手与智多星.Butch.Cassidy.and.the.Sundance.Kid.1969 IMDB.Top151.海底总动员.Finding.Nemo.2003IMDB.Top152.野草莓.Wild.Strawberries.1957IMDB.Top153.控方证人.Witness.for.the.Prosecution.1957IMDB.Top154.猜火车.Trainspotting.1996IMDB.Top155.伴我同行.Stand.By.Me.1986IMDB.Top156.毕业生.The.Graduate.19671 9IMDB.Top157.乱世佳人.Gone.with.the.Wind IMDB.Top158.玩具总动员.Toy.Story.1995IMDB.Top159.终结者.Terminator.1984 IMDB.Top160.偷天情缘.Groundhog.Day.1993IMDB.Top161.疤面煞星.ScarfaceIMDB.Top162.料理鼠王.Ratatouille.2007 IMDB.Top163.爱情是G娘.Amores.perros.2000 IMDB.Top164.突变第三型.The.Thing.1982 IMDB.Top165.热天午后.Dog.Day.Afternoon.19752 0IMDB.Top166.甘地.Gandhi.1982IMDB.Top167.V字仇杀队.V.for.Vendetta.2005IMDB.Top168.八部半.Eight.And.A.Half.1963IMDB.Top169.愤怒的葡萄.Grapes.of.Wrath.194IMDB.Top170.淘金记.The.Gold.Rush.1925IMDB.Top171.十二猴子.Twelve.Monkeys.1995IMDB.Top172.两杆大烟枪.Lock.Stock.And.Two.Smoking.Barrels.1998 IMDB.Top173.恐惧的代价.The.Wages.Of.Fear.1953IMDB.Top174.恶魔.Les.diaboliques.19552 1IMDB.Top175.猎人的夜晚.The.Night.of.the.Hunter.1955 IMDB.Top176.公主新娘.The.Princess.Bride.1987 IMDB.Top177.超人特工队.Incredibles.2004IMDB.Top178.赌城风云.casino.1995IMDB.Top179.纽伦堡大审判.Judgment.at.Nuremberg.1961 IMDB.Top180.杀手.The.Killing.1956IMDB.Top181.仁心与冠冕.Kind.Hearts.And.Coronets.1949 IMDB.Top182.日落黄沙.The.Wild.Bunch.DC.1969IMDB.Top183.人类之子.Children.of.Men.2006IMDB.Top184.萤火虫之墓.Hotaru.No.Haka.19882 2IMDB.Top185.杀手没有假期.In.Bruges.2008IMDB.Top186.驱魔人.The.Exorcist.DC.1973IMDB.Top187.花街春梦.Nights.of.Cabiria.1957 IMDB.Top188.黄金时代.The.Best.Years.Of.Our.Lives IMDB.Top189.江湖浪子.The.Hustler.1961 IMDB.Top190.日出.Sunrise.A.Song.Of.Two.Humans.1927 IMDB.Top191.迷离世界.Harvey.1950IMDB.Top192.寻子遇仙记.The.Kid.1921IMDB.Top193.艾得伍德.Ed.Wood.1994IMDB.Top194.金刚.King.Kong.1933 IMDB.Top195.心灵捕手.Good.Will.Hunting.19972 3IMDB.Top196.失婴记.Rosemary's.Baby.1968IMDB.Top197.电话谋杀案.Dial.M.for.Murder.1954IMDB.Top198.硫磺岛来信.Letters.From.Iwo.Jima.2006IMDB.Top199.血色入侵.Let.The.Right.One.In.2008IMDB.Top200.大鱼.Big.Fish.2003IMDB.Top201.辣手摧花.Shadow.of.a.Doubt.1943IMDB.Top202.杀死比尔2.Kill.Bill.V ol.2.2004IMDB.Top203.本杰明·巴顿奇事.The.Curious.Case.of.Benjamin.Button.2008 IMDB.Top204.欲望号街车d.Desire.19512 4IMDB.Top205.足迹.Sleuth.1972IMDB.Top206.战地军魂.Stalag.17.1953IMDB.Top207.相见恨晚.Brief.Encounter.1945IMDB.Top208.撞车.Crash.2004IMDB.Top209.木兰花.Magnolia.1999IMDB.Top210.潜水钟与蝴蝶.The.Diving.Bell.and.the.Butterfly.2007 IMDB.Top211.非洲皇后.The.African.Queen.195IMDB.Top212.鸭羹.Duck.Soup.1933IMDB.Top213.洛奇.Rocky.1976IMDB.Top214.神秘河.Mystic.River.20032 5IMDB.Top215.雌雄大盗.Bonnie.And.Clyde.1967IMDB.Top216.电视台风云.Network.1976IMDB.Top217.夺魂索.Rope.1948IMDB.Top218.曼哈顿.Manhattan.1979IMDB.Top219.加勒比海盗.黑珍珠号的诅咒The.Curseof.the.Black.Pearl.IMDB.Top220.卧虎藏龙.Crouching.Tiger.Hidden.Dragon.2000 IMDB.Top221.阳光小美女.Little.Miss.Sunshine.2006IMDB.Top222.大路.La.Strada.1954IMDB.Top223.换子疑云.Changeling.2008IMDB.Top224.巴顿将军.Patton.19702 6 IMDB.Top225.侠盗罗宾汉.The.Adventures.Of.Robin.Hood.1938 IMDB.Top226.和莎莫的500天.(500).Days.of.Summer.2009 IMDB.Top227.对话.The.Conversation.1974IMDB.Top228.人猿星球.1968.Planet.of.the.Apes IMDB.Top229.圣诞夜惊魂.The.Nightmare.Before.Christmas.1993 IMDB.Top230.阿尔及尔之战.The.Battle.of.Algiers.1965IMDB.Top231.