英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics ppt课件
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语用学PPT
• Metalanguage: meta- indicates that the level of the
study has changed, which means the things people talking about changes from object to “the talk” itself. The notion of metalanguage was proposed by Tarski in the first place in the 30s of 20th century, it was used to describe, estimate and observe the object language. Metalinguistics is the study of metalanguage. It studies the relationship between language system and the relevant cultural behavior system. For example, the dictionary is using metalanguage to describe words, and we can use chines to describe English.
metapragmatics
• Metapragmatics is the study of pragmatics and it is base on pragmatics, as Mey said: metapragmatics is the pragmatic study of pragmatics, which can be comprehended as : the theories and principle of pragmatics are the object language of metapragmatics. • Base on saussure’s theory of language’s arbitrariness, Leech suggested that the arbitrariness of language did not necessarily result in the arbitrariness of grammatical rules, in other words, grammatical rules are conventional. But the cause of the rules came from the nonlinguistic thoughts and reality. Leech also holds that although the grammatical rules are conventional, the pragmatical rules are not conventional, they are determined by the aim of the conversation. The grammatical rules can be comprehended in two level: although grammatical rules are arbitrary, they are generally and commonly explained in the metagrammatic level.
普通语言学 8-Pragmatics讲解
Jef Verschueren (1999): Adaptability theory
5. 为什么研究语用学？
Humpty Dumpty:
“When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.”
英美语用学: 语用学的成分论 (component view of pragmatics)
欧陆语用学: 语用学的综观论 (perspective view of pragmatics)
英美语用学
语用学是语言理论的核心组成部分，与语 音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学 的地位相同。
语用学研究的是依赖于语言使用的意义。
Carnap (1942)：order of degree of abstractness: syntax is the most and pragmatics is the least abstract, with semantics lying somewhere in between. Syntax provides input to semantics, which provides input to pragmatics.
主要研究：含意、预设、言语行为、指示 语
欧陆语用学
语用学为语言行为的各个方面提供一个功 能的视角或综观。
语用学在总体上被看作是语言交际的理论。
包括社会语言学、心里语言学、语篇分析 所涵盖的领域。
欧陆语用学
更加接近Morris（1938）的语用学思想
Jacob Mey (1993):
1. Micropragmatics: context, implicature and reference; pragmatic principles; speech acts; conversation analysis
5. 为什么研究语用学？
Humpty Dumpty:
“When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.”
英美语用学: 语用学的成分论 (component view of pragmatics)
欧陆语用学: 语用学的综观论 (perspective view of pragmatics)
英美语用学
语用学是语言理论的核心组成部分，与语 音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学 的地位相同。
语用学研究的是依赖于语言使用的意义。
Carnap (1942)：order of degree of abstractness: syntax is the most and pragmatics is the least abstract, with semantics lying somewhere in between. Syntax provides input to semantics, which provides input to pragmatics.
主要研究：含意、预设、言语行为、指示 语
欧陆语用学
语用学为语言行为的各个方面提供一个功 能的视角或综观。
语用学在总体上被看作是语言交际的理论。
包括社会语言学、心里语言学、语篇分析 所涵盖的领域。
欧陆语用学
更加接近Morris（1938）的语用学思想
Jacob Mey (1993):
1. Micropragmatics: context, implicature and reference; pragmatic principles; speech acts; conversation analysis
Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟.ppt
(b) In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
语言学--Pragmatics ppt课件
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ppt课件
• Speech acts is a term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1962) and now used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?”
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6.2.3 Anaphora
• You need to know: definition of anaphora, antecedent, anaphor indirect anaphora and direct anaphora
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6.2.4 Presupposition
• a. Can I look at your Shakespeare? • b. Sure, it’s on the shelf over there. • You need to know • inference: process • reference: the act
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
ppt课件
6.2.2 Deixis
• You need to know: definition of deixis five types of deixis
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ppt课件
definition of deixis
语用学Pragmatics An Introduction
A look at history 1.Recent signs of the growing interest 2.Reasons for recent development The importance of being a user
3
Recent signs of growing interest
12
Definitions
Speaker’s perspective: PragmaticsБайду номын сангаасis the study of speaker meaning. (George Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of how people use language for successful communication. (Kempson, 1977:84)
7
Pragmatics: definition and delimitation
A definition Component, perspective or function?
8
A definition
Pragmatics cannot be restricted to purely linguistic matter; it should deal with users in social context Definition by the author The limitations of the definitions The complementarity by Leech
5
The importance of being a user
modern
producers
3
Recent signs of growing interest
12
Definitions
Speaker’s perspective: PragmaticsБайду номын сангаасis the study of speaker meaning. (George Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of how people use language for successful communication. (Kempson, 1977:84)
7
Pragmatics: definition and delimitation
A definition Component, perspective or function?
