Torasso P. A Deterministic Analyzer for the Interpretation of Natural Language Commands
基线8800PID可溶性有机物分析仪说明书
Baseline, the reference pointfrom which all things are measured.Baseline -™Model 8800 PIDV olatile Organic V apor AnalyzerA NALYZERThe Model 8800 PID is a member of the extraordinary Series 8800 family of gas analyzers. The Series 8800 is the candidate of choice whenever accurate,reliable hydrocarbon and VOC analysis is required. Series 8800 analyzers pro-vide nearly limitless flexibility and offer continuous, fully automated gas analysis over a broad range of concentrations.With an incredible dynamic range from 10 ppb to 1%, the Model 8800 PIDis designed to analyze hundreds ofvolatile organic compounds and various other gases. The analyzer has a generous complement of analog, digital, and logic output capabilities with room to expand.These features place the instrument well ahead of the competition in performance,automation, and configurability.The analyzer is based on a photoion-ization detector (PID) that delivers the sample gas to an ultraviolet light or lamp.The energy emitted by the lamp ionizes the targeted gases in the sample to a point where they can be detected by theinstrument and reported as aconcentration.Many chemicals can be detected by photoionization. Contact your sales representative for a complete listing.The Model 8800 PID is relatively humidity insensitive and can be con-figured with internal components for a single or multipoint analysis of non-condensing gas samples. The automatic calibration feature enhances the long-term analytical stability of the instrument.ApplicationsThe Model 8800 PID is designed tocontinuously monitor hundreds of volatile organic compounds and various other gases in a non-condensing sample stream.This extremely versatile instrument can be configured to support a variety of applica-tions, such as:•Industrial hygiene & safety monitoring •Fugitive emissions•Fenceline (perimeter) monitoring around industrial sites•Carbon bed breakthrough detection •Paint spray booth recirculated air •Solvent vapor monitoring for cleaning and degreasing processes•Low level VOC’s in a process using inert gasesFeatures•VOC detection from sub-ppm to 10,000ppm levels•Automatic calibration at user-defined intervals•Virtual analog ranges programmable from 1.0 ppm - 1% full scale•Programmable relays for alarms, events and diagnostics•Remote operation via RS-485, RS-232•Back-pressure regulator with sample bypass system ensures fast response•Internal multipoint sampling option •Discrete, multilevel concentration & fault alarms•Quick connect terminal block for electrical connectionsP.O. Box 649, Lyons, CO 80540In the continental United States, phone 800.321.4665, or fax 800.848.6464, toll free.Worldwide, phone 303.823.6661 or fax 303.823.5151•URL:•E-mail:****************************Represented by:Baseline -Baseline -Model 8800 PIDV olatile Organic V apor AnalyzerSpeci cationsS AMPLING Internal, single or multipoint modules, with or without sample pump(s),for prefiltered (≤ 0.1 microns), non-condensing samplesC ALIBRATION Programmable automatic, or manual (with internal selection valves)D ETECTORPhotoionization detector (PID)Lamp Energies: 10.6 eV (life span > 6000 hrs), 11.7 eV (life span ≈ 140 hrs).MDQMinimum detectable quantity: < 0.1 ppm (as isobutylene), < 0.1 ppm (as benzene).Q UENCHING Signal quenching due to moisture: < 30% at 95% R.H. and 23° Celsius.R ANGEAnalogVirtual range with software selectable endpoints provides full-scale ranges from 1.0 ppm – 1% (as isobutylene)Digital Display auto-ranges from 1.0 ppm to 1% (as isobutylene)L INEARITY Linear range: 0 – 10,000 ppm (isobutylene). Accurate to ± 1 ppm or ±15% of reading, whichever is greater.D RIFTSample dependent. Zero: < 0.1 ppm (as isobutylene) over 24 hours.Span: 100 ppm isobutylene, < 3 % over 24 hours.R ESPONSE T IME Isobutylene: < 6 Seconds to 90% of final readingA LARMSMultilevel concentration, average concentration and faultAudible Horn:Sounducer,**********************************/disabledfor keypad input, fault, and alarms.O UTPUTAnalog1 (standard) to 15 analog 0-20 mA or 4-20 mA loop power supplied, iso-lated outputs or optional 0-1V , 0-5V or 0-10V isolated outputs. Selectable for concentration, temperature or flow (fuel, air or sample).DigitalStandard: RS-485 output (RS-232 option)R ELAYS 5 (standard) to 15 programmable (Latched/Not, NO/NC) contact closures (1A@30V max). Selectable for: alarm thresholds or events (calibration,fault, or sample location).P HYSICALDimensions: 19.00" W x 8.75" H x 16.00" D (48.26 cm W x 22.23 cm H x 40.64 D). Nominal weight: 30 lb (13.64 kg).C ONFIGURATION Bench-top or rack-mount (19" panel)D ISPLAY Digital vacuum fluorescent, 20 characters x 2 lines P OWER90-120 V AC or optional 210-230 VAC, 50/60HzO PERATING C ONDITIONSTemperature: 32-104 °F (0-40 °C). Humidity: 0-95%, non-condensing.G AS S PECIFICATIONSSpan Isobutylene, or as required by applicationConnections 1/4" O.D. Tube fitting connectors (1/8", 4 mm, and other options)Options & AccessoriesS AMPLERSInternal multipoint modules, available in 4-point or 8-point configurations,with or without internal sample pump(s)E NCLOSURES General purpose, X-purged or Z-purged Expansion BoardsAnalog Provides 4 or 10 additional programmable 4-20 mA outputs, with sampleread & holdRelay Provides up to 10 additional programmable relays C ALIBRATION G AS Zero and span gases for a variety of applicationsI NSTRUMENT C ONSOLEThe Series 8800 frontpanel features a bright vacuum fluorescent display and keypad. Mostoperating parameters are setvia the keypad.The display identifies all sample locations and specifies the unit of concentration & reference equivalent.Flashing alarm codes report the active alarm location, while flashing fault codes report lamp ortemperature anomalies.。
分析化学
分析化学名词解释1. 定性分析（qualitative analysis）：是鉴定试样由哪些元素、离子、基团或化合物组成，即确定物质的组成。
2. 定量分析（quantitative analysis）：是测定试样中某一或某些组分的量，有时是测定所有成分。
3. 滴定分析法（titrimetric analysis）：又称容量分析（volumetric analysis）。
是将一种已知准确浓度的试剂溶液(标准溶液)，滴加到被测物质的溶液中，直到所加的试剂与被测物质按化学计量关系定量反应为止，然后根据所加的试剂溶液的浓度和体积，计算出被测物质的量。
4. 重量分析法（gravimetric analysis method）：是通过称量物质的某种称量形式的质量来确定被测组分含量的一种定量分析方法。
5. 色谱法（chromatography）：是根据混合物中各组分在两相分配系数的不同进行分离，而后逐个分析。
6. 仪器分析（instrumental analysis）：是使用较特殊的仪器进行分析的方法，是以物质的物理或物理化学性质为基础的分析方法。
7. 准确度（accuracy）：是指测量值与真值接近的程度。
———用误差衡量8. 精密度（precision）：是平行测量的各测量值之间互相接近的程度。
9. 绝对误差（absolute error）：测量值与真值之差。
δ=X-μ10.相对误差（relative error）：绝对误差δ与真值μ的比值。
（相对误差用Er表示）11.回收实验：当采用所建方法测出试样中某组分含量后，可在几份相同试样（n≥5）中加入适量待测组分的纯品，以相同条件进行测定，计算回收率。
12.空白试验（blank test）：在不加入试样的情况下，按与测定试样相同的条件和步骤进行的分析实验，称为空白实验。
13.有效数字（significant figure）：是指在分析工作中实际上能测量到的数字。
DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS IN MECHANICAL TESTING METHODS OF ELECTRIC DETONATORS A
InternationalCarpathian ControlConference ICCC’ 2002MALENOVICE,CZECH REPUBLICMay 27-30, 2002 DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS INMECHANICAL TESTING METHODS OF ELECTRIC DETONATORS ACCORDING TO NEW DRAFTS OF EUROPEANSTANDARDSMario DOBRILOVIĆ, Zvonimir ESTER and Darko VRKLJANUniversity of ZagrebFaculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia, mardob@rudar.rgn.hr, zester@rudar.rgn.hr, dvrkljan@rudar.rgn.hr Abstract: In the paper are presented results of testing electric detonators according to New European Standards. In order to establish real, marginal values directed by the standard, testing have been performed on suggested devices with extreme outer conditions applied. Consequently, sensitivity on impact of bridge wire on primary and secondary explosive charge have been measured with wider range than proscribed by the standard.Also, construction strenght of electrical detonators have been determinated in same manner. The results obtained by the research were used to evaluate reality of proposed values in New European Standards.Key words: testing of electric detonators, impact sensitivity, mechanical strentgh1 IntroductionModern methods for attesting and control examinations of explosives, detonators, electrical detonators and pyrotechnical materials are executed according to Croatian regulations and standards, while new European standards are in process of approval.If Republic of Croatia becomes a member of CEN (European Committee for standardization), examination of explosive materials will be done according to methods regulated by European standards.The technical board CEN/TC 321 gave suggestions to EN about field of examination of explosive materials.This paper brings a critical review on suggested European standards:prEN 13763-3 Methods for determination of sensitiveness to impactprEN 13763-7 Methods for determination of mechanical strength of leading wires, shock tubes, connections, crimps and closures.The testing instruments were constructed and examinations took place in the "Laboratory for testing of economical explosives, detonators, electrical detonators and685pyrotechnical materials" at the institute for mining and geotechnics of the Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb.Respecting the standard examination methods, critical values of testing parameters were defined. According to the results, one of the methods will be recommended as well as test parameters which correspond to real values of detonator sensitivity.2 Description of instrument and testing procedure2.1 Instrument for testing detonators sensitivity to impactIt consists of an anvil with a cylindrical holder for a detonator. In the cylindrical holder there are a piston director and the piston itself. On the cylindrical holder there is a conduit pipe with a weight and a scale. Beside the conduit pipe there is a releasing mechanism placed on steel holdersa)1-frame holder2-holder of electrical detonator3-electromagnet for releasing of weight 4-rectifier5-voltage regulator6-weights b)1-impact piston2-additional weight3-piston director4-cylindrical holder4-anvil5-main pipe with weight 7-releasing mechanismFig. 1 a) Parts of the instrument for testing of shock sensitivityb) Elements of an instrument for testing of construction strength2.2 Testing of sensitivity to impactOne hundred detonators have been prepared for testing of sensitivity to impact. Half-second detonators were tested, no. 2, PSED-AL, "Pobjeda" Goražde, BiH. Total charge of a detonator is 1 g, composed of 200 mg of initiation charge - led azide and 800 mg (in two levels 300 and 500 mg) of high explosive charge - pentrite.Detonators were prepared and numerated, photographed and x-rayed. Shock sensitivity of ignition head, primary charge and secondary charge of an electric detonatorwere tested. The largest impact height of a weight was 515 mm. Several weights of various686mass were used: 1805, 1820, 1839, 1862, 2000, 2001, 2040, 3932 g, connection screws of 7 and 8 g, and connection hook screws of 21 and 24 g.2.3Instrument for testing of construction strength of electrical detonatorsThe instrument consists of a frame holder with a detonator holder and an electromagnet for releasing a weight. The electromagnet is connected to a rectifier and a voltage regulator. The instrument is shown on fig. 1 b).2.4 Testing of construction strength of electrical detonatorsThe 45 detonators have been tested (37 half-second detonators, no. 2, PSED-AL, "Pobjeda" Goražde, BiH; and 8 detonators type "Austin detonator", Vsetin, Czechoslovakia) on a dynamic load. Also, 14 have been tested on static load (PSED-AL, "Pobjeda" Goražde, BiH).Figure 2 show electrical detonators and electrical conduits after testing on construction strength.Fig. 2 Electrical detonators and conduits after testing on construction strength3 Results of testing3.1 Sensitivity to impactThe testing on sensitivity to impact of electrical detonators included the following procedures: detonator's resistivity was measured by ohmmeter "Mesko IM 11C", certain mass was released from a certain height and activation was monitored, detonator's resistivity was measured afterwards again and shock energy was calculated.The testing showed the importance of position of the ignition cap at the moment of impact. If it is horizontal to a piston, lower energy is needed to cut off the electrical bridge, while the higher energy is required if it is in vertical position (table 1).The energy that induced the activation varied between 37.815 (J) to 39.374 (J) ( table 2). If the impact energy was increased above the activation energy (up to +20J), activation of electrical bridge occurred without activation of initial charge or activation of delay element. When the impact energywould decrease below the activation energy (down to -5 J) activation of the bridge occurredwithout transition to initial charge.687688Fig. 3 a) Electrical detonators from no. 76 to 100 after testing on sensitivity to impactb)X-ray of electrical detonators from no. 76 to 100 after testingTable 1. Critical energy for cut bridge wireTable 2. Critical activation energyIn the process of testing the sensitivity to impact of primary and secondary charge, the energy was increasing up to a maximum limit of the instrument (57.655 J).Those parameters did not initiate the activation of an electrical detonator.In all three variations of testing a shape of a impact piston has been changed (flat-circular, chisel-shaped, pointed)and activation occurred only with flat one when hit the ignition cap. Chisel-shaped or pointed pistons cut off or pierce the detonator - its tested part. At impact on an ignition cap (the only part of a detonator which activates on impact) the flat circular surface of piston transfers the impact energy equally on pyrotechnical material, and by stress increase gives enough energy for activation without cutting off of piercing the pyrotechnical material placed near a contact surface with the piston, as it seams to be the case with the other two types of a piston.No. of tested detonator Electrical resistance (Ω)Fall height (m)Mass (kg)ActivationEnergy (J)Bridge wire Position of impact Piston shape 1820.178 2.040no 3.562horizontal bridge wire flat-circural 652.20.2202.040no4.402verticalbridge wireflat-circuralNo. oftested detonator Electrical resistance (Ω)Fall height (m)Mass (kg)Activation Energy (J)Bridge wire Position of impact Piston shape 90 1.90.4857.948yes 37.815horizontal bridge wire flat-circural 96 2.10.4857.948yes 37.815horizontal bridge wire flat-circural 8120.5057.948yes39.394horizontalbridge wireflat-circural6893.2 Construction strengthBefore and after testing of construction strength of an electrical detonator versus dynamic loads, resistivity of a detonator was measured. The height of weight release was kept constant, but the weight mass was changing. Any kind of damage that occurred on a detonator was detected after testing procedure. Testing was executed on two types of electrical detonators from two different parison of collected data clearly showed that the load limits which produce damages of various types of detonators are very different. As for the mater of energy, testing of construction strength of a detonator versus dynamic loads showed that complete breaking of conduits on "Pobjeda" detonators occurs with energy of 11.772 J, and on "Austin" detonators at 25.243 J, which is more than double energy and thus a double resistivity to a dynamic load.When resistivity to a static load was tested, detonators have been prepared the same way. Conduits were loaded with different weights in different time intervals. While testing, a limit mass value was noticed 3,848 kg when even after 300 s mechanical damages of a detonator did not appear. Mass of 5.661 kg caused extrusion in three cases out of five. Mass load of 7.781 kg caused extrusion or breaking of electrical conduits in all tested detonators.Table 3. Critical mass at static load test4 ConclusionThe starting points for determination of limiting parameters at both mechanical testing procedures have been taken from relevant Croatian standards and suggested European standards in order to recommend a methodology of laboratory testing, execution and usage of test instruments, and to define parameters of influencing factors (mass, fall height -impact energy).4.1 Testing of impact sensitivity of electrical detonatorsThe critical energy which takes to activate detonation of electrical detonators (testing by impact on ignition cap) varies between 37.815 and 39.374 J, which recalculated into fall height equals weight mass of 2 kg released from 1.9274 m, or 2,0068 m ( table 4.)These values correspond to maximum requirements of European standards. As these represent the limit energy values (detonation occurs), they are as such too high to regular testing of detonators.No. of tested d Electrical resistance (Ω)Lenght of wires (m)Mass (kg)Time (s)Electrical resistance aftertesting (Ω)145 2.20.500 3.848300 2.2140 2.00.500 5.6611-141 2.30.500 5.661300 2.5142 2.00.500 5.66110-143 2.10.500 5.661300 2.4146 2.00.500 5.6611-1472.10.5007.7812-Table 4. Fall height for critical energyNo. ofMass (kg)Energy (J)Fall height (m)testeddetonator90237.815 1.92796237.815 1.92781239.394 2.007In case of monitoring the variations of electrical resistivity after mechanical damage, it is visible from the presented results of the influence of position of the electrical bridge at impact, it is necessary for testing to place it horizontal because it takes lower energy to break. It can be noted that between 2.5 and 4.4 J it is unreliable, while at lower energies it does not break at all, and above it surely breaks the electrical bridge.It was found out that impact on initial or high explosive charges does not activate detonation even with the maximum energy allowed. Therefore, we can point out that the ignition cap is the most critical part of a detonator, and more concern should be taken in its testing.4.2 Testing of construction strengthThe critical energy of 5.49 J was noticed during dynamic part of testing. It is nearly twice higher than required by Croatian standards, and nearly twice lower according to European standards. Based on results of comparison of tested detonators "Pobjeda" and "Austin" (limiting energy 25.243 J) we can conclude that the connection of electrical conduits of "Austin"detonator is more firm and satisfies the requirements of both standards, while the detonators "Pobjeda" do not satisfy the European standards.The results of static testing showed that difference between a mass load that causes breakage of electrical conduits (5.661 kg) and mass load that does not cause breakage (3.848 kg) equals 1.813 kg, in other words nearly the load mass accepted in Croatian standards. It is necessary to define the critical mass by more precise testing procedures, and this result gives only the frame for further testing.An overall conclusion is that testing of detonators in laboratory conditions give information on product quality, in other words their resistivity to various impacts produced in such limited testing conditions. These condition alternate at manipulation and usage of detonators, as well as possible impact types and loads are different.As a matter of transport security and usage of detonators on a blast field, it can be noticed that only strict obeying of the rules in manipulation and usage of detonators can guarantee safety.In order to give recommendation regarding testing parameters regulated by standards, it is necessary to test more samples of different producers and that way determine the variations in resistivity to various types of loads, and thereafter regulate limits of testing values by obeying the critical and tested values of the same, in other words by obeying the safety requirements and required quality of products.ReferencesEuropean Committee for Standardization, Brussels, European standard, drafts: prEN 13763-3, November 1999; prEN 13763-7, October 2000.State Office for Standardization and Metrology/DZNM, Zagreb, Croatian standard: HRN.HD8.109, HRN.HD8.114.Sućeska, M. 1995.Test Methods for Explosives. New York:Springer-Verlag,1995, 225 pp.ISBN 0-387-94555-5.690。
