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古代汉语(下)知识点总结

古代汉语(下)知识点总结

古代漢語下册文选知識點總結新疆师范大学文学院第七单元 (1)(一)文选 (1)7.1道可道 (1)7.2天下皆知美之为美 (1)7.3三十辐共一毂 (2)7.4曲则全 (3)7.5小国寡民 (3)7.6胠(qū)箧(qiè) (5)7.7秋水 (10)7.8鲁少儒 (14)7.9 惠子相(xiàng)梁 (15)7.10 运斤成风 (16)(二)通论 (17)第一节音韵学的基本概念 (17)第二节中古音 (20)第三节上古音 (23)第八单元 (25)(一)文选 (25)8.1人皆谓我毁明堂 (25)8.2 许行 (26)8.3 荣辱 (30)(二)通论: (33)第一节诗词格律 (33)第二节对联 (36)第三节词律 (37)第九单元 (45)(一)文选 (45)9.1更法 (45)9.2五蠹 (46)(二)通论:训诂 (53)一、传统训诂学的实践与研究概况 (53)二.古注的作用 (54)三古注的类型 (54)四、古注的术语 (55)五.古书的体例 (55)第十单元 (56)(一)文选 (56)10.1谏逐客书 (56)10.2赐南粤王赵佗书 (57)10.3报任安书 (59)(二)通论 (65)古书的标点 (65)第十一单元 (66)(一)文选 (66)11.1黄帝 (66)11.2垓下之战 (67)11.3仲尼弟子列傳 (69)(二)通论 (73)修辞 (73)第十二单元 (75)(一)文选 (75)12.1答客难 (75)12.2情采 (78)(二)通论:古代的文体...............................................................错误!未定义书签。

第七单元 (一)文选7.1道可道重点字词:1.【道.可道.,非常.道】 道:名词,自然规律; 道:动词,阐述、说明 常:永恒固定不变的 2.【名.可名.,非常名】 名:名词,自然规律; 名:动词,称名 3.【无名,天地之始.; 始:原始状态 有名,万物之母.】 母:形成的开始、本源,这里指开始时 4.【故常无.,欲以观.其妙.】 无:在无形的状态下 妙:微妙之处 观:观察 5.【常有.,欲以观其徼.(ji ào )】 有:在有形的状态下 徼:边际、终极 6.【同谓之玄.】 玄:深奥 7.【众妙之门. 】 门:门道、源头7.2天下皆知美之为美重点字词:1.【天下皆.知美之..为美,斯恶..(w ù)已.】 皆:都 美之:美的事物. 斯:指示代词,这 恶:丑 已:句末语气词,作用同“矣”2.【故有无相生. 】 相:相互依存 生:产生3.【难易相成.】 成:形成 4.【长短相形.】 形:从形体上体现5.【高下相顷..】 相倾:本指位置高的物体倾压在位置低的 物体之上,这里义为上下相依靠 倾:依靠6.【音声..相和.】 音:单音,或说指乐器..的声音。

会议策划方案ppt模板

会议策划方案ppt模板

会议策划方案ppt模板篇一:会议策划方案模板XXX年度工作总结暨表彰大会第二小组XX-11-101 / 8公司会务策划书目录前言一、会议主题???????????3 二、会议目的???????????3 三、会议时间???????????5 四、会议地点???????????5 五、会议组织???????????5 六、邀请嘉宾???????????5 七、参会人员???????????5 八、会议内容???????????5 九、日程与议程??????????5 十、会场布置???????????5 十一、组织与分工?????????5 十二、筹备程序??????????5 十三、费用预算??????????5 十四、注意事项??????????10 十五、附录????????????102 / 8********会议策划方案前言(自拟:注意组织语言和措辞)7月28日是鑫源公司的厂庆日,每年的这一天鑫源公司都将开展一系列的活动。

去年7月28日,鑫源公司隆重推出了鑫源等离子摩托车,在摩托车市场上刮起了一股鑫源等离子旋风,引起了摩托车行业不小的震动。

一年来,鑫源等离子摩托虽然在市场上产生了一定的影响,但等离子摩托的销量却不甚理想。

特别是XX年1—3月,等离子摩托的销量持续下降,到3月份达到最低的909辆。

虽然4月份以后,公司采取了一些奖励政策,加之常规车型停产,等离子摩托的销量开始逐月回升,但仍未恢复到去年的最好水平,更无法达到支撑公司销量的水平。

除了行业的大环境外,经销环节推等离子摩托的积极性不高,是重要原因。

加之今年公司广宣政策的调整,上半年公司没有组织全国性的等离子摩托的推广活动,而各片区开展的活动也参差不齐,也是原因之一。

当然产品线的问题、产品质量的问题也影响了等离子摩托销量的提升。

为此,公司决定在下半年打出一系列组合拳,助推等离子摩托销量的提升。

在产品上将进一步扩大等离子摩托的产品线,并开展等离子摩托的全面质量整顿,使等离子摩托的质量得到全面的提升,产生一个质的飞跃;在政策上将针对代理商和零售商出台一系列奖励政策;在推广上将组织开展1—2次全国性的等离子摩托的促销活动以及持续开展区域性的促销活动。

金珊资讯 Lectrix 使用指南

金珊资讯 Lectrix 使用指南

使用指南目錄資料庫簡介 (3)簡介 (3)功能 (3)八大作品 (3)SECTION 1 : Home Page 首頁頁面介紹 (4)SECTION 2 : Text Overview Page 原文文本綜覽頁面介紹 (5)2.1 : Text Overview Page文本綜覽頁面 (5)2.2 : Lectrix Interface 介面畫面 (6)2.3 : Window Activation 方塊視窗功能 (7)2.4 : Lectrix Windows方塊視窗操作 (8)SECTION 3 : Commentary 原文文本評析介紹 (9)3.1 : Advanced Commentary進階文本評析 (9)3.2 : Commentary Window評析方塊視窗 (10)SECTION 4 : Translation 原文文本翻譯介紹 (11)4.1 : Text Translation 文本翻譯 (11)4.2 : Translation Window 譯文視窗 (12)SECTION 5 : Commentary Notes 原文文本評析註解介紹 (13)5.1 : Basic Commentary Notes基礎評析註解 (13)5.2 : Highlighting Notes色彩強調的評析註釋 (14)資料庫簡介簡介Lectrix是個協助讀者輕鬆看懂希臘原文與拉丁原文作品的線上工具資源。

您只需要動動滑鼠鍵即可看原文的翻譯並可瞭解文章的意思。

同時資料庫已建有希臘文與拉丁文各四本有名原著供讀者研讀。

功能Lectrix的介面使用便利以及功能多元實用,讀者在閱讀原文名著內容時,可享有線上字典提供的文字定義、語法分析工具、文章評析、注釋翻譯及原文文法暨文章的背景資料。

八大作品Lectrix以提供希臘文與拉丁文各四個重要的名著內容。

拉丁文 :Cicero – Catilinarians Ⅰ-ⅡVirgil – Aeneid ⅣOvid – HeroidesApuleius – Tale of Cupid and Psyche希臘文 :Euripides – MedeaLysias – OrationsSophocles – Antigone 、Plato – IonSECTION 1 : Home Page 首頁頁面介紹連結位於 ,即可進入 Lectrix 的首頁畫面。

质量归零报告模板

质量归零报告模板

质量归零报告模板篇一:质量问题技术归零报告模版产品名称型号质量问题技术归零报告×××××公司二〇××年××月产品名称型号质量问题技术归零报告共页拟制: 校对:会签:审核: 审定: 批准:军事代表:目次1 问题概述过程概述 ................................................ ................................................... ................ 12 问题定位 ................................................ ................................................... ................................ 13 机理分析 ................................................ ................................................... ................................ 14 问题复现 ................................................ ................................................................................... 1 5 措施及验证情况 ................................................ ................................................... .................... 1 6 举一反三 ................................................ ................................................... ................................ 1 7 结论 ................................................ ................................................... ........................................ 1 8 归零证明资料和清单 ................................................ ................................................... (1)产品名称型号质量问题技术归零报告1 问题过程概述故障现象发生时间、地点、技术状态、现象及发展过程,问题产品描述。

高中政治大题万能答题公式

高中政治大题万能答题公式

高中政治大题万能答题公式高中政治不仅仅是一种学科,更是我们中华民族五千年文化精髓的传承,是我们传统优良品质的传递,是我们世世代代美好品质的传播,因此学好政治很有必要,那么接下来给大家分享一些关于高中政治大题万能答题公式,希望对大家有所帮助。