西线无战事IMDB.Top232.僵尸肖恩.Shaun.of.the.Dead.2004IMDB.Top233.光荣战役.Glory.1989IMDB.Top234.贵妇失踪案dy.Vanishes.1938IMDB.Top235.费城故事.The.Philadelphia.Story.19402 7IMDB.Top236.穆赫兰道.Mulholland.Dr..2001IMDB.Top237.乱世儿女.Barry.Lyndon.1975IMDB.Top238.斯巴达克斯.Spartacus.1960IMDB.Top239.龙猫.My.Neighbor.Totoro.1988 IMDB.Top240.灵欲春宵.Whos.Afraid.of.Virginia.Woolf.1966 IMDB.Top241.怪物公司.Monsters.Inc.2001 IMDB.Top242.桃色案件.Anatomy.of.a.Murder.1959 IMDB.Top243.玩具总动员2.Toy.Story.II.19992 8IMDB.Top244.四百击.The.400.Blows.1959IMDB.Top245.星期五女郎.His.Girl.Friday.1940IMDB.Top246.妙想天开.Brazil.1984IMDB.Top247.毒药与老妇ce.1944IMDB.Top248.无间道.Infernal.Affairs.2002 IMDB.Top249.哈尔的移动城堡.Howls.Moving.Castle.2004IMDB.Top250.007皇家赌场无删节.Casino.Royale.2006 [驯龙高手].How.To.Train.Your.Dragon.2010[盗梦空间].Inception.2010.BD.MiniSD-TLF[了不起的狐狸爸爸].Fantastic.Mr.Fox.2009.BD.MiniSD-TLF2 9[谜一样的双眼].The.Secret.In.Their.Eyes.2009.BD.MiniSD-TLF[风之谷].Nausicaa.of.the.Valley.of.the.Winds.1984.D9.2Audio.MiniSD-TLF [这个男人来自地球].The.Man.From.Earth.2007.BD.MiniSD-TLF[最后一场电影]st.Picture.Show.1971.HDTV.MiniSD-TLF [白丝带].The.White.Ribbon.2009.BD.MiniSD-TLF[冲出宁静号].Serenity.2005.BD.2Audio.MiniSD-TLF[国王的演讲].The.Kings.Speech.2010.BD.MiniSD-TLF[社交网络]work.2010.BD.MiniSD-TLF[雨人].Rain.Man.1988.HDTV.MiniSD-TLF3 0[谍影重重].The.Bourne.Identity.2002.Blu-ray.X264.AC3-TLF [谍影重重].The.Bourne.Supremacy.2004.Blu-ray.X264.AC3-TLF [芬妮和亚历山大].Fanny.och.Alexander.1982.BD.MiniSD-TLF [雨果].Hugo.2011.BD.MiniSD-TLF[泰坦尼克号].Titanic.1997.HDTV.3Audio.MiniSD-TLF[勇士].Warrior.2011.BD.MiniSD-TLF3 1东京物语.Tokyo.Story.1953.D9.MiniSD-TLF黑天鹅.Black.Swan.2010.BD.MiniSD-TLF红色情深.Trois.couleurs.Rouge.1994.HDTV.MiniSD-TLF 禁闭岛.Shutter.Island.2010.BDRip.MiniSD-TLF精英部队2.Tropa.de.Elite.2.2010.BD.MiniSD-TLF玛丽和马克思.Mary.And.Max.2009.BD.MiniSD那一个晚上.Festen.1998.D9.MiniSD-TLF天空之城.Laputa.Castle.in.the.Sky.1986.BD.3Audio.MiniSD-TLF 玩具总动员3.Toy.Story.3.2010.BD.MiniSD-TLF3 2夺宝奇兵.2.魔宫传奇.Indiana.Jones.and.the.Temple.of.Doom.1984.HDTV.MiniSD-TLF[]夺宝奇兵4.Indiana.Jones.and.the.Kingdom.of.the.Crystal.Skull.2008.BDRip.x264.AAC.miniSD-TLF[] 福斯特对话尼克松.Frost.Nixon.2008.BD.MiniSD-TLF[]海豚湾.The.Cove.2009.LIMITED.BD.MiniSD-TLF[]呼吸.Nefes.Vatan.Sagolsun.2009.BD.MiniSD-TLF[]生死朗读.The.Reader.2008.BD.MINISD-TLF无间道2.Infernal.Affairs.II.2003.BDRip.x264.2AAC.miniSD-TLF[]无间道3.Infernal.Affairs.III.2003.BD.2Audio.MINISD-TLF[]预言者.A.Prophet.2009.BD.MiniSD-TLF[]忠犬八公的故事.Hachiko.A.Dog's.Story.2009.BDRip.X264.MiniSD-TLF[]3 3[失去的周末].The.Lost.Weekend.1945.D9.MiniSD-TLF[] [双虎屠龙].The.Man.Who.Shot.Liberty.Valance.1962.HDRip.X264-TLF 楚门的世界.The.Truman.Show.1998.BDRip.MiniSD-TLF大佬.Brother.2000.D9.MiniSD-TLF黑金.Island.of.Greed.1997.BD.2Audio.MiniSD-TLF焦点新闻.Z.1969.D9.2Audio.MiniSD-TLF[] 美女与野兽.Beauty.and.the.Beast.1946.D9.2Audio.MiniSD-TLF 宿醉.The.Hangover.2009.BD.MiniSD-TLF.[] 宿醉2.Hangover.Part.II.2011.BD.MiniSD-TLF.[]3 4[纳德和西敏.一次别离].A.Separation.2011.BD.MiniSD-TLF海扁王.Kick.Ass.2010.BDRip.MiniSD-TLF[]菊次郎的夏天.Kikujiro.No.Natsu.1999.D9.MiniSD-TLF那些年.我们一起追的女孩plete.2011.BDRip.720p.X264.iNT-TLF 无法触碰Intouchables 2011 FRENCH DVDRip XviD AC3-FwD艺术家.The.Artist.(2011).B&amp;amp;W.iNT.FS.BDRip.720p.AC3.X264-TLF-French。