5.2.1任务2.1倾点凝点冷滤点的测定意义
solidification temperatureDepending on the
composition, there are two reasons why oil loses its
fluidity at low temperatures
Structural solidification:
03 For oils with little or no wax, the viscosity increases rapidly, When the viscosity increases to a certain extent, it will become amorphous viscous glass-like substances and lose fluidity, This phenomenon is called viscosity-temperature solidification
Phenomenon of oil solidification
Petroleum products are complex mixtures of multiple
hydrocarbons, In general, oil will gradually lose
01
fluidity at low temperature,but there is no fixed
The choice of diesel oil depends on the regionChina has a vast territory and a large temperature difference between North and SouthAt the same period, the temperature in Mohe, the northernmost part of the country, was as low as-42 ℃, but the temperature in many parts of the central and western parts of Hainan Island was generally above 28℃
analyze的用法
analyze的用法什么是analyzeanalyze是一个英文动词，意为“分析”，通常用于描述对某个问题、情况或数据进行详细研究和理解的过程。
在不同的领域和学科中，analyze具有不同的具体含义和应用方式。
analyze的基本用法在日常用语和学术研究中，analyze常常用于指代以下几种意义和用法：1.对事物进行细致的分解和研究。
例如：The scientist is analyzing thechemical composition of the substance.（科学家正在分析物质的化学组成）2.对数据、情况或问题进行详细的研究和评估。
例如：The market analystis analyzing the sales data to identify trends and patterns.（市场分析师正在分析销售数据，以确定趋势和模式）3.对文本或语言进行深入剖析和解释。
例如：The literary critic isanalyzing the symbolism in the novel.（文学评论家正在分析小说中的象征意义）4.对行为、动作或过程进行仔细观察和评估。
例如：The coach is analyzingthe players’ performance on the field.（教练正在分析球员在场上的表现）analyze在不同领域的应用1. 经济学领域在经济学中，analyze的应用非常广泛。
经济学家常常使用各种模型和方法对经济数据和现象进行详细分析，以揭示经济规律和趋势，并为决策者提供参考。
a) 宏观经济分析宏观经济分析旨在研究整个经济体的表现和运行机制，包括国内生产总值（GDP）、通货膨胀率、失业率等指标。
经济学家使用统计数据和经济模型来分析和预测经济增长、通货膨胀、就业率等宏观经济变量的走势，并为政府和企业制定经济政策和战略提供建议。
b) 微观经济分析微观经济分析关注个体经济主体（如企业、家庭）的决策行为和市场交互。
药物分析常用英语词汇
药物分析专业英语词汇表Aabsorbance 吸收度 absorbance ratio 吸收度比值absorption 吸收 absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption coefficient 吸收系数 accurate value 准确值Acid—dye colormcty 酸性染料比色法 acidimcty 酸量法acidity 酸度 activity 活度adjusted retention time 调整保留时间 absorbent 吸收剂absorption吸附 alkalinity 碱度alumina 氧化铝，矾土 ambient temperature 室温ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵 analytical quality control 分析质量控制 anhydrous substance 干燥品antioxidant 抗氧剂 application of sample 点样area normalization method 面积归一法 arsenic 砷arsenic sport 砷斑 assay 含量测定assay tolerance 含量限度 attenuation 衰减acid burette 酸式滴定管 alkali burette 碱式滴定管a mortar 研钵Bback extraction 反萃取 band absorption 谱带吸收batch 批 batch number 批号Benttendorlf method 白田道夫法 between day precision 日间密度精biotransformation 生物转化 blank test 空白试验boiling range 沸程 British Pharmacopeia 英国药典bromate titration 溴酸盐滴定法 bromine method 溴量法bromothymol blue 溴麝香酚蓝bulk drug 原料药by—product 副产物breaker 烧杯burette glass bead nozzle 滴定管 brown acid burette 棕色酸式滴定管Ccalibration curve 校正曲线 calomel electrode 甘汞电极calorimetry 量热分析 capacity factor 容量因子capillary gas chromatography 毛细管气相色谱法carrier gas 载气characteristics description 性状chelate compound 螯合物 chemical equivalent 化学当量Chinese pharmacopeia 中国药典 Chinese material medicine 中成药Chinese material midical preparation 中药制剂 chiral 手性的chiral carbon atom 手性碳原子 chromatogram 色谱图chromatography 色谱法 chromatographic column 色谱柱chromatographic condition 色谱条件 clarity 澄清度coefficient of distribution 分配系数 coefficient of variation 变异系数color change interval 变色范围 color reaction 显色反应colormetry 比色法 column efficiency 柱效column temperature 柱温 comparative test 比较试验completeness of solution 溶液的澄清度 conjugate 缀合物concentration—time curve 浓度时间曲线 confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平 controlled trial 对照试验correlation coefficient 相关系数 contrast test 对照试验congealing point 凝点 content unifarmity装量差异controlled trial 对照试验 correlation coefficient 相关系数contrast test 对照试验 counter ion 反离子cresal red 甲酚红 cuvette cell 比色池cyanide氰化物 casserole small 勺皿Ddead—stop titration 永定滴定法 dead time 死时间deflection 偏差 deflection point 拐点degassing 脱气 deionized water 去离子水deliquescence 潮解 depressor substances test 降压物质检查法 desiccant 干燥剂detection 检查 developing reagent 展开剂developing chamber 展开室 deviation 偏差dextrose 右旋糖 diastereoisomer 非对映异构体diazotization 重氮化 differential thermal analysis 差示热分析法 differential scanning calorimetry 差示扫描热法Gutzeit 古蔡 day to day precision 日间精密度dissolution 溶出度direct injection 直接进样 2,6-dichlorindophenol titration 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法 digestion 消化diphastic titration 双向滴定 disintegration test 崩解试验dispersion 分散度 dissolubility 溶解度dissolution test 溶解度检查 distilling range 滴程distribution chromatography 分配色谱 dose 剂量drug quality control 药品质量控制 drying to constant weight 干燥至恒重duplicate test 重复试验disk method water method 压片法Eeffective constituent 有效成分 effective plate number 有效板数 effective of column 柱效electrophoresis 电泳 elimination消除eluate 洗脱液 elution 洗脱enamtiomer 对映体 end absorption 末端吸收endogenous substances 内源性物质 enzyme drug 酶类药物enzyme induction 酶诱导 enzyme inhibition 酶抑制epimer 差向异构体 equilibrium constant 平衡常数error in volumetric analysis 容量分析误差exclusion chromatography 排阻色谱法 expiration date 失效期external standard method 外标法 extract 提取物extration gravimetry 提取重量法 extraction titration 提取容量法 extrapolated method外插法Erlenmeyer flask 锥形瓶 evaporating dish small 蒸发皿elongated bulb 胖肚 electronic balance MettlerAL204 MettlerAL204电子天平Ffactor 系数 fehling’s reaction 斐林实验filter 过滤 fineness of the particles 颗粒细度flow rate 流速fluorescent agent 荧光剂 fluorescence spectrophotometry 荧光分光光度法fluorescence detection 荧光检测器fluorescence analysis 荧光分析法foreign pigment 有色杂质formulary 处方集 free 游离freezing test 冻结试验 fused silica 熔融石英filter paper 滤纸Ggas chromatography 气相色谱法 gas-liquid chromatography 气液色谱法 gas purifier 气体净化器General identification test 一般鉴别试验 general notices凡例General requirements (药典) 通则 good clinical practices 药品临床管理规范 good laboratory practices 药品实验室管理规范 good manufacturing practices(GMP) 药品生产质量管理规范good supply practices(GSP) 药品供应管理规范 gradient elution 梯度洗脱grating 光栅 gravimetric method 重量法Gutzeit test 古蔡(检砷)法 glass funnel long stem 玻璃漏斗grad cylinder 量筒 glass rod 玻棒graduated pipettes 刻度吸管 GC 气相色谱Hheavy metal 重金属 half peak width 平峰宽heat conductivity 热导率height equivalent to atheoretical plate 理论塔板高度 height of an effective plate有效塔板高度high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)高效液相色谱法high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)高效薄层色谱法hydrate 水合物 hydrolysis 水解hydrophilicity 亲水性 hydrophobicity 疏水性hydroxyl value 羟值 hyperchromic effect 浓色效应hypochromic effect 淡色效应 HHS-type constant temperature waterbath HHS型恒温水锅 HPLC 高效液相色谱法Iidentification 鉴别 ignition to constant weight 灼烧至恒重 immobile phase 固定相immunoassay 免疫测定 impurity 杂质inactivation 失活 index 索引indicator electrode 指示电极 indicator 指示剂inhibitor 抑制剂 injecting septum 进样隔膜胶垫instrumental analysis 仪器分析 injection value 进样阀insulin assay 胰岛素生物检测法 integrator 积分仪intercept 截距 interface 接口internal standard substance 内标物质 International unit 国际单位in vitro 体外 in vivo 体内iodide 碘化物 iodoform reation 碘仿反应iodometry 碘量法ion pair chromatography 离子对色谱 ion suppression 离子抑制ion suppression 离子抑制 ionic strength 离子强度ion-pairing agent 离子对试剂 ionization 电离isoabsorptive point 等吸收点 isocratic elution 等溶剂组成洗脱 isoelectric point 等电点isoosmotic solution 等渗溶液irreversible indicator 不可逆指示剂irreversible potential 不可逆电位KKarl Fischer titration 卡尔-费舍尔滴定Kjeldahl method for nitrogen 凯氏定氮法 Kober reagent 科伯试剂Kovats retention index 科瓦茨保留指数Llabelled amount 标示量 leading peak 前延峰leveling effect 均化效应 licensed pharmacist 执业药师 limit control 限量控制limit of detection 检测限 limit of quantitation 定量限 limit test 杂质限度试验loss on drying 干燥失重 low pressure gradient pump 氧压梯度泵 linearity and range 线性及范围linearity scanning 线性扫描 luminescence 发光litmus paper 石蕊试纸 lyophilization 冷冻干燥Mmain constituent 主成分 make-up gas 尾吹气maltol reaction 麦芽酚试验 Marquis test 马奎斯试验mass analyzer detector 质量分析检测器 mass spectrometric analysis 质谱分析 mass spectrum 质谱图mean deviation 平均偏差 melting point 熔点melting range 熔距 metabolite 代谢物metastable ion 亚稳离子 micellar chromatography 胶束色谱法 microanalysis 微量分析microcrystal 微晶 microdialysis 微透析migration time 迁移时间 Millipore filtration 微孔过滤 mobile phase 流动相molecular formula 分子式 monitor 检测monochromator 单色器 monographs 正文Nnatural product 天然产物 Nessler’s reagent 碱性碘化汞试液 neutralization 中和nitrogen content 总氮量nonaqueous acid-base titration 非水酸碱滴定 nonprescription drug ,over the counter drugs 非处方药 nonspecific impurity 一般杂质non-volatile matter 不挥发物 normal phase 正相normalization 归一化法 Nessler color comparison tube 纳氏比色管Onotice 凡例 octadecyl silane bonded silicagel 十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶 odorless 辛基硅烷odorless 无臭 official name 法定名official test 法定试验 on-column detector 柱上检测器on-column injection 柱头进样 on the dried basis 按干燥品计opalescence 乳浊 optical activity 光学活性optical isomerism 旋光异构 optical purity 光学纯度organic volatile impurities 有机挥发性杂质 orthogonal test 正交试验orthophenanthroline 邻二氮菲 outlier 可疑数据overtones 倍频封 oxidation-reduction titration 氧化还原滴定oxygen flask combustion 氧瓶燃烧Ppacked column 填充柱 packing material 色谱柱填料palladium ion colorimetry 钯离子比色法 parent ion 母离子particulate matter 不溶性微粒 partition coefficient 分配系数pattern recognition(ppm)百万分之几 peak symmetry 峰不对称性peak valley 峰谷 peak width at half height 半峰宽percent transmittance 透光百分率pH indicator absorbance ratio method pH指示剂吸光度比值法pharmaceutical analysis 药物分析 pharmacopeia 药典pharmacy 药学 photometer 光度计polarimetry 旋光测定法 polarity 极性polydextran gel 葡聚糖凝胶 potentiometer 电位计potentiometric titration 电位滴定法 precipitation form 沉淀形式precision 精密度 preparation 制剂prescription drug 处方药 pretreatment 预处理primary standard 基准物质 principal component analysis 主成分分析prototype drug 原型药物 purification 纯化purity 纯度 pyrogen 热原pycnometer method 比重瓶法 plastic wash bottle 洗瓶platform balance 天平 pipette 移液管pyknowmeter flasks 容量瓶Qquality control 质量控制 quality evaluation 质量评价quality standard 质量标准 quantitative determination 定量测定quantitative analysis 定量分析 quasi-molecular ion 准分子离子Rracemization 消旋化 random sampling 随机抽样rational use of drug 合理用药 readily carbonizable substance 易炭化物质 reagent sprayer 试剂喷雾剂recovery 回收率 reference electrode 参比电极related substance 相关物质 relative density 相对密度relative intensity 相对强度 repeatability 重复性replicate determination 平行测定 reproducibility 重现性residual basic hydrolysis method 剩余碱水解法residual liquid junction potential 残余液接电位residual titration 剩余滴定 residuce on ignition 炽灼残渣resolution 分辨率 response time 响应时间retention 保留 reversed phase chromatography 反相色谱法reverse osmosis 反渗透 rinse 淋洗robustness 可靠性 round 修约reagent bottles 试剂瓶 round bottom flask 圆底烧瓶rubber suction bulb 洗耳球Ssafety 安全性 Sakaguchi test 坂口试验salt bridge 盐桥 salting out 盐析sample applicator 点样器 sample application 点样sampling 取样 saponification value 皂化值saturated calomel electrode 饱和甘汞电极 selectivity 选择性significant difference 显著性水平 significant testing 显著性检验silica get 硅胶 silver chloride electrode 氯化银电极similarity 相似性 sodium dodecylsulfate 十二基酸钠solid-phase extraction 固相萃取 solubility 溶解度specific absorbance 吸收系数 specification 规格specificity 专属性 specific rotation 比旋度specific weight 比重 spiked 加入标准的split injection 分流进样 spray reagent 显色剂stability 稳定性 standard color solution 标准比色液standard deviation 标准差 standardization 标定standard substance 标准品 statistical error 统计误差sterility test 无菌试验 stock solution 储备液stoichiometric point 化学计量点 storage 贮藏stray light 杂散光 substrate 底物substituent 取代基 sulfate 硫酸盐sulphated ash 硫酸盐灰分 support 载体suspension 旋浊度 swelling degree 膨胀度symmetry factor 对称因子 systematic error 系统误差separating funnel 分液漏斗 stopcock 玻璃活塞scissors 剪刀 spirit lamp 酒精灯silica gel G thin layer 硅胶G薄层板Ttable 片剂 tailing factor 拖尾因子tailing peak 拖尾峰 test solution 试液thermal analysis 热分析法 thermal conductivity detector 热导检测器thermogravimetric analysis 热重分析法The United States Pharmacopoeia 美国药典The Pharmacopoeia of Japan 日本药局方thin layer chromatography 薄层色谱thiochrome reaction 硫色素反应thymol 百里酚 thymolphthalein 百里酚酞titer 滴定度 three-dimensional chromatogram 三维色谱图titrant 滴定剂 titration error 滴定误差titrimetric analysis 滴定分析法 tolerance 容许限total ash 总灰分 total quality control 全面质量控制traditional drugs 传统药 traditional Chinese medicine 中药turbidance 浑浊 turbidimetric assay 浊度测定法turbidimetry 比浊度 turbidity 浊度Uultracentrifugation 超速离心 ultraviolet irradiation 紫外线照射undue toxicity 异常毒性 uniform design 均匀设计uniformity of dosage units 含量均匀度 uniformity of volume 装量均匀性uniformity of weight 重量均匀性Vvalidity 可靠性 variance 方差viscosity 粘度 volatile oil determination apparatus 挥发油测定器 volatilization 挥发性volumetric analysis 容量分析 volumetric solution 滴定液volumetric flasks 比重瓶Wwave length 波长 wave number 波数weighing bottle 称量瓶 weighing form 称量形式well-closed container 密闭容器 white board 白瓷板Xxylene cyanol blue FF 二甲苯蓝FF xylenol orange 二甲酚橙ZZigzag scanning 锯齿扫描 zwitterions 两性离子Zymolysis 酶解作用 zone electrophoresis 区带电泳欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。
Guidance document on pesticide residue
EUROPEAN COMMISSION12Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection345SANCO/825/00 rev. 8.1 616/11/2010 78Guidance document on pesticide residue 9analytical methods10111213141516[Revision 8 is the version of this guidance document that is currently valid. It is, however, under1718continuous review and will be updated when necessary. The document is aimed at 19manufacturers seeking pesticides authorisations and parties applying for setting or modification 20of an MRL. It gives requirements for methods that would be used in post-registration 21monitoring and control by the competent authorities in Member States in the event that 22authorisations are granted. For authorities involved in post-registration control and monitoring, the document may be considered as being complementary to the documents: Method Validation2324and Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed (for the valid revision visit http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm) and the2526OECD document “Guidance Document on pesticide residue analytical methods”, 2007.27(ENV/JM/ ENV/JM/MONO(2007)17).1Preamble (4)28292General (5)302.1Good Laboratory Practice (5)312.2Selection of analytes for which methods are required (5)322.3Description of an analytical method and its validation results (5)332.4Hazardous reagents (6)342.5Acceptable analytical techniques considered commonly available (6)352.6Multi-residue methods (7)362.7Single methods and common moiety methods (7)372.8Single methods using derivatisation (7)382.9Method validation (8)392.9.1Calibration (8)2.9.2Recovery and Repeatability (9)40412.9.3Selectivity (11)422.10Confirmation (11)432.10.1Confirmation simultaneous to primary detection (11)442.10.2Confirmation by an independent analytical technique (12)452.11Independent laboratory validation (ILV) (12)2.12Availability of standards (13)46472.13Extraction Efficiency (13)483Analytical methods for residues in plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant origin),feedingstuff (of plant origin) (Annex IIA Point 4.2.1 of Directive 91/414/EEC; Annex Point IIA,4950Point 4.3 of OECD) (14)513.1Purpose (14)523.2Selection of analytes (14)533.3Commodities and Matrix Groups (14)543.4Limit of quantification (15)553.5Independent laboratory validation (ILV) (15)564Analytical methods for residues in foodstuff (of animal origin) (Annex IIA Point 4.2.1 of 57Directive 91/414/EEC; Annex Point IIA, Point 4.3 of OECD) (16)584.1Purpose (16)594.2Selection of analytes (16)604.3Commodities (16)614.4Limit of quantification (16)4.5Independent laboratory validation (ILV) (16)62635Analytical methods for residues in soil (Annex IIA, Point 4.2.2 of Directive 91/414/EEC;64Annex Point IIA, Point 4.4 of OECD) (17)655.1Purpose (17)665.2Selection of analytes (17)675.3Samples (17)685.4Limit of quantification (17)696Analytical methods for residues in water (Annex IIA, Point 4.2.3 of Directive 91/414/EEC;70Annex Point IIA; Point 4.5 of OECD) (19)716.1Purpose (19)726.2Selection of analytes (19)736.3Samples (19)746.4Limit of quantification (19)756.5Direct injection (20)767Analytical methods for residues in air (Annex IIA, Point 4.2.4 of Directive 91/414/EEC; 77Annex Point IIA; Point 4.7 of OECD) (21)7.1Purpose (21)78797.2Selection of analytes (21)807.3Samples (21)7.4Limit of quantification (21)81827.5Sorbent characteristics (22)837.6Further validation data (22)7.7Confirmatory methods (22)84858Analytical methods for residues in body fluids and tissues (Annex IIA, Point 4.2.5 of86Directive 91/414/EEC; Annex Point IIA Point 4.8 of OECD) (23)8.1Purpose (23)87888.2Selection of analytes (23)898.3Samples (23)908.4Sample set (23)918.5Limit of quantification (23)929Summary - List of methods required (24)10Abbreviations (25)939411References (27)951Preamble96This document provides guidance to applicants, Member States and EFSA on the data 97requirements and assessment for residue analytical methods for post-registration control and 98monitoring purposes. It is not intended for biological agents such as bacteria or viruses. It 99recommends possible interpretations of the provisions of section 3.5.2 of Annex II of 100Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 [1] and of the provisions of section 4, part A of Annex II and 101section 5, part A of Annex III of Council Directive 91/414/EEC [2]. It also applies to 102applications for setting or modification of an MRL within the scope of Regulation (EC) No 103396/2005 [3]. It has been elaborated in consideration of the ‘Guidance Document on pesticide 104residue analytical methods’ of the OECD [4] and SANCO/10684/2009 “Method validation 105and quality control procedures for pesticide residue analysis in food and feed” [5].106This document has been conceived as an opinion of the Commission Services and elaborated 107in co-operation with the Member States. It does not, however, intend to produce legally 108binding effects and by its nature does not prejudice any measure taken by a Member State nor 109any case law developed with regard to this provision. This document also does not preclude 110the possibility that the European Court of Justice may give one or another provision direct 111effect in Member States.112This guidance document must be amended at the latest if new data requirements as referred to 113in Article 8 (1)(b) and 8 (1)(c) of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 will have been established 114in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred to in Article 79 (4).1152General1162.1Good Laboratory Practice117According to Guidance Document 7109/VI/94-Rev. 6.c1 (Applicability of Good Laboratory 118Practice to Data Requirements according to Annexes II, Part A, and III, Part A, of Council 119Directive 91/414/EEC) [6] the development and validation of an analytical method for 120monitoring purposes and post-registration control is not subject to GLP. However, where the 121method is used to generate data for registration purposes, for example residue data, these 122studies must be conducted to GLP.1232.2Selection of analytes for which methods are required124The definition of the residues relevant for monitoring in feed and food as well as in 125environmental matrices and air is not the subject matter of this document. Criteria for the 126selection of analytes in case that no legally binding definition is available are given in the 127respective sections 3 - 8. In addition, sections 5.2, 6.2, 7.2 and 8.2 clarify under which 128circumstances analytical methods for residues may not be necessary.1292.3Description of an analytical method and its validation results130Full descriptions of validated methods shall be provided. The submitted studies must include 131the following points:132•Itemisation of the fortified compounds and the analytes, which are quantified133•Description of the analytical method134•Validation data as described in more detail below135•Description of calibration including calibration data136•Recovery and Repeatability137•Data proving the selectivity of the method138•Confirmatory data, if not presented in a separate study139•References (if needed)140141The following information should be offered in the description of the analytical method:142•An introduction, including the scope of the method143•Outline/summary