高中政治大题万能答题公式(一)政府(国家)1、政府(国家)这样做的政治学依据。

在《政治生活》里面命题,凡是要求回答:政府(国家)这样做的政治学依据是什么?都要从以下知识点去考虑:①我国的国家性质;②我国的国家职能;③我国国家机构应该坚持的原则;④国家这样做的意义。

2、政府(国家)这样做的经济学依据在《经济生活》里面命题,凡是要求回答:政府(国家)这样做的经济学依据是什么?都要从以下知识点去考虑:①社会主义的本质;②社会主义的生产目的;③社会主义的根本任务;④社会主义市场经济的根本目标;⑤市场在资源配置起基础性作用,但是有弱点和缺陷,需要国家的宏观调控;⑥国家宏观调控主要运用经济(财政政策、货币政策)、法律和必要的行政手段;⑦国家这样做的经济意义。

3、政府(国家)在经济学里面的行为是宏观调控;政府(国家)在政治学里面的行为是履行国家职能。

(二)国际关系1、(政治学)为什么会出现错综复杂的国际关系?在《政治生活》里面命题,凡是要求回答:为什么会出现错综复杂的国际关系?都要从以下知识点去考虑:国际关系极其决定因素。

2、(政治学)中国为什么极力主张构建和谐世界?在《政治生活》里面命题,凡是要求回答:中国为什么极力主张构建和谐世界?都要从以下知识点去考虑:①主权国家的权利与义务;②联合国宪章的宗旨与原则;③中国是安理会常任理事国之一,积极参加联合国及其专门机构有利于世界和平与发展的活动;④和平与发展是当今时代的主题;世界多极化和经济全球化;顺应了经济全球化和世界多极化发展的要求,有利于促进国际关系民主化;⑤国际竞争的实质;⑥我国的国家性质和国家利益决定我国的外交政策;⑦我国独立自主的和平外交政策(宗旨和目标等)。

CBM-20A(简易)

CBM-20A(简易)
3.1.1 用户级别和访问级别................................................................................... 3-2 3.1.2 设定 IP 地址................................................................................................ 3-3 3.1.3 设定组和系统名称 ...................................................................................... 3-5 3.1.4 注册新用户 ................................................................................................. 3-6 3.1.5 组信息、系统管理和用户管理 .................................................................... 3-6
系统控制器
用于岛津高效 液相色谱
CBM-20A/20Alite
说明书 (摘要说明书)
使用产品前请仔细阅读本说明书。 请妥善保管本说明............................................................ I
1.2 组成部件 .......................................................................................................1-3 1.3 维护部件 .......................................................................................................1-4 1.4 规格...............................................................................................................1-4

讲师授课技巧课程大纲

讲师授课技巧课程大纲

讲师授课技巧课程大纲工具清单(罗列了本次课程中涵盖的20种工具方法)课程背景:内训师是企业培训体系中的重要基础,是组织经验与最佳实践的生成者与传播者,是创造学习型组织的核心力量。

要想让内训师发挥出如此巨大的价值,前提是需要对内训师进行充分的赋能,尤其是针对刚刚踏入培训授课之路的初级讲师,只有夯实授课技巧的基础,才能在培训的道路上走的更远。

初级讲师在登台之初往往会遇到这样一些挑战和困惑:•自己明明很擅长这个领域,可一站上讲台就有点“茶壶倒饺子,有货出不来”的感觉……•虽然自己职位不低、岗位经验丰富,但面对台下三四十人难免还是很紧张,身体僵硬,声音颤抖……•我已经非常认真的在讲课了,可是台下还是有很多人打瞌睡……•这个内容我已经讲过一遍了,但是课后大家还是记不住、不会用、问题依然存在……•我试着讲个笑话、抛个问题互动一下,可大家依旧抱着胳膊面无表情,我怎么总是遇到这样的学员……•花了三个晚上好不容易写出的课件,总像是把Word搬上了PPT,看着不好看却不知道如何修改……讲师授课就好比开车,即需要理论作为基础指导,又需要掌握专业的技能技巧,更离不开实战经验的积累,单凭自我摸索或一味效仿他人往往只会知其然而不知其所以然,更容易形成不良的授课习惯,影响培训效果,也无法充分的体现内训师的价值。

课程特点:全程干货-课程包含20余种方法工具,实操性极强,不讲大道理,拒绝假大空;讲练结合-现场设置多个练习点评环节,即学即用,并给予有针对性的改进建议;理论支撑-道法术器,以道为先,不仅教会学员如何做,更要使学员懂得背后的道理;紧贴实战-结合学员实际的授课场景与课题,注重训前调研,掌握学员实际存在的问题,有针对性的提升。

课程目标:通过掌握以下核心知识技能点,能够从容驾驭时间较短的知识类型与简单技能类型的课堂培训。

1、理解培训师的多种角色及所需的能力要求2、运用ABC工具写出清晰的课程结构3、为各自的课程设定精彩开场及有效结尾4、运用卓越演示之窗突出重点信息5、能够掌握基础的课堂互动技巧6、避免常见的手、眼、身法问题,能够运用一些技巧缓解紧张情绪7、做出符合“6C原则”的PPT课件8、能够用柯式四级评估法对自己所讲课程设立合理的评估方式。

初中道法答题《万能模板》(初中生必备)

初中道法答题《万能模板》(初中生必备)

初中道法答题《万能模板》(初中生必备)选择题选择题一般遵循的解题方法是坚持一个原则,做到四个审查、四个不选、五个排除。

(1)一个原则先审题干,后审题肢,肢干相连,以干求肢,是解答选择题的基本原则。

(2)四个审查①审查设问,看试题是正向还是逆向选择;②审查题干,全面理解题意,抓住题干材料的关键词或限制词,明确题干的规定性;③审查题肢,逐一分析、比较,把握它们之间的差异以及内在联系,以提高做题的准确率;④审查题干与题肢的关系,看二者是否相符。

(3)四个不选①题肢观点与教材内容不符的不选;②题肢观点片面化或绝对化的不选;③题肢观点与事实不符的不选;④题肢观点正确但与题干无关的不选。

(4)五个排除①排除观点本身错误的选项;②排除观点本身正确,但与题干无关的选项;③排除观点本身正确,与题干也有关系,但不符合题干规定性的选项;④排除与题干意思相近、变相重复的选项;⑤排除因果关系颠倒的选项。

做好单项选择题,最重要的是做到认真审题,包括审题目、审题干、审题肢。

在复习中对基础知识基本原理和一些易混淆的知识要掌握准确、扎实、到位,另外单项选择题只能选择一个答案,每个选择题的答题时间基本限制在30秒钟之内。

主观题(一)一般思路读题→审题(审设问、审主体、审材料)→联想(教材知识、时政知识)→撰写提纲→答案要点(教材语言、材料语言、时政语言)(二)主观题审题过程要注意“六部曲”a.看:看设问。

看设问的范围(法律、国情);角度(是什么、为什么、怎么样)。

b.抓:抓住材料的关键词,中心意。

通常可用“首尾法,词语频率法”来抓。

c.领:领悟命题者的意图,主要是考什么知识原理。

d.联:紧扣题目的材料联系相应的教材术语和时政术语。

e.列:列出答题纲要,即把题目设问要求的材料知识、教材知识,时政知识等按先后列出要点。

f.思:反思答案的完整性,科学性。

倒推重审题,注意题分值(看分作答)。

(三)主观题答案组织要注意“六个化”a.解题过程程序化:每答一题都要遵循上面六部曲来进行;b.答案组织要点化:每个要点自成一点,自成一理;序号排列;c.答案表述术语化:采用教材政治术语或时政精辟术语;d.答案结构逻辑化:各要点之间要有一定的主次、先后、微观、宏观等逻辑关系;e.答案编写完整化:联系党和国家方针政策的最新观点进行创造性答题而争取加分(内在美);f.字迹书写整洁化:要注意改卷老师的心理,以唤起阅卷老师的同情心和印象分(外在美)。

WK-5238说明书

WK-5238说明书
4.3 檔案目錄 ................................................................................................................................. 4–6 4.4 電表模式 (WK-5238).............................................................................................................. 4–6
4.2 儀器前面版 ............................................................................................................................. 4–2 4.2.1 軟體按鍵The Soft Keys............................................................................................... 4–2 4.2.2 游標按鍵The Navigation Keys ................................................................................... 4–3 4.2.3 功能控制按鍵The Control Keys ................................................................................. 4–3 4.2.4 資料輸入按鍵The Data Entry Keypad ....................................................................... 4–4 4.2.5 按鍵編碼Keypad Codes................................................................................................. 4–4 4.2.6 系統資訊設定 System................................................................................................... 4–4