面孔超忆者,看过你就忘不掉

面孔超忆者,看过你就忘不掉

面孔超忆者,看过你就忘不掉作者:马盼尼来源:《大科技·科学之谜》2016年第05期你能记住你见过的每张脸吗?反正我是记不住。

然而,现实生活中有些人就有一种相似的罕见本领,他们能记住之前匆匆一瞥之间见到的面孔。

有时候当需要从人群中挑选那张面孔时,不管是男人、女人还是小孩,熟人还是陌生人,他们总能成功办到。

他们的辨别能力甚至超过电脑,堪称“过目不忘”的面孔超忆者。

解决棘手案件2014年8月28日的英国首都伦敦,一名叫做爱丽丝·格罗斯的14岁女孩子突然消失了,伦敦警方派出600名警员出去找她,这是9年以来伦敦警方展开的最大规模的搜查行动。

警察搜遍了大街小巷,嗅探犬查遍了公园,警方潜水员也在附近的河流等水域进行搜索,但都徒劳无功。

直到一个新的警察部队的帮忙,才解决这个案件,那就是专家组成的“超忆者”部队。

在很短的时间里,超忆者找到了不幸女孩爱丽丝的尸体,还确定了谋杀她的凶手——41岁的拉脱维亚·阿尔尼斯。

而这个过程,超忆者只使用他们的眼睛和头脑,甚至没有离开自己的办公桌,他们是如何做到的呢?怎么抓到凶手?超忆者并没有什么怪异的超能力,他们看起来跟普通人一样,但他们有一种独特的本领:几乎过目不忘。