of method, including validated matrices, limit of quantification (LOQ), 144range of recoveries, fortification levels and number of fortifications per level145•Apparatus and reagents146•instrument parameters used as example if appropriate147•Description of the analytical method, including extraction, clean-up, derivatisation (if148appropriate), chromatographic conditions (if appropriate) and quantification technique149•Hazards or precautions required150•Time required for one sample set151•Schematic diagram of the analytical method152•Stages where an interruption of the method is possible153•Result tables (if results are not presented in separate studies)154•Procedure for the calculation of results from raw data155•Extraction efficiency of solvents used156•Important points and special remarks (e.g. volatility of analyte or its stability with regard 157to pH)158•Information on stability of fortified/incurred samples, extracts and standard solutions (If 159the recoveries in the fortified samples are within the acceptable range of 70-120 %,160stability is sufficiently proven.)161Sometimes it may be necessary for other information to be presented, particularly where 162special methods are considered.1632.4Hazardous reagents164Hazardous reagents (carcinogens category I and II [7]) shall not be used. Among these 165compounds are diazomethane, chromium (VI) salts, chloroform and benzene.1662.5Acceptable analytical techniques considered commonly available167Analytical methods shall use instrumentation regarded as "commonly available":168•GC detectors: FPD, NPD, ECD, FID, MS, MS n (incl. Ion Traps and MS/MS), HRMS169•GC columns: capillary columns170•HPLC detectors: MS, MS/MS, HRMS, FLD, UV, DAD171•HPLC columns: reversed phase, ion-exchange, normal phase172•AAS, ICP-MS, ICP-OES173Other techniques can be powerful tools in residue analysis, therefore the acceptance of 174additional techniques as part of enforcement methods should be discussed at appropriate 175intervals. Whilst it is recognised that analytical methodology is constantly developing, some 176time elapses before new techniques become generally accepted and available.1772.6Multi-residue methods178Multi-residue methods that cover a large number of analytes and that are based on GC-MS 179and/or HPLC-MS/MS are routinely used in enforcement laboratories for the analysis of plant 180matrices. Therefore, validated residue methods submitted for food of plants, plant products 181and foodstuff of plant origin (Section 3) should be multi-residue methods published by an 182international official standardisation body such as the European Committee for 183Standardisation (CEN) (e.g. [8 - 12]) or the AOAC International (e.g. [13]). Single residue 184methods should only be provided if data show and are reported that multi-residue methods 185involving GC as well as HPLC techniques cannot be used.186If validation data for the residue analytical method of an analyte in at least one of the 187commodities of the respective matrix group have been provided by an international official 188standardisation body and if these data have been generated in more than one laboratory with 189the required LOQ and acceptable recovery and RSD data (see Section 2.9.2), no additional 190validation by an independent laboratory is required.1912.7Single methods and common moiety methods192Where a pesticide residue cannot be determined using a multi-residue method, one or where 193appropriate more alternative method(s) must be proposed. The method(s) should be suitable 194for the determination of all compounds included in the residue definition. If this is not 195possible and an excessive number of methods for individual compounds would be needed, a 196common moiety method may be acceptable, provided that it is in compliance with the residue 197definition. However, common moiety methods shall be avoided whenever possible.1982.8Single methods using derivatisation199For the analysis of some compounds by GC, such as those of high polarity or with poor 200chromatographic properties, or for the detection of some compounds in HPLC, derivatisation 201may be required. These derivatives may be prepared prior to chromatographic analysis or as 202part of the chromatographic procedure, either pre- or post-column. Where a derivatisation 203method is used, this must be justified.204If the derivatisation is not part of the chromatographic procedure, the derivative must be 205sufficiently stable and should be formed with high reproducibility and without influence of 206matrix components on yield. The efficiency and precision of the derivatisation step should be 207demonstrated with analyte in sample matrix against pure derivative. The storage stability of 208the derivative should be checked and reported. For details concerning calibration refer to 209Section 2.9.1.210The analytical method is considered to remain specific to the analyte of interest if the 211derivatised species is specific to that analyte. However, where – in case of pre-column 212derivatisation – the derivative formed is a common derivative of two or more active 213substances or their metabolites or is classed as another active substance, the method should be 214considered non-specific and may be deemed unacceptable.2152.9Method validation216Validation data must be submitted for all analytes included in the residue definition for all 217representative sample matrices to be analysed at adequate concentration levels.218Basic validation data are:219•Calibration data220•Concentration of analyte(s) found in blank samples221•Concentration level(s) of fortification experiments222•Concentration and recovery of analyte(s) found in fortified samples223•Number of fortification experiments for each matrix/level combination224•Mean recovery for each matrix/level combination225•Relative standard deviation (RSD) of recovery, separate for each matrix/level combination 226•Limit of quantification (LOQ), corresponding to the lowest validated level227•Representative clearly labelled chromatograms228•Data on matrix effects, e.g. on the response of the analyte in matrix as compared to pure 229standards230.Further data may be required in certain cases, depending on the analytical method used, and 231the residue definition to be covered.2322.9.1Calibration233The calibration of the detection system shall be adequately demonstrated at a minimum of 3 234concentration levels in duplicate or (preferably) 5 concentration levels with single 235determination. Calibration should be generated using standards prepared in blank matrix 236extracts (matrix matched standards) for all sample materials included in the corresponding 237validation study (Sections 3 - 8). Only, if experiments clearly demonstrate that matrix effects 238are not significant (i.e. < 20 %), calibration with standards in solvent may be used. Calibration 239with standards in solvent is also acceptable for methods to detect residues in air (Section 7). 240In case that aqueous samples are analysed by direct injection HPLC-MS/MS calibration shall 241be performed with standards in aqueous solution.242The analytical calibration must extend to at least the range which is suitable for the 243determination of recoveries and for assessment of the level of interferences in control 244samples. For that purpose a concentration range shall be covered from 30 % of the LOQ to 24520 % above the highest level (Section 2.9.2).246All individual calibration data shall be presented together with the equation of the calibration. 247Concentration data should refer to both, the mass fraction in the original sample (e.g. mg/kg) 248and to the concentration in the extract (e.g. µg/L). A calibration plot should be submitted, in 249which the calibration points are clearly visible. A plot showing the response factor1 versus the 250concentration for all calibration points is preferred over a plot of the signal versus the 251concentration.252Linear calibrations are preferred if shown to be acceptable over an appropriate concentration 253range. Other continuous, monotonically increasing functions (e.g. exponential/power, 254logarithmic) may be applied where this can be fully justified based on the detection system 255used.256When quantification is based on the determination of a derivative, the calibration shall be 257conducted using standard solutions of the pure derivative generated by weighing, unless the 258derivatisation step is an integral part of the detection system. If the derivative is not available 259as a reference standard, it should be generated within the analytical set by using the same 260derivatisation procedure as that applied for the samples. Under these circumstances, a full 261justification should be given.2622.9.2Recovery and Repeatability263Recovery and precision data must be reported for the following fortification levels, except for 264body fluids and body tissues (Section 8):265•LOQ 5 samples266•10 times LOQ, or MRL (set or proposed) or other relevant level (≥ 5 x LOQ)2675 samples268Additionally, for unfortified samples residue levels must be reported:269samples•blankmatrix 2270According to the residue definition the LOQ of chiral analytes usually applies to the sum of 271the two enantiomers. In this case it is not necessary to determine the enantiomers separately. 2721 The response factor is calculated by dividing the signal area by the respective analyte concentration.Enantioselective methods would only be required if a single enantiomer is included in the 273residue definition.274In cases of complex residue definitions (e.g. a residue definition which contains more than 275one compound) the validation results shall be reported for the single parts of the full residue 276definition, unless the single elements cannot be analysed separately.277The mean recovery at each fortification level and for each sample matrix should be in the 278range of 70 % - 120 %. In certain justified cases mean recoveries outside of this range will be 279accepted.280For plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant and animal origin) and in feeding stuff recovery 281may deviate from this rule as specified in Table 1.2282Table 1: Mean recovery and precision criteria for plant matrices and animal matrices [4]283Concentration level Range of mean recovery(%)Precision, RSD(%)> 1 µg/kg ≤ 0.01 mg/kg 60 - 120 30> 0.01 mg/kg ≤ 0.1 mg/kg 70 - 120 20> 0.1 mg/kg ≤ 1.0 mg/kg 70 - 110 15> 1 mg/kg 70 - 110 10284If blank values are unavoidable, recoveries shall be corrected and reported together with the 285uncorrected recoveries.286The precision of a method shall be reported as the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 287recovery at each fortification level. For plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant and animal 288origin) and feeding stuff the RSD should comply with the values specified in Table 1. In other 289cases the RSD should be ≤ 20 % per level. In certain justified cases, e.g. determination of 290residues in soil lower than 0.01 mg/kg, higher variability may be accepted.291When outliers have been identified using appropriate statistical methods (e.g. Grubbs or 292Dixons test), they may be excluded. Their number must not exceed 1/5 of the results at each 293fortification level. The exclusion should be justified and the statistical significance must be 2942 According to Annex IIA 4.2 of Directive 91/414/EEC the mean recovery should normally be 70 % - 110 % andthe RSD should preferably be ≤ 20 %.clearly indicated. In that case all individual recovery data (including those excluded) shall be 295reported.2962.9.3Selectivity297Representative clearly labelled chromatograms of standard(s) at the lowest calibrated level, 298matrix blanks and samples fortified at the lowest fortification level for each analyte/matrix 299combination must be provided to prove selectivity of the method. Labelling should include 300sample description, chromatographic scale and identification of all relevant components in the 301chromatogram.302When mass spectrometry is used for detection, a mass spectrum (in case of MS/MS: product 303ion spectrum) should be provided to justify the selection of ions used for determination.304Blank values (non-fortified samples) must be determined from the matrices used in 305fortification experiments and should not be higher than 30 % of the LOQ. If this is exceeded, 306detailed justification should be provided.3072.10Confirmation308Confirmatory methods are required to demonstrate the selectivity of the primary method for 309all representative sample matrices (Sections 3 – 8). It has to be confirmed that the primary 310method detects the right analyte (analyte identity) and that the analyte signal of the primary 311method is quantitatively correct and not affected by any other compound.3122.10.1Confirmation simultaneous to primary detection313A confirmation simultaneous to the primary detection using one fragment ion in GC-MS and 314HPLC-MS or one transition in HPLC-MS/MS may be accomplished by one of the following 315approaches:316•In GC-MS, HPLC-MS, by monitoring at least 2 additional fragment ions (preferably317m/z > 100)for low resolution system and at least 1 additional fragment ion for high318resolution/accurate mass system319•In GC-MS n (incl. Ion Traps and MS/MS), HPLC-MS/MS, by monitoring at least 1320additional SRM transition321The following validation data are required for the additional fragment ions (MS and HRMS) 322or the additional SRM transition (MS n and MS/MS): calibration data (Section 2.9.1), recovery 323and precision data according to Section 2.9.2 for samples fortified at the respective LOQ (n = 3245) and for 2 blank samples.325For all mass spectrometric techniques a mass spectrum (in case of single MS) or a product ion 326spectrum (in case of MS n) should be provided to justify the selection of the additional ions. 3272.10.2Confirmation by an independent analytical technique328Confirmation can also be achieved by an independent analytical method. The following are 329considered sufficiently independent confirmatory techniques:330•chromatographic principle different from the original method331• e.g. HPLC instead of GC332•different stationary phase and/or mobile phase with significantly different selectivity333•the following are not considered significantly different:334•in GC: stationary phases of 100 % dimethylsiloxane and of 95 % dimethylsiloxane 335+ 5 % phenylpolysiloxane336•in HPLC: C18- and C8-phases337•alternative detector338• e.g. GC-MS vs. GC-ECD, HPLC-MS vs. HPLC-UV/DAD339•derivatisation, if it was not the first choice method340•high resolution/accurate mass MS341•in mass spectrometry an ionisation technique that leads to primary ions with different m/z 342ratio than the primary method (e.g. ESI negative ions vs. positive ions)343It is preferred that confirmation data are generated with the same samples and extracts used 344for validation of the primary method.345The following validation data are required: calibration data (Section 2.9.1), recovery and 346precision data (Section 2.9.2) for samples fortified at the respective LOQ (n ≥ 3) and of a 347blank sample and proof of selectivity (Section 2.9.3).3482.11Independent laboratory validation (ILV)349A validation of the primary method in an independent laboratory (ILV) must be submitted for 350methods used for the determination of residues in plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant 351and animal origin) and in feeding stuff. The ILV shall confirm the LOQ of the primary 352method, but at least the lowest action level (MRL).353The extent of independent validation required is given in detail in sections 3 and 4.354In order to ensure independence, the laboratory chosen to conduct the ILV trials must not 355have been involved in the method development and in its subsequent use. In case of multi-356residue methods it would be accepted if the ILV is performed in a laboratory that has already 357experience with the respective method.358The laboratory may be in the applicant’s organisation, but should not be in the same location. 359In the exceptional case that the lab chosen to conduct the ILV is in the same location, 360evidence must be provided that different personnel, as well as different instrumentation and 361stocks of chemicals etc have been used.362Any additions or modifications to the original method must be reported and justified. If the 363chosen laboratory requires communication with the developers of the method to carry out the 364analysis, this should be reported.3652.12Availability of standards366All analytical standard materials used in an analytical method must be commonly available. 367This applies to metabolites, derivatives (if preparation of derivatives is not a part of the 368method description), stable isotope labelled compounds or other internal standards.369If a standard is not commercially available the standard should be made generally available by 370the applicant and contact details be provided.3712.13Extraction Efficiency372The extraction procedures used in residue analytical methods for the determination of residues 373in plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant and animal origin) and in feeding stuff should be 374verified for all matrix groups for which residues ≥ LOQ are expected, using samples with 375incurred residues from radio-labelled analytes.376Data or suitable samples may be available from pre-registration metabolism studies or 377rotational crop studies or from feeding studies. In cases where such samples are no longer 378available to validate an extraction procedure, it is possible to "bridge" between two solvent 379systems (details in [4]). The same applies if new matrices are to be included.3803Analytical methods for residues in plants, plant products, foodstuff (of 381plant origin), feedingstuff (of plant origin)382(Annex IIA Point 4.2.1 of Directive 91/414/EEC; Annex Point IIA, Point 3834.3 of OECD)3843.1Purpose385•Analysis of plants and plant products, and of foodstuff and feeding stuff of plant origin for 386compliance with MRL [3].3873.2Selection of analytes388The selection of analytes for which methods for food and feed are required depends upon the 389definition of the residue for which a maximum residue level (MRL) is set or is applied for 390according to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.3913.3Commodities and Matrix Groups392Methods validated according to Section 2.9 and 2.10 must be submitted for representative 393commodities (also called “matrices” by analytical chemists) of all four matrix groups in 394Table 2.395396Table 2: Matrix groups and typical commoditiesMatrix group Examples for commoditiesbarley, rice, rye, wheat, dry legume vegetables dry commodities (high protein/highstarch content)commodities with high water content apples, bananas, cabbage, cherries, lettuce, peaches,peppers, tomatoescommodities with high oil content avocados, linseed, nuts, olives, rape seedcommodities with high acid content grapefruits, grapes, lemons, oranges397Important Note: This list of commodities is not a comprehensive list of commodities/matrices.398Applicants may consult regulatory authorities for advice on the use of other commodities.If samples with high water content are extracted at a controlled pH a particular method or 399validation for commodities with high acid content is not required.400Where a previously validated method has been adopted to a new matrix group, validation data 401must be submitted for representative matrices of this group.402。
Recent Advances on 2D Bin Packing Problems