政治答题万能公式

政治答题万能公式

万能公式—高考政治解题方法和技巧及答题模版〔一〕政府〔国家〕1、政府〔国家〕这样做的政治生活依据。

在《政治生活》里面命题,但凡要求答复:政府〔国家〕这样做的政治生活依据是什么?都要从以下知识点去考虑:①我国的国家性质;②我国的政府职能;③我国政府的宗旨和应该坚持的原则;④依法行政、科学民主决策;⑤自觉接受人民监督;⑥树立政府权威;⑦国家这样做的意义。

2、政府〔国家〕这样做的经济生活依据在《经济生活》里面命题,但凡要求答复:政府〔国家〕这样做的经济生活依据是什么?都要从以下知识点去考虑:①社会主义的本质;②社会主义的生产目的;③社会主义的根本任务;④社会主义市场经济的根本目标;⑤市场在资源配置起基础性作用,但是有弱点和缺陷,需要国家的宏观调控;⑥国家宏观调控主要运用经济〔财政政策、货币政策〕、法律和必要的行政手段;⑦落实科学发展观;⑧转变经济发展方式;⑨国家这样做的经济意义。

3、政府〔国家〕在经济生活里面的行为是宏观调控,落实科学发展观;政府〔国家〕在政治生活里面的行为是履行国家职能。

〔二〕国际关系1、(政治生活〕为什么会出现错综复杂的国际关系?在《政治生活》里面命题,但凡要求答复:为什么会出现错综复杂的国际关系?都要从以下知识点去考虑:国际关系极其决定因素。

2、〔政治生活〕中国为什么极力主张构建和谐世界?在《政治生活》里面命题,但凡要求答复:中国为什么极力主张构建和谐世界?都要从以下知识点去考虑:①主权国家的权利与义务;②联合国宪章的宗旨与原则;③中国是安理会常任理事国之一,积极参加联合国及其专门机构有利于世界和平与发展的活动;④和平与发展是当今时代的主题;世界多极化和经济全球化;顺应了经济全球化和世界多极化发展的要求,有利于促进国际关系民主化;⑤国际竞争的实质;⑥我国的国家性质和国家利益决定我国的外交政策;⑦我国独立自主的和平外交政策〔宗旨和目标等〕。

3、〔经济生活〕国际经济关系在《经济生活》里面命题,但凡要求答复:发展国际经济关系的依据,都要从以下知识点去考虑:①应经济全球化趋势,积极参与国际经济竞争与合作,提高开放型经济水平的要求;②坚持“引进来”与“走出去”相结合,增强国际竞争力的要求;③转变外贸发展方式,优化出口商品结构④是社会主义现代化建设的必要条件;⑤对外贸易的作用。

会计硕士实习报告

会计硕士实习报告

会计硕士实习报告篇一:研究生会计实习报告一、实习目的会计这门学科,不仅要实践性很强,还要理论基础很牢固。

为了进一步巩固理论知识,将理论与实践有机的结合起来,在学习了基础课程之后,公司进行了为期四个月的专业实习,以下是此次实习的过程和体会。

作为一名专业型会计硕士,我需要掌握会计领域坚实的基础理论和宽广的专业知识、具有较强的解决实际问题的能力,能够承担专业技术或管理工作、具有良好的职业素养的高层次应用型专门人才。

会计是对会计单位的经济业务从数和量两个方面进行计量、记录、计算、分析、检查、预测、参与决策、实行监督,目的在于提高经济效益的一种核算手段,它本身也是经济管理活动的重要组成部分,会计专业作为应用性很强的一门学科,一项重要的经济管理工作,是加强经济管理,提高经济效果的重要手段,经济管理离不开会计,经济越发展会计工作就显得越重要,在学校学的这一段时间,可以说对会计已经是了解的差不多了,所有关于会计的基础知识、基本理论、基本方法和结构体系,我都基本掌握了,但这些似乎只是纸上谈兵,倘若将这些理论性极强的东西搬上实际上应用,那我想我肯定会无从下手,一窍不通,自认为已经掌握了一定的会计理论知识,在这里只能是空谈。

于是在坚信“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”下,认为只有把从书本上学到的理论知识应用于实际的会计实务操作中去,才能真正掌握这门知识。

因此,我作为一名会计专业的研究生,就必须亲自去做,去实践,才能真正了解会计,掌握它的用途。

二、实习单位及岗位介绍(一)实习单位概况(二)岗位介绍我的实习岗位是质量控制复核部助理。

我所在的部门是质控部,这个部门主要负责公司业务标准指导的制定,制作并举行培训计划,对其他相关部门质量管理绩效之监控、统计与呈核。

我的主要工作就是帮部门经理把复核报告最基本的工作做好,帮她做好一切辅助性工作。

比如审核报告的数据、整理并统计报告差错率,培训出勤率等。

三、实习内容及过程从进所到离开这四个月,我做了很多不同的工作,包括批改公司内部培训的试卷和统计、修改审计工作底稿、整理各种报告文件、制作公司培训的调查问卷及信息的收集和审核审计报告的数据这几个方面。