可以用见过的任何一张面孔在脑海中一次又一次地对比。

像伦敦这样的大城市到处都有闭路摄像机,而这种机器就是超忆者的最好助手。

或许此时你会说,不是有面孔的计算机软件分析吗?确实如此,但是人们无法保证闭路摄像机能一直提供高像素图片。

理想情况下,电脑胜过人类,因为它们可以几秒内分析百万数量的信息。

但闭路摄像机很多时候只能提供低画质图片,那些图片模糊不清,或者有阴影、面部被遮盖,这时计算机软件分析就力不从心了,而人却能胜任。

这个识别过程必须像钟表一样精确。

为了找到爱丽丝,超忆者部队仔细研究了这名小女孩最后被人们看见的地方——伦敦大运河周围6.5平方千米范围内的300部闭路摄像机的录像,他们总共要观看数千个小时低像素、低质量的闭路电视。

磁发电机重力转换器(瑟尔效应机)

磁发电机重力转换器(瑟尔效应机)

磁发电机重力转换器(瑟尔效应机)德国网站摘要:多年来瑟尔与政府和不谨慎的投资者都曾有过纷争,这导致他陷入窘境。

他宣称由于这样,使他不再拥有效应机原型来进行演示。

当瑟尔效应的真实性受到质疑时,不争的事实是瑟尔把他的毕生精力都投入到向大众促进他的自由能源和反重力理想中。

相关技术戈丁和罗斯奇:瑟尔是第一个,但俄罗斯的一个团队得灵感于瑟尔的工作而造出一个简单的瑟尔效应发电机,并宣称他们证实了瑟尔的成果!马库斯何林这德:2002年11月马库斯宣布他制造出一台装置,工作起来与瑟尔效应相仿,但应用了与瑟尔完全不同的结构。

旋转磁场奇异的效应 - 马提皮堪隆博士证实,与旋转磁场系统有关。

赫尔辛基报 - 登载了皮堪隆博士32页关于旋转磁场据称可任凭作为反重力效应的基础。

超导电性 - 瑟尔效应机的反重力基础- 你猜对了- 旋转磁场!可查查美国的新生代科学家的反重力实验编辑备注当初我是很抗拒在美国的反重力网站上为瑟尔效应做个网页的。

因为关于他本人和他那神奇的效应一直争论不休。

这个网页实际上是一些间接证据,是来自其它实验并宣称可支撑瑟尔效应实验结果的间接证据。

我也直接从瑟尔团队那儿看到证据,证明瑟尔是真实的。

而来自其它与瑟尔无利害关系的团队的实验,似乎也支持瑟尔的宣称。

瑟尔效应基于复杂的旋转磁场,而这些都由戈丁和罗斯奇,马库斯何林这德,KD做了实验,而且是以一种非常普通的方法,甚至还有Podkletnov和李林所做的旋转超导体工作,也有类似现象。

在俄罗斯,戈丁和罗斯奇复制了一台单环的瑟尔效应机,并报告称当装置达到 550 转/分钟时,装置开始自行加速,并被一种带蓝色的光包围。

马库斯以独特的线圈设计为特点。

他在制做自己的装置前并没有听到过瑟尔效应机。

他宣称他的反重力效应和场效应屏蔽几乎与瑟尔效应完美对应。

当这些报道成为最佳间接证据时,我立刻对瑟尔效应机刮目相看。

这最终使我把他加到美国反重力网站上。

给大家发一个瑟尔效应的间接证据。

《银翼杀手》

《银翼杀手》

《银翼杀手》作者:李廷亚来源:《中学科技》2018年第02期About Film上一期我们讲述了《银翼杀手》中与“未来”对照的“现在”,本期我们要谈谈片中一个关键词——情感反应测试。

实际上,按照心理学的概念,它应该叫作情绪反应测试。

里克·德卡德对瑞秋提出一些设置在不同情境下的问题,譬如,“如果有人送你一个牛皮钱包,你会怎么做?”这里要提一下影片的背景——地球生态崩溃,已经几乎没有活的动物了,片中的动物都是人造的,所以送牛皮钱包有违法和不珍惜生命的双重含义。