2. Upper bounds Most of the o -line algorithms from the literature are of greedy type, and can be classiÿed in two families: • one-phase algorithms directly pack the items into the ÿnite bins; • two-phase algorithms start by packing the items into a single strip, i.e., a bin having width W and inÿnite height. In the second phase, the strip solution is used to construct a packing into ÿnite bins. In addition, most of the approaches are level algorithms, i.e., the bin= strip packing is obtained by placing the items, from left to right, in rows forming levels. The ÿrst level is the bottom of the bin= strip, and subsequent levels are produced by the horizontal line coinciding with the top of the tallest item packed on the level below. Three classical strategies for the level packing have been derived from famous algorithms for the one-dimensional case. In each case, the items are initially sorted by non-decreasing height and packed in the corresponding sequence. Let j denote the current item, and s
药物分析常用英语词汇
药物分析专业英语词汇表Aaｂsorｂanｃe 吸收度aｂｓｏrbａncｅratiｏ吸收度比值aｂｓｏrpｔｉoｎ吸收absｏrpｔｉon curｖe 吸收曲线absorption coeffiｃienｔ吸收系数accｕrate vａｌue 准确值Aciｄ—dyeｃolormｃｔy 酸性染料比色法acidimcty 酸量法aciｄitｙ酸度aｃtivitｙ活度adjusted reｔeｎｔiｏnｔime调整保留时间ａbsorbｅnt 吸收剂ａｂsorption吸附aｌkalｉniｔy 碱度alumina氧化铝,矾土ambiｅnｔtｅmperａtuｒe 室温ammoｎiｕm ｔhiocｙａｎaｔe 硫氰酸铵analytｉcal ｑuaｌｉtｙco ｎtrol 分析质量控制ａnhydroｕｓsubｓtａnｃe 干燥品ａntioxidａｎt抗氧剂appliｃａtｉon ｏf saｍple 点样area normａｌiｚａtｉon ｍethod 面积归一法aｒsｅnic砷arsenｉｃsｐｏrｔ砷斑as ｓａy含量测定assａy ｔoleranｃ e 含量限度ａttenｕation 衰减aciｄbuｒetｔe 酸式滴定管ａlkalｉｂｕｒette 碱式滴定管a mortar研钵Ｂbａck extracｔｉon 反萃取band absorｐtion 谱带吸收batcｈ批batch nｕmbｅｒ批号Bentｔendｏrlｆmethｏd 白田道夫法ｂｅtweeｎｄay pｒeｃision 日间密度精ｂiotrａnｓfｏrmａtion 生物转化blaｎk t ｅｓt空白试验boilinｇｒaｎgｅ沸程British Pharmacoｐeiａ英国药典bromaｔe ｔitration溴酸盐滴定法bｒomine metｈｏd 溴量法ｂｒoｍotｈymol bｌue 溴麝香酚蓝bｕｌｋdrug 原料药ｂy—product副产物brｅaｋer 烧杯burettｅｇlaｓs beaｄnｏzz ｌe滴定管bｒowｎａｃid bｕrette 棕色酸式滴定管Ｃｃａlibratｉon cｕrve 校正曲线cａlｏmｅｌelectｒodｅ甘汞电极caloｒimetry量热分析capacity fａctor 容量因子ｃaｐiｌlａｒｙｇaｓcｈromatoｇrapｈy毛细管气相色谱法caｒrier 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干燥剂detｅction 检查develｏpｉng reaｇent 展开剂develｏｐing chambeｒ展开室dev ｉａtiｏｎ偏差ｄｅxtrosｅ右旋糖diａsｔeｒeoisｏmｅｒ非对映异构体ｄiａzotｉzatiｏn 重氮化diｆｆｅrential thｅrｍal anaｌｙsｉs 差示热分析法differeｎｔｉal scanninｇcａlorｉｍetｒｙ差示扫描热法Gｕtzeiｔ古蔡ｄａy to daｙprｅcision 日间精密度ｄｉsso ｌution 溶出度dirｅｃtｉnjectioｎ直接进样2,６-dｉchlorindophenol ｔitration 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法digestion 消化diphａｓtｉc titｒaｔiｏn 双向滴定diｓiｎｔegｒatioｎｔest 崩解试验diｓpersiｏn 分散度ｄissolubilit ｙ溶解度dissolｕtionｔｅsｔ溶解度检查diｓtｉｌling raｎgｅ滴程ｄｉstribution chｒomａtoｇraphy 分配色谱d ｏse 剂量ｄrug qualiｔｙｃｏntrｏｌ药品质量控制dryiｎg to constant weig ｈt 干燥至恒重dupliｃatｅｔesｔ重复试验dｉsk method ｗaｔer method压片法Eｅfｆectivｅconｓｔituenｔ有效成分effeｃtive pｌate ｎumber 有效板数efｆectiｖe of cｏｌumn 柱效electｒophoｒesｉs 电泳elｉminａtｉon 消除eｌuate洗脱液elutiｏn 洗脱enamtiｏmer 对映体end abｓoｒpti ｏn 末端吸收ｅnｄogenous sｕbstａnces内源性物质enzｙｍｅd ｒug 酶类药物enzｙmｅinductｉon 酶诱导enzyme iｎhiｂｉtｉon 酶抑制epimer 差向异构体equｉlibriｕｍconsｔaｎt 平衡常数ｅrroｒin voｌuｍet ｒic analysis 容量分析误差exclusion ｃhroｍａtograｐｈy排阻色谱法expiraｔion ｄatｅ失效期extｅrｎalｓｔandａrd ｍethod 外标法ｅxｔｒaｃｔ提取物exｔration 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Modeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharide
Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 2018–2026Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectCarbohydratePolymersj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c a r b p olModeling and optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Cucurbita moschataJ.Prakash Maran a ,∗,V.Mekala b ,S.Manikandan caDepartment of Food Technology,Kongu Engineering College,Perundurai,Erode 638052,TN,India bSchool of Food Science and Nutrition,University of Leeds,Leeds,England,United Kingdom cDepartment of Food and Process Engineering,SRM University,SRM Nagar,Kattankulathur,Chennai 603203,TN,Indiaa r t i c l ei n f oArticle history:Received 26October 2012Received in revised form 10November 2012Accepted 26November 2012Available online 1 December 2012Keywords:Ultrasound ExtractionPolysaccharide PumpkinCentral composite designa b s t r a c tPolysaccharides from pumpkin were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction technology using four factors at five levels central composite rotatable response surface design (CCRD).On using single factor analysis,process variables such as extraction temperature (50–70◦C),power of ultrasound (50–70W),time (15–25min)and solid–liquid ratio (1:10–1:20g/ml)were selected.Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of four independent variables on the maximum extraction yield of polysaccharides.From the experimental data,second order polynomial mathematical model were developed with high coefficient of determination values (R 2>0.96).From response surface plots,temperature and ultrasound power exhibited independent and interactive effects on the extraction yields.Extraction temperature of 70◦C,ultrasound power of 70W,time of 23min and solid–liquid ratio of 1:10g/ml were determined as optimal conditions with a maximum polysaccharides yield of 16.21%,which was confirmed through the validation of the experiments.© 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionPolysaccharides from fruits and vegetables have drawn atten-tion of both food producers and consumers due to their physical properties,health-promoting and disease preventing potential and hence have been employed in cosmetic and pharmaceutical prod-ucts (Willats,Knox,&Mikkelsen,2006).In recent years,the isolated polysaccharides have been found to play an important role in the biomedical field due to their antioxidant (Guo et al.,2010),immunostimulatory (Sun &Liu,2009)and antitumor (Zhou,Song,Feng,&Tan,2011)effects.In the past few years,the pumpkin has received considerable attention because of its nutritional and health protective value,and also its potential in medicinal uses have been explored.Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata )is an annual herbaceous plant of the family Cucurbitaceae.The fruit of pumpkin is one of the most important vegetables in traditional agricultural sys-tems in the world.The flesh and peel of the fruit represent rich sources of pectin-type dietary fiber and antioxidants (Caili,Huan,&Quanhong,2006).So far,several beneficial physiological effects,immunological activity and other pharmacological activi-ties such as lipid-lowering,hepatoprotective (Makni et al.,2008),∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+914294226606;fax:+914294220087.E-mail addresses:prakashmaran@ (J.Prakash Maran),mekalavenkat@ (V.Mekala),manift@ (S.Manikandan).anti-carcinogenic,anti-microbial (Caili,Haijun,Tongyi,Yi,&Quanhong,2007;Park,Lee,&Kim,2010)and anti-diabetic proper-ties (Adams et al.,2011;Caili et al.,2006;Xia &Wang,2006;Yadav,Jain,Tomar,Prasad,&Yadav,2010)of various pumpkin extracts have been published and its antioxidant activity was reported by Nara,Yamaguchi,Maeda,and Koga (2009)for a water-soluble polysaccharide from the fruit of pumpkin.Pumpkin polysaccha-rides (PP)are composed of galactose,glucose,arabinose,xylose and glucuronic acid and are water insoluble but organic solvents soluble macromolecular compounds with important biological functions.PP has the biological effects of detoxification,anti-oxidation,reduc-ing blood pressure,reducing blood lipids,lowering cholesterol levels (Yong,Ning,&Liu,2006),promote the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins,control cell division and differentiation,regulat-ing cell growth and aging,especially for the treatment of diabetes (Zhang,Shen,&Zhu,2002).The traditional extraction methods of polysaccharides from plant tissues are maceration,mechanical rabbling and heat reflux.These extraction methods depend largely on energy input and agitation to improve the solubility and mass transfer efficiency of ually,the conventional extraction method requires long extraction time and high extraction temperature with low extraction yield,but high-energy consumption (Chen,Li,Liu,Yang,&Li,2012).Ultrasound in combination with conventional extraction is a potential technique,which is a fully reproducible food process,completed in a shorter time with high reproducibil-ity,reduced processing cost,simplified manipulation and work-up.0144-8617/$–see front matter © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.086J.Prakash Maran et al./Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 2018–20262019This process gives a higher purity of the final product,eliminates post-treatment of waste water and consumes only a fraction of the time and energy,normally needed for conventional processes (Kim,Chi,&Hong,2009;Li,Wei,You,&Lydy,2010;Maran,Manikandan,Thirugnanasambandham,Nivetha,&Dinesh,2012;Sun,Liu,Chen,Ye,&Yu,2011).Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)is an ideal extraction method capable of producing high quantities of polysaccharides and is non-destructive with a shorter extraction time.Previous findings have reported the influence of many inde-pendent variables,such as solvent composition,pH,temperature,extraction time,and solid to liquid ratio,on the yields of bioactive compounds which can be extracted from diverse natural prod-ucts (Buji´c-Koji´c,Planinic,Srécko,Jakabek,&Seruga,2009;Cacace &Mazza,2002,2003;Pinelo,Rubilar,Sineiro,&Nunez,2005;Santos,Veggi,&Meireles,2010;Wettasinghe &Shahidi,1999).Response Surface Methodology (RSM)is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques useful for developing,improving and optimizing processes,in which a response of interest is influenced by independent variables,and it generates a mathematical model that describes the chemical process (Prakash Maran,Sivakumar,Sridhar,&Prince Immanuel,2013)used to find out their opti-mal values (Triveni,Shamala,&Rastogi,2001).Several studies on the optimized conditions for the extraction of phenolic com-pounds from different sources using RSM have been published (Hayouni,Abedrabba,Bouix,&Hamdi,2007;Pinelo et al.,2005;Pompeu,Silva,&Rogez,2009;Yang &Zhai,2010).Hence the objective of the present study is to investigate the individual and interactive effect of UAE process variables such as extrac-tion temperature,power of ultrasound,time and solid–liquid ratio on the extraction yield of polysaccharide from pumpkin and to optimize the processing variables of UAE for the highest yield of pumpkin polysaccharides using central composite rotatableresponse surface design coupled with Derringer’s desired function methodology.2.Materials and methods2.1.Pumpkin powder preparationFreshly harvested pumpkins (C.moschata )with similar maturity and weight were purchased from a local fruit orchard near Leeds,UK.The thick layer of the skin and seeds were peeled from the fruits manually and the fruits were washed thoroughly in running tap water to remove any impurities adhered to the surface of the fruit.The washed fruits were dried in the hot air oven (NSW 143,India)at 40◦C until it attains the constant weight.Then the dried samples were pulverized and sifted through a 40-mesh sieve to obtain the powdered samples.The powder (moisture content 8–12%in dry basis)was stored in dark bags and kept in dry environment prior to conduct the experiments.2.2.UAE of polysaccharideFor the UAE experiments,10g of dried pumpkin powder was mixed with an appropriate amount of distilled water in a 500ml beaker.Experiments were performed using a 20kHz ultrasonic device (VCX 400,Sonics and Materials,USA and 0–400W)with a 2.00cm flat tip probe in a beaker with provisions to set required output power,temperature and time.Ultrasonic generator probe was directly submerged into the suspension and the samples were extracted with continuous ultrasound waves at frequencies of 20kHz with different levels of power output.An amplitude controller was used to set the desired level of ultrasonic power.Ultrasonic output powers were determined calorimetrically and ranged from 50to 70W according to the method described by Li,Table 1Central composite rotatable experimental design with results for extraction of polysaccharide yield.Run orderBlocksTemperature (◦C)Power of ultrasound (W)Time (min)SL ratio (g/ml)Polysaccharide yield (%)Residual error%ErrorActual errorExperimentalPredicted 115070151:109.849.590.25 2.530.25216060201:1513.5814.09−0.51−3.780.51315070251:1011.9912.18−0.19−1.580.19415070251:209.429.75−0.33−3.540.33517050151:2016.0216.03−0.01−0.050.01617070151:1013.6713.84−0.17−1.250.177********:1514.4514.090.36 2.470.36817070151:2013.4313.79−0.36−2.680.36916060201:1514.2514.090.16 1.100.161016060201:1514.314.090.21 1.440.211117070251:2013.1513.17−0.02−0.140.021*********:1013.6113.060.55 4.010.551317070251:1015.5216.05−0.53−3.380.531416060201:1513.9314.09−0.16−1.180.161515050251:1010.7210.150.57 5.330.571615050151:2013.5112.770.74 5.450.741717050251:1013.4913.470.020.160.021*********:1514.0514.09−0.04−0.310.0419********:2010.7110.74−0.03−0.250.032017050251:2013.5713.61−0.04−0.270.0421********:109.189.36−0.18−1.960.182215070151:209.779.99−0.22−2.250.222324060201:159.419.71−0.30−3.170.302426040201:1512.6313.44−0.81−6.380.812526060101:159.9110.20−0.29−2.920.292628060201:1517.1116.830.28 1.650.282726080201:1514.0213.230.79 5.640.792826060301:1510.6410.370.27 2.570.272926060201:0512.0812.23−0.15−1.280.153026060201:2512.9112.770.141.070.142020J.Prakash Maran et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 2018–2026 Pordesimo,and Weiss(2004).During the extraction period,tem-perature was controlled at a desired level within±1◦C and theexperiments were carried out according to Table1.All the experi-ments were performed in triplicates and the reported result is themean of these triplicate measurements.2.3.Determination of polysaccharide yieldAfter extraction,the extracts were centrifuged at2600×g for15min(Remi R-24Centrifuge,India)andfiltered through afil-ter paper(Whatman no.1,England).The obtained extracts wereconcentrated with a rotary evaporator(Büchi,UK)at60◦C undervacuum.The remaining solution was mixed with four volumes of95%(v/v)ethanol for48h at4◦C and centrifuged again to collectthe precipitate as the crude extract,which was freeze dried at−40◦C under vacuum and ground to powder.The percentage yieldof polysaccharide(Y)was calculated by the following equation:Y(%)=w tw i×100(1)where w t is the weight of the crude extract and w i is the weight of the pumpkin powder.2.4.Experimental designCentral composite rotatable response surface design(CCRD) was employed to study and optimize the effect of process variables such as extraction temperature(50–70◦C),power of ultrasound(50–70W),time(15–25min)and solid–liquid ratio (1:10–1:20g/ml)on the extraction yield of polysaccharide from pumpkin.The application of statistical experimental design tech-niques in bioprocess development and its optimization can result in enhanced product yields,closer conformance of the process output or response to target requirements and reduced process variability,development time and cost(Maran,Sivakumar,Sridhar, &Thirgananasambandham,2012).On single factor analysis,pro-cess variables and their ranges were selected and independent variables were coded atfive levels between−2and2.The cod-ing of the variables was done by the following equation(Prakash Maran et al.,2013):x i=X i−X zX ii=1,2,3,...,k(2)where x i is the dimensionless coded value of an independent vari-able;X i,the real value of an independent variable;X z,the real value of an independent variable at the center point;and X i,step change of the real value of the variable i.In this study,CCRD consists of16factorial points,8axial points, 6center points and two blocks.Totally30experiments were per-formed to optimize and study the effect of process variables on the response.The Center point is replicated tofind and allow the estimation of experimental error.So the replication of the entire experimental design is not required.It is recommended that six center points have taken in a CCRD with four factors and the total number of experiments(N)was calculated by the following equa-tion:N=2K+2K+C p(3) where K is the number of process variable,2K is the number of factorial points,2K is the number of the axial points on the axis of each design factor at a distance of±˛(˛=2K/4=2for K=4)and C p is the replicate number of the central point.In this study,the experimental run was randomized in order to reduce the error arising from the experimental process due to the extraneous factors.A nonlinear regression method was used tofit the second order polynomial(Eq.(4))to the experimental data and express the mathematical relationship between process variables (X1,X2,X3and X4)and the response(Y).The generalized form of the second order polynomial equation is shown in Eq.(4).Y=ˇ0+k˙j=1ˇj x j+k˙j=1ˇjj x2j+˙ik˙<j=2ˇij x i x j+e i(4)where Y is the response;x i and x j are variables(i and j range from1 to k);ˇ0is the model intercept coefficient;ˇj,ˇjj andˇij are inter-action coefficients of linear,quadratic and the second-order terms, respectively;k is the number of independent parameters(k=4in this study);and e i is the error(Prakash Maran&Manikandan,2012). Thefinal mathematical second order polynomial model includes4 linear terms,6two factor interaction terms,4squared terms and1 intercept term.2.5.Statistical analysisDesign expert8.0.7.1statistical software package(Stat-Ease Inc.,USA)was used to analyze the experimental data.Multiple regression analysis and Pareto analysis of variance(ANOVA)were used to evaluate the experimental data and the ANOVA table was generated.Significant terms in the model(linear,interactive and quadratic)for the response were found by analysis of variance (ANOVA)and significance was judged by the F-statistic value cal-culated from the data.The experimental data was evaluated with various descriptive statistical analysis such as p value,F value, degrees of freedom(DF),sum of squares(SS),coefficient of vari-ation(CV),determination coefficient(R2),adjusted determination of coefficient(R2a)and predicted determination of coefficient(R2p)to reflect the statistical significance of the developed quadratic math-ematical model.Afterfitting the data to the models,the model was used for the construction of three dimensional response sur-face plots to predict the relationships between independent and dependent variables.2.6.Total percentage contributions of process variablesThe total percentage contributions(P i)of each individual pro-cess variables were calculated based on the regression coefficients obtained from the ANOVA analysis.The following equations were used tofind out the P i of individual process variables as described by Khataee,Fathinia,Aber,and Zarei(2010).P i=ˇ2iˇ2i×100(i/=0)(5) whereˇi is the regression coefficient of individual process variable.2.7.Determination of optimal conditionsAfter analyzing the polynomial equation depicting the depend-ent and independent variables,optimization process was carried out by Derringer’s desired function methodology(Derringer& Suich,1980).This numerical optimization technique will optimize any combination of one or more goals;these may be either process variables or responses.The possible goals are:maximize,minimize, target,within range,none(for responses only)and set to an exact value(factors only).In this study,goals of the process variables were selected as in a range and the response goals were selected as maxi-mize.A weight factor of1was chosen for the response,which can be used to adjust the shape of its particular desirability function.The default value of1creates a linear ramp function between the low value and the goal or the high value and the goal.Increased weight (up to10)moves the result towards the goal and the reduced weight (down to0.1)creates the opposite effect.Default importance of3J.Prakash Maran et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 2018–20262021 Table2Sequential modelfitting for the yield of polysaccharide.Source Sum of squares DF Mean square F value Prob>F Remarks Sequential model sum of squaresMean4835.4014835.40Linear76.58419.149.230.00012FI20.966 3.49 2.150.0948Quadratic26.864 6.7225.02<0.0001Suggested Cubic 3.3780.42 4.500.0312Aliased Residual0.6670.09Total4963.8230165.46Lack offit testsLinear51.3620 2.5726.390.00092FI30.4014 2.1722.320.0015Suggested Quadratic 3.54100.35 3.640.0834Aliased Cubic0.1720.080.870.4750Pure error 4.87E−0159.73E−02Source Std.dev.R2Adjusted R2Predicted R2Press Remarks Model summary statisticsLinear 1.440.5960.5320.41675.002FI 1.270.7590.6330.55357.37Quadratic0.520.9690.9390.83621.08Suggested Cubic0.310.9950.9790.80525.00Aliasedwas chosen for the response,which can represent the goals to be equally important.2.8.Verification of the predicted optimized conditionsAfter optimization,in order to determine the validity of the optimized conditions,triplicate verification experiments were per-formed under the optimal conditions as predicted by the model.The average value of the experiments was compared with the predicted values of the developed model in order tofind out the accuracy and suitability of the optimized conditions.3.Results and discussion3.1.Experimental design(CCRD)analysisThe total number of30statistically designed batch experiments were performed for different combinations of the process variables in order to optimize and study the combined effect of indepen-dent variables(extraction temperature,power of ultrasound,time and solid–liquid ratio)on the extraction yield of polysaccharides and the results are shown in Table1,that includes the experimen-tal design,experimental and predicted values of the response.The experimental data wasfitted to the various models(linear,interac-tive(2FI),quadratic and cubic)to obtain regression equation.Three different tests namely the sequential model sum of squares,lack of fit tests and model summary statistics were carried out in this study to decide about the adequacy of models among various models to represent the maximum yield of polysaccharide and the results are listed in Table2.From Table2,linear and interactive(2FI)models were exhibited lower R2,adjusted R2,predicted R2and also high p-values,when compared with quadratic model.Cubic model was found to be aliased.Therefore the quadratic model incor-porating linear,interactive and quadratic terms was chosen to describe the effects of process variables on the extraction ofTable3Analysis of variance for the extraction of polysaccharide yield.Source Coefficient estimate Sum of squares Degree of freedom Standard error Mean square F value p-Value Model14.09124.40140.218.8933.11<0.0001 X1 1.7876.0410.1176.04283.36<0.0001 X2−0.050.0610.110.060.240.6322 X30.040.0410.110.040.160.6991 X40.130.4310.110.43 1.610.2239 X120.140.3010.130.30 1.110.3094 X13−0.100.1510.130.150.550.4688 X14−0.110.2010.130.200.750.3987 X230.45 3.2410.13 3.2412.070.0034 X24−0.759.0910.139.0933.87<0.0001 X34−0.717.9810.137.9829.74<0.0001 X12−0.21 1.1710.10 1.17 4.360.0543 X22−0.190.9910.100.99 3.700.0737 X32−0.9524.9010.1024.9092.77<0.0001 X42−0.40 4.3410.10 4.3416.170.0011 Residual 4.03150.27Lack offit 3.54100.35 3.64Pure error0.48750.10Cor total128.4229Std.dev.0.52R20.969Mean12.70Adjusted R20.939C.V.