歌曲推荐专题——2005-2009新歌好歌

歌曲推荐专题——2005-2009新歌好歌

《Come To Me.Close To Me》《拥抱》《我只能偷偷喜欢你》《小王子》温胜光《你知不知道我好爱你》黄喆宇《收获》《我忘了笑》《做你的公主》《Just Be My Love》何耀珊《新不了情》《黑色泪滴》《一个人失忆》《找到天使了》《复刻回忆》《It’s my day》薛凯琪《那些女孩教我的事》《漂流》《半生熟》《现在就想见的人》《最好的朋友》《美人尖》品冠《my only wish》Britney《gift》98degrees《It's Christmas Time Alright》Michael Learns to Rock《lost Christmas》张学友《凤凰花开的路口》林志炫《且行且珍惜》张信哲《放你的真心在我的手心》张智成《感谢有你》刘艺涵《梦想的翅膀》群星《游园惊梦》《日光倾城》《红色》《唯虫》卡其社《不够放肆》陈珊妮《喜欢》《模样》张悬《逛街》戴佩妮《爱的风度》金海心《爱你》《没有你》《为你着了魔》《我是一只猫》花泽冰《跟随》B.O.K组合《诱惑》《你的唇我没吻过》《爱的想逃》《你的名字》王家顺《super No.1》《梁山伯与茱丽叶》卓文萱《箭在弦上》《醉清风》《沿海地带》弦子《爱忧伤》《拾起的布偶》胡佳琛《龙族》《爱,说走就走》董燕妮《水仙花开》赵凯《飞机场的十点半》郝歌《唐吉坷德》《如果我会功夫》《嫦娥》孙一璟《I want to know 环游世界》《崽崽》黄雅莉《背叛》《两只恋人》《天使嫉妒的生活》曹格《爱,自己》《花园》何炅《想爱》《百变选择》《心里有个人》倪睿思《后海》《飞鸟》《看谁能扛》《你让我疯狂》艳乐队《校园嘻哈》《南拳北腿》《红牌》《双侠》无极生《梦想飞扬》慢摇版蓉儿《Merry Christmas的祝福》《那年夏天》《爱情海的鱼》《星光电影院》《完美》江一燕《翅膀》《天空》《让我去吧》破碎乐队《我知道你爱我》《飞向札幌的班机》《爱情消失的夏天》《dreamer》《scream》《脱轨》JS 《好想再听一遍》《I gotta let you know》《wake up》《We gonna break free tonight》陶莉萍《朋友出去走走》《男生女生配》《夏天不打烊》2moro《喜出望外》《I’ll Love You Forever》《平安玺》玺恩《纯真》《鹭鸶雨稻草人》《over the way》黄建为《粉红骑士》郑凡《冲浪》《不同凡响》《SUNDAY》火星人(要专辑《火星人》里的第二次出的不好听)《有一天我会回来》《查无此人》《钻石天空》《奈奈》丁香晓晓《爱,请问怎么走》《荒唐》《换季》黄丽玲《Cake Bomb》《痕迹》《sunshine》《再见,莫扎特》蛋糕炸弹《挥挥手》《我的路》《梦想的光芒》《我们的梦》汪峰《因为我相信》星光同学会《仨人》《想个不停》《我不想忘记你》《麻雀》《有生之年》《离开》《你的香气》郭静《哲学家》《范范之辈》《你只有一个》《是非题》《诚实》《你是答案》范玮琪《坚持》《不可思议》Solar《一眼瞬间》《你是爱我的》《知己》《快乐眼泪》《如果你也听说》《big city》张惠妹《想疯而已》《顺其自然》童欣《灰色幸福》厉娜《新家》阿杜《直觉》《花葬》同恩《如果你真爱我》《十字路口》《再一次拥有》龚诗嘉《Miss You》tension《一如既往》《天使之光》熊汝霖《有谁还没睡》《蓝色土耳其》《弱水三千》周传雄《和弦里的秘密》《Sunny Day》《再唱一首歌》苏慧伦《沉鱼落雁》《圣诞礼物》《普洱茶》《刀剑笑》冯磊《淘汰》《白色球鞋》《爱是一本书》陈奕迅《谁是谁的谁》《亲爱的你》《烟灰》《锁心》陈雪君《比天空还远》《忽略》曹方《爱能穿越几千年》《荷花亭》《江山》高进《心海洋》《翼鸣惊人》《再别康桥2007》《vip》《I Believe in Love》WOW《雨》翼势力《晴天》朱孝天《爱情天气》宇恒《雪花》《左右手》《一台好戏》《五花瓣》格里杰夫《隐形超人》《我的未来式》郭采洁《我的另一半》《我的翅膀》《完美旅程》黄鑫《爱情四季》《配角》吴炜《光年》《擦肩而过》《关于情歌》《靠近》李圣杰《我不是Rock N'Roll》《蝶恋花》《穿越珊瑚海》《如果明天》《完美生活》牛奶咖啡《错爱》《寂寞那么多》张栋梁《我和她她和他》《那封情书》《靠岸》《心慌慌》《保佑我》李志清《花样年华》《给你的歌》《如果爱我》《幸福大街》关喆《我们走过的路》《相信有一天》天空乐队《我们唱的歌》《大明星》《世界之大》BOBO《一定可以》《爱就这么奇怪》S.K.Y《慢慢纪念》《不药而愈》《百分百》郭静《眼里眉间》《yesterday》《女人们的咖啡》《庆幸有你爱我》蔡淳佳《花火》《Cold Silence》《香草的天空》深白色《一念之间》戴佩妮《残酷月光》《神秘嘉宾》《心有林夕》《再别康桥》《伯乐》林宥佳《梦里蓝天》韩晶《小甜蜜》《我还是你的》《情歌王》古巨基《回到家乡》阿龙正罡《离岛》《表演》《邻居》龚柯允《为你而活》《不放》《草戒指》《终结》《爱在末日前》神木与瞳《我们之间》《藏经阁》《DEAR BABY》棒棒糖《无法归类》《我相信》《克罗地亚的天空》《我的连续剧》何维健《今晚你想念的人是不是我》《伪装》《shine》《Love Will Live Forever》《爱归你》黄丽玲《雨念》《靠不靠谱》《眼泪笑了》刘力扬《远走高飞》《留言》张杰《everything》《彷徨少年时》《罗盘》黄建为《波利士》阿沁《误解》林佑威《不潮不用花钱》《黑武士》《醉赤壁》《我还想她》林俊杰《丝路》《酒神祭》《印记》《路西法》林冠吟《前面》《Take Me To The Star》《告别的时代》《释放》《超越》《谁说》黑girl《爱太痛》吴克群《爱现在的我》邓紫棋《带我走》杨丞琳《DEAR JANE》张靓颖《限时的遗忘》《在世界中心》潘佳丽《预感》周定纬《深深爱过你》《传说》薛之谦《花名册》《笔墨伺候》《慢四恋曲》《海口》《唐宋元明清》后弦《彩云之巅》许巍《带着你冒险》《等待爱》《GO GO GO》《失去》AOK《兄弟》《路上》《迷雾》《触不到的恋人》区俊涛《解夏》《game over》《轻功内功》《华语恋曲》《梨园英雄》华少翌《我的主题曲》《浪漫爱》《喜欢一个人的心情》《我太乖》江语晨《自己找答案》《爱的城堡》《一句话》《独家快乐》卓文萱《黑暗骑士》《桃花源》《幸福意外》《挥不去你》陈仁丰《红色高跟鞋》《走过的路》《it’s true》蔡健雅《you were there》《爱了才懂》《Set Me Free II》《爱是自私的》黄义达《I am》《新主角》《勾勾手》《又哭了》游喧《月光》《傻里傻气》《缺席》《每日一句》黄靖伦《爱是你眼里的一首情歌》郭美美《公主恋爱手册》lara《热恋烟火》安又琪《恩典》《Love Rain》《蓝天》《原色生活》戴娆《爱的诗篇》《薄荷与指甲剪》《最幸福的事》《可以不爱了》梁文音《情报》《舍不得放手》《绝无仅有》《告诉我》唐禹哲《右边》《crazy》《仗爱》《忘了》谢婉婷《只要记得我的好》《one day》《千杯不醉》《想回家》柯有伦《有何不可》《清明雨上》《如果当时》《认错》许嵩《捉迷藏》橙草乐队《和你一起的幸福》anida《love for free》Nylas《different world》小自然乐团《going home》陈曦《声声慢》六甲乐团《我们能不能》《春风吹》《总结》《苏丽珍》《小小虫》《爱爱爱》《够不够》《每个人都会》方大同《在我的世界我就是喜欢做游戏》《这里怎么有这么多奇怪的人》《绝对小孩》龙宽《花王》《等等等》《泡泡》《买你》魏如萱《everything is good》《here we are》《story of a life》《come home》lene Marlin《陪我看日出》《未知的以后》《梦在手里》《有一天我会》《他和她》《有心人,有情人》蔡淳佳《风儿带着我们飘》彭坦《嘉油站》廖隽嘉《我的黑眼圈》《爱一点》莫艳琳《天使之翼》《累格》戴爱玲《风里唱》《梦回青河》巴度《梦的起点》B.A.D《你可以不一样》陈琳《Together》杨家成《在你和天空之间》《close to you》《快乐是自找的》《坚固柔情》《有你真好》赵之璧《The hardest note》赖雅妍《为了遇见你》《说真的》《茉莉香》胡瑶《爱中飞行》《黑夜过后》《火光》石康军《月儿圆》《窗前明月光》《北京土著》张伯宏《春江花月夜》栗儿《月明时》罗中旭《爱盛开》《I WANNA BE WITH YOU》《不想让你走》《没有你的每一天》《女人不坏》徐婕儿《立秋》筠子《北京秋天的黄昏》小柯《秋凉》曹方《秋日》《纯粹》姜昕《秋天冬天》张震岳《失心疯》张善为《谁说爱要结果》陈伟《守侯》5566《随风去吧》深蓝乐团《指尖的星光》钟汶《回忆之前忘记之后》汪峰《紫雨》齐秦《发现》蓝沁《因为有你》《我不完美》刘畊宏《特洛伊》《决定》吴爽《快乐》《让时间开口》张智成《快乐的日子》孙思怡《烛光》《天使看的戏》谢霆锋《下一次微笑》杨丞琳《从今开始》王杰《太笨》《梁祝》《毁灭爱情》林冠吟《早安,晨之美》《渊明》《校园美女2008》《100种生活》《寂寞考》《我爱你》卢广仲《let’s start from here》《50 ways to leave your lover》《TRUE》《Stages of flying》《for no reason》王若琳《夏天的风》元卫觉醒《河流》达与璐《岛屿云烟》《南国的孩子》张悬《罗马假日》旅行团乐队。

第九届(2009年度)输出版、引进版优秀图书评选结果

第九届(2009年度)输出版、引进版优秀图书评选结果
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产品需求文档模板【范本模板】

产品需求文档模板【范本模板】

<产品名称〉产品需求说明书[注:产品需求说明书的定义:此文档的目的是收集、分析和定义〈〈xxx产品名〉〉的需要和特性。

它包括相关方和目标用户需要的功能和这些需要存在的原因,以及详细地说明所确定的产品的关键外部业务流程、接口和非功能性特性的需求、设计约束。

此文档用来让读者了解产品的外部黑盒概念,并指导《架构设计说明书》和《软件需求说明书》。

一个产品(对外对内具有统一定义的)只有一份《产品需求说明书》,对于分解的对内项目部分可以以《xxxx产品需求说明书—yyyy分册》来撰写。

以下提供的模板用于需求管理流程。

其中包括用方括号括起来并以蓝色斜体(样式=InfoBlue)显示的文本,它们用于向作者提供指导,在发布此文档之前应该将其删除.按此样式输入的段落将被自动设置为普通样式(样式=正文)。

]上海市XX网络技术有限公司版权所有内部资料注意保密修订记录:目录一、简介 (12)1、目的 (12)2、范围 (12)二、用户角色描述 (12)三、产品概述 (12)1、总体流程 (13)2、功能摘要 (15)四、产品特性 (16)1、读书人社区首页 (16)1。