瑞秋的答案很完美:“我会拒收,然后报警。

”但在回答了几百个问题后,瑞秋仍然被判定为复制人。

片中的“人性检测机”——Voight-Kampff machine在瑞秋回答问题时,对准她的眼睛,测量她的生理数据,最终鉴别出她与人类不同。

这机器究竟是怎么鉴别人类和复制人在情绪上的差异的?对眼睛的放大观察、各种生理数据的检测与情绪判定又有什么关系呢?笔者试着从心理科学的角度解说一番。

Real Story心有所感形之于外情绪是对一系列主观认知经验的统称,是多种感觉、思想和行为综合产生的心理和生理状态。

一定程度上,它就是个体的主观体验,即我们常说的感觉——开心、悲伤、压抑、愤怒等。

我们可以通过主观的描述让他人感受到自己的情绪。

不过,每个人表达情绪的意愿不同,因此有的人情感内敛,有的人情感奔放。

情绪的产生同时伴随着客观的生理唤醒。

生理层面上的反应包括大脑的激活、自主神经反应、激素反应等。

在不同的情绪状态下,身体的指挥中心——大脑会发出生物电信号,导致瞳孔、毛孔、脉搏、呼吸等发生变化,同时激素(如肾上腺素、甲状腺素等)水平会发生改变。

这些生理唤醒是一个人情绪状态的重要表征。

因此,即使一个人不主观表达情绪,我们有时也可以通过外表看出他的情绪。

譬如在紧张、焦虑、恐惧等情况下,人体交感神经兴奋,泌汗增加,皮肤导电性增加;同时,接近皮肤的血管管腔缩小,血流量减少,皮肤表面温度下降,反应强烈的话,就会表现出大惊失色、面无人色等模样。