% 4.08Predicted R20.836Press21.08Adeq.precision20.392022J.Prakash Maran et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 2018–2026 polysaccharide from pumpkin.Furthermore,analysis of variance(ANOVA)was also used to check the adequacy of quadraticmodel.3.2.Fitting of second order polynomial equationBy applying multiple regression analysis on the experimentaldata,the Design-Expert software generated a second-order poly-nomial equation that can express the relationship between processvariables and the response.Thefinal equation obtained in terms ofcoded factors is given below:Yield(%)=14.09+1.78X1−0.052X2+0.042X3+0.13X4+0.14X1X2−0.096X1X3−0.11X1X4+0.45X2X3−0.75X2X4−0.71X3X4−0.21X21−0.19X22−0.95X23−0.40X24(6) where Yield(%)is the polysaccharide yield;X1,X2,X3and X4are the coded values of extraction temperature,power of ultrasound, time and solid–liquid ratio,respectively.3.3.Statistical analysisPareto analysis of variance(ANOVA)and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the experimental data.The statistical significance of the regression equation was evaluated by the corre-sponding F and p-values and it is presented in Table3.The model F and p-value was found to be33.11and<0.0001,which indicated that the model was highly statistically significant.Thefitness of the model was studied through the lack offit test.The lack offit F-value of3.64and the associated p-value of0.0834was indicated the suit-ability of the model to predict the variations.The goodness of thefit of the model was evaluated by the determination co-efficient(R2), adjusted determination co-efficient(R2a),predicted determination co-efficient(R2p)and co-efficient of variance(CV)and it was listed in Table3.The R2value of the predicted model was0.969,while R2a value was0.939,which exhibited the high degree of correla-tion between the experimental and predicted values.If there are many terms in the models and the sample size is not large enough, R2a may be noticeably smaller than R2(Yetilmezsoya,Demirelb, &Vanderbeic,2009).In our study,the R2a value was found to be smaller and very close to the R2.The values of R2a and R2p should be approximately within0.20of each other,to be inreasonable Fig.1.Diagnostic plots for the model adequacy.J.Prakash Maran et al./Carbohydrate Polymers92 (2013) 2018–20262023agreement.Otherwise,there may be a problem with either the data or the model(Mourabet et al.,2012).In this study,a high correlation between R2a(0.939)and R2p(0.836)was found and it shows that the form of the model chosen to explain the relation-ship between the factors and the response is well-correlated.The coefficient of variance(CV)is the ratio of the standard error of the estimate to the average value of the observed response defining by the reproducibility of the model.The low CV(4.08)clearly stated that,the deviations between experimental and predicted values are low,high degree of precision and also showed a good reliability of the conducted experiments.Adequate precision is the measure of signal to noise ratio and greater than4of this value is desirable. In this study,the ratio was found to be>20,which indicates an adequate signal and confirm that,the model is significant for this present extraction process.The predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS)value of21.08shows how this modelfits with each point in the design.3.4.Diagnostics of model adequacyGenerally,it is important to confirm that thefitted model gives a sufficient approximation to the actual values.Unless the model shows a satisfactoryfit,proceeding with an investigation and optimization of thefitted response surface likely gives poor or misleading results.In addition to determination coefficient, the adequacy of the models was also evaluated by the residu-als(difference between the observed and the predicted response value)and the influence plots for the experimental data obtained from this study.Residuals are thought as elements of variation, unexplained by thefitted model and then it is expected that they occur according to a normal distribution.Normal probability plots are a suitable graphical method for judging residuals nor-mality.The observed residuals are plotted against the expected values,as they lie reasonably close on a straight line and show no deviation of the variance(Fig.1A).This can confirm the nor-mal distribution of the data.By constructing internally studentized residuals plot,a check was made to analyze the experimental data tofind out the satisfactoryfit of the developed models and the plot shows that,all the data points lie within the limits (Fig.1B).Diagnostic plots such as predicted versus actual(Fig.1C)help us to evaluate the model suitability andfind out the relationship between predicted and experimental values.The data points on this plot lie reasonably close to the straight line and indicate that an adequate agreement between real data and the data obtained from the models.Fig.1D showed that,all the data points lie within the limits.Since the Cook’s distance values are in the determined range(Fig.1E),there is no strong evidence of influential obser-vations in the observed data.Difference offits plot is a measure of the influence of each point on the predicted value.Fig.1F suggested that,there are no high deviations in the experimental data.Hence,trends observed in Fig.1revealed that,no obvi-ous patterns were found and residuals appeared to be randomly scattered.3.5.Percentage contribution of process variablesThe total percentage contributions(P i)of linear,interactive and quadratic effect of the process variables on the response were cal-culated based on the regression coefficient obtained from ANOVA. The Pareto analysis gives more significant information to interpret the results.In fact,this analysis calculates the percentage effect of each process variables on the response and it is shown in Fig.2. As can be seen in thisfigure,linear effect of extraction tempera-ture(X1,56.12%)and quadratic effect of time(X23,16.08%)produces the main effect on extraction of polysaccharide from pumpkin.This was followed by interactive effect of power+solid–liquid ratio(X24, 10.06%)and time+solid–liquid ratio(X34,8.84%).3.6.Influence of process variablesFour factors atfive level CCRD was used in this study to investigate the influence of process variables such as extrac-tion temperature,power of ultrasound,time and solid–liquid ratio on the UAE of polysaccharide from pumpkin.To under-stand the interaction between the independent variablesand Fig.2.Detailed schematic diagram showing the percentage contributions of individual process variables.2024J.Prakash Maran et al./Carbohydrate Polymers 92 (2013) 2018–2026Fig.3.Response surface plots representing the effect of process conditions on the extraction yield of polysaccharide.estimate the polysaccharide extraction efficiency over indepen-dent variables,three dimensional (3D)response surface plots were plotted from the developed model.In this study,the model has more than two factors.So,the 3D plots have drawn by maintaining two factors at constant level (in turn at its cen-tral level),whereas the other two factors were varied in their range in order to understand their main and interactive effects on the dependent variables.It is also used to locate the optimum conditions.3.6.1.Influence of extraction temperatureExperiments were carried out to study the effect of temper-ature over the extraction yield of polysaccharide from pumpkin.From the results,it was observed that,the yield of polysaccha-ride was increased linearly with increasing temperature from 50to 70◦C (Fig.3A–C).Higher temperature can accelerate themolecular movements,conductivity of the solution to the plant material.This effect can increase the solubility and diffusivities of the plant materials in to the solution and increases the extrac-tion yield (Yang et al.,2010).On the other hand,temperature has a greater influence on the cavitation threshold,which is responsible for acoustic cavitation and also results in the formation of cavi-tational nucleus.The influence of relative greater force ruptured and erupted the formed cavitational nucleus and disrupted the cell tissues during extraction,which in turn enhanced the mass trans-fer rate (Toma,Vinatoru,Paniwnyk,&Mason,2001)and increased the extraction efficiency (Fig.3A and C).Additionally,solvents have greater capacity to solubilize the analytes at higher temperatures,while surface tension and solvent viscosity decreases with increas-ing temperature,which will improve sample wetting and matrix penetration,respectively (Xie et al.,2010).As the solvent moves deeper,its area of exposure increases which ends up with higher。
QUITA Quantitative Index Text Analyzer说明书
QUITA Quantitative Index Text AnalyzerMiroslav KubátVladimír MatlachRadek Čech2014RAM-VerlagStudies in Quantitative LinguisticsEditorsFengxiang Fan (**********************)Emmerich Kelih (**************************)Reinhard Köhler (********************)Ján Mačutek (******************)Eric S. Wheeler (**********************)1. U. Strauss, F. Fan, G. Altmann, Problems in quantitative linguistics 1. 2008,VIII + 134 pp.2. V. Altmann, G. Altmann, Anleitung zu quantitativen Textanalysen. Methodenund Anwendungen. 2008, IV+193 pp.3. I.-I. Popescu, J. Mačutek, G. Altmann, Aspects of word frequencies. 2009, IV+198 pp.4. R. Köhler, G. Altmann, Problems in quantitative linguistics2. 2009, VII + 142pp.5. R. Köhler (ed.), Issues in Quantitative Linguistics. 2009, VI + 205 pp.6. A. Tuzzi, I.-I. Popescu, G.Altmann, Quantitative aspects of Italian texts. 2010,IV+161 pp.7. F. Fan, Y. Deng, Quantitative linguistic computing with Perl. 2010, VIII + 205pp.8. I.-I. Popescu et al., Vectors and codes of text. 2010, III + 162 pp.9. F. Fan, Data processing and management for quantitative linguistics withFoxpro. 2010, V + 233 pp.10. I.-I. Popescu, R. Čech, G. Altmann, The lambda-structure of texts. 2011, II +181 pp11. E. Kelih et al. (eds.), Issues in Quantitative Linguistics Vol. 2. 2011, IV + 188pp.12. R. Čech, G. Altmann, Problems in quantitative linguistics Vol. 3. 2011, VI +168 pp.13. R. Köhler, G. Altmann (eds.), Issues in Quantitative Linguistics Vol. 3. 2013,IV + 403 pp.14. R. Köhler, G. Altmann, Problems in Quantitative Linguistics Vol. 4.2014.VIII+148 pp.15. Best, K.-H., Kelih, E. (eds.), Entlehnungen und Fremdwörter: QuantitativeAspekte. 2014. VI + 163 pp.16. I.-I. Popescu, K.-H. Best, G. Altmann, Unified modeling of length inLanguage. 2014, VIII+123 pp.17. G. Altmann, R. Čech, J. Mačutek, L. Uhlířová (eds.), Empirical Approachestot ext and Language Analysis dedicated to Ludĕk Hřebíček on the occasion of his 80th birthday. 2014, VI + 231 pp.18. M. Kubát, V. Matlach, R. Čech, QUITA. Quantitative Index Text Analyz-er. 2014, VII+106.ISBN: 978-3-942303-28-6© Copyright 2014 by RAM-Verlag, D-58515 Lüdenscheid, GermanyRAM-VerlagStüttinghauser Ringstr. 44D-58515 LüdenscheidGermany**********************http://ram-verlag.deContents1Introduction (1)2System requirements (3)3Install and Starting the Application (4)4Creating a New Project (5)5Creating and loading texts (7)5.1Supported files and encodings (8)6Indicators to compute (9)6.1Frequency Structure Indicators (10)6.1.1Type-Token Ratio (TTR) (10)6.1.2h-point (h) (11)6.1.3R1 (14)6.1.4Repeat Rate (RR) (16)6.1.5Relative Repeat Rate of McIntosh (RR mc) (19)6.1.6Hapax Legomena Percentage (HL) (20)6.1.7Lambda (Λ) (21)6.1.8Gini Coefficient (G) (30)6.1.9R4 (34)6.1.10Curve length (L) (35)6.1.11Curve length R Indicator (R) (36)6.1.12Entropy (H) (38)6.1.13Adjusted Modulus (A) (40)6.2Miscellaneous indicators (42)6.2.1Verb Distances (VD) (42)6.2.2Activity (Q) & Descriptivity (D) (43)6.2.3Writer’s View (a) (44)6.2.4Average Tokens length (ATL) (47)6.2.5Thematic Concentration (TC) (48)6.2.6Secondary Thematic Concentration (S TC) (52)6.2.7Proportional Thematic Concentration (PTC) (55)7Pre-processing: Tokenization, Lemmatization, POS Tagging (59)7.1QUITA and third party tools (60)7.2Tokenizer (60)7.2.1Available tokenizers (62)7.3Lemmatizer (63)7.4POS Tagger (65)8Post-processing (66)8.1N-grams (66)8.2Text Length Reduction (67)9Cache Settings (69)10Starting Calculations (70)11Results (71)11.1Underlined Results alias “Alternative data” (71)11.1.1Types (72)11.1.2Tokens (73)11.1.3Frequencies (73)11.1.4POS Frequencies (74)11.1.5Thematic concentration (74)11.1.6Secondary Thematic Concentration (75)11.1.7Activity (75)11.1.8Descriptivity (76)11.1.9Token Length Frequency Spectrum (76)11.2Results tools (77)11.2.1Text Selection (77)11.2.2View Text (77)11.2.3Comparison of Results (78)11.2.4Comparison of Projects (80)11.2.5Chart Wizard (83)11.2.6Copy Results (87)12Tools (89)12.1Random Text Creator (89)12.2Binary File Translator (91)13Additional information (95)14References (96)15Appendix (98)15.1Text 1 (98)15.2Text 2 (98)15.3Word list of Text 1 and Text 2 (99)15.4Text 3 (105)15.5Text 4 (105)1IntroductionQuantitative experimental methods have been increasingly used in the humanities in recent years. We can hardly imagine the disciplines of social science, such as psychology, sociology or economics, without a quantitative approach. On the other hand, the majority of linguists, historians and especially literary critics are still refusing to use quantitative methods. One of the reasons is the fact that those researchers consider quantitative methods, and especially statistical methods, too difficult to apply to their field. QUITA (Quantitative Indicator Text Analyzer) is a tool which aims to help all people who try to analyse texts by quantitative methods.QUITA is a program to enable researchers from various disciplines (linguistics, criticism, history, sociology, psychology, politics, biology, etc.) to analyse texts using quantitative methods. There are many indicators which measure various characteristics of text. Although the authors of QUITA focused mainly on indicators connected to the frequency structure of a text, there are also functions for several other characteristics. Since QUITA is designed especially for researchers outside quantitative linguistics, it includes functions for the most basic and common indicators.Given that the main purpose of QUITA is to provide a user-friendly tool of quantitative text analysis for researchers without a deeper knowledge of quantitative linguistics, statistics or programming, QUITA also provides simple statistical comparisons and the ability to create charts. There is no need to use any additional software such as spreadsheet applications or special statistical programs. QUITA is therefore the program that combines all the essential parts of any quantitative research effort: obtaining results, statistical testing and graphical visualization.The QUITA manual is written with step-by-step instructions. All tools are concisely described and accompanied by screen-shots. Every indicator is briefly presented (complete with references), and mathematically defined. There are also examples of computation and statistical comparison.Although the manual provides users with all the essential information about QUITA, it was not possible to cover most topics in deeper detail. For this purpose, we highly recommend the book Word frequency studies (Popescu et al. 2009) which is a comprehensive overview about quantitative analysis using indicators based on the frequency structure of a text. The book Aspects of Word Frequencies (Popescu et al. 2009) is also well worth reading. Detailed examples of computing most indicators used in QUITA can be found in Metody kvantitativní analýzy (nejen) básnických textů(Čech et al. 2014).Since we aim to help as many researchers as possible, QUITA is distributeed as freeware. Thus anyone can use QUITA without any restrictions. The latest version of the software is available on the website https:///p/oltk/. In published work, acknowledgement of QUITA would be appropriate and appreciated.2System requirementsSupported Systems: Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8.System requirements: NET Framework 3.5Optional system requirements: Python, PerlNOTE:Users are automatically notified that it is necessary to install the system requirements with the download links.。
APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING ANALYTE CONTE
地址：US
国籍：US
代理机构：MacLachlan & Donaldson
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申请号：EP 11804 058.3 申请日：20110623 公开号：EP2591351B1 公开日：20180822
摘要：An apparatus and method to determine analytes in a fluid. One aspect of the present invention is for the determination of the oil content of water using UV, near-IR, IR or Raman spectroscopy or radiometry. In certain embodiments, a solid membrane material absorbs analytes from fluid brought into contact with it. The membrane is subsequently placed in a FTIR spectrometer, which spectrometer is enabled to determine the concentration of analytes in fluid by calibration. Certain embodiments can determine the type of hydrocarbon present, and thus can differentiate Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) from Total Oil and Grease (TOG), without any separate sample pr e par at ion.