1 优先级 (16)1.2 特性描述 (16)1.3 社区首页 (16)1.3.1 读书会列表 (16)1.3。

2 热评书潮 (17)1.3.3 视频节目 (17)1。

3.4 社区名人 (18)1。

3.5 读书会推荐 (18)1.3.6 热门原创 (19)1。

3.7 读书快报(新闻) (20)1.3。

8 合作伙伴列表(页底) (20)2、板块一——藏书阁 (21)2。

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1.4 书评推荐 (22)2.1.5 名家读书会专题 (23)2。

1。

6 分类推荐 (24)2。

1.7 一周好书 (25)2。

1。

8 排行榜 (25)2。

1.9 读书会推荐 (27)2。

2022中考道法万能答题模板(二)

2022中考道法万能答题模板(二)

点这里☞:2021中考道法万能答题模板(二)六、民族文化类文化的力量/意义/作用1、积淀着中华民族最深层的精神追求,代表着中华民族民族独特的精神标识,为中华民族的伟大复兴提供精神动力。

2、文化是一个国家、一个民族的灵魂文化传承和发展1、坚持马克思主义为指导,推动文化创造性转化、创新性发展。

2、继承革命文化,发展社会主义先进文化3、吸收外来文化增强文化自信1、夯实中华优秀传统文化根基。

2、日常生活中与时俱进,实现创造性转化、创新性发展。

3、跨时空展示中华文化的独特魅力,在交流互鉴中丰富发展。

怎么做①努力学习科学文化知识,培养创新精神和创新能力。

②善于辨别各种落后文化和腐朽文化,并自觉加以抵制,弘扬中外优秀文化。

③积极参加形式多样的社会主义精神文明创建活动,为推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣作出贡献。

七、中华传统美德类①推进社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德建设,青少年责无旁贷。

②倡导向上向善、孝老爱亲、忠于祖国、忠于人民,青少年必须身体力行。

八、民族精神类原因:(1)是中华民族生生不息、发展壮大的强大精神支柱;(2)是维系各族人民团结奋斗的牢固精神纽带;(3)是激励中华儿女为实现中国梦的不竭精神动力怎么做:对国家: 挺身而出,舍生忘死。

对他人:见义勇为,无私奉献。

对自己:勤勤恳恳,任劳任怨。

九、社会主义核心价值观类原因:1、是当代中国精神的集中体现2、共同的价值追求,价值导向,价值引领3、促进社会与人的全面进步。

怎么做:1、要与日常生活紧密联系起来,做到落细、落小、落实;2、应该自觉做到勤于学习、思考、勇于实践3、明辨是非、认真做事、踏实做人。

十、成才报国类:一般从树立远大理想、努力学习、涵养品格、艰苦奋斗、培养创新意识和能力、承担社会责任等方面作答。

可参考以下模板:①树立远大理想,立下强国志,为实现中华民族伟大复兴而努力奋斗;②努力学习科学文化知识,提高自身素质;③培养创新能力;④增强社会责任感,积极参加社会实践活动,服务社会;⑤从力所能及的事情做起,为国家(家乡)发展作贡献十一、生态文明类:资源、环境、绿色1、要处理好经济发展与生态环境保护的关系。

大单销售

大单销售

模块二
大单的4大系统
系统一:货品系统
系统二:陈列系统
系统三:激励系统
店长的 连带率考核
导购的 连带率PK
系统四:销售系统
风格 与 产品 关联 产品 赠送
模块三
大单销售的6步曲
一、从进店到试穿
常规的两种 迎接顾客方式
想买上衣 还是裤子?
喜欢的话 可以试穿一下!
一、从进店到试穿
打招呼
生客迎接方式
目录
大单卖手的
6大工作特点 4大系统 6步曲
大单的
大单销售
模块一
卖手的6大工作特点
个人业绩的631法则
业绩60%+顾客接待量30% +技巧10%+运气
大单卖手的6大工作特点
• 微笑保持热情
• 步伐加快30%
• 未实现个人目标主动加班
• 动手大于动口
• 没有顾客时截流
• 不带有色眼镜去判断顾客意向
商品介绍技巧:USP
USP
Unique Selling Proposition
利益诉求 特殊诉求 集中诉求
独特的卖点
五、成交技巧
顾客疑虑应对的万能公式 是的……正是……
是的……但是……
五、成交技巧
一句话应对顾客还价
应对三原则
态度坚持
目光坚定
三种还价方式
还个位数
还十位数
语气坚决
还百位数
六、付钱之后工作标准
大单销售的策略
中国连带率现状
连带率水平 优秀水平
5件以上 10件以上 20件以上
差 1.2-2
中 2-3.5
中 3.5+
提升销售的3个途径
增加顾客 增加单次 购买频率 增加每天 成交金额 进店人数

《想飞的钢琴少年》经典台词

《想飞的钢琴少年》经典台词

《想飞的钢琴少年》经典台词篇一:《会飞的钢琴少年》观后感《想飞的钢琴少年》观后感佛瑞迪.穆勒导演的瑞士影片《想飞的钢琴少年》讲述了一个关于音乐神童维特的人生故事。

影片中维特的母亲也许是爱子心切,总是希望能够挖掘和培养维特超常的潜能,希望能将维特培养成为一名出色的钢琴师。

所以,她的一切活动都是围绕这一切来展开:给维特更换更好的钢琴老师;全职在家做维特的“保姆”;找著名的钢琴家做维特的老师;监督维特每天弹钢琴;让维特上成人音乐学院??就是这样的对维特近乎全方位的“监控”。

其实维特对周围所有的事情都好奇,他想学习的不只是弹钢琴,他想学习许许多多的事情:数学、炒股??而母亲只让他在钢琴上发展。

终于小维特受不了了,在一个雷雨交加的晚上纵身一跃??幸运的是,小维特因为有“翅膀”的保护只是受到了一点点的伤。

但这一跳,维特的大脑受损,维特变成了一个很普通的孩子,他转到了一个很普通的学校和普通的班级,和普通的同龄孩子一起学习玩耍,做12岁的小孩子喜欢做的事情,这正是维特想要的。

后来当维特发现爷爷和父母的经济都已陷入了窘境,父亲的公司股价将急剧降低。

他开始不再欺骗人们,开始研究股市,并与爷爷合作,利用爷爷的全部家当成功赚取了上百万的钱。

并以沃夫博士的名字成为了股市炙手可热的人物。

父亲被解雇,维特找来了自己母亲的朋友,将一切对她全盘托出,并任命她为沃夫控股公司CEO,让她帮助自己收购父亲的公司,并让父亲做了总裁。

故事的结局是美好的,维特在钢琴上大获成功,也圆了自己翱翔蓝天的梦想。

喜欢音乐,喜欢钢琴乐曲,对主人公精湛的弹奏技艺更是赞叹不已,但更多是维特这个孩子引起我深深的思考。

维特是一个超常儿童,逻辑思维强,思维敏捷,思维广阔且有独创性,有很强的问题解决能力。

他能解决个人生理发展与心理发展的矛盾、个人认知发展与人格发展的矛盾、个人人生理想与个人现实条件的矛盾。

不过超常儿童几乎是总是孤独的,虽然最好的伙伴就是自己的父母亲,但和父母相互理解的又有几何呢?生活中遇到的多数都是普通的孩子,和多数妈妈一样,将自己或大伙儿觉得时下必须的要求孩子学习,满足一己私心,往往没有考虑孩子的感受,令他们不满甚至逃避。

黑历史.六年级——全坑之册(一) 初中作文【3000字】

黑历史.六年级——全坑之册(一) 初中作文【3000字】

黑历史.六年级——全坑之册(一)初中作文【3000字】第一章·秘义殇塔牌计划“绮罗·玛,曾今的你还是玛雅人最尊敬的大祭司,风华万千,但是现在,你老地说。

地说道:“翮曼,虽然玛雅时代已经泯灭在了时光的洪流里,但是它并没有真正的死去,它还留着最重要的东西……比如说,我,和你。

还有其他的异能者。

还有,就是……”绮罗看着金色的盒子,眼里流露出灼热的光芒,“这套秘义殇塔牌!”金色的盒子上雕刻着玛雅人最崇敬的太阳神,还有一些奇异的花纹缠绕在盒子的开口处,最后镶嵌了一枚金色的宝石。

牌来说,那些卑微的生命算得了什么!”全都是用玛雅时代最顶尖的宝石——太阳石磨成的大概只有一个名片大小的牌,上面雕刻了有各种各样的人物和花纹,背面还有玛雅神或者太阳神的图案。

“总共有103张牌。

而所有牌总共有两种分类——一种背面是玛雅神博隆约克能者;还有一种背面是基尼·阿奥的图案,拥有这种牌的玛雅人后裔是要去拯救这个时代把大家留到第五个时代的属性异能者。