8
A definition
Pragmatics cannot be restricted to purely linguistic matter; it should deal with users in social context Definition by the author The limitations of the definitions The complementarity by Leech
5
The importance of being a user
modern
producers
胡壮麟语言学课件Chapter 8_pragmatics
3.A: 我带的钱不够，今天买不了。 B: 那就下次再买吧。
T1 A: 这件衣服很漂亮，可我今天带的钱不够。
T2 B: 那就下次再买吧。
Y1 我带的钱不够，今天买不了。
Y2 我带的钱不够，你借钱给我买
Y3 你带的钱不够，就下次再买。
A意欲传递的意义
B所获得的意义
1
Y1
Y1
Y4 我不想借钱给你。
B通过T2意欲传递的意义
I promise to be there. / I’ll be there. I admit I was wrong. / I was foolish. I warn you, this gun is loaded. / This gun is
loaded. I thank you. / I’m very grateful. I apologize. / I’m sorry. I order you to sit down. / You must sit down.
交际结果
Y3Βιβλιοθήκη —M(无误解)2Y1
Y1
3
Y1
Y2
4
Y1
Y2
5
Y2
Y2
6
Y2
Y2
7
Y2
Y1
8
Y2
Y1
Y4
DMI
Y3
M
Y4
M
Y3
DMI
Y4
—M
Y3
M
Y4
M
2. Speech Act Theory
John Austin
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
T1 A: 这件衣服很漂亮，可我今天带的钱不够。
T2 B: 那就下次再买吧。
Y1 我带的钱不够，今天买不了。
Y2 我带的钱不够，你借钱给我买
Y3 你带的钱不够，就下次再买。
A意欲传递的意义
B所获得的意义
1
Y1
Y1
Y4 我不想借钱给你。
B通过T2意欲传递的意义
I promise to be there. / I’ll be there. I admit I was wrong. / I was foolish. I warn you, this gun is loaded. / This gun is
loaded. I thank you. / I’m very grateful. I apologize. / I’m sorry. I order you to sit down. / You must sit down.
交际结果
Y3Βιβλιοθήκη —M(无误解)2Y1
Y1
3
Y1
Y2
4
Y1
Y2
5
Y2
Y2
6
Y2
Y2
7
Y2
Y1
8
Y2
Y1
Y4
DMI
Y3
M
Y4
M
Y3
DMI
Y4
—M
Y3
M
Y4
M
2. Speech Act Theory
John Austin
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
pragmatics语用学-PPT
• Implicatures can be cancelled: a) Plus “if clause…” b) In some context
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
语用学课件1 What's pragmatics
---- the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
• Context • Pragmatics VS. semantics
Blackwell, 1993. /
Forms of Course Assessment
-- Attendance (presence and punctuality) (10%) -- Participation (presentation and participation in class discussion) (20%) -- Paper (20%) -- Final examination (50%)
More exercises:
It's the taste.
It's cold in here. Your father is coming. What are the semantic and pragmatic meaning of the above sentences.
sentence ning VS. utterance meaning
Textbook and References
Pragmatics, J. Peccei, Routledge, 1999. Notes on Pragmatics, He Ziran, Nanjing Normal
University Press, 2002.
Pragmatics: An Introduction, J. Mey, Oxford:
• Sentence meaning VS. utterance meaning
Some basic notions in Pragmatics
• Context • Pragmatics VS. semantics
Blackwell, 1993. /
Forms of Course Assessment
-- Attendance (presence and punctuality) (10%) -- Participation (presentation and participation in class discussion) (20%) -- Paper (20%) -- Final examination (50%)
More exercises:
It's the taste.
It's cold in here. Your father is coming. What are the semantic and pragmatic meaning of the above sentences.
sentence ning VS. utterance meaning
Textbook and References
Pragmatics, J. Peccei, Routledge, 1999. Notes on Pragmatics, He Ziran, Nanjing Normal
University Press, 2002.
Pragmatics: An Introduction, J. Mey, Oxford:
• Sentence meaning VS. utterance meaning
《语言学教程》第 8 章 语用学
精选版课件ppt
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①But gradually linguists found that it would be
impossible to give an adequate description of meaning
if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
pragmatic study of language. ②It is generally
considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by
the speaker and the hearer. ③Various components of
shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge
study. ③Pragmatics is a comparatively a new branch
of study in the area of linguistics; its development and
establishment in the 1960s and 1970s resulted from the
being carried out in the area of pragmatics.
精选版课件ppt
8
“句子”与“语句”
①某年某月某日某时，张三说“天在下雨”；
这是语句( utterance)。②某年某月某日某时，李四
也说“天在下雨”；这也是语句( utterance) 。③张
三、李四各自的语句所表现出的共有的、得到普
certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance.