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a r X i v :0801.4484v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 29 J a n 2008The Ring Imaging Cherenkov detector of the AMS experiment:test beam results with a prototypeLu´ısa Arruda a ,∗Fernando Bar˜a o a ,Patr´ıcia Gon¸c alves a ,Rui Pereira aaLIP/ISTAv.Elias Garcia,14,1o andar 1000-149Lisboa,Portugal e-mail:luisa@lip.ptThe Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS)to be installed on the International Space Station (ISS)will be equipped with a proximity Ring Imaging Cherenkov (RICH)detector for measuring the velocity and electric charge of the charged cosmic particles.This detector will contribute to the high level of redundancy required for AMS as well as to the rejection of albedo particles.Charge separation up to iron and a velocity resolution of the order of 0.1%for singly charged particles are expected.A RICH protoptype consisting of a detection matrix with 96photomultiplier units,a segment of a conical mirror and samples of the radiator materials was built and its performance was evaluated.Results from the last test beam performed with ion fragments resulting from the collision of a 158GeV/c/nucleon primary beam of indium ions (CERN SPS)on a lead target are reported.The large amount of collected data allowed to test and characterize different aerogel samples and the sodium fluoride radiator.In addition,the reflectivity of the mirror was evaluated.The data analysis confirms the design goals.1.The AMS02detectorAMS [1](Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer)is a precision spectrometer designed to search for cos-mic antimatter,dark matter and to study the rel-ative abundance of elements and isotopic compo-sition of the primary cosmic rays.It will be in-stalled in the International Space Station (ISS),where it will operate at least for three years.The spectrometer will be capable of measuring the rigidity (R ≡pc/|Z |e ),the charge (Z ),the velocity (β)and the energy (E )of cosmic rays within a geometrical acceptance of ∼0.5m 2sr.Fig.1shows a schematic view of the AMS spectrometer.The system is composed of sev-eral subdectors:Transition Radiation Detector (TRD),Time-of-Flight (TOF),Silicon Tracker (STD),Anticoincidence Counters (ACC),super-conducting magnet,Ring Imaging ˇCerenkov de-tector and electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL).2The detection matrix is composed of680mul-tipixelized photon readout cells each consisting of a photomultiplier coupled to a light guide,HV di-vider plus front-end(FE)electronics,all housed and potted in a plastic shell and then enclosed in a magnetic shielding.The photon detection is made with an array of multianode Hamamatsu tubes(R7600-00-M16)coupled to a light guide. The effective pixel size is8.5mm.A high reflectivity conical mirror surrounds the whole set.It consists of a carbonfiber re-inforced composite substrate with a multilayer coating made of aluminium and SiO2deposited on the inner surface.This ensures a reflectiv-ity higher than85%for420nm wavelength pho-tons.Figure2(left)shows a schematic view of the RICH detector.RICH was designed to measure the velocity (β≡v/c)of singly charged particles with a res-olution∆β/βof0.1%,to extend the charge sep-aration(Z)up to iron(Z=26),to contribute to e/p separation and to albedo rejection.In order to validate the RICH design,a pro-totype with an array of9×11cellsfilled with96 photomultiplier readout units similar to part of the matrix of thefinal model was constructed. The performance of this prototype has been tested with cosmic muons and with a beam of secondary ions at the CERN SPS produced by fragmentation of a primary beam in2002and 2003.The light guides used were prototypes with a slightly smaller collecting area(31×31mm2). Different samples of the radiator materials were tested and placed at an adjustable supporting structure.Different expansion heights were set in order to have fully contained photon rings on the detection matrix like in theflight design.A segment of a conical mirror with1/12of thefinal azimuthal coverage,which is shown in left picture of Figure3,was also tested.The RICH assembly has already started at CIEMAT in Spain and is foreseen to befinished in July2007.A rectangular grid has already been assembled and has been subject to a mechani-calfit test,functional tests,vibration tests and vacuum tests.The other grids will follow.The refractive index of the aerogel tiles is being mea-sured and the radiator container was subjected to a mechanical test.Thefinal integration of RICH in AMS will take place at CERN in2008. Figure2.On the left:View of the RICH detector. On the right:Beryllium event display generated in a NaF radiator.3.Velocity(β)and charge(Z)reconstruc-tionA charged particle crossing a dielectric material of refractive index n,with a velocityβ,greater than the speed of light in that medium emits photons.The aperture angle of the emitted pho-tons with respect to the radiating particle track is known as theˇCerenkov angle,θc,and it is given by cosθc=13Figure3.Protype with reflector(left).Top viewof the test beam2003experimental setup usingCERN SPS facility(right).ˇCerenkov pattern and nis the hit signal.For aimore complete description of the method see[3].TheˇCerenkov photons produced in the radia-tor are uniformly emitted along the particle pathinside the dielectric medium,L,and their numberper unit of energy(N)depends on the particle’scharge,Z,and velocity,β,and on the refractiveindex,n.Therefore electric charge(Z)is deter-mined from the signal evaluation and taking intoaccount the different detection efficiencies.N∝Z2∆L 1−1A4hances a structure of well separated individual charge peaks over the whole range up to Z=28. The chargeresolution for each nuclei,shown in right panel of Figure5,was evaluated through in-dividual Gaussianfits to the reconstructed charge peaks selected by the independent measurements performed by two scintillators and silicon tracker detectors.A charge resolution for proton events slightly better than0.17charge units is achieved. The charge resolution as function of the charge Z of the particle follows a curve that corresponds to the error propagation on Z which can be ex-pressed as:σ(Z)=11+σ2peN 2syst.(4)This expression describes the two distinct types of uncertainties that affect Z measurement:the sta-tistical and the systematic.The statistical term is independent of the nuclei charge and depends essentially on the amount ofˇCerenkov signal de-tected for singly charged particles(N0∼14.7) and on the resolution of the single photoelec-tron peak(σpe).The systematic uncertainty scales with Z,dominates for higher charges and is around1%.It appears due to non-uniformities at the radiator level or at the photon detection.In order to keep the systematic uncertainties below 1%,the aerogel tile thickness,the refractive index and the clarity should not have a spread greater than0.25mm,10−4and5%,respectively;at the detection level a precise knowledge(<5%level) of the single unit cell photo-detection efficiency and gains is required.Runs with a mirror prototype were also per-formed and its reflectivity was derived from data analysis.The obtained value is in good agreement with the manufacturer value.4.ConclusionsAMS-02will be equipped with a proximity focusing RICH enabling velocity measurements with a resolution of about0.1%and extending the charge measurements up to the iron element. Velocity reconstruction is made with a likelihood method.Charge reconstruction is made in an event-by-event basis.Evaluation of both algo-Z(scint&std)recFigure5.Charge peaks distribution measured with the RICH prototype using a n=1.05aero-gel radiator,2.5cm thick.Individual peaks are identified up to Z∼28(left).Charge resolution versus particle Z for the same aerogel radiator. The curve gives the expected value estimated as explained in the text(right).rithms on real data taken with in-beam tests at CERN,in October2003was done.The detec-tor design was validated and a refractive index 1.05aerogel was chosen for the radiator,fulfill-ing both the demand for a large light yield and a good velocity resolution.The RICH detetector is being constructed and its assembling to the AMS complete setup is foreseen for2008. REFERENCES1.S.P.Ahlen et al.,Nucl.Instrum.Methods A350,34(1994).2.T.Ypsilantis and J.Seguinot,Nucl.Instrum.Methods A343,30(1994).3. F.Bar˜a o,Nucl.Instrum.Methods A502,510(2003).4.P.Aguayo,L.Arruda et al.,NIM A560,291(2006).。

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