”绮罗说着,把所有的牌分为两组,一组在左边一组在右边。

但是,还有一张比所有牌要大一倍的秘义殇塔牌被放在了正中间。

的神!”世界观&人物设定13大元素(时)、冰、火、水、土、木、金属、暗(快乧)、风、云、锁、雷、电、光(沐菹)时冰录(艼曌)火水录(艼曌)土木录(鎏金)金锁录(涟符)风云录(伊慕)雷电录(柒辛)女主角铭的妹妹艼曌·纯雪·红男主角纯雪哥哥艼曌·铭·红男主角纯雪一行人的导师涟符·凯诺·黄黄级锁男配角纯雪的父亲艼曌·瞑·橙火之王女配角纯雪的母亲艼曌·倩·黄冰之心男配角混血冥族协会的会长鎏金·穆凯·橙土之王100%冥族·六步曲——第一部·血染瞳引子——其实,你们都不是人类,是冥族的混血,通俗来讲,就是鬼族的混血儿,Ⅰ冥族问。

Emulsions乳剂

Emulsions乳剂

Section 10EmulsionsBy Drs. Pardeep K. Gupta, Clyde M. Ofner and Roger L. SchnaareTable of Contents Emulsions (1)Table of Contents (1)Introduction and Background (3)Definitions (3)Types of Emulsions (3)Formation of an Emulsion (4)Determination of Emulsion Type (4)Miscibility or Dilution Test (4)Staining or Dye Test (4)Electrical Conductivity Test (4)Physical State of Emulsions (5)Pharmaceutical Application of Emulsions (5)Formulations (6)Typical Ingredients (6)Drug (6)Oil Phase (6)Aqueous Phase (6)Thickening Agents (6)Sweeteners (6)Preservative (6)Buffer (7)Flavor (7)Color (7)Sequestering Agents (7)Humectants (7)Antioxidants (7)Emulsifiers (7)Guidelines (7)Type of Emulsion Desired (7)Toxicity (8)Method of Preparation (8)Typical Formulas (8)Cod Liver Oil Emulsion (polysaccharide emulsifier) (8)Protective Lotion (divalent soap emulsifier) (8)Benzoyl Benzoate Emulsion (emulsifying wax emulsifier) (8)Barrier Cream (soap emulsifier) (9)Cold Cream (soap emulsifier) (9)All Purpose Cream (synthetic surfactant emulsifier) (9)Emulsifiers (10)Natural Products (10)Polysaccharides (10)Sterols (10)Phospholipids (10)Surfactants (10)Anionic Surfactants (11)Soaps (11)Detergents (11)Cationic Surfactants (11)Nonionic Surfactants (11)Finely Divided Solids (12)Methods to Prepare Emulsions (13)Classical Gum Methods (13)Dry Gum Method (13)Wet Gum Method (13)“In Situ” Soap Method (13)Lime Water/Vegetable Oil Emulsions (13)Other Soaps (13)With Synthetic Surfactants (13)Required HLB of the Oil Phase (14)HLB of Surfactant Mixtures (14)Emulsion Stability (15)Sedimentation or Creaming (15)Factors - Stoke’s Law (15)Droplet Size (15)Density Difference (15)The Gravitational Constant, g (15)Viscosity (15)Breaking or Cracking (16)Thermodynamics of Emulsions (17)Microemulsions (18)References (19)Selected Readings (19)Introduction and BackgroundDefinitionsEmulsions are pharmaceutical preparations consisting of at least two immiscible liquids.Due to the lack of mutual solubility, one liquid is dispersed as tiny droplets in the other liquid to form an emulsion. Therefore,emulsions belong to the group of prepara-tions known as disperse systems.The USP also defines several dosage forms that are essentially emulsions but historically are referred to by other names. For example;Lotions are fluid emulsions orsuspensions intended for external application.Creams are viscous liquid or semi-solid emulsions of either an oil-in-water (O/W) or the water-in-oil (W/O) type. They are ordinarily used topically. The term cream is applied most frequently to soft, cosmetically acceptable types of preparations.Microemulsions are emulsions withextremely small droplet sizes and usually require a high concentration of surfactant for stability. They can also be regarded as isotropic, swollen micellar systems.Multiple emulsions are emulsions that have been emulsified a second time,consequently containing three phases. They may be water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) or oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O).Fluid emulsions are generally composed of discrete, observable liquid droplets in a fluid media, while semi-solid emulsions generally have a complex, more disorganized structure.The liquid which is dispersed as droplets iscalled as the dispersed , discontinuous or internal phase, and the liquid in which thedispersion is suspended is the dispersion medium or the continuous or external phase.For example, if olive oil is shaken with water,it breaks up into small globules andbecomes dispersed in water. In this case the oil is the internal phase, and water is the external phase.The dispersed particles or globules can range in size from less than 1 µm up to 100 µm. An emulsion is rarely a monodis-perse system, e.g., all the particles are rarely of the same size. A typical emulsion contains a distribution of many sizes, making it a polydisperse system.Types of EmulsionsBased on the nature of the internal (or exter-nal) phase, emulsions are of two types; oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O). In an O/W type the oil phase is dispersed in the aqueous phase, while the opposite is true in W/O emulsions. Figure 1 depicts these two types of emulsions.Figure 1: Representation of Two Types of EmulsionsO/W Emulsion W/O Emulsion (water black)(oil white)When two immiscible phases are shaken together, either type of emulsion can result.However, this result is not random, but is dependent primarily on two factors; most importantly the type of emulsifier used and secondly the relative ratio of the aqueous and oil phases (phase volume ratio). The emulsifiers and their role in the type of emulsion are discussed in detail later in this chapter.In terms of the phase volume ratio, the percent of the internal phase is generally less than 50%, although emulsions can have internal phase volume percent as high as 75%. Uniform spheres, when packed in a rhombohedral geometry occupy approxi-mately 75% of the total volume. Phase volumes higher than 75% require that the droplets of dispersed phase be distorted into geometric shapes other than perfect spheres. Although it is rare to find emulsions with higher than 75% internal volume, phase volumes of over 90% have been reportedin literature.Formation of an EmulsionWhen two immiscible liquids are placedin contact with each other, they form two separate layers. The liquid with higher density forms the lower layer and the one with lower density forms the upper layer. When this two-layer system is shaken vigorously, one of the layers disperses in the other liquid forming an unstable emul-sion. If left unstirred, the dispersed phase comes together and coalesces into larger drops until the layers become separate again. If no other ingredient is added, this process of separation is usually completein a matter of a few minutes to a few hours. Therefore, a liquid dispersion is inherently an unstable system.However, when an emulsifier is present in the system, it reduces the interfacial tension between the two liquids and forms a physical barrier between droplets, hence lowers the total energy of the system(see discussion on Thermodynamics of Emulsions), thereby reducing the tendency of the droplets to come together and coalesce. Consequently, the globules ofthe internal phase may remain intact for long periods of time, forming a “stable”emulsion. It should be noted, however,that even with an emulsifier, an emulsionis a thermodynamically unstable system and will eventually revert to bulk phases. The time required for this process is determined by kinetics.Determination of Emulsion TypeSeveral tests can be used to determine whether a given emulsion is an O/W or W/O type. These are as follows:Miscibility or Dilution TestThis method is based on the fact that an emulsion can be diluted freely with a liquid of the same kind as its external phase. Typically, a small amount of the emulsion is added to a relatively large volume of water and the mixture is stirred. If the emulsion disperses in water, it is considered to bean O/W type emulsion. If, however, the emulsion remains undispersed, it is a W/O type emulsion.Staining or Dye TestThis test is based on the fact that if a dye is added to an emulsion and the dye is soluble only in the internal phase, the emulsion contains colored droplets dispersed inthe colorless external phase. This can be confirmed by observing a drop of emulsion under a low power microscope. An example of such a dye is scarlet red, which is an oil soluble dye. When added to an O/W type emulsion, followed by observation under the microscope, bright red colored oil drops in an aqueous phase can be seen clearly. Electrical Conductivity TestThis test is based on the fact that onlythe aqueous phase can conduct electrical current. Thus, when a voltage is applied across a liquid, a significant amount of electrical current will flow only when the path of the current is through a continuous aqueous phase. Since oil is a non-conductor of electricity, when tested for conductivity, a W/O type emulsion will show insignificant current flow.Often times a single test may not be conclu-sive. In such circumstances, more than one test may need to be carried out to confirm the emulsion type.Physical State of EmulsionsMost emulsions are either liquid or semi-solid at room temperature. In general, due to their high viscosity, the semi-solid emulsions are relatively more physically stable. Liquid emulsions are more commonly compounded for internal use, while semisolids are usually for external use or for use in body cavities (rectal or vaginal).Other terms commonly used to describe emulsions are lotion and cream . The term lotion refers to a disperse system that flows freely under the force of gravity. A cream is a product that does not flow freely under the force of gravity. It should be noted, however,that these terms are meaningful only when the product is at room temperature. A cream product may behave like a lotion with a temperature increase of a few degrees. The physical state of the final product is also influenced by its intended use. For example suntan lotions are dispensed as lotions instead of creams because they need to be applied on large body surface. Lotion form makes it easy to pour and spread the product. For application over a small portion of skin, a cream is the preferred form of an emulsion.Pharmaceutical Applications of Emulsions There are several reasons for formulation of a product as an emulsion. These include the following:•To disguise the taste or smell of oils or oil soluble drugs. These emulsions are normally O/W types with the aqueous phase containing sweeteners and flavoring agents to mask the poor taste of oils. An O/W type of emulsionalso makes it easy to rinse off the residual dose from the mouth and does not leave an oily taste. Mineral oil and cod liver oil are emulsified for this reason.