AWL词汇详细解析
∙analyze [ˈænəlaiz] vt. 〈美〉分析, 分解, 解释∙constitute [ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成, 组成建立, 制定选定, 任命∙establish [isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立, 成立安置确定, 证实∙indicate [ˈindikeit] vt.标示, 指示, 指出象征; 表明或暗示…的可能性∙occur [əˈkə:] vi. 发生; 举行; 存在被发现; 想到[起]∙role [rəul] n. 作用, 职责角色∙approach [əˈprəutʃ] n.靠近, 接近, 临近通路, 入口, 途径方式, 方法vt.接洽, 交涉; 着手处理vt. &vi.接近, 走近, 靠近∙context [ˈkɔntekst] n.背景, 环境上下文, 语境∙estimate [ˈestimeit] n.估计, 估价报价判断vt. &vi.估计; 评价, 评估∙individual [ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的独特的n.个人人∙percent [pəˈsent] n. 百分比,百分数∙section [ˈsekʃən] n. 章节部分部门, 科截面, 剖面地区, 区∙area [ˈɛəriə] n. 面积区域, 地区领域, 方面∙contract [kənˈtrækt] n.契约, 合同vt.缔结; 订契约vt. &vi.染上 (恶习, 疾病等)缩小; 紧缩∙evident [ˈevidənt] adj. 明显的, 明白的∙interpret [inˈtə:prit] vt.解释; 说明vt. &vi.口译; 翻译∙period [ˈpiəriəd] n. (一段)时间时期, 时代学时, 课时句号, 句点∙sector [ˈsektə] n. 部门; 领域防御地区, 防卫区域扇形, 扇形面∙assess [əˈses] vt. 估价, 估计评定, 核定∙create [kriˈeit] vt. 创造, 创作, 创建引起, 产生∙export [eksˈpɔ:t] n. 输出, 出口输出[出口]物vt. &vi.出口, 输出∙involve [inˈvɔlv] vt. 使某事物成为必要条件或结果; 需要使参与, 牵涉∙policy [ˈpɔləsi] n. 政策, 方针策略, 精明的行为, 上策保险单∙significant [siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的, 重大的, 可观的有意义的, 有用意的意味深长的∙assume [əˈsju:m] vt. 假设, 臆断, 猜想假装承担, 担任, 就职呈现, 采取∙data [ˈdeitə] n. 资料, 材料∙factor [ˈfæktə] n. 因素, 要素〈数〉因子, 因数∙issue [ˈisju:] n. 问题, 议题; 争论点发行物放出, 流出; 发出, 发行〈正〉结果, 结局vi.冒出, 流出; 传出vt. 出版, 发行发表, 发布分配, 发给∙principle [ˈprinsəpl] n.原则, 原理准则, 规范操守, 道义工作原理∙similar [ˈsimilə] adj. 类似的; 同类的; 相似的; 同样的∙authority [ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力, 职权官方, 当局权威, 专家∙define [diˈfain] vt. 精确地解释; 界定规定, 确定∙finance [faiˈnæns] n. 财政, 金融财源, 资金, 财务情况vt.为…供给资金, 从事金融活动∙labour [ˈleibə] n. 劳动, 努力; 工作劳工, 工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动; 努力艰难行进∙proceed [prəˈsi:d] vi. 前进; 行进进行; 继续下去∙source [sɔ:s] n. 河流的源头, 发源地来源, 出处原因提供资料者, 资料来源∙available [əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的, 可与之交谈的∙derive [diˈraiv] vt. &vi.得到源于∙formula [ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则, 原则公式, 方程式配方∙legal [ˈli:ɡəl] adj. 法律上的; 合法的; 法定的∙process [ˈprəuses] n. 过程, 进程工序, 制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工; 处理∙specific [spiˈsifik] adj.明确的, 确切的, 详尽的具体的, 特有的, 特定的仅限于…的; 只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面, 细节∙benefit [ˈbenifit] n. 益处, 好处救济金, 保险金vt. &vi.有益于, 得益∙distribute [disˈtribju:t] vt.分配, 分给散发; 散播; 分布∙function [ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能; 作用; 职责函数; 与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作, 运行, 起作用∙legislate [ˈledʒisleit] vt. &vi.立法; 制定法律∙require [riˈkwaiə] vt. 有赖于…; 需要命令, 指示要求, 规定想要∙structure [ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构, 构造有结构的事物; 复杂的整体; 建筑物vt.组织; 安排; 构造; 制定∙concept [ˈkɔnsept] n. 概念; 观念; 想法∙economy [iˈkɔnəmi] n. 节约, 节省经济体制, 经济状况∙identify [aiˈdentifai] vt.认出, 识别支持, 同情vt. &vi.等同于; 有关联∙major [ˈmeidʒə] adj. 较大的; 主要的; 严重的n.少校专业; 主修科目vi.〈美〉主修, 专攻∙research [riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究; 探讨vi.做研究, 探究, 研究, 探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究∙theory [ˈθiəri] n. 学说理论, 原理意见, 看法∙consist [kənˈsist] vi. 组成, 构成在于, 存在于∙environment [inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境, 周围状况, 自然环境∙income [ˈinkəm] n. 收入, 所得, 收益∙method [ˈmeθəd] n. 方法, 办法秩序, 条理∙respond [riˈspɔnd] vi. 有反应; 有效果; 有影响vt. &vi.回答; 回报; 响应∙vary [ˈvɛəri] vi. 呈现不同vt. &vi.(使)变化, 改变∙achieve [əˈtʃi:v] vt. 取得, 获得实现, 达到, 完成∙community [kəˈmju:niti] n.社区, 社会, 团体大众, 公众共有, 共享∙design [diˈzain] n. 图样, 设计图设计, 布局目的, 打算vt.计划, 筹划vt. &vi.设计, 绘制∙institute [ˈinstitju:t] n.协会, 学会; 学院, 研究院vt.建立, 制定; 开始, 着手∙potential [pəˈtenʃəl] adj.潜在的, 有可能的n.潜力, 潜势, 可能性∙restrict [risˈtrikt] vt.限制; 约束∙acquire [əˈkwaiə] vt. 获得, 得到, 养成∙complex [ˈkɔmpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的, 复合的复杂的, 难懂的n.综合体, 集合体〈心〉情结, 夸大的情绪反应∙distinct [disˈtiŋkt] adj.截然不同的, 完全分开的清晰的, 明白的, 明显的∙invest [inˈvest] vt. 授予vt. &vi.投资; 花费∙previous [ˈpri:viəs] adj.先前的, 以前的过早的, 过急的∙secure [siˈkjuə] adj. 牢固的; 可靠的有把握的; 确切的vt.握紧; 关牢使安全(使)获得; 把…弄到手∙administer [ədˈministə] vt.管理, 支配给予执行, 实施∙compute [kəmˈpju:t] vt.计算, 估算∙element [ˈelimənt] n. (化学)元素成分, 要素, 原件一伙人基础, 纲要, 原理∙item [ˈaitəm] n. 一项, 一件, 一条; 项目∙primary [ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的; 主要的; 基本的最初的; 初级的∙seek [si:k] vi. 企图; 试图vt.请求, 征求; 求教vt. &vi.寻找; 探寻∙affect [əˈfekt] vt. 影响感动假装∙conclude [kənˈklu:d] vt.得出结论; 断定决定vt. &vi.结束∙equate [iˈkweit] vt. 认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿∙journal [ˈdʒə:nl] n. 杂志, 期刊日志, 日记∙purchase [ˈpə:tʃəs] n.购买, 购置买到的东西vt.购买∙select [siˈlekt] adj. 精选的, 挑选出来的限制性的, 选择严格的vt.选择; 挑选∙appropriate [əˈprəupriit] adj.适当的, 恰当的vt.挪用; 占用; 盗用拨出(款项)∙conduct [kənˈdʌkt] n. 举止, 行为管理(方式), 实施(方式) vt. &vi.引导, 带领, 担任指挥控制, 管理传导∙evaluate [iˈvæljueit] vt.评价, 估计, 估价∙maintain [meinˈtein] vt.保持; 继续保养, 维护坚持; 主张供给; 赡养∙range [reindʒ] n. 一系列变化幅度, 范围射程, 距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列∙site [sait] n. 位置, 场所, 地点vt.使坐落在; 设置∙aspect [ˈæspekt] n. 方面方位, 朝向面貌, 模样, 神态∙consequent [ˈkɔnsikwənt] adj.作为结果的, 随之发生的∙feature [ˈfi:tʃə] n. 特征, 特色面貌, 相貌特写, 专题节目(电影的)正片, 故事片∙normal [ˈnɔ:məl] adj. 正常的, 平常的正规的; 标准的∙region [ˈri:dʒən] n. 地区; 地带; 区域; 范围∙strategy [ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略学, 兵法战略, 策略策略, 计谋∙assist [əˈsist] vt. &vi.帮助, 促进∙construct [kənˈstrʌkt] vt.修建, 建立构成, 组成∙final [ˈfainəl] adj. 最后的, 最终的决定性的, 确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试∙obtain [əbˈtein] vi. 通行; 流行vt.获得, 得到; 买到∙regulate [ˈreɡjuleit] vt.控制, 管理调整; 调节∙survey [səˈvei] n. 调查vt.眺望; 纵览测量; 勘察检查, 鉴定通盘考虑, 回顾∙category [ˈkætiɡəri] n.种类, 类别∙consume [kənˈsju:m] vt.消耗, 消费, 耗尽大吃, 大喝烧毁, 毁灭∙focus [ˈfəukəs] n. 焦点, 焦距; 中心vt. &vi.(使)集中, (使)聚集调整(镜头, 眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清∙participate [pɑ:ˈtisipeit] vt. &vi.参加, 参与∙relevant [ˈreləvənt] adj.有关的, 切题的∙text [tekst] n. 正文, 本文原文, 全文教科书, 课本∙chapter [ˈtʃæptə] n. 章, 回, 篇∙credit [ˈkredit] n. 赊购; 赊购制度存款; 存款数额借款; 贷款赞扬, 荣誉, 功劳信任, 相信学分vt.相信, 信任把…记入贷方, 存入(账户)∙impact [ˈimpækt] n. 影响, 作用冲击(力), 碰撞vt. &vi.对某事物有影响∙perceive [pəˈsi:v] vt. 感觉, 察觉, 理解∙reside [riˈzaid] vi. 居住; 定居∙tradition [trəˈdiʃən] n.传统惯例∙commission [kəˈmiʃən] n.授权, 委托委员会佣金, 回扣vt.委任, 委托∙culture [ˈkʌltʃə] n. 文化休养, 教养, 精神文明养殖, 培养, 栽培vt.培植, 培养∙injure [ˈindʒə] vt. 伤害, 损害∙positive [ˈpɔzitiv] adj.确实的, 明确的积极的; 肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的, 确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的, 阳性的完全的; 纯粹的n. 〈语〉原级形容词确实; 正量, 正数正片∙resource [riˈsɔ:s] n. 资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智; 机敏; 创造精神∙transfer [trænsˈfə:] n.转移; 转让; 转录中转, 换乘, 改变路线vt.转让vt. &vi. 转移; 迁移∙alternative [ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] adj.两者择一的, 供替代的不寻常的, 非传统性的非正统的n.取舍, 抉择, 可供选择的事物选择的余地, 可供选择的机会∙convene [kənˈvi:n] vt. &vi.召开, 召集∙emphasis [ˈemfəsis] n.强调, 重点∙interact [ˌɪntərˈækt] vi.相互作用[影响], 互相配合∙philosophy [fiˈlɔsəfi] n.哲学人生哲学, 人生观达观∙sex [seks] n. 性别; 性男性; 女性性关系性活动, 性行为∙circumstance [ˈsə:kəmstəns] n.环境, 条件, 情况境遇, 经济状况∙coordinate [kəuˈɔ:dineit] adj.同等的, 并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调; 使调和∙ensure [inˈʃuə] vt. 确保, 担保担保获得[避免]∙justify [ˈdʒʌstifai] vt.证明…有理; 为…辩护∙physical [ˈfizikəl] adj.身体的, 肉体的物质的自然规律的, 按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查, 体格检查∙shift [ʃift] n. 转换, 转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋, 手段切换键vi.快速行进vt. &vi. 改变, 变换, 转移, 移动去掉; 摆脱掉换挡∙comment [ˈkɔment] n. 评论, 意见, 解释, 批评vt. &vi.评论; 谈论∙core [kɔ:] n. 果核核心, 精髓, 要点∙exclude [iksˈklu:d] vt.排除; 不包括在内∙layer [ˈleiə] n. 层, 层次∙proportion [prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n.均衡; 相称, 协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系; 比例部分; 份儿∙specify [ˈspesifai] vt.详述指定∙compensate [ˈkɔmpenseit] vt. &vi.补偿, 报酬∙corporate [ˈkɔ:pərit] adj.社团的, 法人的∙framework [ˈfreimwə:k] n.构架; 结构∙link [liŋk] n. 环, 联系, 纽带vt. &vi.连接, 联系∙publish [ˈpʌbliʃ] vt. &vi.出版公布∙sufficient [səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的; 充足的∙component [kəmˈpəunənt] n.成分, 组成部分, 部件, 元件∙correspond [ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd] vi.相符合, 相一致相当, 相类似通信∙fund [fʌnd] n. 基金, 专款现款; 资金储备, 蕴藏vt.为…提供资金, 给…拨款∙locate [ləuˈkeit] vt. 找出, 指出(地点或位置) vt. &vi.(在…)设置, 坐落于∙react [riˈækt] vi. 起反应; 有影响反对; 对抗∙task [tɑ:sk] n. 工作; 任务; 差事∙consent [kənˈsent] n. 准许, 同意, 赞成vi.同意; 赞成∙criteria [kraɪˈtɪərɪə] n.标准∙illustrate [ˈiləstreit] vt.给…加插图说明, 阐明; 表明∙maximise [ˈmæksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物)∙register [ˈredʒistə] n.登记(表), 注册(簿)记录器暖气, 调风器vt. &vi.记录; 登记; 注册显出注意到, 记住∙technical [ˈteknikəl] adj.技术的; 应用科学的艺术的, 工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的, 使用术语的, 专业的∙considerable [kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大(或多)的∙deduce [diˈdju:s] vt. 推论, 演绎∙immigrate [ˈimiɡreit] vi.移入∙minor [ˈmainə] adj. 较小的, 较少的, 低级的, 次要的n.未成年人副修科目∙rely [riˈlai] vi. 信任; 信赖; 依赖, 依靠∙technique [tekˈni:k] n.技巧, 手法, 技术技能∙constant [ˈkɔnstənt] adj.始终如一的, 恒久不变的不断的, 连续发生的忠实的, 忠诚的∙demonstrate [ˈdemənstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明, 演示论证, 证明显示, 表露∙imply [imˈplai] vt. 暗示, 暗指必然包含∙negate [niˈɡeit] vt. 取消, 使无效否定; 否认∙remove [riˈmu:v] vi. 迁移; 移居vt.移走; 排除开除∙technology [tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技(总称); 工艺; 应用科学工业技术∙constrain [kənˈstrein] vt.强迫, 强使; 限制, 约束∙document [ˈdɔkjumənt] n.公文, 文件, 文献vt.证明记录, 记载∙initial [iˈniʃəl] adj. 最初的, 开头的∙outcome [ˈautkʌm] n. 结果∙scheme [ski:m] n. 阴谋, 诡计计划, 方案vt. &vi.策划; 图谋∙valid [ˈvælid] adj. 正当的, 有充分根据的, 符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的∙contribute [kənˈtribjut] vi.起促成作用vt. &vi.捐献, 捐助, 贡献出撰稿, 投稿∙dominate [ˈdɔmineit] vt.耸立于, 俯临vt. &vi.控制, 支配, 统治在…中占首要地位∙instance [ˈinstəns] n.例子, 实例∙partner [ˈpɑ:tnə] n. 伙伴, 同伙, 合伙人, 股东同伴, 搭档配偶, 情人vt.做…的搭档∙sequence [ˈsi:kwəns] n.有关联的一组事物, 一连串先后次序, 顺序, 连续∙volume [ˈvɔlju:m] n. 卷, 册, 书卷体积; 容积, 容量音量, 响度∙access [ˈækses] n. 通道, 入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件)∙communicate [kəˈmju:nikeit] vi.通讯; 交际, 交流相连; 相通vt. &vi.传达; 表达∙error [ˈerə] n. 错误过失, 失误∙internal [inˈtə:nəl] adj.内部的国内的, 内政的体内的∙parallel [ˈpærəlel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的; 相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点), 相似(之处)比较纬线, 纬圈vt.与…平行; 与…相当∙resolve [riˈzɔlv] vt. (指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解, 解析(某物) vt. &vi.决定; 决心∙adequate [ˈædikwit] adj.充分的, 足够的适当的, 胜任的∙concentrate [ˈkɔnsəntreit] vt.浓缩vt. &vi.专心于; 注意集中, 聚集∙ethnic [ˈeθnik] adj. 种族的, 部落的某文化群体的∙investigate [inˈvestiɡeit] vt.调查; 审查∙parameter [pəˈræmitə] n.(限定性的)因素, 特性, 界限〈物〉〈数〉参量, 参数∙retain [riˈtein] vt. 保持; 保留止住; 容纳∙annual [ˈænjuəl] adj. 每年的, 年度的, 一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊, 年报, 年鉴∙confer [kənˈfə:] vi. 〈拉〉商谈, 商议vt.授予, 赋予∙goal [ɡəul] n. 球门进球得的分努力的对象, 目标∙job [dʒɔb] n. 职业, 职位(一件)工作职责, 责任∙phase [feiz] n. 阶段, 时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]∙series [ˈsiəri:z] n. 连续的同类事物, 系列串联∙apparent [əˈpærənt] adj.显然的, 明白的, 清晰可见的表面上的, 貌似(真实)的∙contrast [ˈkɔntræst] n.对比, 对照差异, 差别对照物, 明显的对比物vt. &vi.对比, 对照∙grant [ɡrɑ:nt] n. 补助金, 助学金, 津贴vt.准许; 答应给予承认∙label [ˈleibəl] n. 标签, 标记称号; 符号; 标示vt.贴标签于把…列为∙predict [priˈdikt] vt. &vi.预言; 预测; 预示∙statistic [stəˈtistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量∙approximate [əˈprɔksimit] adj.近似的, 大约的vt. &vi.近似, 接近∙cycle [ˈsaikl] n. 循环, 周期自行车, 摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车∙hence [hens] adv. 从此时起, 从此处因此, 所以∙mechanism [ˈmekənizəm] n.机械装置构造, 机制办法, 技巧, 途径∙principal [ˈprinsəpəl] adj.最重要的; 主要的n.负责人, 校长资本, 本金被代理人, 委托人∙status [ˈsteitəs] n. 身份, 地位情形, 状况∙attitude [ˈætitju:d] n.态度, 看法姿态, 姿势∙debate [diˈbeit] n. 讨论, 辩论vt. &vi.辩论, 争论∙hypothesis [haiˈpɔθisis] n.假说, 假设, 前提∙obvious [ˈɔbviəs] adj. 明显的; 显而易见的∙prior [ˈpraiə] adj. 优先的; 在前的; 较早的∙stress [stres] n. 压力, 紧张强调, 重要性重力重音vt.重读强调∙attribute [əˈtribju:t] n.属性, 特性vt.认为…是; 归因于…认为某作品出自某人之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]∙despite [disˈpait] prep. 不管, 尽管∙implement [ˈimplimənt] n.工具, 器具, 用具vt.使生效, 贯彻, 执行∙occupy [ˈɔkjupai] vt. 占领; 占有使从事; 使忙于∙professional [prəˈfeʃənəl] adj.职业的, 专业的内行的, 有经验的有意的, 故意的n.具有某专业资格的人, 专业人士内行, 专家专门职业者, 职业选手∙subsequent [ˈsʌbsikwənt] adj.随后的, 继…之后的∙civil [ˈsivl] adj. 公民的, 平民的; 非军职的, 非宗教的; 国民间的, 民用的民事的, 民法的文明的, 有教养的∙dimension [diˈmenʃən] n.尺寸, 度量方面, 部分规模, 程度∙implicate [ˈimplikeit] vt.牵连, 涉及∙option [ˈɔpʃən] n. 选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件, 配件买卖选择权, 期权∙project [prəˈdʒekt] n.项目, 计划, 方案, 课题vt.规划抛; 投; 射vt. &vi. 伸出, 突出; 表达特点∙sum [sʌm] n. 总数, 总和金额算术vt. &vi.合计总结, 归纳∙code [kəud] n. 法典, 法规, 章程密码, 电码代号, 编码vt.将…译成电码∙domestic [dəˈmestik] adj.本国的, 国内的家庭的, 家用的驯养的∙impose [imˈpəuz] vi. 利用, 占便宜; 欺骗vt.