语言学Pragmatics语用学24页PPT
语言学Pragmatics语用学
21、没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要 适应孤 独，没 有人会 帮你一 辈子， 所以你 要奋斗 一生。 22、当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该 是坚强 。 23、要改变命运，首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首，因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿． 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ，它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ，以便 让别一 只脚能Biblioteka 够再往 上登。谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路，那么，任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远，吾将上下而求索。——屈原 75、内外相应，言行相称。——韩非
21、没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要 适应孤 独，没 有人会 帮你一 辈子， 所以你 要奋斗 一生。 22、当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该 是坚强 。 23、要改变命运，首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首，因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿． 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ，它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ，以便 让别一 只脚能Biblioteka 够再往 上登。谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路，那么，任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远，吾将上下而求索。——屈原 75、内外相应，言行相称。——韩非
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第一周
wh-trace
❖ eg. 1. Susan’s brother was killed t in the tsunami.
❖ 2. Who do you love t?
Overt NPs
❖ 1. Lexical anaphors ❖ The composers admire themselves. ❖ 2. Pronouns ❖ He is Italian enough to understand the culture, and
Eg. 1. Lance Armstrong won the centenar Tor de France. 2. Lance Armstrong the centerary Tour de France won.
Sentence-meaning
❖ Those aspectof meaning that are ascribeed to a sentence in the abstract, that is, a sentence independent of its realization in any concrete form.
❖ Eg. 1. Liszt adored chopin. ❖ 2. Chopin was adored by Liszt. ❖ 3. LISZT ADORED CHOPIN.
1.4 The advantage of studying language via pragmatics
❖ one can talk about people’s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak.
Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟
The utterance of these sentences is the doing of an action. They cannot be said to be true or false. So these sentences are called performatives. A constative sentence is a description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking. It can be said to be true or false. For example, I pour some liquid into the tube. Implicit performatives – It‟s cold here. Explicit performatives – Please close the door.
Please come in.
(1) The room is messy. Possible context: (a) A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room. (b) In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”. (c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
Байду номын сангаас
Felicity conditions – how to make sth. valid Austin:Although performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.
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utterance, i.e. the act ostin
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
XXX，你是否愿意娶xxx为妻，按照圣经的教训与他 同住，在神面前和她结为一体，爱她、安慰她、尊重 她、保护他，像你爱自己一样。不论她生病或是健康、 富有或贫穷，始终忠於她，直到离开世界？
Groom: I do.
Felicity conditions:
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure.
Performative verbs: name, bet, etc.
I do. I name this ship Queen Elizabeth. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. I give and bequeath my watch to my brother. I promise to finish it in time. I apologize. I declare the meeting open. I warn you that the bull will charge.
to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg:
I go to the park every Sunday. I teach English.
Performatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false.
utterance meaning, & contextual meaning.
Sentence meaning: What does X mean? Utterance meaning: What do you mean by X?
Ex. 1. Dog! 2. My bag is heavy.
Chapter Eight Language in Use
(Pragmatics)
1. Introduction: Definition of Pragmatics
The study of language in use. The study of meaning in context. The study of speakers’ meaning,
Sentence Meaning context-independent. Utterance Meaning It is context-dependent. It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.
The distinction between constatives & performatives cannot be maintained.
All sentences can be used to do things.
3 . Illocutionary Act Theory Speech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels: A locutionary act: is the linguistic aspect of an
How to Do Things with Words (1962)
speech acts: actions performed via utterances
Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves
Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning
Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context
2. Speech Act Theory
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed correctly and completely.
C. Very often, the relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified.
Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live?
XXX，你是否愿意娶xxx为妻，按照圣经的教训与他 同住，在神面前和她结为一体，爱她、安慰她、尊重 她、保护他，像你爱自己一样。不论她生病或是健康、 富有或贫穷，始终忠於她，直到离开世界？
Groom: I do.
Felicity conditions:
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure.
Performative verbs: name, bet, etc.
I do. I name this ship Queen Elizabeth. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. I give and bequeath my watch to my brother. I promise to finish it in time. I apologize. I declare the meeting open. I warn you that the bull will charge.
to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg:
I go to the park every Sunday. I teach English.
Performatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false.
utterance meaning, & contextual meaning.
Sentence meaning: What does X mean? Utterance meaning: What do you mean by X?
Ex. 1. Dog! 2. My bag is heavy.
Chapter Eight Language in Use
(Pragmatics)
1. Introduction: Definition of Pragmatics
The study of language in use. The study of meaning in context. The study of speakers’ meaning,
Sentence Meaning context-independent. Utterance Meaning It is context-dependent. It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence.
The distinction between constatives & performatives cannot be maintained.
All sentences can be used to do things.
3 . Illocutionary Act Theory Speech acts can be analyzed on 3 levels: A locutionary act: is the linguistic aspect of an