•To improve the absorption of poorly soluble drugs. Oil soluble drugs may not be soluble enough to be absorbed efficiently. An example of such a drug is cyclosporin, which is dispensed as a microemulsion. •To deliver nutrients and vitamins by intravenous injection. Intralipid is an emulsion product for administering an oil by the IV route.•To serve as a vehicle for the topical administration of a variety of drugs.Kb is the binding constant of the preservative with the surfactantSweeteners are added to emulsions to produce a more palatable preparation, toand sorbitol.AntioxidantsAntioxidants are often added to prevent oxidation of vegetable oils and/or the active drug.Table 1. Typical AntioxidantsEmulsifiersEmulsifiers are substances that have the ability to concentrate at the surface of a liquid or interface of two liquids, many of them reducing the surface or interfacial tension. Those emulsifiers that reduce surface tension are also called surfactants .Emulsifiers in general are discussed inmore detail in a later section of this chapter.GuidelinesBefore selecting a formula for an emulsion,one needs to consider several factors.These are listed below.Type of Emulsion DesiredSince O/W emulsions are more pleasant to touch and swallow, they are generally preferred. Preparations for internal use are almost always O/W type products.Externally used emulsions may be of either type. Creams and lotions that are used primarily to provide oil to the skin need to be W/O due to high concentration of oils in these preparations.The equation shows that the effective concentration in the aqueous phase will always be a fraction of the total concentration.Solvents such as alcohol, glycerin and propylene glycol are often used as apreservative at concentrations approaching 10%. See Table 5, Typical Preservatives in Section 9 of this manual.BufferMany chemical buffer systems have been used in emulsions to control the pH. The optimal pH is chosen to ensure activity of the emulsifier, control stability of the drug and to ensure compatibility and stability of other ingredients.FlavorFlavoring agents enhance patient accept-ance of the product, which is particularly important for pediatric patients.ColorColorants are intended to provide a more aesthetic appearance to the final product.Emulsions are generally not colored with the exception of some topical products. Sequestering AgentsSequestering agents may be necessary to bind metal ions in order to control oxidative degradation of either the drug or other ingredients. HumectantsHumectants are water soluble polyols that prevent or hinder the loss of water from semi-solid emulsions, i.e., topical creams.They also contribute to the solvent proper-ties of the aqueous phase and contribute to the sweetness of oral preparations. The most common are glycerin, propylene glycolToxicityMost emulsifiers are not suitable for internal use. For orally given emulsions, acacia is commonly used as an emulsifying agent.Taste is another factor in selection ofingredients. In this regard, most polysaccha-rides are tasteless and, hence, suitable from a taste standpoint.Method of PreparationSoaps and acacia are excellent forextemporaneous preparations. While soaps allow the preparation to be made by simply mixing the ingredients and shaking, acacia can be used in a pestle and mortar to prepare emulsions.Typical FormulasCod Liver Oil Emulsion (polysaccharide emulsifier)Preparationing a ratio of 4:2:1 for oil, water and gums(both combined), prepare a primary emulsion by dry gum method. (See Methods to Prepare Emulsions on page 13.)2.Dilute with water to a flowable consistency andpour in a measuring device.3.Add alcohol diluted with equal volume of water,followed by the benzaldehyde and saccharin sodium.4.Dilute to volume (200 mL) with waterPreparation1.Add benzyl benzoate to the wax in a beakerand heat in a water bath until the wax melts and the temperature reaches 60°C.2.In a separate beaker, add an appropriate volumeof water and heat to the same temperature.3.Add the water to the oil phase with continuousstirring.4.Continue to stir until the mixture begins tothicken and cools to room temperature.Preparation1.Mix the two powders in a mortar and trituratewell, taking care that all the lumps and large particles have been reduced.2.Then add oil slowly with constant trituration untilall the oil has been added. Triturate to form a smooth paste.3.Then add the limewater and triturate briskly toform the emulsion.Note: The emulsifier, calcium oleate (from limewater and olive oil), preferentially forms O/W emulsions.Protective Lotion (divalent soap emulsifier)Benzyl Benzoate Emulsion (emulsifying wax emulsifier)Preparation1.Mix the paraffins, cetostearyl alcohol andstearic acid in a beaker and heat in a water bath to about 60°C.2.Heat water and chlorocresol together to thesame temperature.3.Add the aqueous phase to the oil phase andstir until congealed and cooled to room temperature.Note:The emulsifier is triethanolamine stearate formed in situ.Preparation1.Melt the sorbitan monostearate and stearicacid in the liquid paraffin and cool to 60°C. 2.Mix the sorbitol solution, preservatives,polysorbate 60 and water and heat to the temperature of the oil mixture.3.Add the aqueous solution to the oil phase andstir until it has congealed and cooled to room temperature.Note:Propylene glycol serves as a solvent for the preservatives.Preparation1.Mix and melt the wax and paraffin together.2.Dissolve borax in water and heat both containerson a water bath to 70°C.3.Add the aqueous phase to the oil phase andstir until it has congealed and cooled to room temperature.Note:The fatty acid in white beeswax reacts with borax (sodium borate) to make a sodium soap which acts as an W/O type emulsifier.Barrier Cream (soap emulsifier)All Purpose Cream (synthetic surfactant emulsifier)Cold Cream (soap emulsifier)Surfactants or surface active agents are molecules that consist of two distinct parts,a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head group. They are generally classified based on the hydrophilic properties of the head group (ionic charge, polarity, etc.). Since the hydrophobic chains do not vary much in their properties, the nature of surfactants is dependent mainly on the head group structure.A common problem with sterol-containing emulsifiers is that being complex mixtures of natural substances, they are prone to variability in their quality and, hence, performance. Also, these agents usually contain some degree of an odor, which varies with the purity and source. Some semi-synthetic substitutes are available that seek to overcome some of the problems associated with these agents.There are of basically three types of emulsifiers: natural products, surface active agents (surfactants), and finely divided solids. Based on whether a stable emulsion can be produced, emulsifiers are also classified either as primary emulsifying agents which produce stable emulsions by themselves, or secondary emulsifying agents (stabilizers) which help primary emulsifiers to form a more stable emulsion.of cholesterol. Cholesterol itself is a very efficient emulsifier and produces W/O type emulsions. Consequently, its use is limited to topical preparations such as Hydrophilic Petrolatum USP which readily absorbs water forming a W/O cream. Woolfat or lanolin contains a considerable amount of choles-terol esters and can absorb up to 50% of its own weight of water.This group of emulsifiers, which numbers in the hundreds, contain a polyoxyethylene chain as the polar head group. They arenonionic and, thus, are compatible with ionic compounds and are less susceptible to pH changes. There are several such surfactants official in the USP/NF , typified by sorbitan monooleate (a partial ester of lauric acid with sorbitol), polysorbate 80(polyoxyethyl-ene 20 sorbitan monooleate) which contains 20 oxyethylene units copolymerized sorbitanAmine soaps consist of an amine, such as triethanolamine, in the presence of a fatty acid. These surfactants are viscous solutions and produce O/W type emulsions. They offer the advantage that the final pH of the preparations is generally close to neutral,and, therefore, allows their use on skin for extended periods of time.monooleate) and polyoxyl 40 stearate(a mixture of stearic acid esters with mixed poloxyethylene diols equivalent to about40 oxyethylene units).The large number of nonionic emulsifiers results from the large number of possible combinations of various alkyl groups with polyoxyethylene chains of varying lengths. Compounds with saturated and/or large alkyl groups, such as stearyl, tend to be solids or semisolids while oleyl (also large, but unsaturated) compounds tend to be liquids. Also, the longer the polyoxyethylene chain, the higher the melting point.To characterize such a large number of compounds, they are each assigned an HLB number. The HLB number or hydrophile-lipophile balance, is a measure of the relative hydrophilic vs lipophilic character of the molecule as determined by the relative size of the polyoxyethylene chain vs the alkyl group. HLB numbers range from 0 for a pure hydrocarbon to 20 for a pure poly-oxyethylene chain. Some typical valuesare listed in Table 3.Ionic surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, were