强迫, 强加课税, 惩罚∙output [ˈautput] n. 产量输出, 输出功率∙promote [prəˈməut] vt. 提升, 提拔筹划, 发起, 创立推销〈正〉促进; 推动; 增进∙summary [ˈsʌməri] adj. 即刻的, 立即的匆忙的, 草率的概括的; 简要的n.摘要, 概要∙commit [kəˈmit] vt. 犯罪; 犯错承诺; 使自己受约束托付; 交付∙emerge [iˈmə:dʒ] vi. 出现; 显出; 暴露∙integrate [ˈintiɡreit] vt.使结合成为整体vt. &vi.(使)融入∙overall [ˈəuvərɔ:l] adj.总体的; 全面的; 综合的全面考虑的adv.大体上, 总的来说一切包括在内, 全部的n. 长罩衣工装裤; 工作裤∙regime [reiˈʒi:m] n. 政治制度, 政权, 政体∙undertake [ˌʌndəˈteik] vt.担任, 承揽; 保证着手, 开始∙academy [əˈkædəmi] n. 专科学校研究院, 学会∙consult [kənˈsʌlt] vt. 请教, 咨询; 找(医生)诊治翻阅, 查阅顾及, 考虑vt. &vi.商议, 商量∙evolve [iˈvɔlv] vt. &vi.演变; 进化∙licence [ˈlaisəns] n. 许可证, 执照许可, 特许放纵, 放肆∙orient [ˈɔ:riənt] n. 东方, 亚洲vt.使熟悉, 使适应使朝向; 使确定位置∙style [stail] n. 风格, 格调; 文体行为方式, 作风种类, 类型; 流行式样; 款式风度; 格调; 气派∙adjust [əˈdʒʌst] vt. &vi.(改变…以)适应; 调整; 校正∙contact [ˈkɔntækt] n. 接触联系, 联络, 交往社会关系, 熟人, 门路触点, 接头vt. &vi.联系∙expand [iksˈpænd] vt. &vi.使…变大, 扩大, 扩张伸展, 伸开, 张开, 展开∙logic [ˈlɔdʒik] n. 逻辑(学), 逻辑性推理方法合理的想法∙perspective [pəˈspektiv] n.远景, 景前途; 希望透视透视图观点, 想法∙substitute [ˈsʌbstitju:t] vt. &vi.代替, 替换, 代用∙alter [ˈɔ:ltə] vt. &vi.改变, 更改∙decline [diˈklain] n. 下降, 减少, 衰退vi.(太阳)落下vt. &vi.辞谢; 谢绝(邀请等)∙expose [iksˈpəuz] vt. 曝光暴露; 显露揭露, 袒露∙margin [ˈmɑ:dʒin] n. 页边空白边, 边缘差数, 差额; 余地∙precise [priˈsais] adj. 精确的, 准确的恰好的; 正是的周密的, 细密的, 精细的∙sustain [səˈstein] vt. 承受, 支撑维持长期保持; 使继续经受, 遭受∙amend [əˈmend] vt. &vi.改良; 修改, 修订∙discrete [disˈkri:t] adj.分离的, 不相关联的∙external [eksˈtə:nl] adj.外面的, 外部的外观的, 表面的外国的∙medical [ˈmedikəl] adj. 医学的, 医疗的, 医术的内科的∙prime [praim] adj. 首要的; 主要的; 基本的最好的, 第一流的n.全盛时期vt.使准备好, 使完成准备工作事先指导, 事先向…提供情况∙symbol [ˈsimbəl] n. 象征, 标志符号, 记号∙aware [əˈwɛə] adj. 意识到的, 知道的∙draft [drɑ:ft] n. 草稿, 草案, 草图汇票应召入伍者; 特遣队vt.起草, 画草图, 草拟选派, 抽调征募, 征召…入伍∙facilitate [fəˈsiliteit] vt.使便利, 减轻…的困难∙mental [ˈmentl] adj. 精神的, 头脑的, 心理的, 智力的精神病的∙psychology [saiˈkɔlədʒi] n.心理学心理; 心理特点∙target [ˈtɑ:ɡit] n. (射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象vt.瞄准某物∙capacity [kəˈpæsiti] n.容量, 容积才能, 能力身份, 职位∙enable [iˈneibl] vt. 使能够; 提供做…的权利[措施]使可能∙fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈmentəl] adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则∙modify [ˈmɔdifai] vt. 修饰vt. &vi.修改, 更改∙pursue [pəˈsju:] vt. 追捕, 追击追求继续; 从事, 经营∙transit [ˈtrænsit] n. 搬运; 载运; 运输∙challenge [ˈtʃælindʒ] n.挑战, 邀请比赛怀疑, 质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验∙energy [ˈenədʒi] n. 活力, 干劲, 能力精力〈物〉能, 能量, 能源∙generate [ˈdʒenəreit] vt.生成, 产生引起, 导致∙monitor [ˈmɔnitə] n. 监视器, 监听器; 检测器(学校)班长; 纠察员vt.监听, 监视监测, 检测∙ratio [ˈreiʃiəu] n. 比, 比率∙trend [trend] n. 趋势, 倾向流行∙clause [klɔ:z] n. 从句(法律文件等的)条款∙enforce [inˈfɔ:s] vt. 实施, 执行强迫, 迫使∙generation [ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən] n.同时代的人, 一代人, 一代产生, 发生∙network [ˈnetwə:k] n. 网状物(电视与计算机)网络, 网状系统广播网, 电视网∙reject [riˈdʒekt] n. 被拒货品, 不合格产品vt.拒绝, 谢绝; 驳回舍弃, 排斥, 退掉∙version [ˈvə:ʃən] n. (个人对事件的)描述, 说法, 看法版本, 形式译本, 剧本∙compound [ˈkɔmpaund] n.复合物, 化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合, 使合成使严重; 使恶化∙entity [ˈentiti] n. 实体, 独立存在体, 实际存在物∙image [ˈimidʒ] n. 形象, 概念镜像, 影像, 图像印象酷似的人[物], 翻版比喻, 引喻, 明喻外形, 外表, 模样∙notion [ˈnəuʃən] n. 概念, 观念, 看法突然的念头, 奇想; 意图, 打算∙revenue [ˈrevənju:] n.收入, 收益; 财政收入, 税收∙welfare [ˈwelfɛə] n. 健康, 幸福, 繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)∙conflict [ˈkɔnflikt] n.战斗, 斗争冲突, 抵触, 争论vi.抵触, 冲突∙equivalent [iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的, 相当的∙liberal [ˈlibərəl] adj. 心胸宽阔的, 无偏见的慷慨的, 大方的开放的; 主张变革的自由的, 不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者∙objective [əbˈdʒektiv] adj.客观的; 不带偏见的n.目标; 目的∙stable [ˈsteibl] adj. 稳定的; 安定的沉稳[持重]的∙whereas [hwɛərˈæz] conj. 但是, 而∙abstract [ˈæbstrækt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象, 抽象概念, 抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要, 梗概vt. 提取, 抽取做…的摘要∙capable [ˈkeipəbl] adj. 有能力的, 有技能的∙exceed [ikˈsi:d] vi. (在数量、质量上)突出, 领先vt.超过; 超越∙incidence [ˈinsidəns] n.发生率, 影响范围∙migrate [maiˈɡreit] vi.迁移; 移往∙recover [riˈkʌvə] vi. 恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复; 重新获得, 找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)∙accurate [ˈækjurit] adj.精确的, 准确的正确无误的∙cite [sait] vt. 引用, 举例表彰, 嘉奖传唤, 传讯∙expert [ˈekspə:t] adj. 专家的, 内行的, 熟练的n.专家, 能手∙incorporate [inˈkɔ:pəreit] vt.包含, 加上, 吸收把…合并, 使并入组成公司∙minimum [ˈminiməm] adj. 最低的, 最小的n.最低限度, 最小量∙reveal [riˈvi:l] vt. 显示; 露出泄露; 透露∙acknowledge [əkˈnɔlidʒ] vt.承认, 供认告知已收到鸣谢, 感谢∙cooperate [kəuˈɔpəreit] vi.合作; 配合, 协助∙explicit [iksˈplisit] adj.详述的, 明确的, 明晰的直言的, 毫不隐瞒的, 露骨的∙index [ˈindeks] n. 索引标志, 象征; 量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数, 幂vt.给…编索引, 指示出∙ministry [ˈministri] n.(政府的)部∙scope [skəup] n. 余地, 机会(处理、研究事务的)范围∙aggregate [ˈæɡriɡit] n.〈正〉数, 总计vt.总计达… vt. &vi.(使) 聚集∙discriminate [disˈkrimineit] vi.歧视, 有差别地对待vt. &vi.分别, 辨别, 区分∙federal [ˈfedərəl] adj. 联邦(制)的联邦政府的∙inhibit [inˈhibit] vt. 阻止; 抑制∙motive [ˈməutiv] n. 动机, 目的∙subsidy [ˈsʌbsidi] n. 补贴, 津贴, 补助金∙allocate [ˈæləkeit] vt.分配, 分派把…拨给∙display [disˈplei] n. 陈列, 展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列, 展览显示, 显露∙fee [fi:] n. 费, 酬金∙initiate [iˈniʃieit] vt.开始, 着手传授; 使初步了解接纳新成员, 让…加入∙neutral [ˈnju:trəl] adj.中立的, 不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的; 非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士; 中立国∙tape [teip] n. 带子录音磁带; 录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt. &vi.录音∙assign [əˈsain] vt. 分配; 交给指派, 选派指定, 订出∙diverse [daiˈvəs] adj. 不同的, 多种多样的∙flexible [ˈfleksəbl] adj.易弯曲的, 柔韧的灵活的, 可变通的∙input [ˈinput] n. 输入, 投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑∙nevertheless [ˌnevəðəˈles] adv.仍然, 然而, 不过conj.尽管如此, 然而∙trace [treis] n. 踪迹; 痕迹; 形迹极微的量vt.追踪; 追溯发现; 找到描绘; 标出vt. &vi. 缓慢而困难地书写∙attach [əˈtætʃ] vt. &vi.贴上; 系; 附上∙domain [dəuˈmein] n. 范围, 领域版图, 领土地产, 产业∙furthermore [ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:] adv.而且, 此外∙instruct [inˈstrʌkt] vt.命令, 指示教, 指导通知∙overseas [ˌəuvəˈsi:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外; 在[向]国外∙transform [trænsˈfɔ:m] vt. &vi.改变∙author [ˈɔ:θə] n. 著作家, 作者创造者, 创始人; 发起人∙edit [ˈedit] vt. 剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt. &vi.编辑∙gender [ˈdʒendə] n. 〈语〉性∙intelligent [inˈtelidʒənt] adj.聪明的; 理解力强的∙precede [ˌpriˈsi:d] vt. &vi.在…之前, 先于∙transport [trænsˈpɔ:t] vt.运送; 流放使万分激动∙bond [bɔnd] n. 联系, 关系连接, 接合, 结合有息债券合同, 契约, 票据vt.使粘结, 使结合∙enhance [inˈhɑ:ns] vt. 提高, 增加, 加强∙ignorant [ˈiɡnərənt] adj.无知的, 愚昧的∙interval [ˈintəvəl] n.间隔时间幕间休息∙presume [priˈzju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事; 错用自作主张, 放肆vt.以为; 假定∙underlie [ˌʌndəˈlai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因); 引起∙brief [bri:f] adj. 短暂的, 短时间的简洁的, 简短的n.概要, 摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况, 作…的摘要∙estate [isˈteit] n. 土地, 地区庄园, 种植园地产, 财产; 遗产∙incentive [inˈsentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物; 刺激; 诱因, 动机∙lecture [ˈlektʃə] n. 演讲; 讲课冗长的训斥[谴责] vt.责备, 教训, 训斥vt. &vi. (向…)演讲;(给…)讲课∙rational [ˈræʃənl] adj. 神智清楚的理性的; 理智的; 合理的; 出于理性的∙utilize [ˈju:tilaiz] vt.利用, 使用∙adapt [əˈdæpt] vt. 改编, 改写vt. &vi.(使)适应, (使)适合∙contrary [ˈkɔntrəri] adj.相反的, 相违的n.相反, 反面, 对立面∙empirical [emˈpirikəl] adj.以观察或实验为依据的∙identical [aiˈdentikəl] adj.同一的∙phenomenon [fiˈnɔminən] n.现象特殊的人[事物]∙submit [səbˈmit] vi. 屈服, 认输vt.提交, 呈递〈正〉建议, 主张, 申辩∙adult [ˈædʌlt] adj. 成熟的成年人的, 适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物∙convert [kənˈvə:t] vt. &vi.(使)转变, (使)转化皈依, 改变(信仰)∙equip [iˈkwip] vt. 装备, 配备使有能力, 使胜任∙ideology [ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi] n.思想(体系), 思想意识∙priority [praiˈɔriti] n.优先权, 重点优先考虑的事∙successor [səkˈsesə] n.接替的人或事物, 继任者, 继承人∙advocate [ˈædvəkeit] n.提倡者, 拥护者辩护律师, 辩护人vt.提倡, 主张∙couple [ˈkʌpl] n. 一对, 一双一些, 几个夫妻, 情侣vt.连接, 联结, 联系∙extract [iksˈtrækt] n.摘录, 引用提炼物, 浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出, 抽出提取, 榨出∙infer [inˈfə:] vt. 推断, 推知∙prohibit [prəˈhibit] vt.禁止; 阻止∙survive [səˈvaiv] vi. 幸存, 活下来vt.比…活得长, 经历…之后还存在∙aid [eid] n. 帮助, 援助, 救助助手, 辅助物, 辅助手段vt.帮助, 援助∙decade [ˈdekeid] n. 十年, 十年间∙file [fail] n. 文件夹, 公文箱卷宗, 文件; 计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等), 呈递用锉锉∙innovate [ˈinəuveit] vi.改革, 创新∙publication [ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən] n.发表, 公布出版, 刊行, 发行出版物, 书刊∙thesis [ˈθi:sis] n. 论题, 命题, 论点论文, 毕业(或学位)论文∙channel [ˈtʃænl] n. 海峡通道; 水沟, 水渠渠道, 途径频道∙definite [ˈdefinit] adj.明确的, 确切的一定的, 肯定的∙finite [ˈfainait] adj. 有限的, 有限度的〈语〉限定的∙insert [inˈsə:t] n. 添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入, 嵌入∙quote [kwəut] vt. 提到…以支持某论点报(价); 开(价) vt. &vi.引用, 援引∙topic [ˈtɔpik] n. 题目, 论题, 话题∙chemical [ˈkemikəl] adj.化学的n.化学药品∙deny [diˈnai] vt. 否认知情拒绝∙foundation [faunˈdeiʃən] n.建立, 设立, 创办基础, 基本原理, 根据地基基金(会)∙intervene [ˌɪntəˈvi:n] vi.干涉, 干预; 调解干扰, 阻碍∙release [riˈli:s] n. 释放, 排放, 解除释放令公映的新影片, 发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放; 放开发布; 发行; 发售∙transmit [trænzˈmit] vt.传播, 传染传导vt. &vi.发射, 播送, 广播∙classic [ˈklæsik] adj. (著作, 赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的, 标准的(衣服, 设计等)传统式样的, 典雅的(因为时已久)著名的; 传统的n. 文豪, 大艺术家; 文学名著, 经典作品, 杰作优秀的典范∙differentiate [ˌdifəˈrenʃieit] vi.区别对待vt. &vi.区分, 区别, 辨别∙globe [ɡləub] n. 地球, 世界球体; 球状物地球仪∙isolate [ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离, 使孤立, 使脱离∙reverse [riˈvə:s] adj. 相反的, 颠倒的, 反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败, 挫败vt. &vi.(使)反转; (使)颠倒; (使)翻转推翻, 取消使倒退, 逆转∙ultimate [ˈʌltimit] adj.最后的, 最终的基本的, 根本的最大的, 极限程度的∙comprehensive [ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] adj.广泛的, 综合的∙dispose [disˈpəuz] vt. 布置使愿意或准备做vt. &vi.处理; 处置∙grade [ɡreid] n. (官阶、质量)等级, 品级, 阶段, 程度〈尤美〉 (考试或作业的)分数, 评分等级〈尤美〉 (学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生∙media [ˈmi:djə] n. 媒体∙simulate [ˈsimjuleit] vt.假装模仿, 模拟∙unique [ju:ˈni:k] adj. 独一无二的, 仅有的, 惟一的异常的, 特有的, 少见的∙comprise [kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含, 包括, 由…组成组成, 构成∙dynamic [daiˈnæmik] adj.有活力的, 强有力的不断变化的动力的, 动态的∙guarantee [ˌɡærənˈti:] n.保证, 保障; 保证书; 保用期担保, 担保人担保品, 抵押品vt.保证;担保使(事情)可能发生∙mode [məud] n. 方式, 样式样式, 风格∙sole [səul] adj. 单独的, 惟一的专有的, 独占的∙visible [ˈvizəbl] adj. 看得见的, 可见的, 有形的明显的, 可察觉到的∙confirm [kənˈfə:m] vt. 证实, 证明; 肯定, 确认使巩固, 加强批准; 认可∙eliminate [iˈlimineit] vt.消除, 排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉∙hierarchy [ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团, 领导层∙paradigm [ˈpærədaim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例; 样式; 模范∙somewhat [ˈsʌmhwɔt] adv.稍微, 有点, 达到某种程度∙voluntary [ˈvɔləntəri] adj.自愿的, 志愿的义务的, 无偿的∙abandon [əˈbændən] n. 放任; 纵情vt.离弃, 丢弃遗弃, 抛弃放弃∙clarify [ˈklærifai] vt. &vi.使清楚; 澄清∙deviate [ˈdi:vieit] vi.偏离; 越轨∙induce [inˈdju:s] vt. 引诱, 劝导〈正〉引起, 导致∙plus [plʌs] adj. 正的比所示数量多的附加的, 称心的, 有利的n.加号, 正号prep.(表示包容)外加; 另有(表示运算)加, 加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上, 正∙tense [tens] adj. 拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张∙accompany [əˈkʌmpəni] vt.陪伴, 陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏∙commodity [kəˈmɔditi] n.商品, 货物有用的东西∙displace [disˈpleis] vt.替换, 取代移走∙inevitable [inˈevitəbl] adj.不可避免的, 必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的, 照例必有的, 惯常的∙practitioner [prækˈtiʃənə] n.习艺者, 实习者从业者(尤指医师)∙terminate [ˈtə:mineit] vt. &vi.结束; 使终结∙accumulate [əˈkju:mjuleit] vt. &vi.堆积; 积累∙complement [ˈkɔmplimənt] n.补充, 互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足, 补充∙drama [ˈdrɑ:mə] n. 戏剧, 剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面]∙infrastructure [ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础设施; 基础结构∙predominant [priˈdɔminənt] adj.占主导地位的, 显著的∙theme[θi:m] n. 主题, 主旨, 题目∙ambiguous [æmˈbiɡjuəs] adj.引起歧义的; 模棱两可的, 含糊不清的∙conform [kənˈfɔ:m] vi. 遵守, 符合顺应, 一致∙eventual [iˈventjuəl] adj.(事件)最终发生的; 结果的∙inspect [inˈspekt] vt. 检查, 检验视察∙prospect [ˈprɔspekt] n.景象, 景色前景; 前途可能成为主顾的人; 有希望的候选人vi.勘探;勘察∙thereby [ˈðɛəbai] adv. 由此; 因而∙append [əˈpend] vt. 附加∙contemporary [kənˈtempərəri] adj.当代的同时代的, 同属一个时期的n.同代人, 同龄人∙exhibit [iɡˈzibit] n. 展览品, 陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示, 显出vt. &vi.陈列; 展览∙intense [inˈtens] adj. 强烈的, 剧烈的; 极端的热情的, 热切的紧张的, 认真的∙radical [ˈrædikəl] adj. 根本的, 基本的; 彻底的, 完全的激进的, 激进派的∙uniform [ˈju:nifɔ:m] adj.全都相同的, 一律的, 清一色的n.制服。
failure analysis全英文解释
failure analysis全英文解释
5. Failure prevention: Recommendations and corrective actions are proposed to prevent similar failures in the future. This may involve design changes, process improvements, or enhanced maintenance procedures.
2. Data collection: Relevant data, such as operating conditions, maintenance records, anollected to provide insights into the failure.
4. Failure mode determination: The specific failure mode, such as fatigue, corrosion, or manufacturing defect, is determined based on the analysis of the failed component.