not included in the original definition of the HLB system but have been included as the HLB system was developed. The HLB number of 40 for sodium lauryl sulfate is outside of the range of 0 to 20 and simply means that sodium lauryl sulfate is much more soluble or hydrophilic thana pure polyoxyethylene chain.Table 3. Typical HLB Numbersof EmulsifiersFinely Divided SolidsFinely divided solids function as emulsifiers because of their small particle size. Fine particles tend to concentrate at a liquid-liquid interface, depending on their wetability, and form a particulate film around the dispersed droplets. They are seldom used as the primary emulsifier.phase. The emulsion type will depend on the type of soap formed.Basically the formula is divided into anoil phase and an aqueous phase with the ingredients dissolved in their proper phases (oil or water). The surfactant(s) is added to the phase in which it is most soluble. The oil phase is then added to the aqueous phase with mixing, and the coarse mixture passed through an homogenizer.When waxes or waxy solids are included in the formulation, the use of heat is necessary,as described above.Required HLB of the Oil Phase.It has been found that various oils and lipid materials form stable emulsions withsurfactants that have a certain HLB value.This HLB value is called the required HLB of the oil or lipid. Theoretically, any surfac-tant with the required HLB would produce a stable emulsion with the indicated oil or lipid. Some examples are given in Table 4.Table 4. Required HLB Values for Typical Oils and LipidsHLB of Surfactant MixturesIt may be difficult to find a surfactant with the exact HLB number required for a given oil phase in an emulsion. Fortunately, the HLB numbers have been shown to be additive for a mixture of surfactants. Thus, if one required a surfactant with a HLB of 10, one could use a mixture of sorbitan monooleate (HLB = 4.7) and polysorbate 80 (HLB = 15.6). Such a mixture can be calculated on the basis of a simple weighted average as follows.Suppose 5 g of surfactant mixture is required. Let ␹= the g of sorbitanmonooleate, then 5 ␹= the g of polysorbate 80 required.␹(4.7)+(5- ␹)(15.6) = 10(5)4.7 ␹+ 78.0- 15.6␹= 10(5)10.9␹= 28␹= 2.57 and 5- ␹= 2.43Thus a mixture of 2.57 g of sorbitanmonooleate and 2.43 g of polysorbate 80would have a HLB of 10.Griffin 2described an experimental approach for the formulation of emulsions using synthetic emulsifiers.1.Group the ingredients on the basis of theirsolubilities in the aqueous and oil phases.2.Determine the type of emulsion required andcalculate an approximate required HLB value.3.Blend a low HLB emulsifier and a high HLBemulsifier to the required HLB.4.Dissolve the oil soluble ingredients and the lowHLB emulsifier in the oil phase. Heat, if necessary,to approximately 5 to 10°over the melting point of the highest melting ingredient or to a maximum temperature of 70 to 80°C.5.Dissolve the water soluble ingredients (exceptacids and salts) in a sufficient quantity of water.6.Heat the aqueous phase to a temperature whichis 3 to 5°higher than that of the oil phase.7.Add the aqueous phase to the oil phase withsuitable agitation.8.If acids or salts are employed, dissolve them inwater and add the solution to the cold emulsion.9.Examine the emulsion and make adjustments inthe formulation if the product is unstable. It may be necessary to add more emulsifier, change to an emulsifier with a slightly higher or lower HLB value or to use an emulsifier with different chemical characteristics.In addition to chemical degradation of various components of an emulsion, which can happen in any liquid preparation, emulsions are subject to a variety of physical instabilities. Sedimentation or Creaming Factors - Stoke’s LawCreaming usually occurs in a liquid emulsion since the particle size is generally greater than that of a colloidal dispersion. The rate is described by Stoke’s Law for a single particle settling in an infinite container under the force of gravity as follows:d ␹=d 2(␳2- ␳1)gdt 18␩where:d ␹/d t= the sedimentation rate in distance/time d = droplet diameter ␳2= droplet density␳1= emulsion medium density g = acceleration due to gravity ␩= viscosity of the emulsion mediumSince for most oil phases, ␳2< ␳1, then sedimentation will be negative, i.e., the oil droplets will rise forming a creamy whitelayer. While Stoke’s Law does not describe creaming quantitatively in an emulsion, it does provide a clear collection of factors and their qualitative influence on creaming.Droplet SizeReducing droplet size can have a significant effect on creaming rate. Since the diameter is squared in Stoke’s Law, a reduction in size by ¹⁄₂will reduce the creaming rate by (¹⁄₂)2or a factor of 4.Emulsion StabilityDensity DifferenceIf the difference in density between the emulsion droplet and the external phase can be matched, the creaming rate could be reduced to zero. This is almost impossi-ble with most oils and waxy solids used in emulsions.The Gravitational Constant, gThis parameter is not of much interest since it can not be controlled or changed unless in space flight.ViscosityViscosity turns out to be the most readily controllable parameter in affecting the creaming rate. While the viscosity in Stoke’s Law refers to the viscosity of the fluid through which a droplet rises, in reality the viscosity that controls creaming is the viscosity of the entire emulsion. Thus, doubling the viscosity of an emulsion will decrease the creaming rate by a factor of 2.There are three major ways to increase the viscosity of an emulsion:•Increase the concentration of the internal phase•Increase the viscosity of the internal phase by adding waxes and waxy solids to the oil phase.•Increase the viscosity of the external phase by adding a viscosity building agent. Most of the suspending agents described in the Suspensions Section in this manual have been used for this purpose.Creaming does not usually occur in a semi-solid emulsion.Breaking or CrackingThis problem arises when the dispersed globules come together and coalesce to form larger globules. As this process continues, the size of the globules increases, making it easier for them to coalesce. This eventually leads to separation of the oil and water phases. For cracking to occur, the barrier that normally holds globules apart has to break down. Some of the factorsthat contribute to cracking are as follows:•Insufficient or wrong kind of emulsifier in the system.•Addition of ingredients that inactivate the emulsifier. Incompatible ingredients may show their effect over a period of time.An example of such an incompatibilitywill be to use large anions in thepresence of cationic emulsifier.•Presence of hardness in water. The calcium and magnesium present in hard water can replace a part of the alkalisoap with divalent soap. Since thesesoaps form different kinds of emulsions, phase inversion usually takes place.•Low viscosity of the emulsion •Exposure to high temperatures can also accelerate the process of coalescence.This is due to the fact that at an elevated temperature, the collisions between theglobules can overcome the barrier tocoalescence, thereby increasing thechance that a contact between twoparticles will lead to their fusion.Temperature may have an adverse effect on the activity of emulsifiers, particularly if these are proteinaceous in nature.However, this usually happens at temper-atures higher than 50°C. Conversely, areduction in temperature to the point that the aqueous phase freezes also will break the emulsion.•An excessive amount of the internal phase makes an emulsion inherently less stable because there is a greater chance of globules coming together.Cracking is the most serious kind of physical instability of an emulsion. Cracking of an emulsion usually renders it useless. In creams, the problem of cracking may show up as tearing. This is a process where one phase separates and appears like drops on top of the cream.The basic difference between creamingand cracking is that the globules in creaming do not coalesce to form larger particles. Therefore, creaming is a less serious problem and most preparations that show creaming can be shaken to redisperse the internal phase to its original state. A com-mon example of creaming is the formation of cream on top of whole milk due to collection of emulsified fat of the milk. This problem is solved by homogenizing the milk to reduce the particle size of dispersed fat, thereby reducing the rate at which they travel tothe surface.。

CBM-20A(简易)

CBM-20A(简易)
3.2 启动 CBM-20A ..............................................................................................3-8 3.3 确定系统配置................................................................................................3-9
1.4.1 CBM-20A.................................................................................................... 1-4 1.4.2 外部接口规格 ............................................................................................. 1-5 1.4.3 控制规范..................................................................................................... 1-7
! 应用的预防措施 .................................................................................................... VI ! 安装位置注意事项 ................................................................................................ VII ! 安装注意事项 ...................................................................................................... VIII ! 操作注意事项 ........................................................................................................ IX ! 仪器检查、维护、调节以及保养注意事项 .............................................................. X
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