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照（二）上一篇/ 下一篇 2009-01-05 10:44:15 / 个人分类：GMP/GLP查看( 1076 ) / 评论( 2 ) / 评分( 0 / 0 ) III. TYPES OF ANALYTICAL PROCEDURESA. Regulatory A nalytical ProcedureA regulatory analy tical procedure is the analy tical procedure used to ev aluate a def ined characteristic of the drug substance or drug product. The analy tical procedures in the U.S. Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF) are those legally recognized under section 501(b) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) as the regulatory analytical procedures f or compendial items. For purpos es of determining compliance with the Act, the regulatory analytical procedure is used.III分析方法的类型A. 法定分析方法法定分析方法是被用来评估原料药或制剂的特定性质的。
USP/NF中的分析方法是法定的用于药典项目检测的分析方法。
为了确认符合法规，需使用法定分析方法。
B. A lternative A nalytical ProcedureAn alternativ e analy tical procedure is an analytical procedure proposed by the applicant f or use instead of the regulatory analy tical procedure. A v alidated alternativ e analy tical procedure should be submitted only if it is shown to perf orm. equal to or better than the regulatory analy tical procedure.B. 替代分析方法替代分析方法是申请者提出用于代替法定分析方法的分析方法。
c14-test 2-section 4单词整理
C14 Test 2 - Section 4 单词整理1. 介绍本文将针对C14 Test 2 - Section 4中出现的一些重要单词进行整理和解释，以便帮助大家更好地理解和掌握这些单词的用法和意义。
2. analyzeanalyze是一个动词，意思是“分析”，通常用于描述对某个问题或情况进行系统细致的研究和分析。
例如：We need to analyze the data before reaching any conclusions.（在得出任何结论之前，我们需要分析这些数据。
）3. crucialcrucial是一个形容词，意思是“至关重要的”，用于强调某个事情或因素的重要性。
例如：Effectivemunication is crucial in any relationship.4. depictdepict是一个动词，意思是“描述”或“描绘”，通常用于描述艺术作品或文字对事物的详细描绘。
例如：The p本人nting depicts a beautiful countryside scene.（这幅画描绘了美丽的乡村风景。
）5. emphasizeemphasize是一个动词，意思是“强调”或“着重”。
当我们想要强调某个观点或事实时，可以使用这个词。
例如：The speaker emphasized the need for urgent action.6. efficientefficient是一个形容词，意思是“高效的”或“有效率的”，用于描述某个系统或过程能够在少量资源下达到最大产出。
例如：The new system is more efficient than the old one.7. factofacto是拉丁语中“事实”的意思，通常用于表示某个观点或说法是根据实际情况而非猜测得出的。
例如：The decision was made based on the fact that the project was behind schedule.8. simulatesimulate是一个动词，意思是“模拟”或“模仿”，用于描述通过模拟实验或情况来研究某个问题或情况。
SpatialAnalyzer概览
真实的测量结构
◦ 测量数据与仪器相关联 ◦ 用初始测量值（多测站）得到最佳点
从不同测量技术集成测量 通过USMN生成最佳点 报告 – 表现 – 理解测量不确定度
SpatialAnalyzer
TCP/IP Port 1 TCP/IP Port 2 TCP/IP Port 3 TCP/IP Port n
◦ 工作范围取决于性能表现 ◦ 角度 – 范围 测量不确定度 ◦ 包括 标靶，环境，设置，控制网形状的影响
报告可信度 (结合不确定度) 在方案实施前可以模拟过程
长距离狭窄空间 350’ x 6’ trough 4台激光跟踪仪 联合
1,797 Measured Points 300 field samples 15 minute run time P-4 1.8 gigahertz
操作界面
TCP/IP Port j NetBEUI Port XX
测量仪器
TCP/IP Port m
TCP/IP Port k
TCP/IP Port X
网络通信
TCP/IP Port m TCP/IP Port o RS-232 ComX
SA远程监控
13:22:06
TCP/IP Port X
13:22:06
航空航天造船核能交通大尺寸制造客户行业通用的仪器界面多台仪器同时连接三维图像工作环境有效的改进精度100可溯源自动化支持各种cad文件直接导入强大的精密测量应用生产检验工业产品和工装测量仪器通用界面方便的点设置和cad模型分析核心功能报告图形化sa解决方案是可扩展的整合3d6d更新sa支持超过100种测量设备允许用户为不同测量任务选择最佳设备例如数字水平仪激光准直环境检测设备等等例如catiav4catiav5unigraphicssolidworksproengineerautodesk3dinventorsiemensnxptscaddssolidedge3dxmlparasolidsacishpglcgretc
美国FDA分析方法验证指引中英文对照
美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照美国FDA分析方法验证指南中英文对照八、、I.INTRODUCTIONThis guida nee provides recomme ndati ons to applica nts on submitt ing an alytical procedures, validati on data, and samples to support the docume ntati on of the identity, strength, quality, purity, and potency of drug substances and drug products.1.绪论本指南旨在为申请者提供建议，以帮助其提交分析方法，方法验证资料和样品用于支持原料药和制剂的认定，剂量，质量，纯度和效力方面的文件。
This guida nce is in ten ded to assist applica nts in assembli ng in formati on, submitt ing samples, and prese nti ng data to support an alytical methodologies. The recomme ndati ons apply to drug substa nces and drug products covered in new drug applicati ons (NDAs), abbreviated new drug applicati ons (ANDAs), biologics license applications (BLAs), product license applications (PLAs), and supplements to these即plicatio ns.本指南旨在帮助申请者收集资料，递交样品并资料以支持分析方法。
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A DETERMINISTIC ANALYZERF O R TH E INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL L A NG U A G E C O M M A N D SLeonardo LESMO, Daniela MAGNANI, Piero T O R A S S OI s t i t u t o d i Scienze d e l l'I n f o r m s z i o n e - U n i v e r s i t y d i TorinoC.so Massimo D'Aseglio, 42 - 10125 TORINO - ITALYAbstractThis paper describes a system which t r a n s l a t e s a query in I t a l i a n language i n t o a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n which can be immediately i n t e r p r e t e d as a sequenceof algebraic operations on a r e l a t i o n a l data base. The use of a lookshead buffer allows the system to operate d e t e r m i n i s t i c a l l y. D i f f e r e n t knowledge sources are used to cope w i t h semantics (associated w i t h the lexicon) and syntax (represented as pajt t e r n-a c t i o n r u l e s). These knowledge sources cooper ate during the query t r a n s l a t i o n so that independ-ent t r a n s l a t i o n steps and intermediate representa-t i o n s of the command are avoided. Therefore the term "determinism" is used to mean that a l l thes t r u c t u r e s b u i l t during the process concur to b u i l d the f i n a l command r e p r e s e n t a t i o n.I n t r o d u c t i o nOne of the most popular new ideas in the f i e l d of n a t u r a l language processing is the "determinism" introduced by Marcus /1/. The system presented in t h i s paper accepts Marcus' proposals f o r the synta£ t i c analysis of the t e x t, but extends t h a t analysis to a r e a l t r a n s l a t i o n of an input query in I t a l i a n language by means of a more semantical s t r u c t u r e of the actions associated to the p a t t e r n-a c t i o n synta£ t i c r u l e s. These actions have the purpose of b u i l d ing representations of the c o n s t i t u e n t s w i t h which the s y n t a c t i c r u l e is associated, in a form which allows the system to perform semantic checks by us ing the semantic information a v a i l a b l e from the l e x i c o n.One of the main features of the system is a co operation between d e c l a r a t i v e (l e x i c o n and p a t t e r n part of the s y n t a c t i c r u l e s) and procedural (proce dures to perform semantic checks and the a c t i o n part of the s y n t a c t i c r u l e s) knowledge sources such that the c o n t r o l flow is automatically t r a n s f e r r e d from one knowledge source to another without the i n t e r v e n t i o n of a c e n t r a l c o n t r o l l e r.As a benchmark, the system has been specialized to act as an i n t e r f a c e to a medical c o n s u l t a t i o n program f o r the analysis of the l i v e r f u n c t i o n a l assessment /2/.Command r e p r e s e n t a t i o nThe i n t e r p r e t a t i o n process t r a n s l a t e s the in put command i n t o a set of frame i n s t a n t i a t i o n s linlc ed together. By "frame" we mean a c o l l e c t i o n of s l o t s, each of which has a name, may contain a v a lue and may be associated w i t h a procedure which checks the semantic correctness of the value i n s e r t ed i n t o the s l o t by the grammar r u l e s.The system contains a set of prototype frames (c u r r e n t l y 4: ACTIONFR, COMMANDFR, RESTRICTIONFR, CONCEPTFR) which are i n s t a n t i a t e d under request of the grammar r u l e s. Notice that the checks associated w i t h the s l o t of a given fraae F may operate on data not necessarily stored in F, but in other frames coil nee ted to F. The check procedure associated w i t h a frame s l o t i s executed when the s l o t i s f i l l e d: i t may happen t h a t, at that time, some of the s l o t s (i n the same frame or not) needed to perform the checks are s t i l l empty. In t h i s case the procedure is suspended and i t s suspension point is stored in a l i s t together w i t h information which allows the procedures associated w i t h s l o t f i l l i n g and frame l i n k i n g to resume i t s execution as soon as p o s s i b l e.LexiconThe l e x i c o n contains noise words, non-content words (e.g. prepositions) and content words. Thel a t t e r are used to b u i l d the f i n a l representation of the command and the information associated w i t h them concerns t h e i r s y n t a c t i c category and (f o r some of them) semantic information stored as l i n k sto other content words /3/, so that the lexicon may be considered as a network which allows the systemto v e r i f y the semantic correctness of the command.A s p e l l i n g c o r r e c t i o n is performed to detect andc o r r e c t possible typing e r r o r s.A more d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of the l e x i c a l knowledge source is reported in /4/.SyntaxThe s y n t a c t i c knowledge is represented by means of Syntactic Rule Packets (SRP) each of which coit t a i n s a set of p a t t e r n-a c t i o n r u l e s which specify the d i f f e r e n t forms a p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t i t u e n t may as sume. The p a t t e r n part of the r u l e s allows the sy£440tem to d e t e r m i n i s t i c a l l y i d e n t i f y the r u l e of the Packet which has to be applied to analyze the i n p u t. The p a t t e r n consists in a sequence of syntactic cat egories or c o n s t i t u e n t s which have to be matched on the lookahead b u f f e r , which is f i l l e d under request of the s y n t a c t i c knowledge (CAT statements; see be low) w i t h the exact p o r t i o n of input s t r i n g needed to d i s c r i m i n a t e among the r u l e s of the Packet. For the sake of e f f i c i e n c y , the set of patterns concern ing the same S R P have been represented by means of a d i s c r i m i n a n t net which guides the f i l l i n g of the b u f f e r.The a c t i o n part of the rules is a procedure in v o l v i n g imperative statements:- FILL. It f i l l s a s l o t of a frame and t r i g g e r s the checks associated w i t h that s l o t.- CREATE. It b u i l d s a new i n s t a n t i a t i o n of a frame. - LINK. It connects aframe i n s t a n t i a t i o n to a s l o t of another one.- CAT. It checks the category of the current word of the lookahead b u f f e r. If a l l the elements in the buffer have already been scanned, a new word i s t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o i t from the input s t r i n g. Ill c i d e n t a l l y , the categories used in the grammar (and the c o n s t i t u e n t s as w e l l ) are not the classi c a l categories (noun, a d j e c t i v e , e t c.) but are more semanticslly biased (concept, property, e t c ). - PUSH . It involves the t r i g g e r i n g of the S R P asso ciated w i t h the embedded c o n s t i t u e n t that has to be analyzed and the transfer of c o n t r o l to the S R P handler.- DEL. It deletes a word from the b u f f e r.When a FILL or LINK operations is executed,the l i s t of suspended checks is scanned to decide wheth er some of them may be resumed. A f t e r the completion of the a c t i o n p a r t of a r u l e , the c o n t r o l is r e t u r t i ed to the a c t i o n which a c t i v a t e d the S R P containing the r u l e whose a c t i o n has been completed.As an example of Syntactic Rule Packet, consid er the c o n s t i t u e n t ELEMENT: it r e f e r s to a group of objects defined by a concept name (e.g. Patient) followed by the conditions s e l e c t i n g the indiviid uals that should belong to the group, o r , in case the group is r e s t r i c t e d to a single i n d i v i d u a l , by i t s name (I d e n t i f i e r ). The s t r u c t u r e of the S R P is as f o l l o w s :n o t e x p l i c i t l y p r e s e n t i n t h e i n p u t s e n t e n c e ; i n t h i s example a l l t h e s l o t s c o n t a i n i n g & w i l l b e f i l l e d b y t h e s e m a n t i c check p r o c e d u r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s l o t VAL, b y i n s p e c t i n g t h e s e m a n t i c i n f o r m a t i o n s t o r e d i n t h e l e x i c a l e n t r y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e c u r r e n t i d e n t i f i e r . A s r e g a r d s RELEM, i t i s a v a r i a b l e w h i c h i s f i l l e d b y t h e CREATE o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e a c t u a l name o f t h e n e w l y c r e a t e d i n s t a n t i £t i o n .I t may b e o b s e r v e d t h a t , i n t h i s c a s e , t h e d i sc r i m i n a n t n e t i s v e r y s i m p l e because o n l y one w o rd has t o be examined i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h r u l e has t o b e a p p l i e d. I n t h e GROUPSPEC d i s c r i m i n a n t n e t i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t two o r t h r e e l o o k a h e a d w o r d s a r e needed t o d e t e r m i n i s t i c a l l y d e c i d e w h a t r u l e has t o b e a p p l i e d ;f o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e l o o k a h e a d b u f f e r s i z e i s n o t f i x e d , even i f our grammar n e v e r r e -q u i r e s more t h a n f o u r c e l l s .The symbol + r e f e r s t o t h e c u r r e n t f r a m e i n s t a n t i a t i o n (i n t h i s c a s e a copy o f CONCEPTFR), whereas t h e symbol & means t h a t t h e f i l l e r o f t h e s l o t i sN o t i c e t h a t t h e t r v e l l i n g o n t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t n e t does n o t i m p l y t h a t a n i n p u t word i s consumed (f o r e x a m p l e , t h e f i r s t word i n t h e PUSH ed GROUPSPEC i s t h e same Concept t e s t e d by ELEMENT). Examples and commentsOne of t h e most i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s of t h e system i s i t s a b i l i t y t o o b t a i n t h e same r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r s e n t e n c e s w h i c h have t h e same meaning b u t c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e s. C o n s i d e r f o r example t h e s e n t e n c e s :S 1) Dammi i l v a l o r e d e l l a b i l i r u b i n a t o t a l e p e r ip a z i e n t i c o n i t t e r o (G i v e m e t h e v a l u e o f t o t a l b i l i r u b i n f o r t h e p a t i e n t s w i t h j a u n d i c e ). S2) Per i p a z i e n t i che hanno i t t e r o dimmi q u a n t o val e l a b i l i r u b i n a t o t a l e (For t h e p a t i e n t s who have j a u n d i c e t e l l m e what t h e t o t a l b i l i r u b i n i s ).S 3) Quanto hanno d i b i l i r u b i n a t o t a l e i p a z i e n t i coni t t e r o p r e s e n t e ? (H ow much t o t a l b i l i r u b i n have t h e p a t i e n t s w i t h j a u n d i c e p r e s e n t ?).For a l l o f them t h e f i n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s t h e same and i s r e p o r t e d i n f i g .1.I t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i n f o r m a t i o nw h i c h i s i m p l i c i t i n t h e i n p u t command has been made e x p l i c i t (e.g. i n RESTR3 t h e f a c t t h a t "j a u n d i c e " i s t h e "name" o f t h e symptom and i n RESTR2 t h a t t h e "v a l u e " o f t h e j a u n d i c e used f o r p a t i e n t s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d b e "p r e s e n t ", even i f i n t h e sen t e n c e s S 1 and S 2 i t i s u n d e r s t o o d ).The r e s u l t i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n may seem r a t h e rawkward. For e x a m p l e , i t may n o t b e a p p a r e n t why RESTR2 is l i n k e d to an a c t i o n (named S OW) i n s t e a d441of the concept it q u a l i f i e s (j a u n d i c e ). The advan cage of t h i s representation is the one-to-one na£ ping between the pointers which l i n k the frames and the algebraic operators of the r e l a t i o n a l approach to database c o n s t r u c t i o n. For example, each pointer to a r e s t r i c t i o n implies a SELECT operation on the r e l a t i o n to which the concept (or the a c t i o n ) is associated, each p o i n t e r connecting an a c t i o n and a concept implies a JOIN operation on the two involv ed r e l a t i o n s and so on.It is worth n o t i c i n g the d i f f e r e n c e between the representation of the sentence SI (f i g.l ) and the r e p r e s e n t a t i o n (f i g.2) of the sentence:S4) Dammi il v a l o r e d e l l a b i l i r u b i n a t o t a l e per i pas i e n t i di sesso meschile (Give me the value of t o t a l b i l i r u b i n f o r the p a t i e n t s o f male s e x ). The d i f f e r e n c e is due to the f a c t t h a t "sex" is a property of a p a t i e n t and f o r t h i s reason it is stored in the data base r e l a t i o n PATIENT, whereas "j a u n d i c e " is an i d e n t i f i e r of the concept "symptom" (i.e. a key of the data base r e l a t i o n SYMPTOM), so t h a t the value of jaundice f o r a given p a t i e n t is stored in the connection r e l a t i o n named S O W .In f i g .l and 2 the frame s t r u c t u r e was h e a v i l y s i m p l i f i e d f o r the sake of r e a d i b i l i t y ; l e t us con sider as an example the a c t u a l s t r u c t u r e of RESTRIC TIONFR:RESTRICTIONFR (FEATURE, OP, VAL, FEATURE!, OP!,VAX!, BACK, RESTRCH AIN) The s l o t s composing the frame are of three k i n d s : E x t e r n a l , I n t e r n a l , L i n k ; the External s l o t s (e.g. FEATURE, OP, VAL) c o n t a i n the a c t u a l l e x i c a l e n t r i e s appearing in the input sentence; the I n t e r n a l ones (e.g. FEATURE!, OP!, VAL!) concern the correspond ing i n t e r n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , which w i l l be used to" access the data atored in the data base r e l a t i o n s ; the Link s l o t s (e.g. RACK, RESTRCH AIN) c o n t a i n the p o i n t e r s t o other i n s t a n t i a t i o n s.In RESTRICTIONFR the s l o t FEATURE contains thename of the a t t r i b u t e used to perform the s e l e c t i o n , whereas the s l o t s OP and VAL c o n t a i n the operator and the l i n g u i s t i c or numeric value involved in theSELECT o p e r a t i o n. When the s t r i n g "di sesso raaschi le" in the sentence SA is analysed, the s l o t s FEA TURE and VAL are f i l l e d w i t h "sesso" and "meschile" r e s p e c t i v e l y , whereas the s l o t OP is f i l l e d w i t h & (undefined). The semantic checks associated w i t h FEATURE end VAL provide not only the f i l l i n g of FEA TURE! end VAL! w i t h the i n t e r n a l representation of "sesso" and "meschile" (i.e. SEX and MALE),but also the f i l l i n g of OP! w i t h EQ (the choice of EQ depends on the information associated w i t h "maschile") thus leading to the s i t u a t i o n of RESTR2 shown in f i g.2.The s l o t B A C K contains a backward pointer to the CONCEPTFR (or ACTIONFR) i n s t a n t i a t i o n f o r which the RESTRICTIONFR i n s t a n t i a t i o n acts as a c o n d i t i o n. F i n a l l y , the s l o t RESTRCH AIN may contain a pointer to another i n s t a n t i a t i o n of RESTRICTIONFR which acts as a f u r t h e r c o n d i t i o n f o r the s e l e c t i o n (i.e. the two - or more - c o n d i t i o n s are ANDed).The system has been implemented in LISP on a DEC-10; the l e x i c a l and s y n t a c t i c processes have been tested f u l l y , wherees the procedures associat ed w i t h the semantic checks are c u r r e n t l y under debug. References/1/ Marcus, M.P.: A Theory of Sync t a c t i c Recognitionf o r Natural Language. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1980. Ill Lesmo,L.; S a i t t a , L.; Torasso, P.: Computer-Aided Evaluation of Liver Functional Assessment, Proc. 4th Symposium on Computer A p p l i c a t i o n s in Medical Care, Washington, D.C., 1980, p p.l 81r l 89. /3/ H eidorn, G.E.: Augmented Phrase Structure Grammars, in Schank, R.C. & Nash-Webber, B. (e d s.): Proc. T h e o r e t i c a l Issues in Natural Language Processing, Cambridge, Mass., 1975, p p.1-5. I4I Lesmo, L.; Magnani, D.; Torasso, P.: L e x i c a land Pragmatic Knowledge f o r Natural Language A n a l y s i s , 1981 I n t. Conf. on Cybernetics and S o c i e t y , A t l a n t a , Georgia, Oct.1981.442。